Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 1: Mind and Brain

1. A key difference between observations and inferred concepts is that a. *observations involve direct evidence, while inferred concepts refer to the explanations we provide for the evidence b. observations refer to conceptual aspects of our environment that are observed, while inferred concepts refer to the physical characteristics of these observations c. inferred concepts refer to physical aspects of our environment that are observed, while observations refer to the explanations we provide for these observations

d. inferred concepts refer to the predictions we make about physical aspects of our environment that are observed, while raw observations refer to the frequency with which we observe them

2. The average rate at which a typical cortical neuron fires is a. 1 time per second b. *10 times per second c. 100 times per second

d. 1000 times per second

3. Ramon y Cajal utilized microscope. a. envisioning dye b. cellular highlighting c. *Golgi stains

to learn information about nerve cells through a light

d. Cajal coloring

4. Cognitive concepts are based on consistent a. *behavioral observations

b. philosophical theories c. psychological hypotheses

d. mental processes

5. Which of the following best describes the relationship between new brain recording techniques and existing inferred concepts of cognition? a. new recording techniques make repetition of previous experiments necessary b. existing inferred concepts are discarded and replaced with the new ones c. *previous inferred concepts are often supported by new brain findings

d. no changes are made a defining characteristic of a cognition concept is that it is a well defined principle that does not require modification

6. Ramon y Cajals neuron doctrine asserts that a. the nervous system consists of a uniform system that is genetically dependent on one type of DNA b. the nervous system consists of uniform system that lacks anatomical and genetic independence c. *the nervous system consists of a variety of neuronal cells that are anatomically separate from each other

d. the nervous system consists of neurons that are anatomically identical, though genetically independent

7. Pavlovs classical conditioning of dogs greatly contributed to the development of a. dualism b. *behaviorism c. altruism

d. idealism

8. The speaking region in the brain known as hemisphere in most people. a. *Brocas area, left

can be found in the

b. Brocas area, right c. Wernickes area, left

d. Wernickes area, right

9. Cognitive neuroscience is the study of a. *the mind and brain b. the brain and emotions c. the mind and development

d. the brain and behaviors

10. How did the development of behaviorism affect psychology? a. behaviorism introduced the idea that behaviors had an underlying psychological cause b. behaviorism encouraged the study of consciousness c. *behaviorism led to the rejection of consciousness studies as unscientific

d. behaviorism criticized the notion that simple behavioral units based on reflexes could exist

11. Which of the following is an appropriate example of increasing temporal magnitude? a. the human brain, occipital lobe, primary visual cortex, a neuron b. a neuron, primary visual cortex, occipital lobe, the human brain c. watching a movie, counting to 10, human reaction to an expected event, response time of the auditory nerve

d. *response time of the auditory nerve, human reaction to an expected event, counting to 10, watching a movie

12. Neuroimaging studies collect slices of the brain in 3 main dimensions a. *coronal, horizontal, and sagittal b. longitudinal, lateral, and fissural c. coronal, medial, and ventral

d. dorsal, ventral, and orbital

13. Major anatomical landmarks in the brain include the a. *corpus callosum, longitudinal fissure, and central sulcus b. latitudinal fissure, cerebral subcortex, and corpus memorius c. prelateral lobe, temporal fissure, and central gyrus

d. all of the above

14. Which of the following can be considered the ultimate measure of working memory? a. An EEG study of verbal working memory b. An fMRI study of spatial working memory c. A single unit recording investigation of working memory load

d. *None of the above

15. The four lobes of the brain are a. polemic, orbital, occipital, and frontal b. *frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital c. parietal, medial, frontal, and lateral

d. dorsal, ventral, superior, and inferior

16. The mind/body question, as defined by the philosopher Ren Descartes, refers to a. *the question of whether the world is ultimately physical or mental b. the question of whether the brain develops as it does due to influences of nature or nurture c. the question of whether spatial or temporal coding are basic functions of the brain

d. the question of whether the brain continues to develop after birth

17. Pierre-Paul Brocas case study of his patient who had lost all ability to speak, other than the single word tan, was important because a. it demonstrated that patients with brain damage could be studied to understand cognition

b. *it was one of the first studies to provide evidence for localization of a specific cognitive functions in the brain c. it was the first study of human language

d. it was a ground-breaking study showing that neurons are independent, leading to the formation of the neuron doctrine

18. Major ongoing debates in the study of mind and brain include a. the nature of consciousness b. capacity limits of the brain c. nature (genes) versus nurture (environment)

d. *all of the above

19. One of Charles Darwins contributions to the study of human cognition was that he a. proposed that humans were distinctly different than any other species b. *observed some shared emotional expressions in humans and other species, leading to the study of emotions across multiple mammalian species c. proved that humans and mammals shared the same emotions

d. suggested that mammalian brain development was different from human brain development

20. The study of consciousness a. began in the late 20 Century b. *has long been a topic of interest for biologists and psychologists c. was strongly opposed by William James
th

d. none of the above

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank

Chapter 2: A Framework
1. It is sometimes said that selective attention is required for conscious experiences. a. This statement is false because conscious experiences are unrelated to attention b. This statement is false because, although occasionally selective attention does lead to conscious experiences, in general conscious experiences are unrelated to attention c. *This statement is plausible because, although occasionally conscious experiences may not require selective attention, in general attention does lead to conscious experiences

d. This statement is true, conscious experiences cannot occur without attention.

2. When our attention is captured by a feature of a stimulus, such as color or movement, it is said to reflect which kind of process? a. *bottom-up b. bottom-down c. top-up

d. top-down

3. The Stroop task involves a. remembering previously presented stimuli b. *an internal conflict between a highly practiced skill and a novel task c. invoking inner senses such as the minds eye

d. rehearsing a set of numbers in order to commit them to memory

4. When voluntary actions become automatic a. it occurs rapidly without practice b. executive control over them is improved c. neuroimaging studies reveal an increase in cortical activity

d. *subcortical regions of the brain may take over the control of routine action components

5. The ability to recall facts and beliefs is known as

a. *declarative knowledge b. definitive knowledge c. innate knowledge

d. superficial knowledge

6. Limited capacity tasks are associated with associated with . a. unconscious events, self conscious events b. self conscious events, unconscious events c. *conscious events, unconscious events

while large-capacity tasks are

d. unconscious events, conscious events

7. You have agreed to participate in an experiment that your friend Lisa is conducting for her psychology class. While you are seated at a table, Lisa presents you with 3 x 5 cards one at a time, each with a single letter written on it. After showing you half a dozen cards, Lisa asks you what letter was on the fourth card you were presented. After you are finished with the experiment, Lisa begins to explain what experiment you have been participating in, but you tell her that you already know that this task is a type of a. recognition task b. spatial memory task c. Stroop task

d. *n-back task

8. All of the following reflect limited capacity mechanisms except for a. dual input tasks b. *language vocabulary c. ambiguous stimuli

d. competition between stimulus features

9. Brain imaging studies comparing activity from perceived versus imagined visual events show that

a. perceptual events are correlated with activity in the occipital lobe while imagined events are correlated with activation in the temporal lobe b. imagined events are correlated with activity in the occipital lobe while perceived ones are correlated with activation in the temporal lobe c. imagined events did not produce significant activations while perceived events were correlated with activations in the primary visual cortex

d. *imagined and perceived events activate similar brain regions.

10. The

aspect of working memory involves the prefrontal lobes, while the aspect of working memory involves the speech areas.

a. director, verbal b. executive, tonal c. director, tonal

d. *executive, verbal

11. Consolidation of short-term memories into long term memory is known to be facilitated by a. listening to music b. drinking sufficient amount of water c. *getting a full nights sleep

d. eating healthy

12. The back half of the cortex is mostly involved in a. motor functions b. *sensory functions c. executive functions

d. long term memory

13. According to the functional framework a. sensory inputs enter the system only if attentional processes are devoted to their perception

b. *both voluntary top-down and automatic bottom -up attentional processes are shown in the framework diagram c. motor or action systems require central executive functions

d. all of the above

14. Why are dual task experiments important in cognitive neuroscience? a. *They demonstrate the limited capacities of some cognitive processes b. They prove that you can never process two things at the same time c. They provide evidence for multiple temporal orders of magnitude in brain function

d. They suggest that the brain uses each hemisphere quite differently

15. A useful definition of working memory, proposed by Cowan and colleagues, is a. A system comprised of top-down and bottom-up processes b. A set of short term instructions that are consolidated into long term memory c. *A set of mental processes that hold a limited amount of information in a temporary state for cognitive purposes

d. A set of executive functions that interact with sensory processing in order to form mental propositions

