Automatic IR Tap Controller

Automatic IR Tap Controller
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Page 1

INTRODUCTION
Automatic wash basin tap controller is an Infrared based system that

detects any interruption of the IR rays by our hands or utensils and water
automatically starts flowing out of the tap.
The circuit mainly comprises Transmitter & Receiver which are built with
the 555 Timer. Both require 5 volts D.C. Supply. The IR rays continuously
emitted by the transmitter fall on the receiver. We have used an IR sensor –
TSOP1738 and an infra-red LED. A relay is used in the circuit along with
the free-wheeling diode to drive the solenoid. Solenoid is used to lift up the
valve fitted in the pipe to let the water flow out of the tap. The circuit is
simple, economical and finds wide application in daily life.
The aim of this project is to design an Automatic Wash Basin Tap Controller
using 555 timer, IR LED and infrared sensor. The overall module should be
miniature to allow portability and should be economical.

CHAPTER 2
POWER SUPPLY
2.1 Building the 5V Regulated Power Supply
2.2Transformer Output
2.3Rectifier Output
2.4Smoother Output

POWER SUPPLY
A simple power supply circuit that includes each of these blocks in given in
figure 4. The following articles in this series look at each block of the
Power Supply in detail, but if you just want to build a 5V regulated Power
Supply.

2.1 Building the 5V Regulated Power Supply

Figure gives a strip board layout for the 5V regulated power supply shown
in figure 4. The layout does not include the transformer block, so the input
to the board needs to be 7 - 35V AC from a suitable transformer. The layout
includes space for two optional 2-way screw terminal blocks to make
connecting up the power supply easier.
If the input voltage is 9V AC, you will be able to draw 1A from the power
supply. For the maximum input voltage of 35V you will be able to draw
0.1A.
2.2 TRANSFORMER OUTPUT

A suitable ready-built mains power supply unit, such as those used to control
model trains, will include a transformer. I wouldn't recommend building
your own due to the safety considerations when dealing with mains
voltages. If such a unit does not incorporate smoothing, rectification, and
regulation, then you will need to build these blocks as described in part 1 of
this series.
If the unit does not have a fuse or a cut-out on the output of the transformer,
you will also need to add a fuse of an appropriate rating. This fuse is in
addition to the mains fuse in the unit's plug and is needed to protect the low
voltage winding of the transformer and any circuits you connect to it.
Although we won't be building the transformer block of our 5V regulated
power supply, it is interesting to know how it works.

How Transformers Work
A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an

iron core, as shown in figure 1. There is no electrical connection between
the coils, instead they are linked by a magnetic field created in the core.
Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another

with minimal loss of power. They only work with AC (alternating current)
because they require a changing magnetic field to be created in their core.
Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as reduce voltage (step-
down).
Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually

changing magnetic field in the iron core. This field also passes through the
secondary (output) coil and the changing strength of the magnetic field
induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If the secondary coil is
connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced current flow.
The correct term for the induced voltage is 'induced electromotive force'
which is usually abbreviated to induced emf.
The iron core is laminated to prevent 'eddy currents' flowing in the core.
These are currents produced by the alternating magnetic field inducing a
small voltage in the core, just like that induced in the secondary coil. Eddy
currents waste power by needlessly heating up the core but they are reduced
to a negligible amount by laminating the iron because this increases the
electrical resistance of the core without affecting its magnetic properties.

Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing

voltage:
They provide total electrical isolation between the input and output, so they
can be safely used to reduce the high voltage of the mains supply. Almost no
power is wasted in a transformer. They have a high efficiency (power out /
power in) of 95% or more.
2.3 Rectifier Output

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC
waveform. There are two different rectification circuits, known as 'half-
wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use components called diodes to
convert AC into DC.
A diode is a device which only allows current to flow through it in one

direction. In this direction, the diode is said to be 'forward-biased' and the
only effect on the signal is that there will be a voltage loss of around 0.7V.
In the opposite direction, the diode is said to be 'reverse-biased' and no
current will flow through it.
The Full-wave Rectifier
The circuit in figure addresses the second of these problems since at no time
is the output voltage 0V. This time four diodes are arranged so that both the
positive and negative parts of the AC waveform are converted to DC. The
resulting waveform is shown in figure.


