Chapter#20:GirdingforWar:TheNorthandtheSouthBigPictureThemes 1.AfterFt.Sumterstartedthewar,keepingtheborderstateswereAbestopconcern. Thesewereslavestatesthathadntleftthenation.Throughoutthewar,Abewouldmake concessionstokeepthemhappy.Theborderstatesneverleft. 2.AllalongtheSouthfeltthatEnglandwouldhelpthem.TheideawasthatKingCottons dominancewouldforcetheEnglishintohelpingtheSoutherners.Thisneverhappened,largely becauseUncleTomsCabinhadconvincedtheEnglishpeopleofslaveryshorrors. 3.TheNorthhadtheadvantageinalmosteverycategory:population,industry,money,navy. 4.Bothsidesturnedtoadraft,thenationsfirst.Thedraftwasveryunpopularandmanyriots brokeout. IDENTIFICATIONS: Electionof1860 TheelectionbetweenBreckinridge,Bell,Lincoln,andDouglas.Intheend,Lincolnwon.

WilliamSeward HesuggestedtheideathatiftheNorthpickedafightwithoneormoreEuropeannations,then theSouthwouldonceagainrallyaroundtheflag,ortheUnion. EdwinM.Stanton AnAmericanlawyerandpoliticianwhoservedasSecretaryofWarundertheLincoln AdministrationduringmostoftheCivilWar. TheAlabama TheunneutralbuildingofConfederatecommerceraidersinBritain.Technicallytheywerenot warshipsandwerealoopholeinBritishlaw,becausetheywereunarmedintheshipyardsand gotgunssomewhereelse. EmancipationProclamation LincolnsdeclarationthatallslavesinSouthernConfederatestateswerefree.Itwasannounced aftertheNorthsvictoryoverGeneralLeeatAnteitum.Itledtothe13thAmendment,which trulyfreedtheslaves. TrentAffair WhenaUnionwarshipstoppedaBritishmailsteamercalledtheTrentattheseasofCuba.It heldtwoConfederatediplomatswhoweresupposedtogotoBritain.TheUnionforcibly removedthesetwoConfederatesfromtheship. MerrimackandMonitor ThesewerethefirsttwoAmericanwarshipstoparticipateinthefirstengagementsofironclads. AnacondaPlan AproposalbyWinfieldScott,itsaidthattheNorthshouldfirstsetupblockadesonall Southernports.Next,itwouldtakecontroloftheMississippiRivertosplittheSouthandthen

attacktheregions.Thiswastheplanthatwonthewar. BorderStates ThesewerethestatesofMissouri,Kentucky,Maryland,Delaware,andWestVirginia.They weretheSouthernStatesthatdidnotjointheConfederacy,insteadstayingwiththeUnion. TheyhadawhitepopulationofmorethanhalfoftheentireConfederacy.Missouri,Kentucky, andMarylandgreatlyincreasedthemanufacturingoftheSouth. Appomattox TheAppomattoxCourthouseiswereGeneralLeesurrenderedtoGeneralGranttoendthe war.ItendedtheSouthernpushtocreateaseparatenationandsettheconditionsforastronger federalgovernment. Electionof1864 TheelectionbetweentheRepublicannominee,Lincoln,andtheDemocraticnominee McClellan.LincolnwonwiththesimplephraseYoudontchangehorsesmidstreamandwith thenominationofhisvicepresident,SouthernerAndrewJohnson.

GUIDEDREADINGQUESTIONS: TheMenaceofSecession 1. WhatpracticalproblemswouldoccuriftheUnitedStatesbecametwonations? IftheUnitedStatesbecametwonations,thetwowouldconstantlyfightoverlandandpeople. TheEuropeancountriescouldignoretheMonroeDoctrineandattemptagaintoimperializethe land. SouthCarolinaAssailsFortSumter Know: FortSumter,Col.RobertAnderson 2. WhatactiondidLincolntakethatprovokedaConfederateattackonFortSumter? WhateffectsdidtheSouth'sattackhave? Lincolnknewhecouldntsendreinforcementsbecausethatwouldbeseenasanactof aggression,sohesentthestrandedfortfoodandsuppliesforhismen.TheConfederatessaw thisasanattackandfiredshotsattheboat,whichturnedaround.ThewasthestartoftheCivil War.ItmadeSouthseemlikethestarterofthewarandshowedbothsidesthatthewarwould notbeaquickwar.

Brothers'BloodandBorderBlood Know: BorderStates,BillyYank,JohnnyReb 3. Howdidtheborderstatesaffectnorthernconductofthewar?