16. You have signed up to be a participant in an experiment. Your task is to draw on your memory to answer questions such as: visualize your front door and write down on which side the doorknob is located and imagine your car and write down the color of the front seats. You decide that the experimenters are likely investigating a. Visual perception b. *Visual imagery c. Working memory

d. Executive function

17. An important aspect of voluntary and automatic actions is that a. voluntary actions may become automatic with practice

b. automatic actions may require voluntary control in difficult situations (such as walking with an injured ankle) c. when our actions become automatic after practice, we often have less conscious access to their details

d. *all of the above

18. The visual pop-out effect occurs in visual search tasks when a target stimulus (such as a horizontal green bar) pops-out from the surrounding, very dissimilar stimuli (such as vertical red bars). This is an example of a. visual perception b. *spontaneous attentional capture c. top-down attentional capture

d. executive function

19. According to the functional framework, stored memories, knowledge, and skills a. interact with verbal rehearsal and visuospatial working memory processes b. include perceptual and autobiographical memories c. interact with central executive functions

d. *all of the above

20. According to the consolidation hypothesis a. *memory may be stored in many different regions of the brain b. the front (anterior) half of cortex involves sensory memories c. the back (posterior) half of cortex involves executive and motor memories

d. all of the above

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 3: Neurons and Their Connections
1. If the synapse between neurons is inhibitory, the probability of the next neuron firing is .

a. b. c. d.

increased *decreased unchanged dependent upon the type of neuron

2. If the synapse between neurons is excitatory, the probability of the next neuron firing is a. *increased b. decreased c. unchanged d. dependent upon the type of neuron 3. What is an artificial neural net (ANN)? a. the intricate connections between neurons that exist in the brain b. *a model of a brain function that utilizes idealized neurons c. the circuitry that is found in artificial intelligence devices d. a tangle of neuronal axons that no longer function properly 4. The reentrant, or two-way, connections between neuronal arrays are a. *by far the most common connection type b. limited to connections within the cerebral cortex c. only about 10% of the connections in the cortex d. limited to vision cortex

5. Hebbian learning refers to notion that neurons that fire together, wire together. Its defining feature is that a. the threshold for firing an action potential is dependent upon the type of neuron b. the formation of a particular type of neuron occurs at the same stage of development c. *learning involves increased efficiency in synaptic transmission d. neural arrays are formed between similar types of neurons 6. Neural Darwinism can be summarized as a. survival of the organisms with the most complex nervous system b. survival of the biggest neurons c. survival of the organisms with the most adaptive nervous system d. *survival of the fittest cells and synapses 7. Certain neural models suggest that network adjustments are made after a comparison of an actual output to a desired output. This describes a. forward negation b. forward propagation c. back negation d. *back propagation 8. Making predictions about which interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus is likely to be correct involves a kind of processing. a. lateral b. input-driven c. *top-down d. bottom-up 9. The human body often shows doubled organs, so that one part can take over if another part fails; thus we have two lungs, two cortical hemispheres, four heart chambers, etc. This is an example of a. organ dualism b. *functional redundancy

c. structural repetition d. neuronal surpluses 10. Which of the following is the best metaphor for neuronal choice points? a. sliding on a slide b. swinging on a swing set c. driving with traffic down a one-way street d. *choosing a direction at a fork in the road 11. Hierarchies of neuronal arrays exist for a. sensory systems b. motor systems c. *both sensory and motor systems d. neither sensory nor motor systems 12. Lateral inhibition serves to a. *emphasize the difference between two inputs b. prevent the brain from becoming confused from too many signals c. conserve neuronal energy d. decrease the probability of subsequent neurons firing 13. Learned but non-voluntary processes are called a. reflexes b. circuits c. *automatic processes d. subconscious processes 14. Two ways that the brain encodes information are (1) in spatial arrays and maps, and (2) in changing the firing rate of neurons. Which of the following describes these types of coding? a. They are both examples of types of spatial coding b. The first is an example of temporal spatial coding, and the second is an example of spatial coding c. *The first is an example of spatial coding, and the second is an example of temporal coding d. They are both examples of differing types of temporal coding 15. How does an integrate-and-fire neuron work? a. Neurons will fire when they receive any type of information from the neuron before it b. The strength of the action potential fired is dependent upon the strength of the signal the neuron receives c. *Graded voltage inputs are summed, and if a threshold point is crossed, the neuron will fire an all-or-none action potential d. The neuron will only fire if it receives information from all of the neurons it receives information from, or not at all 16. A three-layer neural network: a. is comprised of input units, hidden units, and output units b. allows for back propagation c. it allows for changes in connection strengths during learning d. *all of the above 17. Sensory systems (such as vision, touch, hearing) are a. organized in strictly feedforward hierarchies b. comprised of roughly 50% one-way and 50% two-way connections c. *comprised of mostly two-way connections that aid in resolving ambiguous inputs

d. comprised of mostly one-way connections in order to produce temporal encoding of sensory features 18. Neuronal arrays that represent spatial patterns are frequently referred to as a. spiking codes b. semantic networks c. *maps d. hierarchies 19. Some working assumptions in the study of neurons and their connections include a.a simplified neuron to build cognitive models from artificial neural nets b.connections are either inhibitory or excitatory c.most neural connections are two-way d.*all of the above 20.Finding ones way home in the dark is an example of a. sensori-motor feedforward processing b. lateral inhibition c. *top-down or expectation-driven processing d. temporal coding

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 4: Imaging the Living Brain
1. Neuroimaging has changed our approach to the brain in what way? a. Neuroimaging provides a direct measurement of brain activities b. Neuroimaging provides a way to study the activity of individual neurons c. *Neuroimaging permits functional studies of brain areas, as well as the connections between them.

d. Neuroimaging has not basically changed the study of the brain

2. What is a disadvantage of studying individuals with brain injuries? a. *brain injuries are typically not limited to a specific brain function b. it is difficult to find an individual who has a brain injury c. brain injuries are often easily healed

d. brain functions are too complex to be studied in individuals with brain injuries

3. How does electro-encephalography (EEG) differ from magneto-encephalography (MEG)?

a. EEG has very good spatial resolution while MEG has very poor spatial resolution b. EEG has very good temporal resolution while MEG has very poor temporal resolution c. *EEG measures electrical fields while MEG measures the magnetic fields produced by electrochemical brain activity

d. MEG measures electrical fields while EEG measures the magnetic field produced by magnetic activity

4. Which of the following methods has the best spatial resolution? a. Electroencephalography (EEG) b. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) c. *Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

d. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

5. Which of the following is an advantage of single cell recordings? a. the whole brain can be represented by a few spikes b. it is a noninvasive procedure c. cells can be determined as excitatory or inhibitory based on single spikes

d. *it is the most precisely localized recording method

6. Can the study of non-human primates be applied to humans? a. Yes, the two are nearly identical b. *Yes, there are some key similarities that make these two groups comparable for certain domains (such as vision, touch) c. No, there are too many anatomical differences

d. No, because non-human primates do not have language

7. Joanne is interested in studying the effects of lesions (damage due to injury, stroke, etc.) in the brain, but does not have access to patients who have existing lesions. She knows that she cannot give people lesions, for obvious reasons. What method of imaging would you recommend to her to best simulate brain lesions?

a. *transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. positron emission tomography (PET)

d. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

8. Which of the following is correct about fMRI and PET? a. fMRI and PET are both direct measures of brain activity b. fMRI is a direct measure of brain activity while PET is an indirect measure c. fMRI is an indirect measure of brain activity while PET is an indirect measure

d. *fMRI and PET are both indirect measures of brain activity

9. How do fMRI and MRI differ? a. fMRI images the full brain while MRI images a specified portion b. *fMRI images functional brain activity while MRI images anatomical images c. fMRI images the frontal lobe while MRI images the entire brain

d. fMRI images the final development of the brain, while MRI images developing brain

10. Dr. Jones has just reported the results of one fMRI experiment where he showed that in 5 adults (4 men, 1 woman) the right frontal lobe is more active for even numbers and the left frontal lobe is more active for odd numbers. He has concluded that the right frontal region is the even number center in the brain and the left frontal region is the odd number center. What are potential problems with his position? a. There may be other explanations for why the right and left areas were differently active b. A study with just 5 subjects may not be enough to clarify differences in brain responses c. While the brain activity correlated with even and odd numbers, it is impossible to tell from this study whether that brain response was caused by number type

d. *All of the above

11. What is the key principle of BOLD fMRI? a. *active brain areas consume oxygen

b. communication between distinct hemispheres occurs c. cortical regions interact in a feedforward manner

d. some cortical neurons have myelinated axons

12. The imaging technique that traces the movement of water molecules along the myelinated axons of cortical neurons is known as a. aquatic tomography b. osmosis geography c. *diffusion tractography

d. neuronal technology

13. What is a concern when using an experimental design that compares an active stage to one at rest? a. if a person is unable to sleep, it is impossible to achieve a resting state b. individuals that exercise regularly will have less difficulty in the active requirements c. *the brain is not truly at rest in the absence of an experimental task, since people are likely to be thinking of other things

d. what one person considers to be active, another may regard as restful

14. Methods such as methods of

tell researchers precisely where activity is happening while the reflect more precisely when it is happening.

