Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that Ki ng Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860: elected Lincoln as 16 president William Seward: NY senator, tried to run for Republican office, anti-slavery, secretary of state under Lincoln Edwin M. Stanton: secretary of war, tried to turn Congress against Lincoln The Alabama: ship built by the British; 1862 the confederates turned it into a warship; captured over sixty union vessels before it accepted a challenge from a union cruiser in 1864 off the coast of France Emancipation Proclamation: freed slaves in confederate states Trent Affair: Union warship stopped the British mail steamer the Trent and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. Britain was outraged at the upstart Americans and threatened war but Lincoln released the prisoners and tensions cooled. Merrimack and Monitor: Iron-clad ships made by the North and South; the battle was a stalemate Anaconda Plan: Norths plan to suffocate South by blockading all the ports Border States: states bordering North and South; Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia; none seceded Appomattox: Lee surrenders to Grant, who takes no revenge Election of 1864: Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins by passing 13th amendment free slaves GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
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There are several practical problems that would occur if the U.S. became two nations. For one, the diverse economic complex would split into two. This would separate national businesses, while splitting families and extended relations. Second, the armed forces would also have to be split. This would lead to remapping, resettlement and a complete overhaul of our national and shoreline defense grid. Lastly, the government infrastructure would also have to be amended. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson

2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? Instead of sending reinforcements, he simply sent food and supplies for soldiers already there. This provoked the South to attack. Though it was a victory, it meant that the war would last much longer than 90 days. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: 3. Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?

They didn't make any statements about slavery at the beginning. The war started as keeping the union together and only evoled as getting rid of slavery after the border states were fighting for the north and it was necessary to threaten the south and a few border states that they would lose their slaves if they continued to fight, the emancipation proclamation The Balance of Forces Know: 4. Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson What advantages did the South have? The North?

The South was fighting defensively so they didnt have to win. Also, they had Virginia on their side, and excellent generals. The North had all the manufacturing so they could get more supplies and they had more troops and more states. Dethroning King Cotton Know: 5. King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn Why did King Cotton fail the South?

There was a rise in the popularity of grains like corn and wheat. These new industries could grow in the North and kicked cotton off the market. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: 6. Trent, Alabama What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?

Although Britain wasn't happy with the Union blockade of the Confederate coast,at the start of the civil war warehouses of textile traders were stuffed with cotton (many had been buying extra as they believed a civil war was brewing in USA),and were already seeking alternative sources in Egypt and India.So,the blockade was no big deal. The Trent Affair,where a US ship attacked a British merchant ship and seized Confederate politicians on their way to London was more serious,but Lincoln was able to smooth this over by unconditionally releasing the seized men immediately. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: 7. Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?

A serious conflict between Britain and the United States erupted over the "Trent Affair" in 1861; it was resolved in a few months. More of a problem was the British shipyard (John Laird and Sons) building two warships for the Confederacy, including the CSS Alabama,[1] over vehement protests from the United States. President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: 8. Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?

The main weakness of the Confederate government was the lack of unity. Davis could not keep Southern states from seceding from the confederacy because it encroached state rights and he was not a strong leader. The Union strength was its unity. Lincoln was a strong leader with a strong central government capable of keeping the states together. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus

9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? He increased the size of the Federal armysomething that only Congress can do, suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested, defied a dubious ruling by the chief justice that the safeguards of habeas corpus could be set aside only by authorization of Congress, and "supervised" voting in the Border States, federal officials also ordered the suspension of certain newspapers and the arrest of their editors on grounds of obstructing the war Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: 10. Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.

The rich men had the greatest stake in the outcome of the war, they stood to lose everything they had if slavery were ended. A poor man though stood to gain very little if they won. But the law made it possible for a man to buy his way out of military service, essentially by hiring a substitute to fight in his place. Naturally you had to be rich to

do that and the person you hired was likely to be poor. Thus the rich wanted the war but the poor were doing most of the fighting, and dying. The Economic Stresses of War Know: 11. Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?