TheborderstatesaffectedthenorthernconductofwarbecausetheNorthhadtopayclose attentioninwhattheydosothattheydontlosetheborderstatestotheConfederacy.The borderstateswereusedtoconnecttheSouthtotheNorth. TheBalanceofForces Know: RobertE.Lee,Thomas"Stonewall"Jackson 4. WhatadvantagesdidtheSouthhave?TheNorth? TheSouthhadmanyadvantages,someofwhichincludeterrainandleadership.TheSoutherners knewwargeographyareaswellbecauseitwouldbetakingplaceintheirhomeland,asthey weretheonesbeingattacked.Theyalsohadgoodgeneralstoleadtheirarmiestovictories.The Northsadvantagewasthatithadalotofmoneytosupporttheirsideofthewar,andthattheir landhadmostofthetransportationmethods,meaningtheycouldcutofftheSouths transportationandthus,communication. DethroningKingCotton Know: KingCotton,KingWheat,KingCorn 5. WhydidKingCottonfailtheSouth? TheSouthexpectedKingCottontosupportthemduringthewar.TheyhopedthatGreatBritain willhelptheminwarbecausetheyneededtheSoutherncotton.However,theBritishhad alreadyimportedsomuchcottonatthetimethattheyactuallydidnotneedtheSoutherncotton. TheSouththenlostitsprimarypotentialforeignsourceofsupport. TheDecisivenessofDiplomacy Know: Trent,Alabama 6. WhattensionsarosewithGreatBritainduringtheCivilWar? TheBritishweresupposedlyneutralbuthintedathelptowardstheSouthbecausetheyindirectly providedshipsandsupplies.TheTrentAffairandtheAlabamaareexamplesofBrandy indecisiveness. ForeignFlareUps Know: LairdRams,NapoleonIII,Maximilian 5. WhatothercircumstancesledtoseriousconflictwithGreatBritainduringtheCivilWar? TherewasconflictwithBritainduringthewarbecauseNapoleonsawhischancetocolonize andimperializeareastothewestofAmerica.HesentMaximiliantoleadhisnewcolonybutit failed.TheAmericansthreatenedwarandNapoleonleftMaxiliamtohimself.

PresidentDavisVersusPresidentLincoln Know: JeffersonDavis,StatesRights,AbrahamLincoln 8. DescribetheweaknessesoftheConfederategovernmentandthestrengthsoftheUnion

government? TheConfederategovernmentconstitutionwasthesameastheNorthernconstitution,whichlead tomanyConfederatestosecedeagainsttheirownconstitution.TheNorthernersstrengthwas inthefactthattheConstitutionhadbeeninplaceandinuseforalongtime. LimitationsonWartimeLiberties Know: HabeasCorpus 9. GiveexamplesofconstitutionallyquestionableactionstakenbyLincoln.Whydidhe actwitharbitrarypower? DuringtheCivilWar,LincolnfelttheneedtosuspendtheHabeasCorpus,makingiteasierto arrestandchargeConfederates.Healsoexpandedthearmyandnavy,whichwas somethingonlyCongresscoulddo.LincolnalsoorderedtheblockadesofallSouthern ports.HeactedwitharbitrarypowerbecausehethoughtitnecessarytokeeptheUnion togetherinthelongterm. VolunteersandDraftees:NorthandSouth Know: Threehundreddollarmen,bountyjumpers 10. WastheCivilWar"arichman'swarbutapoorman'sfight?"Explain. TheCivilWarwasarichmanswarbutapoormansfightbecausemenweredraftedtofight inthewar.Arichmancouldpayhiswayoutofitbypayingsomeoneelsetogoashis substitute,butthepoormancouldnotaffordtodothesamething,sohehadtofightinthewar. TheEconomicStressesofWar Know: IncomeTax,MorrillTariffAct,Greenbacks,NationalBankingAct,inflation 11. WhatwastheeffectofpapermoneyonbothNorthandSouth? ThemassprintingofpapermoneyledtoheavyinflationinboththeNorthandtheSouth. However,theSouthwasdefinitelymoreaffectedbyitbecausetheireconomywasveryunstable duetotheblockadessetupintheirports,inhibitingtheirabilitytotradeandearnmoney. TheNorth'sEconomicBoom Know: "Shoddy"Wool,ElizabethBlackwell,ClaraBarton,DortheaDix 12. ExplainwhytheCivilWarledtoeconomicboomtimesintheNorth? TheCivilWarledtoeconomicboomsintheNorthbecauseafterthewar,theSoutherners neededsuppliesandotherstufftoliveon.TheNorthcouldmassproducethesesupplies,since theirlandwasntdestroyed,andtheycouldchargetheSouthernersmoreforitandtherewas nothingtheycoulddoaboutitbecausetheyneededit.

ACrushedCottonKingdom 13. GiveevidencetoprovethatthewarwaseconomicallydevastatingtotheSouth. TheSouthstransportationwasdestroyed,andtheyhadtotearoutrailroadsthatwerentused asmuchinordertorepairtheonesmorecommonlyused.Thisshowseconomicfailurebecause theycouldntevencomeupwiththemoneytosustaintransportation.