a. EEG and MEG, MRI and PET b. EEG and MRI, MEG and PET c. *MRI and PET, EEG and MEG

d. MEG and PET, EEG and MRI

15. Even raw or unprocessed -- EEG can show visibly different waveforms at differing frequencies, such as the alpha band (~8-12 Hz) and the gamma band (~40 Hz). These frequency bands reflect a. brain activity due to voluntary versus involuntary learning

b. visual versus auditory sensory processing c. *some aspects of conscious and unconscious events in the brain

d. spatial coding of sensory information

16. In neuroimaging studies, the term regions of interest refers to a. sensory regions in the brain that are the focus of study in a particular experiment b. brain activity in the cerebral cortex c. *brain areas that are targeted for study in a particular experiment

d. brain areas that have been damaged due to stroke or illness

17. You are designing a brain imaging study to investigate language processing in the brain. You decide to have your subjects listen to human speech and then compare their brain response to two other conditions: (1) listening to orchestral music, and (2) silence. Which of the following is likely true about your study? a. You use a subtractive method to compare brain responses in the speech, music, and silence conditions b. You will not be able to control what your subjects are thinking about in the silence condition c. It may be difficult to interpret differences between the silence and the music conditions

d. *All of the above

18. A key benefit of the advent of brain imaging techniques is that they allow us to a. investigate causational, relationships between cognitive processes and brain activity b. *investigate aspects of cognition that were previously impossible to observe directly, such as brain areas that are active for seen versus imagined stimuli c. record direct signals of neural activity for differing kinds of stimuli

d. all of the above

19. The phrase convergent measures refers to a. the gamma, theta, and alpha brain waves recorded using EEG

b. the subtractive method using in fMRI and PET studies c. *the notion that multiple measures are best for understanding complex brain processes

d. understanding how a single unit recording relates to large scale neural network activity

20. A key difference between lesion studies and neuroimaging studies is that a. lesion studies include patients with brain damage b. neuroimaging studies consist of individuals without brain damage c. *it is often difficult to know the precise locations that are impaired in patients with brain lesions

d. neuroimaging studies have regions of interest identified prior to the experiment

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 5: The Brain

1. Why is the outward visible cortex referred to as the neocortex? a. it has nine layers b. it is developed prenatally c. *it is the newest in terms of evolution

d. it is a fundamental brain structure that all animals have in common

2. Which of the following is not a primary function of the prefrontal cortex? a. planning b. *multisensory integration c. initiating activities

d. self-control

3. The four lobes of the cortex are

a. *the temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes b. the frontal, medial, dorsal, and ventral lobes c. not visible from a lateral view

d. contain identical Brodmann areas

4. The Brodmann areas a. separate the brain into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain b. *correspond to many local cortical functions c. distinguish between the central and peripheral nervous system

d. define the boundaries of the four lobes of the brain

5. The Brodmann areas define cortical areas according to their a. anatomy b. *microscopic features, such as number of cortical layers and cell types c. general function, such as vision versus hearing

d. hemisphere 2. A lateral view of the brain is a. *a side view, also referred to as a sagittal view, showing four lobes of one hemisphere b. a side view, showing the midline slice of the brain between the two hemispheres c. also called a coronal view, showing both hemispheres

d. also called a horizontal view, showing the corpus callosum

7. A mid-sagittal view of the brain is a. a side view, also referred to as a sagittal view, showing four lobes of one hemisphere b. *a side view, showing the midline slice of the brain between the two hemispheres c. also called a coronal view, showing both hemispheres

d. also called a horizontal view, showing the corpus callosum

8. The neocortex is characterized by

cortical layers of gray cells.

a. 2 b. 4 c. *6

d. 8

9. The a. cingulate gyrus b. central sulcus c. *longitudinal fissure

separates the left and right hemispheres

d. Sylvian fissure

10. Which of the following would most likely be unaffected by a lesion in the right hemisphere? a. musical ability b. ability to draw geometrical figures c. *speaking ability

d. understanding of spatial orientations

11. The upper or superior areas of the brain are also called _________ while the lower or inferior areas are also called _________. a. *dorsal , ventral b. ventral, dorsal c. lateral, medial

d. motor, sensory

12. How are the sensory and motor homunculi similar? a. *both are maps of the body that are not proportional to the body parts b. both are by the same group of cortical neurons c. both can be found in the parietal lobe

d. both control motor movements

13. The conscious state. a. angular gyrus b. *reticular formation c. limbic system

, in conjunction with the thalamus, is involved in maintaining the normal

d. cerebellum

14. The satellite structures of the subcortex include all of the following except a. hippocampal complex b. basal ganglia c. cerebellum d. *corpus callosum

15. Your instructor has hinted that some questions on the next exam will relate to the oldest evolutionary brain structures. You should focus your study on a. structures located in exterior surface of the brain b. structures located in anterior and superior areas of the brain c. *structures located in posterior and inferior areas of the brain

d. structures located in anterior inferior areas of the brain

16. Wernickes area, a section of the brain involved in speech perception and comprehension, can be found in which lobe? a. frontal lobe b. parietal lobe c. *temporal lobe

d. occipital lobe

17. Which of the following brain regions does not have two structures, one in each hemisphere?

a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. *brainstem

d. thalamus

18. What are three classifications of the human brain based on their evolutionary age and the species in which they arose? a. *The reptilian, the paleomammalian, and neomammalian b. The brainstem, the cerebellum, and the neocortex c. The thalamus, the hippocampus, and neocortex

d. The brainstem, the subcortex, and the neocortex

19. The following brain area is associated with many memory functions. a. amygdala b. brainstem c. *medial temporal lobe

d. thalamus

20. The front-back division of the cortex refers to the fact that a. *The area in front of the central sulcus has motor and action functions, while the region behind it has sensory capacities b. The area in front of the central sulcus has sensory functions, while the region behind it has motor and action capacities c. The back half of the cortex is evolutionarily younger than the front half

d. The front half of the cortex is specialized for language and other verbal capacities, and the back half is specialized for sensory functions

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank

Chapter 6: Vision
1. How does the visual system differ from a camera? a. A picture from a camera does not encompass the entire visual field b. *Visual perception is only in full color and high resolution at the center of gaze c. Visual perception does not fill in missing details d. The visual system does not work differently than the picture captured by a camera 2. Which of the following is not a benefit of lateral inhibition? a. The improvement of neural efficiency in representing the visual world b. *The ability to combine information from uniform regions of a scene c. The consistent maintenance of brain response under different lighting conditions d. The enhancement of the representation of edges 3. An individual who has trouble recognizing a picture of the Grand Canyon, despite going there on several family vacations, might have damage to which cortical area? a. primary visual cortex b. lateral occipital complex c. fusiform face area d. *parahippocampal place area 4. Which of the following is not true about the retina? a. *cones can be found in the fovea but not the periphery of the retina b. rods can be found in the periphery but not the fovea c. four different types of photopigments can be found in the photoreceptors of the eye d. no photoreceptors are located where the optic nerve meets the eyeball 5. John is a patient in a neurological clinic who can only identify his mother by her voice, even though he scores well on a standard visual acuity test. John may be suffering from . a. apperceptive agnosia b. associative agnosia c. *prosopagnosia d. optic ataxia 6. What is the function of the fovea? a. to perceive coarse visual details b. *to perceive fine visual details c. to detect visual motion d. all of the above 7. How do the receptive fields in extrastriate (non-primary) visual cortex compare to the primary visual area V1? a. They have smaller receptive fields that are sensitive to more complex features b. * They have larger receptive fields that are sensitive to more complex features c. They have smaller receptive fields that are sensitive to simpler features d. They have larger receptive fields that are sensitive to simpler features 8. Retinal ganglion cells have receptive fields that respond differently to features in the center than to the area that encloses it a. interior-exterior b. *center-surround c. middle-edge d. core-border