When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while

diodes C and D are reverse-biased. When the AC input is negative, the
opposite is true - diodes C and D are forward-biased, while diodes A and B
are reverse-biased.
One disadvantage of the full-wave rectifier is that there is a voltage loss of

1.4V across the diodes. Why not 2.8V as there are four diodes? Remember
that only two of the diodes are passing current at any one time
While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier,

its output still isn't suitable as a power supply for most circuits since the
output voltage still varies between 0V and Vs-1.4V. So, if you put 12V AC
in, you will 10.6V DC out.
2.4 Smoother Output

Most circuits will require 'smoothing' of the DC output of a rectifier, and this
is a simple matter since it involves only one capacitor, as shown in figure.
The output waveform in figure shows how smoothing works. During the
first half of the voltage peaks from the rectifier, when the voltage increases,
the capacitor charges up. Then, while the voltage decreases to zero in the
second half of the peaks, the capacitor releases its stored energy to keep the
output voltage as constant as possible. Such a capacitor is called a
'smoothing' or 'reservoir' capacitor when it is used in this application.

RIPPLE
If the voltage peaks from the rectifier were not continually charging up the
capacitor, it would eventually discharge and the output voltage would
decrease all the way down to 0V. The discharging that does occur between
peaks gives rise to a small 'ripple' voltage. The amount of ripple is affected
by a combination of three factors:
The value of the capacitor. The larger the capacitor value, the more charge it
can store, and the slower it will discharge. Therefore, smoothing capacitors
are normally electrolytic capacitors with values over 470μF.
The amount of current used by the circuit. If the circuit connected to the
power supply takes a lot of current, the capacitor will discharge more
quickly and there will be a higher ripple voltage. The frequency of the
peaks. The more frequent the voltage peaks from the rectifier, the more
often the capacitor will be charged, and the lower the ripple voltage will be.
If you want to calculate the ripple voltage, you can use this formula...
Where Vr is the ripple voltage in Volts, I is the current taken by the circuit in
Amps, C is the value of the smoothing capacitor in Farads, and F is the
frequency of the peaks from the full-wave rectifier, in Hertz. This frequency
will be double the normal mains frequency, i.e. 100Hz in the case of the UK
mains supply, or 120Hz in the case of the US mains supply.
The ripple voltage should not be more than 10% of Vs - if it is, increase the
value of the smoothing capacitor.
Lots of circuits will work fine from a smoothed power supply, but some
must have a completely regular supply with no ripple voltage
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Page

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2.5 Regulator Output

While there are many circuits that will tolerate a smoothed power supply,
some must have a completely regular supply with no ripple voltage. This
article discusses regulator ICs which can provide this regular power supply.
There are many types of regulator IC and each type will have different pin-
outs and will need to be connected up slightly differently. Therefore, this
article will only look at one of the common ranges of regulator, the 78xx
series.
There are seven regulators in the 78xx series, and each can pass up to 1A to
any connected circuit. There are also regulators with similar type numbers
that can pass a higher or lower current, as shown in the table below. In
addition, variable regulators are available, as are regulators that can provide
negative regulation voltages for circuits that require them.

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CHAPTER 3
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
3.1 Materials
3.2 Steps for PCB Designing

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PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and

electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or
traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched wiring board.
A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly
(PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).
PCBs are rugged, inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require
much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or
point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-
volume production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design,
assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published
by the IPC organization.
3.1 Materials
Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Insulating
materials have a wider scale: Phenolic paper, glass fiber and different
plastics are commonly used. Usually PCB factories use prepregs (short for
preimpregnated), which are a combination of glass fibre mat, nonwoven
material and resin. Copper foil and prepreg are typically laminated together
with epoxy resin. Well known prepreg materials used in the PCB industry
are FR-2 (Phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (Cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4
(Woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (Matte glass
and polyester), G-10 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (Cotton paper and
epoxy), CEM-2 (Cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (Woven glass and
epoxy), CEM-4 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (Woven glass and
polyester). Other widely used materials are polyimide, Teflon and some
ceramics.