Chapter#21:TheFurnaceoftheCivilWarBigPictureThemes 1.TheNorththoughttheycouldwininaquickwar.AftertheylostatBullRun,the quickvictoryapproachseemedtohavebeenamistake.AnorthernlossonthePeninsula atRichmondreinforcedthatthiswouldbealongwar. 2.TheSouthstartedthewarwinning.Turningpointbattles,whichtheNorthwon,tookplace at(a)AntietamjustbeforeLincolnsEmancipationProclamation,(b)Gettysburgwhich effectivelybroketheSouthsback,and(c)VicksburgwhichhelpedtheNorthcontrolthe MississippiRiver. 3.Lincolnwonahardfoughtreelectionin1864.HedidsobystartingtheUnionParty madeofRepublicansandprowarDemocratsandonthesimplicityoftheslogan,Youdont changehorsesmidstream. 4.GeneralShermanmarchedacrossGeorgiaandtheSouthandreapeddestruction.Andthe Southbegantolosebattleafterbattle.TheseeventsdrovetheSouthtosurrenderat AppomattoxCourthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draftriotsof1863 CongressattemptedtodraftmorementofightduringtheCivilWarbyinstallingnewlaws however,thiscauseddiscontentamongtheworkers,especiallyinNewYorkCity,where violentattackswereapparentonthestreets. CharlesFrancesAdam CharlesFrancesAdamwastheministerduringtheCivilWarwhowarnedtheBritishthatthe shipsthattheywereallowingtobeconstructedcouldpossiblybetheirdownfallinthefuture. Sherman'sMarch ShermansMarchtotheSeatookplacefromGeorgiatoAtlanta,wheretheycapturedand burnedthecitydown.Thiswasanexampleoftotalwarforeventhecitizenspropertywere destroyed. ClementL.Vallandigham ClementL.VallandighamstoodoutfromtherestoftheCopperheads.Hisactionswere dramaticandstrong,andhewouldgotogreatlengthstodemandfortheendoftheCivil War.HegreatlyopposedLincolnandwasconvicted. AndrewJohnson AndrewJohnson,aWarDemocrathimself,wasabletohelpLincolnwintheelectionby attractingthevotesofothersfromtheWarDemocratsaswellaspeoplefromBorderStates. JohnWilkesBooth JohnWilkesBoothisnotoriousforhisinfamousactofkillingLincoln,withashotthroughthe

head,atatheater.Hisdeath,atfirst,gavetheSouthasortofhappinesshowever,asyears goby,theyrealizetheywouldhavebeenbetteroffwithhimalive. C.S.S.Alabama TheyC.S.S.AlabamawasoneofthegreatestideasduringtheCivilWar.Itheldno ammunitionatitsportandwouldreceiveitfromsomewhereelseandsuccessfullyattackthe Union. NationalBankingAct TheNationalBankingActwouldhaveagreateffectonthefutureofAmericaasitcalledfor astandardcurrencyandallowedbankstohandoutgreenbacks.Thiswasthefoundationfor auniformbankingsystem. UnionParty TheUnionPartywasmadeupoftheRepublicanPartyandtheWarDemocrats.Theywere tryingtowintheCivilWarwhilealsogoingagainsttheirNortherncomradeswhowere seekingforanendtothewar. GUIDEDREADING BullRunEndsthe"NinetyDayWar Know: BullRun,StonewallJackson 1. WhateffectdidtheBattleofBullRunhaveonNorthandSouth? ThewarbetweentheNorthandSouthwasexpectedtonotlastlong,butthiswasproven wrongwhentheBattleofBullRuncommenced..Thewarwasprolongedbecauseof disorganizationandunpreparedness.Intheend,thenorthwasabletoholdtheirgroundthanks totheleadershipofStonewallJackson.Afterthebattle,theNorthandSouthusedninemonths toplanandprepareforthenextencounter. "TardyGeorge"McClellanandthePeninsulaCampaign Know: GeorgeMcClellan,PeninsulaCampaign,RobertE.Lee,"Jeb"Stuart,Seven Days'Battles,AnacondaPlan 2. DescribethegrandstrategyoftheNorthforwinningthewar. GeorgeMcClellanwastooslowandwasorderedbyLincolntostartaction.Heensuedthe PeninsulaCampaignwhichsoughtforthecaptureofthecapitalintheSouth.JebStuarts cavalryrodearoundMcClellansarmy,whichfrustratedhim.However,RobertE.Leefought backhardandMcClellansplanwasfoiledduringtheSevenDaysBattles.WinfieldScotts AnacondaPlanwascarriedoutanditcalledfortheSouthrestrictedfromitsports,slavesbeing setfree,Southbeingdivided,capitalbeingseized,andfinallywinning. TheWaratSea Know: Blockade,ContinuousVoyage,Merrimac,Monitor 3. WhatwasquestionableabouttheblockadepracticesoftheNorth?WhydidBritain honortheblockadeanyway?

