IN X NGHIP

CHNG 6

NGUYN TC THNH LP MCH IU KHIN

I. CC PH N T IU KHIN C BN - Ph n t in t lm vic theo nguyn tc gin on. + Nam chm in + Rle, cng tc t, khi ng t - Ph n t tc ng nh c hc + Cu dao + p t mt + Nt n + Cng tc hnh trnh - Cc phn t logic khng tip im + Logic bn d n + Logic t 1. Phn t ho c a. Bn chn tr x1 x2 y Ch sai khi c hai cng sai b. Hm ton hc (song song) y = x1 v x2 y = x1 + x2 c. Cu to c tip im Khi cho dng vo R1 ho c R2 th tip im R1 (hoc R2) s ng c in p ra trn ti. 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Ao Bo

R1 R2

R1 R2

y khng c in khi c hai x1, x2 u m. d. Cu to khng tip im *Diod: Cho xung dng vo u A. i thng c dng v p ra trn ti (hoc cho xung dng vo B hoc c hai).

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1
2

A B

y
R

- Khi cho xung m vo 1 trong cc u vo (A) BT1 m ra dn dng ch y qua T1 trn re c tn hiu ra.

e. K hiu cu trc
X1 X2 y = x1 + x2 x1 X2 y = x1 + x2

2. Phn t v a. Bn chn tr x1 x2 y b. Hm ton hc y = x1 x2 hoc y = x1 . x2 c. Cu to c tip im 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Ao Bo

R1 R2

R1

R2

y = x1 + x 2

in tr R ch c in khi c hai tip im u ng d. Cu to khng tip im - Ph n t AND dng Diod * Cho xung dng vo A, B, + vcc o diod 1, diod 2 kha y = Vcc 1 A o * Ch khi ch n A v B c xung dng i qua 1 (ho c 2) dn Vcc y = x 1 . x2 o B o ri trn R Vy. - Phn t AND dng Transitor
o

- Vcc
* Khi khng c tn hiu no c T1 v T2 u b kha Vy = 0. Ch khi no c c 2 tn hiu vo th Vy = Vcc.

T1

T2 re

e. Cu to cu trc

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IN X NGHIP

& x1 x2
3. Phn t o a. Bn chn tr x y b. Hm ton hc y= x c. Cu to c tip im 1 0

C hai hoc nhiu chn

AND y = x1. x2 x1 x2
o

y = x1. x2

NAND = NOT + AND

0 1

R1
o

R1

d. Cu to khng tip im
o - Vcc

y= x xo
+ +

Khng c tn hiu vo x(x = 0), T1 kha Vy = , y < 0 Khi x = 1. T m c dng ch y qua Vy> 0 (Vy = 0)

e. K hiu cu trc

x NOT

y= x NOT

4. Cc phn t ph a. Phn t nh - L 2 phn t o ghp ni (nh = o 2 ln)

x NOT
- Ph n t c tip im.
M
M

y=x NOT

b. Phn t khuych i Trang 73

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- S dng m ch khuych i linh kin ri hay mch khuych i thut ton. c. Phn t thi gian - Mch tr hay rle thi gian s 5.Cc loi cm bin (Sensor) Cm bin nhit Thng s : Kch thc: 48x48mm Di hot ng: -200o-1800o u ra iu khin : 3A, 250VAC ho c 12VDC u ra cnh bo: 2 tip im 1A, 250VAC Cm bin tip xc Thng s : C n ch thi gc nhn 180o Ngu n: 12-24VDC, 24-240VAC

Cm bin quang

Cm bin tim cn Thng s : C th iu chnh nhy C th pht hin vt th qua lp cch ly khng ph i l kim loi II. NGUYN TC TH NH LP MCH IU KHIN 1. Vic hnh thnh cc hm logic Trong vic iu khin, khng ch cc thit b ta gii quyt vic ng ngt cho thit b hot ng theo nhng qui trnh cng ngh qui nh. Nhng iu kin ny thng ch ph thuc 2 trng thi: ng, m (c tn hiu, c tn hiu ng sai) c biu din bng k hiu x, x hoc 1, 0. Hm logic l t hp cc tn hiu theo nhng iu kin cho trc. C = RN DRDA f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )

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C: Tn hiu an ton D: Dng RDA: in p RN: Qu ti nhit 2. Cc phng php ti gim hm logic Hm logic cng n gin th s ni dy mch iu khin cng t khng c ph n t tha, tin cy khi hot ng tng. Do cc tn hiu ch c hai trng thi (1 v 0) ph thuc h thng nh phn nn phc v cho vic n gin lm ta dng cc nh lut v cc php tnh c bn ca i s Boo lle. a. Phng php gii tch Cn c vo cc php tnh v nh lut ca i s Boolle. * nh lut De Morgant
a.b a b abab abab

* Cc php tnh ca i s Boolle Php v 1.a = a 0.a = 0 a. a = 0 a.a = a Php hoc a + a = 1 (tnh nut) a+1=1 0+a=a a + a = a (tnh ly ng ca php hoc) * Tnh cht ca i s Boolle Hon v: a.b=b.a a+b=b+a Kt hp (a . b) . c = a . (b . c) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) Phn phi a + (b . c) = (a + b) (a + c) a (b + c) = (a . b) + (a . c) V d 1: Ti gim hm logic sau
f abc abc a bc abc abc

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f abc abc abc abc abc abc

p dng tnh nhn phn phi vi cng

f ab(c c) ab(c c) bc(a a ) f ab ab bc f a (b b ) bc a bc

V d 2: Ti gin hm logic sau

f ab bc a c

Dng lut phn phi

f a (b c) bc

Dng nh lut De Morgant

f a.b.c bc ( a.bc) bc

Dng lut phn phi

f ( a bc)(bc bc) a bc

b. Phng php gin ca c-n (Karnaugh) Phng php ny t gy ra s nhm ln trong qu trnh tnh ton. Thc cht ca phng php ny l da vo b ng gi tr hm mi quan h gia bin vo v bin ra ca h cho. - Nu s bin vo l n th bng cac-n s c 2n trong 1 b ng ch nht: chiu d i 1 cnh c 2k vi 0 < k < n v chiu di cnh kia cha 2n-k . V d: Hm c 3 bin f = (x1, x2, x3) C 2 3 = 8 - Chiu d i 1 cnh: 22 = 4 - Cnh cn li: 21 = 2 Cch phn b m c logic trn cc ca bng Cac-no: Cch 1 : Vit cc mc logic 0,1 trn u cc (Hnh 4.1) Cch 2 : S dng cc du ngo c, cc nm i din vi du ngoc s mang m c logic 1 v ngc li, nh m rt b bt k hiu 1 0 ca bin (Hnh 4.2) Hnh 4.1 0 1 ca b 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 b a Hnh 2 c

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- Thng thng cc bin s vo c din t bng ct h ng ngang , s hng bng 2 m s b gi tr ca trng thi, vi m l s bin s u vo. - Cc bin s ra c din t bng ct hng dc, s ct bng 2k s b gi tr ca trng thi, vi k l s bin s u ra. - Khi nim ln cn: Hai cng gi tr logic (1) gn nhau ca mt bin gi l ln cn. - Hai ln cn l mc ti thiu to thnh 1 vng. rng 1vng gm 2 S ln cn. Trong s=1, 2, 3tu theo s lng ln cn. Hm logic c thnh lp trn c s cc vng, trong - Cc bin cn li trong cng 1 vng th quan h vi nhau bng php v, khc vng th quan h vi nhau bng php hoc trong cng 1 hm logic ca mt bin s . - Trong mt vng c s bin b trit tiu, bin b trit tiu l bin c mc logic thay i trong cng 1 vng. 3. Thnh lp mch iu khin Da vo yu cu cng ngh tin h nh thnh lp mch theo bng thu gm cc bc sau. Bc 1. Vit yu cu chung Bc 2. Thnh lp cc tn hiu Bc 3. Lp bng yu cu ph Bc 4. Lp bng bin trng thi. Bc 5. Lp hm logic v n gin hm. Bc 6. V m ch iu khin 4. V d: Thnh lp mch iu khin cho ng c m my trc tip bng nt nhn, hot ng 2 chiu. Bo v qu ti bng role nhit Bc 1: Yu cu chung - Mch ang quay thun mun o chiu phi dng. - Mch ang quay thun n nt ngc th dng. - Mch ang quay thun n nt ngc th o chiu. Khi b qu ti th d ng. n nt dng th dng Bc 2 : Thnh lp tn hiu Cn c vo yu cu mch iu khin th nh lp tn hiu vo v u ra. Tn hiu u vo l tn hiu iu khin (bin s). Bao gm t: C: Tn hiu an to n, C D RN RDA m: Tn hiu m my theo chiu thun (nt M) n: Tn hiu m my th eo chiu ngc (nt N) Tn hiu u ra ch trng thi ca h thng x: Tn hiu ng vo li cho ng c quay thun Trang 77