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3.2 STEPS FOR PCB DESIGNING

1. Patterning (etching)
The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of
copper over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank
PCB") then removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask
(eg. by etching), leaving only the desired copper traces. A few PCBs are
made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a substrate with a very thin
layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating
steps.
There are three common "subtractive" methods (methods that remove

copper) used for the production of printed circuit boards:
Silkscreen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil.

Subsequent etching removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink
may be conductive, printed on a blank (non-conductive) board. The latter
technique is also used in the manufacture of hybrid circuits.
Photoengraving uses a photo mask and chemical etching to remove the

copper foil from the substrate. The photo mask is usually prepared with a
photo plotter from data produced by a technician using CAM, or computer-
aided manufacturing software.
Laser-printed transparencies are typically employed for photo tools;

however, direct laser imaging techniques are being employed to replace
photo tools for high-resolution requirements.
PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill

away the copper foil from the substrate. A PCB milling machine (referred to
as a 'PCB Prototype') operates in a similar way to a plotter, receiving
commands from the host software that control the position of the milling
head in the x, y, and (if relevant) z axis. Data to drive the Prototyper is
extracted from files generated in PCB design software and stored in HPGL
or Gerber file format.

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"Additive" processes also exist. The most common is the "semi-additive"

process. In this version, the unpatented board has a thin layer of copper
already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process
mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually
become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the
unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or
Other surface plating’s are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a
brief etching step removes the now-exposed original copper laminate from
the board, isolating the individual traces.
The additive process is commonly used for multi-layer boards as it

facilitates the plating-through of the holes (to produce conductive vias) in
the circuit board.
2. Drilling
Holes, or vias, through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made
of solid tungsten carbide. Automated drilling machines perform the drilling
with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-
generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or
"Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled
hole.
When very small vias are required, drilling with mechanical bits is costly
because of high rates of wear and breakage. In this case, the vias may be
evaporated by lasers. Laser-drilled vias typically have an inferior surface
finish inside the hole. These holes are called micro vias.
It is also possible with controlled-depth drilling, laser drilling, or by pre-

drilling the individual sheets of the PCB before lamination, to produce holes
that connect only some of the copper layers, rather than passing through the
entire board. These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal
copper layer to an outer layer, or buried vias when they connect two or more
internal copper layers and no outer layers.
The walls of the holes, for boards with 2 or more layers, are plated with
copper to form plated-through holes that electrically connect the conducting
layers of the PCB. For multilayer boards, those with 4 layers or more,
drilling typically produces a smear comprised of the bonding agent in the

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Laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be
removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch.
3. Solder resist
Areas that should not be soldered to may be covered with a polymer solder
resist (solder mask) coating. The solder resist prevents solder from bridging
between conductors and thereby creating short circuits. Solder resist also
provides some protection from the environment.
4. Printed circuit assembly
After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components

must be attached to form a functional printed circuit assembly, or PCA
(sometimes called a "printed circuit board assembly" PCBA). In through-
hole construction, component leads are inserted in holes. In surface-mount
construction, the components are placed on pads or lands on the outer
surfaces of the PCB. In both kinds of construction, component leads are
electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal solder.
There are a variety of soldering techniques used to attach components to a

PCB. High volume production is usually done with machine placement and
bulk wave soldering or reflow ovens, but skilled technicians are able to
solder very tiny parts (for instance 0201 packages which are 0.02" by 0.01")
by hand under a microscope tweezers and a fine tip soldering iron for small
volume prototypes. Some parts are impossible to solder by hand, such as
Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages.
Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a

single PCA because some required components are available only in
surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole
packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting
can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress,
while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space
using surface-mount techniques.

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After the board is populated, the populated board may be tested.

• While the power is off, visual inspection, automated optical
inspection. JEDEC guidelines for PCB component placement,
soldering, and inspection are commonly used to maintain quality
control in this stage of PCB manufacturing.
• While the power is off, analog signature analysis, power-off testing.
• While the power is on, in-circuit tests, where physical measurements
(i.e. voltage, frequency) can be done.
• While the power is on, functional test, just checking if the PCB does
what it had been designed for.
To facilitate these tests, PCBs may be designed with extra pads to make
temporary connections. Sometimes these pads must be isolated with
resistors. The in-circuit test may also exercise boundary scan test features of
some components. In-circuit test systems may also be used to program
nonvolatile memory components on the board.
In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the
board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the
ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to
be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one
being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard.