TheblockadewasnotstrongandBritainhonoreditanywaybecausetheydidntwanttorisk beinginvolvedinthewar.TheNorthwouldstopanyshiptheyquestionedandtheBritish agreedtothiscontinuousvoyage.TheSouthwasnotsatisfieddoingnothingsotheysentan ironcladcalledtheMerrimac.TheNorthrespondedwithitsownironclad,theMonitor. ThePivotalPoint:Antietam 4. WhywasthebattleofAntietam"...probablythemostdecisiveoftheCivilWar?" TheBattleofAntietamwasprobablythemostdecisiveoftheCivilWarbecauseiftheSouth hadwonthere,itmighthaveendedtheCivilWarrightthenandwouldhavegiventhevictoryto theSouth.TheywouldbeaseparatenationandLincolnwouldhavefailedthekeeptheUnion intact.However,theNorthwonandLincolngaveouttheEmancipationProclamationwhich calledfortheendofslaveryaswell. AProclamationWithoutEmancipation Know: EmancipationProclamation,ButternutRegion 7. TheEmancipationProclamationhadimportantconsequences.Explain. TheEmancipationProclamationstatedthefreeingofslavesintheSouthhowever,Lincolnhad noauthoritytodosobecausetheConstitutionallowedforslavery.Northernersfromthe ButternutRegionthoughtthatLincolnhadgonetoofaranddidnotapproveofthis.Intheend, theproclamationdidnotfreeanyslavesbutitdidgettothemindsofmanyslavesintheSouth andtheybecameluredtotheideaofleavingandrebelling. BlacksBattleBondage Know: FrederickDouglass,54thMassachusetts,FortPillow 8. AfricanAmericanswerecriticalinhelpingtheNorthwintheCivilWar.Assess. AftertheEmancipationProclamation,manyblacksjoinedtheNorthernarmy,mostlyfromthe freesoilareasbutsomefromthesouth.TworegimentswereundertheleadershipofFrederick DouglassandColonelShawwastocommandthe54thMassachusetts.TheSouthdidnottreat blacksoldiersthesameandwouldsimplykillthem.Anexamplewouldbewhenblacksoldiers surrenderedatFortPillowbuttheywereallmassacred.

Lee'sLastLungeatGettysburg Know: AmbroseBurnside,JoeHooker,GeorgeMeade,Gettysburg,Pickett'sCharge, GettysburgAddress 1. WhywasGettysburgasignificantbattle? TheNorthwascontinuallydefeated.ThefirstwasundertheleadershipofAmbroseBurnside. JoeHookerwasdefeatedagainbytheslyGeneralLee.GeneralGeorgeMeadewasto commandtheNorthernarmyandmetLeeatGettysburg.TheNorthlostthefirsttwobattlesbut wonthethirdbyPickettsChargewhichwasamistakeoftheSouth.Lincolndeliveredthe GettysburgAddresswhichboostedtheNorthernmorale.

TheWarintheWest Know: UlyssesS.Grant,FortHenry,FortDonnelson,Shiloh,DavidFarragut, Vicksburg 10. DescribeGeneralGrantasamanandageneral. UlyssesS.GrantwasamediocreinhisprofessionuntilhewoninTennessee.HecaptureFort HenryandFortDonelsonandreceivedanunconditionalsurrender.Lincolnwasabouttodemot GrantbecauseofhisgreatlossattheBattleofShiloh.DavidFarragutjoinedtheNorthtoseize NewOrleans.ThevictoryofGrantatVicksburgassuredthatnooneoutsideofAmericawould helptheSouth. ShermanScorchesGeorgia Know: WilliamT.Sherman,MarchtotheSea 11. HowdidShermanattempttodemoralizetheSouth? WilliamT.ShermanwasbrutalinthatheputtheconquerintheAnacondaplanintoeffect.The blockadeanddivisionoftheSouthwerealreadyputtoaction.HethenledhisMarchtotheSea andburnedeverythingfromGeorgiatoAtlantatoSavannah.Thisincludedthepropertyof civiliansandthusmeanttotalwar. ThePoliticsofWar Know: WarDemocrats,PeaceDemocrats,Copperheads,ClementL.Vallandingham 12. DescribeLincolnspoliticaldifficultiesduringthewar. IntheNorth,Lincolnhadproblemswithinhispoliticalfigures.TheNorthernDemocratswere splitbetweentheWarDemocratswhoadvocatedLincolnandthePeaceDemocratswhowere againsthimandhisactions.BrutalPeaceDemocratswerecalledtheCopperheadsandthey woulduseforcesandattackstoopposeLincoln.AgreatfigureoftheseCopperheadsis ClementL.Vallandinghamwhowastriedfortreasonforhisactions. TheElectionof1864 Know: AndrewJohnson,GeorgeMcClellan,Mobile,Atlanta 14. WhatfactorscontributedtoLincoln'selectoralvictory? LincolnwastogoagainstGeorgeMcClellaninthe1864reelection.WiththehelpofAndrew JohnsonincitingWarDemocratsandpeopleintheBorderStates,Lincolnwasabletogain morevotes.FarragutcapturedMobileandShermanseizedAtlanta.Lincolngainedalarge majorityofelectoralvoteswhichenabledhimthevictory. GrantOutlastsLee Know: TheWilderness,ColdHarbor,GranttheButcher,Richmond,Appomattox Courthouse 15. WhatstrategydidGrantusetodefeatLee'sarmy? ThenicknameGranttheButcherwasgivenbecauseofhisbeliefofsendingmentotheirdeath becauseheknewtheSouthcouldnotlastaslongastheNorth.HeoutlastedLeeinmany battlesincludingTheWilderness.AtthebattleofColdHarbor,manysoldierswouldhavetheir namesandaddressesontheirbacksbecausetheywoulddiealmostinstantly.Richmondwas destroyedandLeesurrenderedattheAppomattoxCourthousethusendingthewar. TheMartyrdomofLincoln

