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Hypothesis Testing
Only sample 3 leads to the rejection of the hypothesis H0: = 12. Thus, corrective action is warranted for sample 3. The other samples indicate H0 cannot be rejected and thus from all we can tell, the process is operating satisfactorily. Sample 3 with x = 11.89 shows the process is operating below the desired mean. Sample 4 with x = 12.08 is on the high side, but the p-value of .03 is not sufficient to reject H0. 2. The sample standard deviations for all four samples are in the .20 to .22 range. It appears that the process population standard deviation assumption of .21 is good. With = .01, z.005 = 2.576. Using the standard error of the mean x = ! n =0.0383, the upper and lower control limits are computed as follows: Upper Control Limit = 12 + 2.576 (0.0383) = 12.0987 Lower Control Limit = 12 - 2.576 (0.0383) = 11.9013 As long as a sample mean x is between these two limits, the process is in control and no corrective action is required. Note that sample 3 with a mean of 11.89 shows corrective action is necessary because the sample mean is outside the control limits. 4. Increasing the level of significance will cause the null hypothesis to be rejected more often. While this may mean quicker corrective action when the process is out of control, it also means that there will be a higher error probability of stopping the process and attempting corrective action when the process is operating satisfactorily. This would be an increase in the probability of a making a Type I error.
3.
C" - 30
# 2010 Cengage $earning. %ll &ights &eser'e(. )ay not be s*anne(+ *opie( or (upli*ate(+ or poste( to a publi*ly a**essible website+ in whole or in part.
Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
Count 61 29 90
Cheate( 9o ;es 9
Count 53 37 90
These results show that 16 o, the 90 business stu(ents A17.78BC presente( wor1 *opie( o,, the internet as their own< 18 o, the 90 stu(ents A20BC *opie( answers o,, another stu(ent3s e4a/< an( 29 o, the 90 A32.22BC *ollaborate( with other stu(ents on pro5e*ts that were suppose( to be *o/plete( in(i'i(ually. 7'erall+ 37 o, the 90 stu(ents A 1.11BC were in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating.
C" - 31
# 2010 Cengage $earning. %ll &ights &eser'e(. )ay not be s*anne(+ *opie( or (upli*ate(+ or poste( to a publi*ly a**essible website+ in whole or in part.
Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
Male Stu ents Copie( ,ro/ ?nternet 9o ;es 9 Collaborate( on ?n(i'i(ual "ro5e*t 9o ;es 9 Count 1 7 8 "er*ent 85. 2 1 .58 Copie( on @4a/ 9o ;es 9 Count 39 9 8 "er*ent 81.25 18.75
Count 30 18 8
Cheate( 9o ;es 9
Count 27 21 8
Dor the 8 /ale stu(ents+ 1 .58B presente( wor1 *opie( o,, the internet as their own< 18.75B *opie( answers o,, another stu(ent3s e4a/< an( 37.50B *ollaborate( with other stu(ents on pro5e*ts that were suppose( to be *o/plete( in(i'i(ually. 7'erall+ 21 o, the 8 /ale stu(ents+ or 3.75B+ were in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating. 1emale Stu ents Copie( ,ro/ ?nternet 9o ;es 9 Collaborate( on ?n(i'i(ual "ro5e*t 9o ;es 9 Count 33 9 2 "er*ent 78.57 21. 3 Copie( on @4a/ 9o ;es 9 Count 33 9 2 "er*ent 78.57 21. 3
Count 31 11 2
Cheate( 9o ;es 9
Count 26 16 2
Dor the 2 ,e/ale stu(ents+ 21. 3B presente( wor1 *opie( o,, the internet as their own< 21. 3B *opie( answers o,, another stu(ent3s e4a/< an( 26.19B *ollaborate( with other stu(ents on pro5e*ts that were suppose( to be *o/plete( in(i'i(ually. 7'erall+ 16 o, the 2 ,e/ale stu(ents+ or 38.10B+ were in'ol'e( in so/e ,or/ o, *heating. A itional Comments The proportion o, stu(ents in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating is higher ,or /ale stu(ents A. 375C than ,or ,e/ale stu(ents A.3810C. The /ost *o//on ,or/ o, *heating in'ol'e( *ollaborating on pro5e*ts that were suppose( to be *o/plete( in(i'i(ually< appro4i/ately 32B o, all business stu(ents were in'ol'e( in this type o, *heating. The proportion stu(ents that presente( wor1 *opie( o,, the internet as their own is higher ,or ,e/ale stu(ents A.21 3C than ,or /ale stu(ents A.1 58C.