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OBJECTIVE

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DESIGN OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project is to design an Automatic Wash Basin Tap Controller
using 555 timer, IR LED and infrared sensor (TSOP1738). The overall
module should be miniature to allow portability. It has the following
features.
• Easy to use
• Economical
• Compact and portable
The main advantage of this device is its miniature size and satisfactory
performance, considering its low cost and small size.

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CHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATIONS
5.1 IC 555 Timer
5.2 IR Sensor TSOP 1738
5.3 IR LED 38

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SPECIFICATIONS
Name Description Specifications Number of components

required
RES Resistor 1K=4, 9

22OHM=1, 1.5K=1,
10K=1,100K =1, VAR
20 K =1
CAP Capacitor 0.001,6.8,4.7,100=2, 7

0.01=2 micro farads
VDC Dc voltage 5 volts 2

source
GND Ground 0 volts 3
REL Relay - 1
IC 555 Timer - 2
LED IR Infra-red LED - 1
TRANS Transistor - 2
BC548

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5.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF IC555
Supply voltage (VCC) 4.5 to 15 V

Supply current (VCC = +5 V) 3 to 6 mA
Supply current (VCC = +15 V) 10 to 15 mA
Output current (maximum) 200 mA
P Power dissipation 600 mW
Operating temperature 0 to 70° C
5.2 SPECIFICATION OF IR SENSOR TSOP 1738
Supply voltage (VCC) 5V

Integrated Oscillator 38 KHz
Output Voltage (active at level 0) 5V
P Power Consumption 0.4 to 1.0 mA
Operating temperature -25 to 80 O C
Angle of Detection 90O
12.5 x 10 x
Dimensions of Casing
Thickness 5.8

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5.3 SPECIFICATION OF IR LED 38:
Peak Emission Wavelength 3.8 µm

Spectral Bandwidth (FWHM) 0.4 µm
Radiant Output Power 60 µW
Operating currents 500-600 mA
Rise time 200 ns
Field of View 60O

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CHAPTER 6
CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
6.1 IC 555 Timer
6.2 IR Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
6.3 IR Sensor TSOP 1738
6.4 Relay
6.5 Solenoid
6.6 Resistors
6.7 Free Wheeling Diode
6.8 Capacitors
6.9 Transistors

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CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
6.1 IC555 TIMER
DESCRIPTION
The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics
Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine"
and was also the very first and only commercial timer IC available. The 555
is a monolithic timing circuit that can produce accurate and highly stable
time delays or oscillations. It has an adjustable duty cycle ,timing is from
microseconds to hours. It has a high current output ,it can source or sink 200
miliamperes . It can operate in one of the two modes either as a monostable
(one-shot) multivibrator or as an astable (free running) multivibrator .It can
be used in dc-dc converters, digital logic probes, waveform generators,
analog frequency meters and tachometers, temperature measurement and
control ,infrared transmitters ,burglar and toxic gas alarms ,voltage
regulators ,electric eyes and many others.
THE 555 INTERNAL CIRCUITS

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PIN OUT
The 555 comes in 2 packages, either the round metal-can called the 'T'
package or the more familiar 8-pin DIP 'V' package. The 556 timer is a dual
555 version and comes in a 14-pin DIP package, the 558 is a quad version
with four 555's also in a 14 pin DIP package.

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PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin1: Ground. All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin2: Trigger. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the
external trigger pulse applied to this pin. The output is low if the voltage at
this pin is greater than 2/3 VCC. When a negative going pulse of amplitude
greater than 1/3 VCC is applied to this pin, comparator 2 output goes low,
which in turn switches the output of the timer high. The output remains high
as long as the trigger terminal is held at a low voltage.
Pin3: Output. There are two ways by which a load can be connected to the
output terminal: either between pin 3 and ground or between pin 3 and
supply voltage +VCC. When the output is low the load current flows through
the load connected between pin 3 and +VCC into the output terminal and is
called sink current. The current through the grounded load is zero when the
output is low. For this reason the load connected between pin 3 and +VCC is
called the normally on load and that connected between pin 3 and ground is
called normally off-load. On the other hand, when the output is high the
current through the load connected between pin 3 and +VCC is zero. The
output terminal supplies current to the normally off load. This current is
called source current. The maximum value of sink or source current is
200mA.
Pin4: Reset. The 555 timer can be reset (disabled) by applying a negative
pulse to this pin. When the reset function is not in use, the reset terminal
should be connected to +VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.
Pin5: Control Voltage. An external voltage applied to this terminal changes

