During the Islamic invasions of the 7th century, what three important Christians cities did Byzantium lose?

Who was Emperor Leo III and what did he do? What was the official distinction that was made regarding worshiping icons and God in the iconoclastic controversy? What was the difference between East and West regarding Christian art in worship? What was the difference between proskuneo/ honorable reverence and latreo/true devotion? What was the filioque clause and who accepted and rejected it? What and when was the Photian Schism? Who were the characters involved in the final break between Rome and the East and in what year did it occur? What factors led to the Great Schism? What were the differences between Eastern and Western Christianity? What was the major point of disagreement between East and West in the 11th and 12th centuries, at least as recorded by contemporaries? In the letter In terra pax hominibus, what is given as the chief reason for the Eastern churchs condemnation of the Latin church? What was the Investiture controversy and who were the main characters involved? What were the opposing views in this controversy? How does the controversy play out and how was it eventually resolved? Who preached the First Crusade? What was an indulgence? What was penance?

What were the motivations for the Crusaders? What were the lasting results of the Crusades? Which Crusade set up the first Latin States and Patriarchates in Palestine? Who preached the second Crusade?