C" - 32
# 2010 Cengage $earning. %ll &ights &eser'e(. )ay not be s*anne(+ *opie( or (upli*ate(+ or poste( to a publi*ly a**essible website+ in whole or in part.
Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
2.
95B *on,i(en*e inter'als ,or the proportion o, stu(ents that were in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating ,ollow. All /usiness Stu ents
p = . 111
95B Con,i(en*e inter'al: . 111 .1017 or .309 to .5128 Male Stu ents
p = . 375
95B Con,i(en*e inter'al: .3810 .1 69 or .23 1 to .5279 3. The Chronicle of Higher Education reporte( that the proportion o, business stu(ents who a(/itte( to so/e ,or/ o, *heating was .56. Fin*e we are intereste( in testing to see i, the population proportion o, business stu(ents at 0ay'iew who a(/itte( to so/e ,or/ o, *heating is less than business stu(ents at other uni'ersities+ we are loo1ing ,or e'i(en*e that p+ the population proportion+ is less than .56. Thus+ the appropriate hypothesis test is
z=
Fin*e the test statisti* is in the lower tail+ the p-'alue is the area un(er the *ur'e ,or z C" - 33
-2.85.
# 2010 Cengage $earning. %ll &ights &eser'e(. )ay not be s*anne(+ *opie( or (upli*ate(+ or poste( to a publi*ly a**essible website+ in whole or in part.
Chapter 9 6sing the stan(ar( nor/al probability table+ the p-'alue E .0022
Hypothesis Testing
0e*ause the p-'alue E .0022 .05 we re5e*t H 0 an( *on*lu(e that the ethi*al beha'ior o, stu(ents at 0ay'iew 6ni'ersity Awith respe*t to *heatingC is better than ,or business s*hools at other uni'ersities. . The Chronicle of Higher Education reporte( that the proportion o, non-business stu(ents who a(/itte( to so/e ,or/ o, *heating was . 7. Fin*e we are intereste( in testing to see i, the population proportion o, business stu(ents at 0ay'iew who a(/itte( to so/e ,or/ o, *heating is less than nonbusiness stu(ents at other uni'ersities+ we are loo1ing ,or e'i(en*e that p+ the population proportion+ is less than . 7. Thus+ the appropriate hypothesis test is
H0 : p . 7 Ha : p < . 7
>e will use G E .05.
p = . 111 an( p =
p0 A1 p0 C . 7A1 . 7C = = .0526 n 90
z=
Fin*e the test statisti* is in the lower tail+ the p-'alue is the area un(er the *ur'e ,or z 6sing the stan(ar( nor/al probability table+ the p-'alue E .131 0e*ause the p-'alue E .131 H .05 we *annot re5e*t H 0 .
-1.12.
There is not su,,i*ient e'i(en*e to *on*lu(e that the ethi*al beha'ior o, stu(ents at 0ay'iew 6ni'ersity Awith respe*t to *heatingC is better than ,or non-business stu(ents at other uni'ersities. 5. The goo( news is that the proportion o, all business stu(ents at 0ay'iew that are in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating is /u*h less than the proportion ,or business stu(ents at other uni'ersities. 9onetheless+ the ,a*t that appro4i/ately 1B o, all 0ay'iew business stu(ents are in'ol'e( in so/e type o, *heating still in(i*ates a serious proble/ ,or the *ollege. The (ean nee(s to ta1e a((itional steps to (eal with the proble/ o, *heating in the *ollege. "ossible steps the (ean /ight *onsi(er in*lu(e the ,ollowing: Dor/ a *o//ittee o, stu(ents an( ,a*ulty to in'estigate how stu(ents an( ,a*ulty *an wor1 together to re(u*e the e4tent o, *heating. &e-uire *ourse outlines to in*lu(e a state/ent regar(ing the e4pe*tations o, the instru*tor regar(ing *heating in*i(ents an( how they will be (ealt with. Fponsor se/inars where business e4e*uti'es *an tal1 about the i/portan*e o, ethi*al beha'ior. Continue to a(/inister the e4it sur'ey so (ata *an be obtaine( to (eter/ine i, e,,orts to re(u*e *heating are wor1ing.
C" - 3
# 2010 Cengage $earning. %ll &ights &eser'e(. )ay not be s*anne(+ *opie( or (upli*ate(+ or poste( to a publi*ly a**essible website+ in whole or in part.