Know: Ford'sTheater,JohnWilkesBoothe 16. WasLincoln'sdeathgoodorbadfortheSouth?Explain. UnfortunatelyaftertheendoftheCivilWar,LincolnwasassassinatedatFordsTheaterby JohnWilkesBooth.Atfirst,theSouthwasgladthathediedbutitwouldeventuallybebad. ThisisbecauseLincolnwasreplacedbyRadicalRepublicanswhowerebrutalagainstthe South.ThingswouldhavegonealotsmootherhadLincolnbeenalive. TheAftermathoftheNightmare Know: LostCause 17. WhatwasthelegacyoftheCivilWar? AftertheCivilWarended,theSouthsLostCausewaslost.Therewasmanydeaths,lotsof moneyused,hatredbuilt,andtheSouthwasdemolished.However,itprovedthattheUnited Stateswasstrongandcouldstayunited.Slaverywasremovedfromthefaceofthelandandthe U.S.wouldbeatthetopasworldleader. VaryingViewpoints:WhatWeretheConsequencesoftheCivilWar? 18. DoyouagreewiththosehistorianswhosaythattheimportanceoftheCivilWarhas beenexaggerated?WhyorWhynot? IbelievethattheimportanceoftheCivilWarisnotexaggerated.TheCivilWarwasatestfor Americatoseeifitcouldwithstandproblemswithinitself.Becauseofthefinalsolution, theUnitedStatesstoodoutasanationofstrongenduranceandbecameevencloser. Slaverybecameabolishedandanew,strongernationwasborn.

Chapter#22:TheOrdealofReconstructionBigPictureThemes 1.Afterthewar,thequestionwas,Whattodowiththesouthernstates?Themoremoderate Republicans,likeLincolnandhissuccessorAndrewJohnson,lostouttotheRadical RepublicanswhodesiredtopunishtheSouth. 2.TheSouthwasdividedupintomilitarydistricts.Thesouthernstateswerenotallowedto reentertheU.S.untiltheNorthsstipulationsweremet. 3.ForSouthernblacks,theseyearsweregoodpolitically.Sincewhiteswantednothingtodo withtheU.S.,blacksvotedandwereoftenelectedtostatelegislaturesandCongress. 4.Economically,freedblacksfaredworse.Theywerenolongerslaves,butwithlittleother options,theylargelybecamesharecroppers.Theendresultwaslittledifferentandlittlebetter thanslavery. 5.In1877,apresidentialelectionwasessentiallyatie.Acompromisewasworkedout,and theSouthgottheU.S.Armytopullout.Thisleftthesouthernblacksontheirownsouthern whitesreassertedtheirpower.

GUIDEDREADING TheProblemsofPeace

Know: Reconstruction 1. "DismalindeedwasthepicturepresentedbythewarwrackedSouthwhentherattleof musketryfaded."Explain. Thisquotemeantthatnotonlyhadanageperished,butacivilizationhadcollapsed,inbothits economicanditssocialstructure.TheOldSouthhadforevergonewiththewindandwas forgotten.Economiclifehadcreakedtoahaltandbankshadlockedtheirdoors,ruinedby runawayinflation.PostwarSouthwasverybadtothepointthatthetransportationsystemhad brokendowncompletely.EveneffortsfromShermanssoldiersprovedtobebumpily unsatisfactory.Andmostimportantly,Southsstrongestcomponentwaslefthopelesslycrippled. Theslavelaborsystemhadcollapsedandseedswerescarce.ReconstructionoftheSouthwas toughbasedonallthethingsthathadfallenapartafterthewar. FreedmenDefineFreedom Know: Exodusters,AmericanMethodistEpiscopalChurch,AmericanMissionary Association 2. HowdidAfricanAmericansrespondtoemancipationinthedecadefollowingthewar? AfricanAmericanswhowereemancipatedtooktotheroadsandtotesttheirfreedom.Some otherswenttosearchforlonglostspouses,parents,andchildren.Alsoemancipation strengthenedtheblackfamily,andmanynewlyfreedmenandwomenformalizedslave marriagesforpersonalandpragmaticreasons.Otherblacksdecidedtoleavetheirformer masterstoworkintownsandcitieswheretheywereprovidedprotectionandmutualassistance. FollowingthatwereExodusterswhosurgedinamassexodustoKansas.Alsothechurch becameonetheirmainfocusesfollowingemancipation.TheAmericanMethodistEpiscopal Churchquadrupledinsizeinthefirstdecadeofemancipation.Lastly,emancipationallowed blackstohaveeducation.Freedmenestablishedsocietiesforselfimprovement,andwiththat, theyacceptedthehelpofNorthernwhitewomentobecometeachersbytheAmerican MissionaryAssociation.

