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013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 8 - Transverse Electromagnetic Waves

Prof. Markus Zahn October 4, 2005

I. Maxwells Equations for Linear Media = H E t =J + E H t = f / E =0 H II. Poyntings Theorem A. Power Flow, Electromagnetic Energy H =H E E H E H E J + = H E t t |2 |E |2 E J |H = t 2 t 2 H + 1 |E |2 + 1 |H |2 = E J E t 2 2 H dS E H dV = E V S d 1 2 1 2 J dV E H da + |E | + |H | dV = E dt 2 2 S V V =E H S 2 1 2 W = V 1 2 |E | + 2 |H | dV J dV Pd = E
V

Poynting Vector (watts / m2 ) Electromagnetic Stored Energy E >0 Power dissipated if J = E J E = |E |2 e.g., J E <0 Power source if J

SEH Pout + dW dt = Pd 1 2 we = 2 |E | 1 |2 wm = 2 |H

Pout =

da =

da S Electric energy density in Joules/m3 Magnetic energy density in Joules/m3

B. Power in Electric Circuits

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

Outside circuit elements d E l 0,

C

=0E = (Kirchos Voltage Law E k vk = 0 =J J = 0, H (Kirchos S J dS = 0 current law k ik = 0 Pin =

S

H dS E H dV E

=
V

0 = E J = J H =H E E E H 0 = + J J J () H =J () = J E H dV = dV = J dS Pin = E J
V V S

is non-zero only on wires. On S, = voltages on each wire, J dS = N vk ik dS = N vk Pin = S J J k=1 k=1 S

ik

C. Complex Poyntings Theorem (Sinusoidal Steady State, ejt ) 1 ( ( ( ( E r, t) = Re E r)ejt = E r)ejt + E r)ejt 2 1 ( ( ( ( H r, t) = Re H r)ejt = H r)ejt + H r)ejt 2 2

The real part of a complex number is one-half of the sum of the number and its complex conjugate

Maxwells Equations in Sinusoidal Steady State ( ( E r) = jH r) ( ( ( H r) = J r) + jE r) ( E r) = f ( r)/ ( H r) = 0 ( ( ( S r, t) = E r, t) H r, t) 1 ( ( ( ( E r)ejt + E r)ejt H r)ejt + H r)ejt = 4 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( = E r) H r)e2jt + E r) H r) + E r) H r) + E r) H r)e2jt 4 1 = ( ( ( ( S E r) H r) + E r) H r) 4 1 1 ( ( ( ( = Re E r) H r) = Re E r) H r) 2 2 (A complex number plus its complex conjugate is twice the real part of that number.) 1 ( ( E r) H r) 2 1 ( ( ( ( H r) E r) E r) H r) 2 1 ( ( ( ( ( = H r) jH r) E r) J r) jE r) 2 1 1 ( ( ( ( = j|H r)|2 + j|E r)|2 E r) J r) 2 2

= S 1 S = E ( r) H ( r) = 2

1 1 ( ( wm = |H r)|2 , we = |E r)|2 4 4 ( ( d = 1 E P r) J r) 2 + 2j [w w ] = P d S m e = 0) III. Transverse Electromagnetic Waves (f = 0, J A. Wave equation = E = H =0 E =0 H 3 H t E t

 E H = E = t t t 2 0 = = E E E 2 E t2 Wave equation = 2 E where c =

1

1 2E c2 t2
109 36

is the speed of the electromagnetic wave. farads/m, which leads to

In free space = 0 = 4 107 henries/m and = 0 c0 = 1 3 108 m/s. 0 0 Similarly

2 0 = H = = E H H 2 H 2

1 = 1 ,c = 2 H 2 2 c t B. Plane waves

2H

Ex- = Re[Ex-(z)exp (j t)] ,

Kx = Re[K0 exp (j t)] , Ex+ = Re[Ex+ (z)exp (j t)]

Hy- = Re[Hy-(z)exp (j t)]

Hy+ = Re[Hy+ (z)exp (j t)]

z
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

x (z )ejt Ex (z, t) = Re E x 2 d2 E = Ex dz 2 c2 x d2 E x = 0 + k2 E dz 2 4

where we have k2 = 2 = 2 c2 2 k= is the wavenumber, is the wavelength k = = kc c 2 = 2f = c f = c x = A1 ejkz + A2 ejkz E Ex = Re A1 ej (t+kz ) + A2 ej (tkz )
traveling wave traveling wave in the z direction in the +z direction

For the wave in the z direction we have: t + kz = constant dt + kdz = 0 dz = = c dt k For the wave in the +z direction we have: t kz = constant dt kdz = 0 dz = = +c dt k jkz x (z ) = Ex+ e E x e+jkz E

z>0 z<0

= H dEx = jH y H y = 1 dEx E t dz j dz = E dHy = jE x H t dz k jkz z>0 y = Ex+ e H k + jkz Ex e z<0 k = = , = is the wave impedance E x+ jkz z>0 e Hy = x +jkz E e z<0 5