Early on in the war, the North standardized its currency with what we now call the "greenback". All other forms of money became invalid. Prior to this time, banks and others printed their own notes which circulated freely, and counterfeiting was a real problem. Once the greenback became standard, it kept its value relatively well. In the South, Confederate currency was issued on the national level as well as by the individual states. Essentially, they were all promissary notes, saying that after the war the debt would be paid. Because they were not backed by precious metals and because the war was going very badly for the South, this money soon lost its value. Inflation was very, very high and the money became virtually worthless within months. This was yet another hardship endured in the South. The North's Economic Boom Know: 12. "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?

Lincoln did not have the funds to act on such a war so be created "greenbacks" or new currency to fund his war. the new money added to the money supply after the war. as far the north and south were involved: imports and export from many states were halted since materials were used for the war and they were fighting each other. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

King Cotton, which made u the entire Southern economy, had failed, leaving the South with nothing. Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS

Draft riots of 1863: The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people. Charles Frances Adam; Lincolns foreign minister in London, where he played a k ey role in keeping Britain neutral, while southern agents were trying to achieve official recognition of the Confederacy. Sherman's March: began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. Clement L. Vallandigham: Ohio politician, and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives. Andrew Johnson: Lincolns vice president; Unionist; 1865; ran with Lincoln to get Border States votes John Wilkes Booth: actor who shot Lincoln C.S.S. Alabama: successful commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her twoyear career, during which she never anchored in a Southern port National Banking Act : established a system of national banks for banks, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks. Union Party: party of war democrats and republicans GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: 1. Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?

For the south, victory would bore them with over confidence for the war. For the north, it showed they need to buckle down, for the war wasn't going to be a one punch victory. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: 2. George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.

Total war, and devastating the south by burning down city's and cutting off supplies. Also by having a superior economy and government. The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor

3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?

They were going in to the technically succeeded south and messing with their supplies. The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"

The Battle of Antietam was probably the most decisive of the Civil War. The Confederates were never again so near victory. This was the long-awaited "victory" that Lincoln needed for launching his Emancipation Proclamation A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: 7. Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.

The Emancipation Proclamation made the southerners extremely angry and complicated some htings with Border states, such as the lack of freedom there. Blacks Battle Bondage Know: 8. Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
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Many of the troops were made up of African American regiments, like the 54 Massachusetts. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: 1. Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?

Last chance for confederacy. The union won and Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address which said that all men were created equal. It was a turning point because the Union defeated the confederacy. The War in the West Know: 10. Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg Describe General Grant as a man and a general.

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States. He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. As a general he was brilliant and ruthless; as a man he was cold and a drunkard. Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: 11. William T. Sherman, March to the Sea How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

He destroyed everything in his path and made sure the South weakened and suffered. He cut off all supplies so people starved. The Politics of War Know: 12. War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war.

The war effort was the source of continued disparagement of Lincoln, & dominated his time and attention. From the start, it was clear that bipartisan support would be essential to success in the war effort, and any manner of compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions in the Union Army. The Election of 1864 Know: 14. Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?

Most historians agree that two factors carried Lincoln to victory: first, the progress of the Union military in 1864, and secondly, Lincoln's supporters successfully conducted a campaign that portrayed the Democratic platform as traitorous. Grant Outlasts Lee Know: 15. The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?

Grant decided to literally bludgeon the Confederacy into defeat through a campaign of attrition. The way to achieve this was by constantly forcing the Confederate army to fight, thus wearing down its strength until it was no longer capable of operating effectively in the field. The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: 16. Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.

Bad because Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union. It is believed that he would have forced a more equitable solution in reconstruction. This might have eliminated many years of fear and distrust The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: 17. Lost Cause What was the legacy of the Civil War?

Obviously there is the abolition of slavery. The condition of African-Americans began to improve once they were freed. There probably could be no Civil Rights Movement without their freedom. The South lost many of its ways of life, the aristocratic society crumbling. It was also hit hard economically and had to go through Reconstruction.