the threshold as well as trigger voltage. Thus by imposing a voltage on this
pin or by connecting a pot between this pin and ground, the pulse width of
the output waveform can be varied. When not used, the control pin should
be bypassed to ground with a 0.01µF Capacitor to prevent any noise
problems.
Pin6: Threshold. This is the non-inverting input of comparator 1, which

monitors the voltage across the external capacitor. When the voltage at this
pin is greater than or equal to the threshold voltage 2/3 VCC, the output of
comparator 1 goes high, which in turn switches the output of the timer low.

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Pin7: Discharge. This pin is connected internally to the collector of

transistor Q1. When the output is high Q1 is OFF and acts as an open circuit
to external capacitor C connected across it. On the other hand, when the
output is low, Q1 is saturated and acts as a short circuit, shorting out the
external capacitor C to ground.
Pin8: +VCC. The supply voltage of +5V to + 18V is applied to this pin with
respect to ground.
OPERATION
Initially when the circuit is in the stable state i.e , when the output is low,
transistor Q1 is ON and the capacitor C is shorted to ground. Upon the
application of a negative trigger pulse to pin 2, transistor Q1 is turned OFF,
which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor C and drives the
output high. The capacitor C now starts charging up towards VCC through R.
When the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 VCC, comparator 1’s output
switches from low to high, which in turn drives the output to its low state via
the output of the flip-flop. At the same time the output of the flip-flop turns
transistor Q1 ON and hence the capacitor C rapidly discharges through the
transistor. The output of the monostable remains low until a trigger pulse is
again applied. Then the cycle repeats.
The pulse width of the trigger input must be smaller than the expected pulse
width of the output waveform. Also the trigger pulse must be a negative
going input signal with amplitude larger than 1/3 VCC.
The time during which the output remains high is given by
T= 1.1 RC seconds.
Where R is in Ohms and C is in Farads.
Once triggered, the circuit’s output will remain in the high state until the set
time, T elapses. The output will not change its state even if an input trigger
is applied again during this time interval T. The circuit can be reset during

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the timing cycle by applying negative pulse to the reset terminal. The output
will remain in the low state until a trigger is again applied.
OPERATING MODES
The 555 timer has two basic operational modes: one shot and astable. In the
one-shot mode, the 555 acts like a monostable multivibrator. A monostable
is said to have a single stable state--that is the off state. Whenever it is
triggered by an input pulse, the monostable switches to its temporary state. It
remains in that state for a period of time determined by an RC network. It
then returns to its stable state. In other words, the monostable circuit
generates a single pulse of fixed time duration each time it receives and
input trigger pulse. Thus the name one-shot. One-shot multivibrators are
used for turning some circuit or external component on or off for a specific
length of time. It is also used to generate delays. When multiple one-shots
are cascaded, a variety of sequential timing pulses can be generated.
MONOSTABLE OPERATION
In the basic circuit of the 555 connected as a monostable multivibrator an

external RC network is connected between the supply voltage and ground.
The junction of the resistor and capacitor is connected to the threshold input
which is the input to the upper comparator. The internal discharge transistor
is also connected to the junction of the resistor and the capacitor. An input
trigger pulse is applied to the trigger input, which is the input to the
lower comparator. With that circuit configuration, the control flip-flop is
initially reset. Therefore, the output voltage is near zero volts. The signal
from the control flip-flop causes T1 to conduct and act as a short circuit
across the external capacitor. For that reason, the capacitor cannot charge.
During that time, the input to the upper comparator is near zero volts
causing the comparator output to keep the control flip-flop reset.