9. Information from the hemisphere. a. right eye b. left eye c. right visual field d. *left visual field

will go to the primary visual cortex in the right

10. Why is there no gap in our vision where our blind spot is located? a. *the visual system fills in missing information based on the surround b. there are still a few photoreceptors at the blind spot c. the blind spot occurs far in the periphery, to which we normally do not pay attention d. there is a small visual gap, but it is present from birth, and we have learned to ignore it 11. A model describes visual processes in terms of each successively more complex and inclusive representation of a visual scene. a. layered b. circular c. interactive d. *hierarchical 12. The Gestalt principles of perception include a. *grouping by similarity, good continuation, and proximity b. grouping by similarity, good exposure, and shared features c. grouping by shared features, receptive fields, and visual field d. grouping by color, location, and size 13. The central part of the retina that we aim directly at objects to perceive their fine details is called a. optic sight b. pupil c. *fovea d. visual array 14. The ________ visual stream in the cortex is thought to represent what information, while the _______ visual stream represents where information. a. dorsal, ventral b. *ventral, dorsal, c. medial, lateral d. striate, extrastriate 15. The fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA) differ in that a. the FFA is tuned to fine-grained details while the PPA is sensitive to coarse-grained aspects of visual stimuli b. *the FFA responds more to faces while the PPA responds more to places c. the FFA is in the inferior temporal lobe while the PPA is in the superior parietal lobe d. the FFA is in the ventral processing stream while the PPA is in the dorsal stream 16. Patient TL has suffered a stroke and was diagnosed with apperceptive agnosia. Her brain damage is likely a. in the occipital lobe b. widespread rather than focal c. causing her to have trouble perceiving the shape of visual items d. *all of the above 17. When two very different visual stimuli are presented simultaneously to the two eyes, the perceptual phenomenon is called a. visual object agnosia

b. *binocular rivalry c. blindsight d. associative agnosia 18. Studies of unconscious perception have shown that a. *stimulus-specific brain responses can occur without consciousness of the visual stimulus b. upside-down faces are harder to recognizes than upright ones c. the fusiform face area is a hub for unconscious perception d. awareness of a visual stimulus is necessary for brain activity in visual cortex 19. A key difference between striate and extrastriate visual cortex is a. *striate cortex includes the primary visual area, while extrastriate cortex includes visual areas MT, V4 and others b. striate cortex has cells with large receptive fields while extrastriate cortex has more centersurround fields c. striate cortex includes area MT (motion) while extrastriate cortex includes the fusiform face area d. all of the above 20. Information from the retina goes to visual cortex in these steps: a. *optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, V1 b. optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, MT, V1 c. optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic nerve, V1 d. lateral geniculate nucleus, optic chiasm, striate cortex, extrastriate cortex

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 7: Hearing and Speech
1. The time scale for distinguishing between the spoken consonants b and d is however, distinguishing between intonation patterns in sentences requires about . a. 20 ms, 200 ms b. *20 ms, 2000 ms c. 200 ms, 2000 ms d. 2000 ms, 20 ms ;

2. You and your friend Steve are watching a singing contest. When one contestant starts, you wince and cover your ears, but Steve is undisturbed by the performance. This difference is reactions can best be explained by the fact that you and Steve likely a. have different auditory pickup of physical amplitude and frequency, despite the same physical characteristics of loudness and pitch. b. *have different psychological experiences of loudness and pitch, despite the same physical characteristics of amplitude and frequency. c. have the same psychological experiences for amplitude and frequency, despite different physical characteristics such as loudness and pitch. d. have the same psychological experiences for loudness and pitch, despite different physical characteristics such as amplitude and frequency. 3. The pathway. pathway is an efferent pathway while the pathway is an afferent

a. b. c. d.

ascending, descending *descending, ascending dorsal, ventral ventral, dorsal

4. The primary auditory cortex is located a. in the anterior cingulate region b. at the posterior half of the Sylvian fissure c. at the corpus callosum d. *within Heschls gyrus 5. Joe is talking to his friend on the phone when his sister Julie comes in and tells him its his turn to take out the trash. When Joe nods without looking at her, Julie unplugs the phone and repeats herself. In response, Joe yells that he is perfectly capable of simultaneously listening to what she is saying while talking with his friend. Julie, who is taking a cognitive psychology, should point out which fact about the auditory system in her defense? a. *The auditory system has a limited capacity, making it difficult or impossible to listen to two streams of speech coming into different ears b. The auditory system has a limited capacity, making it easy to listen to two streams of speech coming into different ears c. The auditory system has a large capacity, allowing it to learn new sounds d. The auditory system has a large capacity restricting the ability to learn new sounds 6. Interaural level differences are differences between , contributing to the process of sound localization. a. the time delay in a sound as it reaches each ear b. *the intensity of a single sound as it reaches each separate ear c. the height of a sound as it reaches each ear d. the directions of a sound as it reaches each ear 7. The tuning of a neuron refers to a. how we are able to alter the type of stimuli a neuron is sensitive to b. a change between contralateral and ipsilateral sound information c. *the input properties of its receptive field d. the growth of auditory neurons during development 8. The planum temporale has been hypothesized to be a a. center for localizing sound in space b. *hub for auditory processing streams c. tool for distinguishing between syllables in speech patterns d. structure that vibrates when it is reached by sound waves 9. Which of the following best describes how brain imaging has shaped our understanding of speech perception? th a. Neuroimaging has confirmed the theories of the 19 century without requiring revisions. th b. To date, neuroimaging techniques have not been used to examine the 19 century theories on speech perception. c. *Neuroimaging has confirmed the general aspects of speech perception models from the th 19 century, though specific details continue to be discovered. d. Neuroimaging has revealed critical flaws in previous theories of speech perception, resulting in the development of an entirely new model. 10. Neuroimaging has revealed that primary auditory cortex (area A1) a. *is active while we are perceiving a sound but not while imagining a sound b. is active while imagining a sound but not while perceiving a sound

c.

is active during both perceiving and imagining of a sound, though more for the perceiving aspect d. is active during both perceiving and imagining of a sound, though more for the imagining aspect 11. Which of the following is the correct sequence for an incoming sound wave to be processed in the brain? a. auditory periphery, thalamus, auditory cortex, auditory brainstem b. auditory cortex, auditory brainstem, thalamus, auditory periphery c. *auditory periphery, auditory brainstem, thalamus, auditory cortex d. auditory brainstem, auditory periphery, auditory cortex, thalamus 12. Two psychological dimensions of sound are a. frequency and loudness b. pitch and amplitude c. frequency and amplitude d. *loudness and pitch 13. A spectrogram is a. *a picture of speech, showing spectral information over time b. a picture that shows a neurons receptive field c. a way to represent the Cartesian coordinates of sounds in space d. a map of the tonotopic organization of auditory cortex 14. The rate at which a sound pressure wave vibrates is terms of cycles per second (hertz, Hz) is known as the ________ of the sound. a. *frequency b. amplitude c. pitch d. period 15. While leaving the grocery store, you run into a friend and start to chat. After a minute, you recognize barking, and apologize to your friend, explaining that your Labrador, Reuben, is reminding you that you still need to take him for a walk. Recognizing Reubens bark is likely a result of a. dorsal stream processing b. *ventral stream processing c. spatial processing d. temporal processing 16. An ongoing debate in the field of speech perception is a. whether speech is processed in the temporal lobe or parietal cortex b. *what are the primitives or basic building blocks of the speech signal c. whether the left frontal or the right occipital regions subserve semantic processing d. whether both ears have equal representation in auditory cortex 17. The use of non-human primate models to understand language processing is limited in that a. macaque monkeys do not have a primary auditory cortical region b. *non-human primates do not develop natural language c. humans do not have the equivalent of primate core and peripheral areas d. all of the above 2. A broadly tuned auditory neuron would be best at a. *detecting the presence of a sound b. localizing the spatial source of a sound c. recognizing an auditory object, such as a friends voice

d. decoding fine-grained features in a complex sound 19. A narrowly tuned auditory neuron would be best at a. detecting the presence of a sound b. localizing the spatial source of a sound c. recognizing an auditory object, such as a friends voice d. *discriminating between two similar cellphone ring tones 20. Studies of individuals who are sleeping or under sedation after anesthesia have shown that a. *auditory cortex may be activated by sounds even when a person is asleep or unconscious b. subcortical areas are activated by sounds when a person is unconscious, but auditory cortex is not c. primary auditory cortex is active both when imagining a sound when awake, and when hearing a sound during sleep d. none of the above

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 8: Attention and Consciousness
1. You are woken up at 6:00 am by your roommates alarm clock. As you start to reach for the snooze button, you remember your roommate asking you not to press any buttons but to instead ignore it. You decide to go along your roommates request, smiling to yourself as you recognize this example of a. involuntary attention b. *executive attention c. automatic attention d. leading attention 2. You are at the grocery store picking up several items for your mother, but cant find the right spaghetti sauce. After looking unsuccessfully, you call her on your cell phone. She reminds you that it has a bright blue label with a yellow stripe on it, and after a moment more of searching you find it. You have completed a a. *top-down process b. bottom-up process c. bi-directional process d. round-about process 3. What is the relationship between attention and consciousness? a. Consciousness is not a useful scientific term. b. *Attentional control often determines what will or will not become conscious. c. Attention and consciousness are synonyms and can be used interchangeably d. There is only a minimal and indirect connection between attention and consciousness that is not well understood. 4. Feature binding can be described as a. *combining multiple stimulus features in the world into a single conscious object b. the appearance of stimuli that can catch your eye c. committing a particular set of stimulus features to memory d. the tendency to cluster similar objects together according to their features