Now we look at the boundary conditions: x+ = E x Ex (z = 0+ , t) = Ex (z = 0 , t) E x E x+ E 0 Hy (z = 0 , t) Hy (z = 0+ , t) = Kx (z = 0, t) =K x+ = E x = K0 E 2 0 jkz K 2 e

0 jkz K 2 e 0 jkz K 2 e K0 jkz 2 e

x (z ) = E y (z ) = H

z>0 z<0 z>0

z<0 K 2 0 H = 8 iz = 1E S K 2 2 0 iz
8

z>0 z<0

0 real) (K

K0 x (z )ejt = 2 cos(t kz ) z > 0 Ex (z, t) = Re E 0 K 2 cos(t + kz ) z < 0 0 K jt 2 cos(t kz ) z > 0 y (z )e Hy (z, t) = Re H = 0 +K 2 cos(t + kz ) z < 0 K 2 2 0 z>0 4 cos (t kz ) Sz = Ex Hy = 2 K0 2 4 cos (t + kz ) z < 0 K 2 0 z>0 8 Sz = 2 K0 8 z<0 C. Normal Incidence Onto a Perfect Conductor i (z, t) = Re E i ej (tkz ) E ix i E j ( t kz ) i (z, t) = Re H e iy r (z, t) = Re E r ej (t+kz ) Reected Fields: E ix r E j ( t + kz ) r (z, t) = Re e H iy k = , = Incident Fields: The boundary conditions require that Ex (z = 0, t) = Ex,i (z = 0, t) + Ex,r (z = 0, t) = 0 i + E r = 0 E r = E i E 6

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

i = Ei real we have: For E i ejkz e+jkz ejt Ex (z, t) = Ex,i (z, t) + Ex,r (z, t) = Re E = 2Ei sin(kz ) sin(t) i E Hy (z, t) = Hy,i (z, t) + Hy,r (z, t) = Re ejkz + e+jkz ejt = Kz (z = 0, t) = Hy (z = 0, t) = 2Ei cos(t) 2Ei cos(kz ) cos(t)

Radiation pressure in free space ( = 0 , = 0 ) Forcez 1 1 2 = 1 0 Kx Hy |z =0 = K 0 H iz = 0 Hy (z = 0) iz Area z =0 2 2 2 2 20 Ei cos2 (t) = iz 2 0 20 2 = E cos2 (t) iz 0 /0 i 2 = 20 Ei cos2 (t) iz

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

IV. Normal Incidence Onto a Dielectric

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

 i (z, t) = Re E i ej (tk1 z ) E ix , k1 = 1 1 i E j ( t k z ) 1 i (z, t) = Re H e iy , 1 = 1 /1 1 r (z, t) = Re E r ej (t+k1 z ) E ix r E j ( t + k z ) 1 r (z, t) = Re H e iy 1 t (z, t) = Re E t ej (tk2 z ) E ix , k2 = 2 2 t E j ( t k z ) 2 t (z, t) = Re H e iy , 2 = 2 /2 2 i + E r Ex (z = 0 ) = Ex (z = 0+ ) E i E r E Hy (z = 0 ) = Hy (z = 0+ ) 1 r E R i E t E T i E t =E t E = 2 = = 2 1 is the Reection coecient 1 + 2 22 is the Transmission coecient 1 + 2

1+R=T Sz,i = 1 x (z )H y Re E (z ) 2 1 +jk1 z jk1 z i ejk1 z + E r ejk1 z E i r = Re E e E e 21 1 2 r |2 = |Ei | |E 21 1 2jk1 z 2jk1 z r E i r + Re E e E Ei e 21

pure imaginary

1 2 r |2 = |Ei | |E 21 i |2 |E = 1 R2 21 i |2 T 2 i |2 (1 R2 ) |E 1 2 |E Sz,t = |Et | = = = Sz,i 22 22 21 = E V. Lossy Dielectrics - J E =J + E Amperes Law: H t = E + t For ejt elds H = (j + )E = j 1 + E j 9

 Dene complex permittivity by = 1 + j . Then complex amplitude solutions are the same as real amplitude solutions if we replace by : k= , = = 1+ j k = 1 + j A. Low loss limit:

1 k = 1 + j 1 1 + 2 j j 2 j 2 jkz j z j (j )z 2 e =e e = ej
z slow exponential decay 2 z e

B. Large loss limit:

1 k = 1 + j j
1 j 2

(1 j ) 2 1j 2 is the skin depth

fast exponential decay

z/ ejkz = ej (1j )z/ = ejz/ e

10