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ASTABLE OPERATION
The other basic operational mode of the 555 is as astable multivibrator. An

astable multivibrator is simply an oscillator. The astable multivibrator
generates a continuous stream of rectangular off-on pulses that switch
between two voltage levels. The frequency of the pulses and their duty cycle
are dependent upon the RC network values.
Fig shows the 555 connected as an astable multivibrator. Both the trigger
and threshold inputs to the two comparators are connected together and to
the external capacitor. The capacitor charges toward the supply voltage
through the two resistors, R1 and R2. The discharge pin (7) connected to the
internal transistor is connected to the junction of those two resistors. When
power is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor will be uncharged;
therefore, both the trigger and threshold inputs will be near zero volts. The
lower comparator sets the control flip-flop causing the output to switch high.
That also turns off transistor T1. That allows the capacitor to begin charging

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through R1 and R2. As soon as the charge on the capacitor reaches 2/3 of the
supply voltage, the upper comparator will trigger causing the flip-flop to
reset. That causes the output to switch low. Transistor T1 also conducts. The
effect of T1 conducting causes resistor R2 to be connected across the
external capacitor. Resistor R2 is effectively connected to ground through
internal transistor T1. The result of that is that the capacitor now begins to
discharge through R2.The voltage across the capacitor reaches 1/3 of the
supply voltage, the lower comparator is triggered. The control flip-flop to
set and the output to go high.T1 cuts off and again the capacitor begins to
charge. The cycle continues to repeat with the capacitor alternately charging
and discharging, as the comparators cause the flip-flop to be repeatedly set

and reset. The resulting output is a continuous stream of rectangular pulses.
The frequency of operation of the astable circuit is dependent upon the
values of R1, R2, and C. The frequency can be calculated with the formula:
f = 1/ (.693 x C x (R1 + 2 x R2))
The Frequency f is in Hz, R1 and R2 are in ohms, and C is in farads. The

time duration between pulses is known as the 'period', and usually
designated with a’t’. The pulse is on for t1 seconds, then off for t2 seconds.
The total period (t) is t1 + t2 .
The time intervals for the on and off portions of the output depend upon the
values of R1 and R2. The ratio of the time duration when the output pulse is
high to the total period is known as the duty-cycle. The duty-cycle can be
calculated with the formula:
D = t1/t = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2R2)

You can calculate t1 and t2 times with the formulas below:
t1 = .693(R1+R2)C
t2 = .693 x R2 x C
The 555 can produce duty-cycles in the range of approximately 55 to 95%.

A duty-cycle of 80% means that the output pulse is on or high for 80% of
the total period.

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6.2 IR LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDs):

Function: IR LEDs emit infrared light when forward biased.
Circuit symbol:
There are a couple key differences in the electrical characteristics of infrared

LEDs versus visible light LEDs. Infrared LEDs have a lower forward
voltage, and a higher rated current compared to visible LEDs. This is due to
differences in the material properties of the junction. A typical drive current
for an infrared LED can be as high as 50 milliamps, so dropping in a visible
LED as a replacement for an infrared LED could be a problem with some
circuit designs.
THERMAL RUN-AWAY
When a junction gets warmer, the current through it at a given voltage will
increase. The increased current in turn heats the junction further, and the
problem gets worse. Eventually, if nothing limits the current, the junction
will fail due to the heat. Because of thermal runaway, it’s important to use
some current limiting circuit even with a regulated voltage source.

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6.3 IR SENSOR TSOP 1738

A sensor is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of
energy by producing another type of energy signal, usually electrical. They
are either direct indicating (an electrical meter) or are paired with an
indicator (perhaps indirectly through an analog to digital converter, a
computer and a display) so that the value sensed is translated for human
understanding. Types of sensors include electromagnetic, chemical,
biological and acoustic.
In order to act as an effectual sensor, the following guidelines must be met:
 The sensor should be sensitive to the measured property.
 The sensor should be insensitive to any other property.

 The sensor should not influence the measured property.
Features of IR SENSOR used:
 Photo detector and preamplifier circuit in the same casing.
 Receives and amplifies the infrared signal without any external

component.
 38 kHz integrated oscillator.
 High sensitivity.
 High level of immunity to ambient light.
 Improved shielding against electrical field interference.
 TTL and CMOS compatibility.