5. Your friend wants a suggestion for an experiment measuring selective attention. You recommend a. having participants find the blue shape amid different red shapes and timing how long it takes to name the shape b. *having participants listen to a recording that plays his voice out of one side of a headphone set and your voice out of the other, and to repeat what they hear c. having participants view a series of numbers presented briefly on the screen, and rehearse them mentally in order to write them down d. having participants try and recall their second birthday and describe the emotions they felt 6. In conjunction search a. *more voluntary effort is b. less voluntary effort is c. automatic effort is d. voluntary effort is not required to locate the target stimulus

7. A chimp exhibits greater firing in visual cortex IT area when looking at a banana after a bananarelated cue is presented, compared to the firing that occurs while looking at an apple after an apple-related cue is presented. Based on this finding, it is likely that a. *the banana is the preferred stimulus b. the apple is the preferred stimulus c. the cue dictates the preferred stimulus d. there is not a clear preferred stimulus 8. Selective attention to a visual stimulus is believed to be guided by a. the frontal and temporal lobes b. the occipital and parietal lobes c. the temporal and occipital lobes d. *the parietal and frontal lobes 9. Feature binding of seen objects appears to take place in a. *the visual cortex b. the somatosensory region c. the motor cortex d. the prefrontal cortex 10. When people are asked to track the movement of a basketball being tossed between students on one team but not another they often cannot see a person in a gorilla suit walked through the scene, and even waving at the audience. This is a dramatic example of a. inattentional sight b. attentional sight c. *inattentional blindness d. attentional blindness 11. What happens when a stimulus appears at an unexpected location in a flanker task? a. subjects must continue to attend to the cued side and not to the stimulus b. executive attention is involved c. areas that maintain attention on the cued side are different from those that guide visual attention to expected stimulus d. *all of the above are true 12. The degree of synchronous activity between different brain areas may signal a. cooperative interactions between neuronal populations b. competitive interactions between neuronal populations c. *cooperative and competitive interactions between neuronal populations d. excitatory and inhibitory interactions between neuronal populations

13. If a visual stimulus activates cortical regions beyond the visual cortex alone, it is probably a. attentionally blind b. *conscious c. unattended d. unconscious 14. The Stroop Color Naming Task requires a. attentional blindness b. visual masking c. *executive attention d. attentional blink 15. Voluntary visual attention is thought to involve the increased processing efficiency in a. prefrontal cortex, subcortical regions b. prefrontal cortex, thalamic regions c. prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex d. *prefrontal cortex, the visual cortex which results in .

16. Posner and colleagues proposed three separable aspects of attention: a. detecting, discriminating, and deciding b. orienting, discriminating, and controlling c. *alerting, orienting, and controlling d. bottom-up, top-down, and integrative 17. A common metaphor for attention is: a. attentional blink b. *spotlight c. pop-out d. top-down 18. Visual consciousness has been studied experimentally by using phenomena like a. binocular rivalry in the macaque monkey, to study consciously and unconsciously activated brain cells b. visual backward masking, to see how a conscious stimulus is processed in the brain compared to a masked unconscious stimulus c. inattentional blindness in humans, using behavioral reports to find out whether subjects are conscious of a gorilla walking through a basketball game d. *all of the above 19. Voluntary attention is needed to stay focused on a task in the presence of distractors. The sense of staying focused is called a. *mental effort b. pop-out c. alerting, controlling, and focusing d. implicit thinking 20. Visual attention in the human brain may have evolved from a. subcortical feature binding b. *eye movement control c. area MT motion detection d. inferior parietal oculomotor

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 9: Learning and Memory
1. Which is the best example of divided attention? a. scanning a crowd looking for a friend b. changing clothes in the dark c. watching the lip movements of a singer while listening to the song d. *playing online poker while studying for a midterm 2. Which of the following is not a type of human memory system? a. Working b. Implicit c. Semantic d. *Syntax 3. Explicit memory operates a. unconsciously b. *consciously c. slowly d. quickly 4. Young children can immediately repeat short sentences spoken by their parents and siblings, and then start to produce new sentences that also follow the rules of their native language. The ability to produce new, rule-governed sentences is thought to involve what kind of learning? a. explicit b. *implicit c. short term d. semantic

5. Consolidation refers to a. confirming the accuracy of a remembered event b. forgetting a memory in old age c. *transforming information from temporary to permanent storage d. merging memories together 6. The anterograde amnesia experienced by patient HM refers to a. *his inability to form new memories b. his inability to recall events shortly before his surgery c. his relatively intact short term memory d. his ability to recall experiences from his childhood 7. How are the two hemispheres of the brain related to memory, learning and retrieval? a. *the left hemisphere demonstrates greater activity during episodic learning, while the right hemisphere demonstrates greater activity during episodic retrieval b. the right hemisphere demonstrates greater activity during episodic learning, while the left hemisphere demonstrates greater activity during episodic retrieval c. the right hemisphere demonstrates greater activity than the left hemisphere for both learning and retrieval of episodic memories d. both hemispheres contribute equally to the learning and retrieval of episodic memories

8. An individual who seems to have normal intelligence but who has a severe loss of memory for personal experiences is likely a. *to be suffering from amnesia b. to have difficulty in everyday conversations c. to have impaired implicit thinking d. all of the above 9. Memory consolidation is thought to occur in the memories requires the . a. *neocortex, medial temporal lobe b. medial temporal lobe, hippocampus c. hippocampus, neocortex d. prefrontal cortex, hippocampus 10. The typical time span of long term memory is a. milliseconds to seconds b. seconds to hours c. *hours to months d. months to lifetime 11. Maintaining working memory contents for a dozen seconds requires: a. *the prefrontal cortex b. the medial temporal lobe c. hippocampus d. amygdala 12. Metacognition is a. *cognition about cognitive functions b. metalevel consciousness c. being hyperconscious d. being aware of multiple cognitive processes 13. Working memory is traditionally divided into a. voluntary and unconscious processes b. learning and retrieval c. short term and long term d. *visual and verbal components 14. memory involves facts about the world while specific events at specific times and places. a. episodic, semantic b. *semantic, episodic c. explicit, implicit d. implicit, explicit memory involves while conscious recollection of episodic

15. The case of Clive Wearing suggests that amnesia can be selective, in the sense that a. working memory will be lost while longterm memory is retained b. general knowledge will be lost while episodic retrieval is retained c. both episodic memory and semantic memory will be lost d. *episodic memory may be lost while semantic memory may be retained 16. Voluntary actions are related to ________ processes while involuntary actions are related to __________ processes. a. *explicit, implicit b. verbal working memory, visual working memory c. procedural, declarative

d. syntactic, semantic 17. Mechanisms believed to be involved in turning temporary synaptic connections into long-lasting memory traces are: a. Long term excitation and short term inhibition b. *long term potentiation and long term depression c. implicit thinking and explicit memory formation d. located in the prefrontal lobe 18. The consolidation hypothesis suggests: a. a multi-stage process of learning, binding, consolidation, and remembering b. the stabilization of transient information into long-term memory traces c. medial temporal lobe activities involved in memory consolidation d. *all of the above 19. A key difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is that a. *Short-term memory is sensitive to disruption, while long-term memory is more resistant to disruption b. Short-term memory is relatively insensitive to disruption, while long-term memory is sensitive to disruption c. Short-term memory lasts from days to weeks, while long-term memory lasts from seconds to hours d. Short-term memory processes are largely localized to the sensory cortex, while long-term memory processes are distributed throughout the neocortex 20. A key difference between episodic memory and semantic memory is that a. *Episodic memories can be remembered with an active reconstruction of the actual recalled event, while semantic memories typically involve a feeling of knowing rather than a fully conscious recollection of an event b. Episodic memories are less susceptible to forgetting than semantic memories c. Episodic memories typically involve a feeling of knowing rather than a fully conscious recollection of an event, while semantic memories can be remembered with an active reconstruction of the actual recalled event d. Episodic memories are relatively independent of context, while semantic memories are context-dependent