TheFreedmen'sBureau Know: Freedmen'sBureau,GeneralOliverO.Howard 3. AssesstheeffectivenessoftheFreedmen'sBureau. TheFreedmensBureauwasintendedtobeakindofprimitivewelfareagency.Itprovided food,clothing,medicalcare,andeducationbothtofreedmenandtowhiterefugees.Theleader oftheFreedmensBureauwasGeneralOliverO.Howardwholaterfoundedandservedas presidentofHowardUniversity.ThegreatestsuccessoftheBureauwasineducationwherean estimated200000blackslearnedtoread.Eventhoughthereweresomeaccomplishments, somepartsoftheBureauwasmeagerevenmischievous.Itsaidthatthebureauwasauthorized tosettleformerslaveson40acretractstakenoverbytheConfederatedbutlittlelandactually madeitintoblackshands.Localadministratorsoftencollaboratedwithplantersinexpelling blacksfromtownsandcajolingthemintosigninglaborcontractstoworkfortheirformer masters. Johnson:TheTailorPresident

Know: AndrewJohnson 4. ExplainthestrengthsandweaknessesofAndrewJohnson. AndrewJohnsonwasborntoimpoverishedparentsinNorthCarolinaandorphanedearly.He neverattendedschoolbutwasapprenticedtoatailorattheageof10.Hewasambitioustoget aheadsohetaughthimselfhowtoreadandlateron,hiswifetaughthimhowtowrite.Heshone asanimpassionedchampionofpoorwhitesagainsttheplanteraristocrats,althoughhehimself ultimatelyownedafewslaves.Heexcelledasatwofistedstumpspeakerbeforeangryand hecklingcrowds.Hewasintelligent,able,forceful,andgiftedwithhomespunhonestly.Hewas alsosteadfastlydevotedtodutyandtothepeopleandwasadogmaticchampionofstates rightsandtheConstitution.Howeverhewasamisfit.HedidnotunderstandtheNorth,earned distrustfromtheSouth,wasneveracceptedbytheRepublicans,andwasneverelectedto office. PresidentialReconstruction Know: Lincoln's"10percentplan,"WadeDavisBill,RadicalRepublicans 5. HowdidthePresidents'planforreconstructiondifferfromtheplanoftheRadical Republicans? ThePresidentsplanforreconstructiondifferedfromtheplanoftheRadicalRepublicansbythat Lincolnproclaimedhis10percentreconstructionplan.Itdecreedthatastatecouldbe reintegratedintotheUnionwhen10percentofitsvotersinthepresidentialelectionof1860had takenanoathofallegiancetotheUnitedStatesandpledgedtoabidebyemancipation.His proclamationsprovokeasharpreactioninCongresswhererepublicansfearedtherestorationof theplanteraristocracytopower.TheythereforedecidedtoramthroughCongressthe WadeDavisBill.Itrequiredthat50percentofastatesvoterstaketheoathofallegianceand demandedstrongersafeguardsforemancipation.

TheBalefulBlackCodes Know: BlackCodes,LaborContracts,Sharecropping,DebtPeonage 6. HowwereBlackCodesusedtokeepthefreedmendown? TheBlackCodeswereusedtokeepthefreedmendownbyregulatingtheaffairsofthe emancipatedblacks.Itaimedforastableandsubservientlaborforceandtherefore,anybody whoimposedtheirlaborcontracts,theywerepunished.Thelaborcontractsusuallycommitted themtoworkforthesameemployerforoneyear.Thecodesalsosoughttorestoreasnearlyas possiblethepreemancipationsystemofracerelations.Alsoallcodesforbadeablacktoserve onajury.Someevenbarredblacksfromrentingorleasingland.Thelawsmockedtheidealof freedomandimposedterribleburdensontheunfetteredblacks.Becauseofthelackofcapital, manyslippedintothestatusofsharecropperfarmers.Sharecroppingwasconsideredwrong. CongressionalReconstruction 7. Whydidnortherncongressmenrefusetoseatthesouthernerswhentheycametotake theirseats?(Hint:therearetworeasonsonemoralandonepractical) Northerncongressmenrefusedtoseatthesouthernerswhentheycametotaketheirseatsfor