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y: Tn hiu ng vo li cho ng c quay ngc. Tuy nhin tn hiu u vo c th hi tip l mt tn hiu u ra khi h thng cn n nh cc thng s no . Bc 3: Yu cu ph m bo cho mch lm vic an to n khng lm ln ta th nh lp cc yu cu ph. - Khng c tn hiu an ton (c) m ch khng lm vic. - x, y khng ng thi xut hin. - C m th c x. - C x t gi x (do m khng t gi) - C n th c y - C y t gi y - C m, n ng thi ng c vn ng yn - ang c x m c n th dng - ang c y m c m th dng Bc 4: Lp bng bin trng thi * Cc bin s vo c din t bng cc ct hng ngang, s bng s b gi tr ca bin s vo 23 = 8. * Cc trng thi c din t bng cc ct hng dc. S ct h ng dc b ng s b gi tr ca trng thi ra 22 = 4. c n m m y x x y

x y

x y

Bng Cac-no Bc 5. Lp hm logic v n gin hm.

X Cm n y C n yx C n y(m x) Y Cm x y C mn x C m x(n y )

(hm ti gin)

Bc 6: V mch iu khin - Bin x tu tn hiu vo, ra m c th tng trng cho tip im, nt nhn thng h. - Bin x tu tn hiu vo, ra m c th tng trng tng trng cho tip im , nt nhn thng ng - Tn hiu x1+x2 v song song nhau

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- Tn hiu x1x2 v ni tip nhau a. Mch iu khin c tip im

c
x
m

y y

C=

RN

RDA

b. Mch iu khin khng tip im

m
o

n c
o o

m x

y+n
o

n
y
o

V1
x

m
o

V2
n+y

Trn thc t th trng bn nhiu nh ng ph n t NANT ho c NOR nn khi s dng ta phi chuyn sang phn t ANT hoc OR bng lut De Morgant.
III. C V PHN TCH MCH IU KHIN THANG MY BNG CC PHN T LOGIC 1. Thit b s dng H: OR; V: AND; : NOT; K: Khuych i Cng tc chuyn i tng nh b cm bin quang hc 1F-5F Hn ch hnh trnh nng h bng cm bin quang HCN v HCH, cc cm bin quang hc

mang mc logic 1 khi c nh sng chiu vo. - Gi bung thang xung tng 1 nh cm bin tip xc 1GT

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IN X NGHIP - iu khin bung thang n tng no nh vo cc cm bin tip xc 2 T-5T - Cun dy cng tc t N cung cp in cho ng c ko bung thang i ln - Cun dy cng tc t H cung cp in cho ng c ko bung thang i xu ng

2. Nguyn l hot ng y l s khng ch lc gin, bung thang nng ln n 1 trong 5 tng nhng khi xu ng s xung thng tng 1. Gi s bung thang ang tng 1, mun ln tng 5, tip xc vo cm bin 5T, mc logic ca 5H chuyn sang b ng 1, a vo mt u ca 5V, 5F khng b bung thang che nh sng nn mang mc 1 a vo chn th hai ca 5V, u ra 5V mang mc 1, a vo mt u ca 6H. u ra 6H mang mc 1 a vo mt u ca 6V, chn th hai ca 6V ly t HCN ang mang