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 10: Thinking and Problem Solving
1. Working memory is supported by cortical regions in a. the frontal lobe

b. the parietal lobe c. *both the frontal and parietal lobes

d. neither the frontal nor the parietal lobe

2. Conscious goals along with conscious steps for getting from a starting point to the goal is a characteristic of a. internal problem solving b. external problem solving c. implicit problem solving

d. *explicit problem solving

3. The acquisition of language is considered to be a form of a. internal problem solving b. external problem solving c. *implicit problem solving

d. explicit problem solving

4. Which of the following is not an appropriate task to use to assess frontal lobe damage? a. The Tower of Hanoi task b. *A remember-versus-know decision c. The Wisconsin Card Sorting task (WCS)

d. A problem that requires task-switching

5. Compared to , involves greater executive control, frequent conscious access, and the recruitment of many cortical regions in goal pursuit. a. explicit problem solving, implicit problem solving b. *implicit problem solving, explicit problem solving c. external problem solving, internal problem solving

d. internal problem solving, external problem solving

6. Recent evidence suggests that number judgments a. do not actually have a specific network

b. require extensive subcortical activation c. differ for men and women

d. *are related to specific areas of the parietal cortex

7. Patient EW displayed a deficit in naming animals, but not in naming faces. EW was also unable to recognize spoken animal names. EWs condition demonstrates a. that different semantic categories may be stored in different brain regions b. that visual and spoken representations of animals may be located in the same area c. an example of a specific semantic memory deficit

d. *all of the above

8. Looping or re-entrant activity between temporal and frontal lobes is a feature of a. perceptual memory b. *semantic memory c. motor memory

d. visual memory

9. The best analogy for the representation of ideas in cortex is a. *a intricate web b. a well organized filing cabinet c. a moldable plastic form

d. a flashing light

10. The occurrence of sudden insight in problem solving is most likely due to a. long term processes b. short term processes c. explicit processes

d. *implicit processes

11. A survey conducted at a university asked participants to point to the most prototypical example of a chair out of several different possibilities. Which of the following was the most likely object to be selected? a. a high bar stool b. a lawn chair c. a comfortable recliner

d. *a wooden chair with four legs, a seat and a back

12. The phrase neuronal activity that is time-limited and interacts with long term connectivity patterns could refer to a. semantic memory b. *working memory c. verbal memory

d. long term memory

13. An important aspect of explicit problem solving is a. using sudden insight b. *conceptualizing a goal and the steps for reaching that goal c. relying on feelings of knowing

d. finding a path through a maze

14. ________ is a useful way to work around the capacity limits of immediate memory. a. sensory memory b. mental effort c. selective attention

d. *chunking

15. What would you expect to observe in the brain as memory load increases?

a. longer-lasting activity in subcortical areas b. a sudden spike in cortical activity c. *a spreading of cortical activation

d. faster turnover of activity cycles

16. The feeling of knowing occurs with a. focal consciousness b. *the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. long-term memory encoding

d. transient episodic memory

17. An optimal way to solve problems often involves a. Making the problem as explicit as possible b. Practicing the steps of a problem until they become completely automatic. c. *a combination of explicit and implicit problem solving

d. unconscious intuitions

18. Concepts like working memory, selective attention, autobiographical retrieval, and conscious perception a. correspond well to separate cortical locations of the brain b. all involve the basal ganglia c. *evoke activity in overlapping brain regions

d. are limited to the medial temporal lobe

19. A researcher is advertising for chess experts, and people who have never played chess. You decide that s/he is probably planning to study a. pattern recognition b. how experts use chunking to solve problems c. how working memory processes may differ according to ones level of expertise

d. *all of the above

20. A good analogy for problem solving is a. *finding a path through a maze b. playing a game of chess c. following directions in a cookbook

d. outlining a chapter in a textbook

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 11: Language
1. Brain imaging studies have shown that the classic language models by Broca and Wernicke a. were based on brain injury cases that do not apply to normal individuals b. *were found to be broadly accurate, though recent models have refined the regions believed to be involved c. were inaccurate and need to be revised

d. continue to be best for current studies of language.

2.

When you smile at your cousins baby, he smiles back and shouts ba da ba!. What level of speech development does he seem to show? a. post-verbal utterances b. *phonemes c. word salad

d. phrase generation

3. Propositions are a. grammatical phrase structures

b. *meaningful statements that refer to the world c. statements of pragmatic intent

d. deep structures that unify at least two surface phrase structures

4. Which of the below is involved in the planning and production of speech? a. accessing conceptual representations b. encoding grammatical forms c. phonological encoding

d. *all of the above

5. The statement Language is not unitary means that a. there are no units in language b. modern brain imaging techniques have broken down classical unified models into many fragmentary models c. *there are multiple stages of language processing, which tend to activate different brain regions

d. in different cultures humans learn their native language at different stages of development

6. The shaping of spoken pitch that conveys emotion, emphasis, and discourse information is called a. *prosody b. pragmatics c. syntax

d. semantics

7. Evidence suggests that language is unique to a. vertebrates b. mammals c. primates

d. *humans

8. Why is it difficult to determine which region of the brain is specifically responsible for deciphering syntax? a. *phonological and semantic analysis is closely related to syntactic analysis b. emotional expression often accompanies syntactic processes c. syntax is a broad category of grammatical procedures that do not have a precise definition

d. all of the above

9. Understanding the brain basis of language has been difficult, because a. no single animal model has been agreed upon yet b. *language is complex and involves multiple and overlapping brain areas c. language systems dont seem to interact with the known regions for working memory and conceptual representation

d. all of the above

10. An example of homonyms would be the words a. god and dog b. *hair and hare c. reed and steed

d. bunny and rabbit

11. Why might we compare brain activity for homonyms and synonyms? a. To understand why some words activate Brocas area while others trigger Wernickes area. b. To investigate if concrete words (like house) activate different regions than abstract words (like happy). c. *To see if sound-based features and meaning-based features activate different brain regions.

d. To see if simple words activate smaller brain areas than complex words.

12. For right-handed individuals, language typically involves a. *the left hemisphere more than the right b. the right hemisphere more than the left c. d. both hemispheres approximately equally one dominant hemisphere, though which one it is depends on the stage of development

13. A lexicon is a. a set of utterances unique to a particular syllabary b. a string of morphemes c. a set of rules

d. *the vocabulary of natural language

14. In the sentence They are racing horses, which of the following is true? a. *The sentence has two possible tree structures, depending on whether it is interpreted as Those horses are racing horses or Those people are racing horses. b. The sentence is not ambiguous c. The sentence is not grammatical

d. All of the above

15. The neural basis of human language a. *is still being elucidated b. is very different from the 19 century models c. is better understood than the neural bases of vision
th

d. is located in one major brain region

16. The meaning of words is referred to as as .

while grammar is referred to

a. prosody, logistics b. syntax , prosody c. logistics, semantics

d. *semantics, syntax

17. Models of language often look like a double hierarchy, because a. *there are structural hierarchies in both the flow of input and output. b. ambiguous sentences, such as They are flying airplanes, have double interpretations, resulting in one hierarchy for each interpretation. c. d. there are both top-down and bottom-up hierarchies in language processing. all of the above

18. Broca and Wernickes studies in the 19 century showed that a. *aspects of language function could be localized b. patients with language deficits could be helped using surgical procedures c. there are no animal models for human language

th

d. language systems interact dynamically with many other brain systems, such as those that support working memory and conceptual representation

19. To study prosody in the brain, you might present human subjects with a. *two identical sentences, one pronounced like a question, and another like an answer. b. two Jabberwocky sentences that differ in their pseudo-words c. d. syntactically ambiguous sentences after different primes. a list of paraphrases (sentences with different words but similar meanings).

20. The sentence Soccer moms drive minivans has been used to show how a neural network might model a. prosodic affirmations b. surface structures

c.

semantic networks

d. *a proposition

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 12: Goals, Executive Control and Actions
1. Which of the following is not one of the major portions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)? a. ventromedial b. dorsolateral c. *rostrocaudal

d. orbitofrontal

2. Which of these involve the prefrontal cortex? a. You scan your bedroom looking for your black sweater. b. You decide that you want to go bowling Friday night. c. You make a new years resolution to eat healthier.

d. *all of the above

3. How is activity in the prefrontal cortex related to task novelty? a. increased activation is observed when a task becomes familiar compared to when it is novel b. *increased activation is observed when a task is novel compared to when it becomes familiar c. changes in activity are dependent upon what the task entails, not whether it is novel

d. the emotional implications of a task far outweigh the brain effects of novelty

4. To study mental flexibility in patients with frontal lobe impairments you would likely use a a. cognitive bias task b. blindsight task c. visual search task

d. *Wisconsin Card Sorting task

5. The term silent lobes has been used for the frontal lobes because a. they are not involved in speech production b. they silence other lobes of the brain through inhibition c. they rarely communicate with other lobes

d. *they do not have an easily defined function

6. A stroke patient is asked to explain why she always turns on the water faucet when she walks by the kitchen sink. The patient cannot explain the behavior. What area of his or her cortex is likely to be impaired? a. Ventromedial prefrontal b. *Dorsolateral prefrontal c. d. Anterior cingulate orbitofrontal cortex