tworeasons.OnebecausetheyrealizedthatarestoredSouthwouldbestrongerthaneverin nationalpolitics.Beforethewar,slaveswere3/5ofapersonandnowslavesareaperson.Thus therebelstateswereentitledto12morevotesinCongressand12morepresidentialvotes. AnotherreasonisthattheySouthernersmightjoinhandswithDemocratsintheNorthandwin controlofCongressormaybeeventheWhiteHouse.Ifthiswaspossible,theycould perpetuatetheBlackCodeswhichvirtuallyreenslaveblacks.Theycoulddismantlethe economicprogramoftheRepublicanpartybyloweringtariffs,reroutingthetranscontinental railed,repealingthefreefarmHomesteadActandevenmore.Alsothenortherncongressmen wereinnohurrytoembracetheirformerenemies. JohnsonClasheswithCongress Know: CivilRightsBill,"AndyVeto,"FourteenthAmendment 8. HowdidRepublicansusetheirdominanceofCongress?WhatdidPresidentJohnson doinresponse? RepublicanspassedtheCivilRightsBillwhichconferredonblackstheprivilegeofAmerican citizenshipandstruckattheBlackCodes.PresidentJohnsonimmediatelyvetoeditbutlateron, Congresssteamrollereditoverhisveto.NicknamedAndyVeto,hadhispresidentialwings clipped.Now,theRepublicansundertooktorivettheprinciplesoftheCivilRightsBillintothe ConstitutionastheFourteenthAmendment.TheyfearedthattheSouthernersmightonedaywin controlofCongressandrepealthehatedlaw.Theyproposedamendmentlikeconferringcivil rights,includingcitizenshipbutexcludingthefranchise. Swinging`RoundtheCirclewithJohnson 9. HowdidJohnson'scampaigningduringthe1866congressionalelectionsbackfire? Whydiditbackfire? Johnsonscampaigningduringthe1866congressionalelectionsbackfiredwithhisfamousswing roundthecircle.HewaseagertoescapefromtheclutchofCongressbysecuringamajority favorabletohissoftontheSouthpolicy.Hedeliveredaseriesofgiveemhellspeeches,in whichheaccusedtheradicalsinCongressofhavingplannedlargescaleantiblackriotsand murderintheSouth.Manythrewinsultsashespokeandwiththat,heshoutedbackyoube damnedandetc.Thedignityofhishighofficesanktoanewlow,astheoldchargesof drunkennesswererevived. RepublicanPrinciplesandPrograms Know: CharlesSumner,ThaddeusStevens,JointCommitteeonReconstruction, ModerateRepublicans 10. HowdidtheviewsofModerateRepublicansaboutreconstructiondifferfromtheviews ofRadicalRepublicans? TheviewsofModerateRepublicansaboutreconstructiondifferedfromtheviewsofRadical RepublicansthatModerateRepublicans,ledbyCharlesSumnerwithThaddeusStevens,were moreattunedtotimehonoredprincipleofstatesrightsandselfgovernment.Recoiledfromthe fullimplicationsoftheradicalprogramthatis.Thentheradicalswantedtokeepthemoutas longaspossibleandapplyfederalpowertobringaboutadrasticsocialandeconomic transformationintheSouth.TheJointCommitteeonReconstructionwasledbyasharpmind namedStevens.Themoderaterepublicanspreferredpoliciesthatrestrainedthestatesfrom

abridgingcitizensright,ratherthanpoliciesthatdirectlyinvolvedthefederalgovernmentin individuallives. ReconstructionbytheSword Know: ReconstructionAct,FifteenthAmendment,MilitaryReconstruction, Redeemers,HomeRule 11. Describemilitaryreconstruction. MilitaryreconstructionwasledupbytheReconstructionActofMarch2,1867.It supplementedbylatermeasureswhichdividedtheSouthintofivemilitarydistricts,each commandedbyaUniongeneralandpolicedbybluecladsoldiers.Italsodisfranchisedtensof thousandsofformerConfederates.Congressalsolaiddownstringentconditionsforthe readmissionofthesecededstates.ThosestateswererequiredtoratifytheFourteenth Amendmentwhichgaveformerslavestheirrightsascitizens.TheFifteenthAmendmenthelps solvetheproblemofthepossibilityofunrepentantstateswithdrawingtheballotsfromblacks. FinallytheMilitaryreconstructionoftheSouthnotonlyusurpedcertainfunctionsofthe presidentascommanderinchiefbutsetupamartialregimeofdubiouslegality.Peacetime militaryruleseemedstarklycontrarytothespiritoftheConstitution.Alsoyet,itsgovernment swiftlypassedbackintothehandsofwhiteRedeemersorHomeRuleregimeswhichwere Democratic. NoWomenVoters Know: ElizabethCadyStanton,SusanB.Anthony,Woman'sLoyalLeague,Fourteenth Amendment 12. WhydidsomewomenfeelthattheydidnotreceivetheirdueaftertheCivilWar? SomewomenfeltthattheydidnotreceivetheirdueaftertheCivilWarbecausetheyplayeda prominentpartintheprewarabolitionistmovementandhadoftenpointoutthatbothwomen andblackslackedbasiccivilrights.Evenduringthewar,feministleaderslikeElizabethCady StantonandSusanB.Anthonyhadtemporarilysuspendedtheirowndemandsandworkforthe causeofblackemancipation.AlsotheWomansLoyalLeagueevengatheredabout400,000 signaturesonpetitionsaskingCongresstopassaconstitutionalamendmentprohibitingslavery. Sincethewarandthe13thamendmenthadpassed,theyfeltasitistheirtime.Theywere shockedwhentheFourteenthamendmentwhichdefinedequalnationalcitizenshipwiththeword maleinit.StantonandAnthonycampaignedactivelyagainsttheamendmentdespitethepleas ofFrederickDouglass. TheRealitiesofRadicalReconstructionintheSouth Know: UnionLeague,Suffrage,HiramRevels,BlancheK.Bruce,Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. InwhatwaysdidAfricanAmericansbecomepoliticallyinvolvedintheyears immediatelyfollowingtheCivilWar?HowdidWhitesouthernersviewtheir involvement? AfricanAmericansbecamepoliticallyinvolvedintheyearsimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWar byseizingtheinitiativeandbegantoorganizepolitically.TheirprimaryvehiclebecametheUnion LeagueandwasassistedbyNorthernblacks.FreedmenturnedtheLeagueintoanetworkof politicalclubsthateducatedmembersintheircivicdutiesandcampaignedforRepublican