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IN X NGHIP mc 1, chn th 3 ca 6V ly t phn t 1. Hin ti ng c ang tng 1 nn cun dy cng tc t H khng c in, u ra 1V mang mc 0, qua phn t 1 chuyn sang mc 1. Ba chn vo ca 6V u mang mc 1 nn u ra ca 6V mang mc 1 , qua phn t khuych i 1K a vo cun dy cng tc t N nng bung thang ln. Khi bung thang ln ng tng 5 che nh sng chiu vo HCN, u ra HCN bng 0, N mt in, ng c d ng. Gi bung thang xung tng 1: khi bung thang ang tng 5 ta tip xc vo 1GT, u ra 1H mang mc 1, a vo phn t 1V. Ba u cn li ca 1V u bng 1 nn u ra 1V mang mc 1, cun dy cng tc t H c in, h bung thang xu ng. Khi bung thang xung ng tng 1 che nh sng chiu vo HCH, u ra HCH b ng 0. ng c ngng quay. IV. CHUYN H THNG IU KHIN RLE CNG TC T SANG H THNG KHNG TIP IM 1. Khuyt im ca h thng iu khin dng rle cng tc t. - Tui th khng cao do c s ng m cc tip im nn c s hao mn v in h quang v c kh - Tn s ng m khng ln v qun tnh c v in ca cc phn t tng i ln. N khng p ng c yu cu ca cc h tc ng nhanh - Kch thc v khng gian chim ch kh ln khi h thng KT phc tp th h thng c tip im s tr nn cng knh ca cc phn t tng i ln. n khng p ng c yu cu ca cc h tc ng nhanh, lm vic km tin cy v sa cha lu. 2. u im, khuyt im ca h thng iu khin khng tip im. u im - Tui th cao v khng c s ng m c hc v h quang in - Tc ng nhanh v tn s cng tc ln v quan tnh nh. - Kch thc nh lp rp thnh tng mch thch hp thun tin cho kim tra, sa cha, thay th. Khuyt im - Nhy cm vi nhiu in - Chu nh hng ca nhit , m - S phn t nhiu hn h thng CT t 3,5 ln (khc phc iu ny ta dng mch tch hp) 3. Trng hp nn s dng mch khng tip im - S lng cng tc t s dng trong h thng > 50 - S tn hiu vo nhiu hn tn hiu ra 5 ln. 4. Chuyn mch iu khin c tip im sang mch iu khin khng tip im a/ Cc bc thc hin Bc 1: Xc nh v t tn - Xc nh v k hiu tt c cc tn hiu vo bao gm: trng thi ca cc nt nhn iu khin, tip im ca cc b cm bin, cng tc hnh trnh, r le iu khin t ng. - Cc tn hiu vo ni tip nhau c th thay bng mt tn hiu bng tch cc tn hiu c s.

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IN X NGHIP - Xc nh, t tn k hiu cc tn hiu u ra iu khin cc phn t chp hnh iu khin ng c in. - Xc nh, t tn cc tn hiu trung gian xut hin do kt qu tc ng ca cc phn t trung gian trong h thng (R le). - Tn hiu trung gian c phn hi - Tn hiu trung gian khng c phn hi. Bc 2. Thnh lp cng th c cu trc. - Chuyn t mch c tip im sang s cu trc trong im trng hp mch phc tp. - Lp hm logc Ghi ch: Trng hp c bit Nu cc h thng c cu trc cu ni ta phi lm cho tt c cc mch c lin h vi phn t cu ni, t thng xut pht cc mch d. Bc 3. Thnh lp s khng tip im cu trc Bc 4. Tch hp mch Chn cc phn t logic c th, tin hnh bin i s cu trc ph hp vi c im ca cc phn t logic chn (sn xut thi cng) b/ V d 1 : Chuyn khu mch tip im trn hnh sang mch khng tip im

a d z

Hm logic

Z = [(a + d) b + z] c

Mch iu khin khng tip im tng ng

c a d b

Do

D D D D

c/ V d 2: Chuyn sang khng tip im mch iu khin ng c quay theo 2 chiu thun ngc, dng my hm bng phng php hm ng nng, s dng cng tc t hm. Cui qu trnh hm ct in bng r le thi gian. Bo v qu ti bng rle nht.

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IN X NGHIP Bc 1: t tn * Tn hiu vo: a. M my thun Mt b. M my ngc Mn c. Dng my d. Bo v qu ti * Tn hiu ra: X cng tc t T Y cng tc t N Z cng tc t H * Tn hiu trung gian: p: R le thi gian

Bc 2: Vit hm logic X=

C (a + x) y d ;

Y = C (b + y) x d P = C + z; Z = (C + z) x y p (t) Bc 3: V mch khng tip im

4K

5K

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