7. What is meant by the specificity debate about the prefrontal cortex? a. the debate between those who believe that prefrontal regions have well-established functions while others insist that the functions are unknown b. *the argument made by some that these regions have localized functions while others insist that functions are shared or general c. the argument made by some that prefrontal regions have no specific functions, since humans can lose their prefrontal lobes without seeming to be impaired

d. the argument made by some that prefrontal cortex is the organ of civilization and therefore continues to be mysterious

8. Which of the following is an example of prefrontal dysfunction that may occur without focal damage to the frontal lobes? a. anterior cingulotomy b. split-brain syndrome c. *schizophrenia

d. all of the above are associated with focal damage to the frontal lobes

9. Volitional control over ones own behavior is a. innate from birth b. resistant to early developmental trauma c. often emerges during puberty

d. *an ability that is developed gradually

10. The ability to conceptualize the mental lives of other individuals is known as a. theory of the Other b. sociobiology c. *theory of mind

d. relationship theory

11. The orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are thought to be associated with and . a. face recognition, color perception b. *social maturity, morality c. color perception , social maturity

d. morality, face recognition

12. Humans, primates, dolphins and whales all have large brains. What differences might you expect to find? a. an enlarged prefrontal cortex in all of these animals

b. *an enlarged prefrontal cortex in the primates and enlarged parietal lobe in aquatic mammals c. an enlarged prefrontal cortex in the aquatic mammals and an enlarged parietal lobe in the primates

d. an enlarged occipitotemporal lobe in all of these animals

13. Recognizing a friends phone number is one kind of a. *veridical decision-making b. rapid-adaptive decision-making c. time-accuracy trade-off

d. unconscious decision-making

14. A modular view of executive functions involves a. focusing on one type of executive function until it is understood, and then transitioning to a closely linked executive function b. modeling interactions between the association cortices c. d. *breaking down executive functions in terms of their associated sense modalities a generic brain web model from which to define individual components

15. Memories of the future refers to the ability to make plans and then to follow them to guide behavior, saving mental images of the future to memory. This ability is a characteristic of what makes humans ___ beings rather than compared to other mammals. a. counteractive, active

b. responsive, reactive c. *active, reactive

d. reflective, counteractive

16. Mental flexibility refers to the a. *capacity to respond to unanticipated events b. ability of the cortex to develop new cells throughout the lifetime, even after brain damage

c.

ability to decode ambiguous events

d. brains large-capacity cognitive processes

17. Adaptive decision making a. is relatively rare in everyday cognition b. *involves resolving ambiguous information c. is an example of finding the correct solution to a deterministic problem

d. is usually tested using the Wisconsin Card Sorting task

18. Two common frontal lobe syndromes are a. blindsight and Alzheimers disease b. anterograde and retrograde amnesia c. *dorsolateral and orbitofrontal syndromes

d. agnosia and prosopagnosia

19. Perseveration in a frontal lobe patient refers to a. *the inability to terminate or change behaviors b. an increase in mental flexibility and persistence c. an increase in field-dependent behaviors

d. a decrease in mental rigidity

20. Executive control in the brain is described as a. *both localized and highly distributed b. relying upon the medial temporal lobes c. both adaptive and veridical

d. rarely impaired by brain damage

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 13: Emotion
1. The triune brain has functionally distinct layers that are believed to reflect a. different stages in human development from conception to birth b. areas of the brain that are isolated from one another c. *evolutionary developments of the vertebrate brain

d. differences in the brains of males and females

2. Emotional responsiveness is governed by a. *classically conditioned associations and cognitive appraisals b. intelligence assessments and operational reactions c. operational reactions and classically conditioned responses

d. cognitive appraisals and rapid biologically-based assessments

3. The _______ of the fear system, proposed by LeDoux, allows rapid, automatic and unconscious reactions in response to fragments of stimuli that may be dangerous. a. parietal road b. frontal road c. *low road

d. high road

4. How does the reptile brain differ from the mammal brain? a. reptiles have no smell brain (olfaction), which forms the basis of the mammal brain b. *reptiles lack the mammalian neocortex c. the reptilian brain has almost no memory capacity

d. reptiles have the Papez circuit, which is missing in mammals

5. The following are included in Panksepps model of the emotion system except a. unconditional sensory inputs b. coordinated physiological and behavioral outputs c. *production of speech

d. gating of inputs

6. According to Panksepps theory, the four fundamental hard wired emotion systems found in mammalian brains are (in capital letters): a. FEAR, HUNGER, SEEKING, AND HUNTING b. *SEEKING, FEAR, RAGE, AND PANIC c. ANXIETY, TERROR, FEAR, AND SEEKING

d. HASTE, FEAR, AGRESSION, AND SEEKING

7. Which of the following is not a special-purpose system described by Panksepp a. Lust b. Care c. Play

d. *Thirst

8. The primary reward pathways in mammals include the a. *mesolimbic dopamine pathway and mesocortical dopamine pathway b. dorsolateral dopamine pathway and ventromedial dopamine pathway c. mesocortical serotonin pathway and mesocortical serotonin pathway

d. dorsolateral serotonin pathway and mesocortical serotonin pathway

9. How do the FEAR and SEEKING systems differ, according to Panksepp? a. The FEAR system involves a negative element while the SEEKING system involves a positive element

b. The FEAR system initiates flight for self preservation while the SEEKING system is an energizing system c. The FEAR system underlies animals hiding while the SEEKING system underlies animals exploring their environment and foraging

d. *all of the above

10. voluntary control. a. *fear learning

has a long, stable duration and is extremely resistant to change and

b. an anxiety attack c. flight response

d. shock

11. Emotional responsiveness can a. not be regulated b. *be partially regulated by top-down influences from the cortex to the amygdala c. be partially regulated by bottom-up influences from the amygdala to the cortex

d. be brought under complete control with steady practice

12. Words with personal significance come to consciousness more readily than neutral words. This has been shown in a modified a. cognitive bias task b. visual search task c. *Stroop task

d. flanker task

13. The amygdala is believed to a. *make cortical areas briefly more receptive to adaptively important stimuli b. inhibit long-term changes in brainstem responsiveness c. be essential for consciously controlling fear

d. all of the above

14. ________ pathways bring information to the amygdala, while _________ pathways send information from the amygdala to other brain regions. a. *afferent, efferent b. dorsal, ventral c. low road, high road

d. mesocortical serotonin, and mesocortical serotonin

15. Patients with affective blindsight have given us new ways to study a. disinhibition of the FEAR system b. *conscious and unconscious aspects of emotional processing c. the difference in emotional responses to houses as compared to faces

d. the high road proposed by LeDoux

16. After getting home late one night, you walk from your garage to your house and suddenly freeze as you see a dark and coiled shape in front of your feet. This is an example of a. Disinhibition of the frontal control system b. *LeDouxs low road in fear processing c. LeDouxs high road in fear processing

d. the SEEKING system at work

17. A limitation of animal studies of emotional processing is a. animals have proportionally more brain volume involved in emotion

b. *we can only infer what an animal is feeling emotionally, based on behavioral and brain similarities to the human case c. animals are more fearful than humans

d. animals emotional systems are hardwired while humans are controlled by learned habits.

18. The reward pathway in rats corresponds to which of Panksepps emotion systems? a. FEAR b. *SEEKING c. TRUST

d. PLEASURE

19. Investigations of reward pathways and drug abuse have shown that a. natural rewards and drugs of abuse act in similar ways on the mesolimbic dopamine system b. *natural rewards and drugs of abuse act in different ways on the mesolimbic dopamine system c. natural rewards stimulate the SEEKING system while drugs of abuse stimulate the RAGE system natural rewards stimulate learning systems while drugs of abuse stimulate reward prediction

d.