candidates.AfricanAmericanwomenalsoassumernewpoliticalroleslikefaithfullyattending theparadesandralliedcommoninblackcommunitiesduringtheearlyyearsofreconstruction. Theyalsohelpedassemblemassmeetingsinthenewlyconstructedblackchurches.Blackmen whowereelectedasdelegatestothestateheldthegreaterpoliticalauthorityandtheyformed thebackboneoftheblackpoliticalcommunity.Theysatdownwithwhitestohammeroutnew stateconstitutionswhichmostimportantlyprovidedforuniversalmalesuffrage.HiramRevels andBlancheK.Brucebothservedasblacksenators.Alsoatthesightofformerslavesholding office,theiroldmasterslashedoutatthefreedmenswhitealliescallingthemscalawagsand carpetbaggers. TheKuKluxKlan Know: KuKluxKlan,ForceActs,Disfranchise 14. InwhatwaysdidSouthernwhitesattempttokeepformerslavesdown? TheSouthernwhitesattemptedtokeepformerslavesdownbyorganizingtheKuKluxKlan whichwastoperformsavagemeasures.Likesomewouldscaringtheotherperson.Byscaring them,manyex0bondsmenandothersshunnedthepolls.TheKlanbecamearefugefor numerousbanditsandcutthroats.CongressoutragedbythisissuedtheForceActsof1870and 1871.Itallowedforfederaltroopstostampputmuchofthelashlawbutbythistime,theKKK alreadydoneitsworkofintimidation.AlsotheWhiteSouthopenlyfloutedthe14thand15th amendments.Wholesaledisfranchisementofblackswasachievedbyintimidatingfraudand trickery. JohnsonWalkstheImpeachmentPlank Know: RadicalRepublicans,BenWade,TenureofOfficeAct,EdwinStanton 15. HowdidtheRadicalRepublicans"manufacture"animpeachmentofAndrewJohnson? TheRadicalRepublicansmanufacturedanimpeachmentofAndrewJohnsonbyfalselyaccusing himofmaintainthereaharemofdissolutewomen.Notcontentwithcurbinghisauthority,they decidedtoremovehimaltogetherbyconstitutionalprocess.Congressproceededthentopass theTenureofOfficeActoverJohnsonsveto.Itrequiredthepresidenttosecuretheconsentof theSenatebeforehecouldremovehisappointeesoncetheyhadbeenapprovedbythatbody. Amainpurposewastofreezeintothecabinetthesecretaryofwar,EdwinStanton.Even thoughoutwardlyloyaltoJohnson,hewassecrelyservingasaspyandinformerforthe radicals.Overalltheyaccusedhimofhighcrimesandmisdemeanorswhilecharginghimwith variousviolationsoftheTenureofOfficeAct. ANotGuiltyVerdictforJohnson Know: BenjaminF.Butler,ThaddeusStevens 16. WhyweretheRadicalsunsuccessfulinremovingJohnsonfromoffice? TheRadicalswereunsuccessfulinremovingJohnsonfromofficebecausetheywereunable tomusterthe2/3majorityforJohnsonsremoval.Asthehouseprosecutor,BenjaminF. ButlerandThaddeusStevenshadahardertimebuildingacompellingcasefor impeachment.Meanwhile,fearsofcreatingadestabilizingprecedentplayedarole,asdid principleoppositiontoabusingtheconstitutionalmechanismofchecksandbalances. Politicalconsiderationsalsofiguredconspicuously.AlsoJohnsonindicatedthroughhis attorneythathewouldstopobstructingRepublicanpoliciesinreturnforremaininginoffice.

ThePurchaseofAlaska Know: WilliamSeward,Russia 17. ExplainwhyAlaskawascalled"Seward'sFolly,"butwaspurchasedanyway. AlaskawascalledSewardsFollybutwaspurchasedanywaysbecausewhenWilliam Sewardsignedthetreaty,AmericanpeoplewerestillpreoccupiedwithReconstructionand otherinternalvexations.Theywereeconomymindedandantiexpansionist.Theypurchasedit becauseforonethingRussia,alongamongthepowers,hadbeenconspicuouslyfriendlytothe NorthduringtherecentCivilWar.Americansdidnotfeelthattheycouldoffendtheirgreatand goodfriend.Besides,theterritorywasrumoredtobeteemingwithfurs,fish,andgold.Sothen CongressandthecountryacceptedSewardsFolly. TheHeritageofReconstruction 18. AssessthesuccessofRepublicanreconstruction. RepublicanreconstructionwasconsideredbymanywhiteSouthernersasmoregrievous woundthanthewaritself.Itleftafesteringscarthatwouldtakegenerationstoheal.Also deepseatedracism,ingrainedAmericanresistancetotamperingwithpropertyrights,and rigidloyaltytotheprincipleoflocalselfgovernment,combinedwithspreadingindifference intheNorthtotheplightofblacks,formedtooformidableanobstacle.Despitegood intentionsbyRepublicans,theOldSouthwasinmanywaysmoreresurrectedthan reconstructed.