The Ku Klux Klan was formed. Also, the Confederate flag still flies at the state capital of South Carolina. The United States remained united, and as a result remained dominant in the Western Hemisphere, discouraging European interference. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I dont agree because I think the Civil War was a huge part of American history. It was a terrible test for the nation and brought the country together in true unity. The importance of the war is not exaggerated because it is a big deal. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, lik e Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own southern whites reasserted their power. GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction

1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain. The quote talks about the devastation and sad state of the continental South of the United States at the end of the civil war. Life, property and land were destroyed in the war. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: 2. Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

They were happy that they had their freedom, but they had no idea what to do with it since they had been slaves all their lives.

The Freedmen's Bureau Know: 3. Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Taught about 200,000 uneducated blacks how to read (greatest success), studied the Word of God, welfare agency to support blacks with education, clothes, food, and medical care Johnson: The Tailor President Know: 4. Andrew Johnson Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.

S: taught himself how to read, later on was taught how to write & do math by his wife, devoted to duty and the will of the people W: was extremely subborn, hotheaded, and contentious, he was "the wrong man in the wrong place at the wrong time" Presidential Reconstruction Know: 5. Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?

The radical republicans felt that the south needed to be punished for the years of strife, they feared that the 10% plan would allow the southerners to re-enslave the newly freed blacks , so they rammed the Wade-Davis bill through congress The Baleful Black Codes Know: 6. Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?

Labor contracts, not being able to lease or rent land, weren't allowed to serve on a jury (etc) were put back into 'slavery' as a punishment for a crime Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) Northerners realized the south would be stronger pol. since blacks were a whole person instead of 3/5, republicans also feared the north and south democrats would join and take over congress (destroying all their hard work) Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: 8. Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?

The Republicans used their dominance to create various acts and laws that benefitted their party. Johnson would usually just veto them in response because he was a Democrat. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?

Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans

10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Johnson rejected the Radical program of harsh, lengthy Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865. Johnson favored conciliatory policies towards the South and a rush to reincorporate the former Confederate states back into the union without due regard for freedmen's rights. The Radical Republicans opposed. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: 11. Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule Describe military reconstruction.

This act sought to rebuild the governments of the southern states using the governments of the northern states as examples. It was also implemented to ensure that the civil rights of the free blacks in the South by requiring the states in the South to include the rights of free blacks in their constitutions. The Military Reconstruction Act divided the South into five military districts. These territories were placed under the military control of the United States. The Military Reconstruction Act also required the southern states to elect new government officials. The final term of the Military Reconstruction Act was that the new southern state governments needed to pass the 14th Amendment. No Women Voters Know: 12. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

They were mad at the 13,14,15 armaments because it didn't give women any suffrage The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers

13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? The African Americans were allowed to vote, so they could possibly get one of their own people into office. There were even senators and congressmen who were black. However, the southerners tried to restrict their voting as much as possible with a poll tax. The Ku Klux Klan Know: 14. Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?

They formed an extremely racist organization that scared blacks into not seeking their full civil rights. Also they placed many voting restrictions, like the Grandfather Clause. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: 15. Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

In 1867, congress passed the tenure of office act, which provided that the president had to secure the consent of the senate before removing anyone. A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: 16. Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?

On May 16, 1868, Johnson was acquitted of all charges by a single vote, seven republican senators with consciences voted "not guilty" The Purchase of Alaska Know: 17. William Seward, Russia Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.

Seward ended up offering Russia $7.2 million, but had much difficulty in getting Congress to approve and then appropriate the funds of money for Alaska, which was by then being referred to as "Seward's Folly," by radical republicans who were hostile towards the President, and towards Seward as Johnson's political ally. The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.

The main goal for the reconstruction in the Civil War was to rebuild and accept the South in the US again, but radical republican reconstruction wanted to make the South pay for what they had done. The radical republican reconstruction was somewhat of a success in that they had several bills passed in Congress against the South.