33
6.4 RELAY
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. These contacts
can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over
contacts.
Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A
contact or "make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that
require to switch a high-current power source from a remote device.
Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated;

the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B
contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that
require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated.
Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and

one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form
C contact
OPERATION
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts
an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement
either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current
to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force that is half as
strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. The magnetic flux in the
armature induces a current in opposition to the current provided to the coil
called 'back emf'. There is a rush of current to operate the coil and move the
contacts, but once the armature is closed, the current required to hold the
armature closed is a small fraction of that, typically a tenth. Relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to
reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce
arcing.

34
6.5 SOLENOIDS
A solenoid is a loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which
produces a magnetic field when an electrical current is passed through it.
Solenoids are important because they can create controlled magnetic fields
and can be used as electromagnets. The term is also often used to refer to a
solenoid valve, which is an integrated device containing an
electromechanical solenoid which actuates either a pneumatic or hydraulic
valve.
FUNCTION:
Solenoid used in the circuit lifts up the valve fitted in the pipe to let water
flow out of the tap .Solenoids valves are used specifically for this purpose .
Solenoid valves are devices that use a solenoid to control valve activation.
Actuation methods include electric, electro-hydraulic, electro pneumatic,
and pneumatic. Unpowered states include normally open and normally
closed. In a tandem center solenoid valve, the pressure and tank ports are
connected while the service ports are blanked. This allows system unloading
while still providing isolation of the service lines. In a float center solenoid
valve, the supply pressure port is closed. All others ports are interconnected.
This allows the supply to be shut off while enabling the load to move or free
wheel with flow available to other services.

35
6.6 RESISTORS
Function: Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a
resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the
current passing through the LED.
Circuit symbol:
POWER RATING OF RESISTORS
Electrical energy is converted to heat when current flows through a resistor.

Usually the effect is negligible, but if the resistance is low (or the voltage
across the resistor high) a large current may pass making the resistor become
noticeably warm. The resistor must be able to withstand the heating effect
and resistors have power ratings to show this.
6.7 FREE-WHEELING DIODE

A two-terminal semiconductor (rectifying) device that exhibits a nonlinear
current-voltage characteristic. The function of a diode is to allow current in
one direction and to block current in the opposite direction. The terminals of
a diode are called the anode and cathode.
Function: In the circuit diode protects the relay from damage by high
voltages generated by back emf when the relay is de-energized.
6.8 CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that stores an electrical charge or energy on it's
plates. These plates, a positive and a negative plate, are placed very close
together with an insulator in between to prevent the plates from touching
each other. A capacitor can carry a voltage equal to the battery or input
voltage.

36
6.9 TRANSISTORS
Transistors fall into the category of bipolar transistor, either the more
common NPN bipolar transistors or the less common PNP transistor types.
There is a further type known as a FET transistor which is an inherently high
input impedance transistor with behavior somewhat comparable to valves.
Function: Transistors work on the principle that certain materials e.g.

silicon, can after processing be made to perform as "solid state" devices.
Any material is only conductive in proportion to the number of "free"
electrons that are available. Silicon crystals for example have very few free
electrons. However if "impurities" (different atomic structure - e.g. arsenic)
are introduced in a controlled manner then the free electrons or conductivity
is increased. By adding other impurities such as gallium, an electron
deficiency or hole is created. As with free electrons, the holes also
encourage conductivity and the material is called a semi-conductor.
In the circuit NPN transistor (T1) BC548 is used to drive the IR LED and
(T2) BC548 is used to drive the relay(RL1) .

37
CHAPTER 7
WORKING
7.1 Transmitter
7.2 Receiver

38
WORKING
The circuit comprises a transmitter and a receiver, both are built around 555
timer. The IR rays continuously emitted by the transmitter fall on the
receiver. As soon as an obstacle comes in between the receiver and the
transmitter, interrupting the IR rays, the output of the IR rays sensor goes
momentarily low to trigger the timer circuit in the receiver and water comes
out for 11 seconds through the tap.
7.1 TRANSMITTER
It is built around timer IC 555 which is used as an astable multivibrator to
generate around 38 kHz of frequency .The timer output is fed to transistor T
1 which drives the IR LED (LED 1).Its transmission wavelength of 900-
1100 nm lies in the peak receptivity range of TSOP1738 receiver module.