20. Fear without awareness can occur under what conditions? a. parietal neglect b. subliminal snake pictures c. affective blindsight

d. *all of the above

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank

Chapter 14: Social Cognition: Perceiving the Mental States of Others

1. The ability to understand each other as conscious beings with internal mental states is known as a. cooperative synchrony b. mirroring c. *social cognition

d. theory of mind/brain

2. In order to increase self-awareness, your instructor has asked your class to carry around a notebook for a few days, recording whenever you feel negative feelings. This assignment involves the a. *first person perspective b. second person perspective c. third person perspective

d. fourth person perspective

3. Which of the following is the correct sequence for the components of Baron-Cohens theory of mind model? a. *Intentionality Detector (ID), Eye-direction Director (EDD), Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM), Theory of Mind Module (TOMM) b. Theory of Mind Module (TOMM), Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM), Eye-direction Director (EDD), Intentionality Detector (ID) c. Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM), Intentionality Detector (ID), Eye-direction Director (EDD), Theory of Mind Module (TOMM)

d. Eye-direction Director (EDD), Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM), Theory of Mind Module (TOMM), Intentionality Detector (ID),

4. Rizzolatti and colleagues discovered the first mirror neurons in the macaque monkey. a. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe

of the

d. *frontal lobe

5. The fusiform face area is found in the a. *inferior temporal lobe b. c. d. superior temporal lobe anterior parietal lobe posterior parietal lobe

6. Mirror neurons are found in the a. superior parietal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus b. inferior parietal cortex and superior frontal gyrus c. *inferior parietal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus

d. superior parietal cortex and superior frontal gyrus

7. You have agreed to take your young cousin to the zoo. While there, he runs around pointing at animals he can see in each exhibit, waiting for you to agree with each new discovery. You recognize this as an example of a. intention detection b. *shared attention c. action recognition

d. perspective taking

8. Shared attention is a a. Singular (one-way) b. Dyadic (two-way) c. *triadic (three-way)

activity.

d. quadratic (four-way)

9. Deficits in social cognition are a key symptom of

a. dyslexia b. Parkinsons c. Alzheimers

d. *autism

10. A key difference between a third person and a first person perspective is a. a third person perspective is used in brain studies while a first person perspective is used in psychological studies b. a third person perspective is used in brain studies of cognition while a first person perspective is used in studies of behavior c. *a third person perspective uses an objective or public viewpoint while a first person perspective uses self-report

d. a third person perspective is used in studying the physics of perception while a first person perspective is used in studying the mirror regions of the frontoparietal cortex

11. As you arrive in the parking lot of a supermarket, you see a woman walk towards the market and select a cart. You are mildly surprised when, instead of entering the market, she pushes the cart into the parking lot towards her car. This is an example of your a. incorrectly attributing an intention (entering the market with the cart) to the womans action b. Intentionality Detector (as described by Baron-Cohen) at work c. ability to perceive others minds

d. *all of the above

12. The skill to detect eyes and determine the direction of gaze a. is present in humans but not in non-human primates b. involves triadic (three-way) interactions c. is a skill that develop slowly throughout life

d. *is a fundamental means of communicating mental states in humans

13. Baron-Cohens Theory of Mind Module (TOMM) is

a. present in humans and non-human primates but not in other mammals b. *a complex knowledge base containing rules of social cognition c. present at birth in humans

d. still present in children with developmental delays

14. A key aspect of the mirror neuron system is that a. *it helps in inferring the goals and actions of others b. it may reflect cortical systems for comparing eye gaze and lip-synching c. it is present in humans but not in other primates

d. all of the above

15. You are studying for final exams, with books and lectures notes surrounding you at your desk. Your 2-year old niece comes over to ask you to play with her. Her 5-year old brother interferes and says: No, she cannot play now, she has to study. Your nephew has a well-developed a. Intentionality detector b. *Theory of Mind Module c. Eye-Direction Detector

d. Mirror neuron system

16. A long-standing challenge in the study of the mirror neuron system is distinguishing between a. *activity related to simple action recognition as compared to intention detection b. parietal lobe activation and frontal lobe activation c. context-dependent activation and context-selective activation

d. all of the above

17. Two roles for the mirror neuron system are a. social learning and context mirroring b. action recognition and shared attention c. *imitation learning and social mirroring

d. picking up the difference between gaze perception and hostile facial expressions

18. Shared attention mechanisms are important for human development because a. they reflect the understanding that attention is contextually-based b. they must develop prior to intentionality detection c. *they reflect the knowledge that both persons are not only looking at the same object or person, but that they each know the other person is also looking at the item or person

d. all of the above

19. Mutual gaze and shared attention differ in that a. *mutual gaze involves dyadic interactions while shared attention involves triadic interactions b. mutual gaze involves triadic interactions while shared attention involves diadic interactions c. mutual gaze involves the frontal lobe while shared attention involves the parietal lobe

d. mutual gaze is found in non-human primates while shared attention is found in all mammals

20. Shared attention networks in the brain are mainly found in the a. medial temporal lobe b. thalamus c. parietal lobe

d. *frontal lobe

Baars and Gage: Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness Test Bank Chapter 15: Development
1. How has the advent of neuroimaging techniques changed the way infant and child development is investigated? Brain imaging allows researchers to a. measure anatomical changes in the brain during childhood

b. observe functionally relevant brain activity in children beyond the growth of the brain anatomically c. use relatively non-invasive measures to investigate myelination of brain pathways

d. *All of the above

2. Two-way interactions between genetic expression and the environment are called e. re-entrant activity f. *bidirectional influences

g. reciprocity h. multidimensional scaling

3. A teratogen is any agent that causes structural damage in the fetus during pregnancy, typically by exposing the unborn infant to the mothers ingestion of these agents. Examples include a. alcohol, cigarette smoke, and drugs of abuse b. marijuana smoke c. some prescription drugs

d. *all of the above

4. Which of the following describes the progression of brain region development? a. parietal and temporal association cortex, sensorimotor cortex, prefrontal cortex b. prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex, parietal and temporal association cortex c. *sensorimotor cortex, parietal and temporal association cortex, prefrontal cortex

d. parietal and temporal association cortex, prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex

5. Much research is focused on the extent to which the brain is plastic in childhood, meaning: a. superficial b. *flexible c. modelable

d. developmentally determined

6. Cerebral development involves migration in which young cells move past previously-generated cells, a process known as a a. passive cell displacement b. *inside-out patterning c. neuronal pruning

d. laminar structuring

7. The model describes the layered organization of the cortex in terms of relevant units producing approximately 100 neurons, with migration occurring along a radial glial fiber. a. unit neurogenesis b. glial guidance c. *radial unit

d. laminar building

8. To date, brain imaging studies of infant language show that in 2-3 month old infants there is a. *greater activity in the left cerebral hemisphere b. greater activity in the right cerebral hemisphere c. greater activity in subcortical speech-related regions

d. low activity, because language acquisition does not show up in imaging studies until about 68 months

9.

Object permanence refers to the a. *ability in infants to keep an object in mind, even if it is hidden and out of view b. ability in infants to perseverate when searching for a lost toy c. the permanence of object detection in the visual system in infants under the age of 12 months

d. development of object recognition region in infants during the first 6-9 months

10. Cognitive control refers to processes that a. develop gradually throughout childhood and adolescence b. involve regions in prefrontal cortex c. allow a child to learn what aspects of his environment are important to pay attention to, and what aspects are irrelevant

d. *all of the above

11. Over a lifetime, gray matter a. decreases at a steady rate b. *decreases at a rate that varies depending on the brain region c. increases at a steady rate

d. increases at a rate that varies depending on the brain region

12. Posner model of attention describes three distinct neural networks that overlap. This model includes a. learning how to mimic others behavior, modifying behavior according to feedback from others, and developing control over ones own behavior b. selecting information that is salient, memorizing it, and recalling it accurately c. *alerting to new and relevant information, orienting and reorienting to relevant information, and executive control of attentional processes

d. attend to particular stimulus features, seeking out selected features, and ignoring irrelevant ones

13. Human face perception seems to be a. an inborn predisposition to attend to faces, not based on experience b. based on perceptual learning, not built-in at birth c. *both a natural predisposition to attend to faces and processes that are based on experience

d. a natural disposition to attend to faces that is superseded by learned behavior in the first year of life

14. Perception of emotional facial expressions seems to a. rise to higher levels in adolescence

b. use consciously-controlled prefrontal circuits c. *mature in children by approximately age 10

d. involve mostly right hemisphere regions

15. Studies that investigate the effects of perinatal brain damage show that a. children rarely recover from it b. children generally make a full and complete recovery from perinatal brain damage c. *although children with perinatal brain damage develop most cognitive functions, some complex aspects of cognition, such as language, do not reach typical levels

d. children with perinatal brain damage reach typical cognitive levels by age 3

16. Postnatal developments include a. dendritic arborization b. synaptogenesis c. myelination

d. *all of the above

17. A typical sequence of the stages of language acquisition is a. Lexical processing, phoneme discrimination, and phrase boundary identification b. Phoneme discrimination, lexical processing, and phrase boundary identification c. *Phoneme discrimination, discriminating word stress patterns, and lexical processing

d. Lexical processing, phrase boundary identification, and phoneme discrimination

18. An important debate in child development is a. The roles of teratogens and retroteragens in child development b. The effects of delayed object permanence on reading

c.

*The interplay of genetic expression and the environment in brain development

d. Delays in developing the frontal lobe compared to the parietal regions

19. Studies with infants as young as 4 months show that they a. do not differentiate between objects more than a few feet from their eyes b. have developed object permanence c. *understand the concept that an object in the foreground can partially block an object in the background (object occlusion) all of the above

d.

20. The first year of life represents a(n) a. slow-to-mature pattern of brain growth b. *uneven pattern of brain growth, with sensory regions developing before frontal lobe regions c. equally rapid brain growth in all regions of the cortex

d. mostly subcortical development, since cortex starts to grow only in the third year of life