39
7.2 RECEIVER
It comprises the sensor module, monostable timer and relay driver circuit.
The sensor module TSOP1738 is sensitive to IR radiation modulated at 38
kHz. Its normally high output goes momentarily low when any IR radiation
detected or interrupted, it triggers the timer IC 555 (IC2). The output of
timer goes high for 11 seconds and relay drives the solenoid .During this
time period, energization of solenoid lifts up the valve fitted in the pipe to
let water flow out of the tap.
The relay driver circuit consists of resistor R8, transistor BC548 (T2) and
free-wheeling diode D1. Diode protects the relay from damage by high
voltages generated by the back emf when the relay is de- energized.
The time period for which the timer goes high can be calculated as follows
Ton = 1.1 R6 C5
= 1.1 * 100 * 103 * 100 * 10-6
= 11 seconds
When we put our hands between IR LED and IR sensor, the relay energizes
to make the solenoid open up the valve and water flows out of the tap.

40
CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS

41
APPLICATIONS
The design objective has been fulfilled and the system is showing proper
output. For future work, the circuit can be used as a subsystem in circuits
where automatic control of various mechanical instruments is required by
using electronic circuit.
The circuit was designed keeping in mind the automatic control of various
mechanical devices by using electronic circuit’s .Thus trying to signify the
applications of electronics and instrumentation. By adding timer to the
circuit enhance the idea and operate the device in a more broader sense.
This circuit finds wide applications in our daily life. This circuit is not only
used for automatically controlling the tap of wash-basin but it can be used
for controlling the dryers ,blowers and door opening and closing by
replacing the solenoid.
The key learning of the project is to understand the basic working of the IC
555 timer, in monostable and astable mode and IR TSOP1738 sensor.

42
CHAPTER 9
APPENDIX
9.1 Datasheet of IC 555 Timer
9.2 Datasheet of IR LED
9.3 Datasheet of IR Sensor TSOP 1738
9.4 Datasheet of Relay
9.5 Datasheet of Free Wheeling Diode
9.6 Datasheet of Transistor BC548

43
APPENDIX
9.1 Datasheet of IC 555 Timer

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51
9.2 DATASHEET OF IR LED

52

53

54

55
9.3 Datasheet of IR Sensor TSOP 1738

56

57

58

59
9.4 Datasheet of Free Wheeling Diode

60

61

62
9.5 Datasheet of Transistor BC548

63

64

65
BIBLIOGRAPHY

66
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Op-Amps and linear integrated circuits by Ramakant A.
Gayakwad.
 Power Electronics- Dr. P.S. Bimbhara
 Electronic devices and circuit theory – Boylestad and

Nashelsky
Internet Sites:
 www.google.com
 www.wikepidia.com
 www.msnencarta.com
 www.howstuffworks.com

67

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Automatic IR Tap Controller

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Automatic wash basin tap controller is an Infrared based system that

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2.1 Building the 5V Regulated Power Supply

2.2 TRANSFORMER OUTPUT

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How Transformers Work

A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an

Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another

Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually

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Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing

2.3 Rectifier Output

A diode is a device which only allows current to flow through it in one

The Full-wave Rectifier

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When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while

One disadvantage of the full-wave rectifier is that there is a voltage loss of

While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier,

2.4 Smoother Output

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2.5 Regulator Output

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PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and

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3.2 STEPS FOR PCB DESIGNING

There are three common "subtractive" methods (methods that remove

Silkscreen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil.

Photoengraving uses a photo mask and chemical etching to remove the

Laser-printed transparencies are typically employed for photo tools;

PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill

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"Additive" processes also exist. The most common is the "semi-additive"

The additive process is commonly used for multi-layer boards as it

It is also possible with controlled-depth drilling, laser drilling, or by pre-

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4. Printed circuit assembly

After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components

There are a variety of soldering techniques used to attach components to a

Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a

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After the board is populated, the populated board may be tested.

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Name Description Specifications Number of components

RES Resistor 1K=4, 9

CAP Capacitor 0.001,6.8,4.7,100=2, 7

VDC Dc voltage 5 volts 2

GND Ground 0 volts 3

LED IR Infra-red LED - 1

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5.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF IC555

Supply voltage (VCC) 4.5 to 15 V

5.2 SPECIFICATION OF IR SENSOR TSOP 1738