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Konverter DC-DC
Pekik Argo Dahono

LPKEE-ITB

Penerapan
Catu daya switching Pengendalian motor dc Regulator tegangan dc

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Regulator Tegangan

Rv
Vi

R1
Io Vi Vo

Io

Ro

R2

Ro Vo

LPKEE-ITB

Regulator tegangan
Vi

Ts
TON

Ii

Io

Vo
0

Vi

Vo

Load

Io

Ii
0

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DC Power Supplies
Io
220 V/ 50 Hz

Vo

Linear Regulator

Io
Load Vo

220 V/ 50 Hz

LPKEE-ITB

Switching Regulator
5

Jenis Konverter DC-DC

Direct converters:
Step-down (Buck) Step-up (Boost) Up-Down (Buck-Boost) Cuk Flyback Forward Center-tap Half-bridge Full bridge
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Indirect converters:

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Klasifikasi Konverter DC-DC

1) Berdasarkan jumlah fasa Satu-fasa Multifasa 2) Jumlah kuadran Satu kuadran Dua kuadran Empat kuadran
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Step-Down (Buck) Converter

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Step-Down Converter (Continuous Conduction Mode)

vD = RiL + L 0 t < TON : vD = Ed
ON state

diL + vo dt

Ed = RiL + L TON t < Ts : vD = 0 0 = RiL + L

diL + vo dt

OFF State
LPKEE-ITB

diL + vo dt
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Step-Down Converter (Continuous Conduction Mode)

Tegangan rata - rata :
Ed
vD
0

T vD = ON Ed Ts
TON

vD =

TON T Ed = ON Ed = dEd TON + TOFF Ts vo = Vo

Analisis Riak : ~ ~ iL = iL + iL vD = vD + v D Thus,

Ts
Ed vo

vL
vo

~ d iL ~ = R~ v D = RiL + Vo v i + L D L dt ~ Jika nilai R io dianggap kecil maka : 1 ~ 1 ~ iL = vD dt = (v D v D )dt L L E vD v ~ iL, pp = d TON = D TOFF L L Ed dEd E = dTs = d (1 d )d L Lf s f s = 1 / Ts adalah frekuensi switching LPKEE-ITB 10 d = TON / Ts adalah duty factor.

iL

id

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Critically Conduction Mode

Ed vD

T vD = ON Ed Ts
TON

Ts
Ed vo

iL =

~ iLpp

Ed = Lf 2 s

(1 d )d 2

vL
vo

iL

~ iLpp
0

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Discontinuous Conduction Mode

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Output voltage characteristic

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter

Vo > Ed
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Step-Up Converter (Continuous Conduction Mode)

Persamaan umum : Ed = vL vD + Vo 0 t < TON vD = Vo TON t < Ts vL = Ed

ON state

vD = 0 vL = Ed Vo

Nilai rata - rata tegangan di induktor vL = 0, vD = jadi, Ed = vD + Vo = (1 d )Vo Ed 1 d

15

TON Vo Ts

OFF state

Vo =
LPKEE-ITB

Step-Up Converter (Continuous Conduction Mode)

Persamaan riak arus : di L L = Ed v S dt 0 t < TON vS = 0 TON t < Ts T vS = OFF Vo Ts ~ 1 iL = (Ed Vo )dt L ( Ed Vo ) E ~ iL, pp = TOFF = d TON L L = Ed d Lf s
16

vS = Vo

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Critically Conduction Mode

iL , crit =

Ed d 2 Lf s

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Discontinuous Conduction Mode

ON state

OFF state

OFF state

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Output characteristic

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Parasitic effect

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Buck-Boost Converter
id S Ed
vS vL iL

D iD
vD C

io ic vo

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Buck-Boost Converter
id Ed

S
vS iL

D iD

io

0 t < TON
vo

vD

vL

ic
C

Ed = vL TON t < Ts vL = vo Bevause vL = 0, then

0 t < TON
id Ed

S
vS iL

D iD vD C

io

Ed TON = voTOFF
vo

ic

Thus, vo = TON Ed TOFF

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vL

TON t < Ts
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Buck-Boost Converter Continuous Conduction Mode

vo = E d
iLpp =

d 1 d

Ed d Lf s

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Cuk Converter

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Cuk Converter
id

L1
vL1 vS

Persamaan tegangan :
S vC D

Ed

L2 io
vL 2

Cd

vo

Ed = v L1 + vC vo v L 2 v L1 = v L 2 = 0 vC = Ed + vo v L1 = Ed TON t < Ts v L1 = Ed vC Thus, Ed TON = (vc Ed )TOFF = voTOFF 0 t < TON

0 t < TON
id

L1
vL1

Ed

v vS S C D

L2 io
vL 2

Cd

vo

T vo = ON Ed TOFF

TON t < Ts
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Multiphase Choppers

S1
S2 D1

i1 i2
io

i1

S1 S2
vo
Ed

i2

i3
C

io ic vo

Ed

D2

ic

S3

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Two-Phase Chopper
vD1

i1
vD 2

i2

io

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Multiphase Chopper
The effective switching frequency is the number of phase times the carrier frequency. At several values of duty cycle, the ripple is zero. The topology is useful for low-voltage highcurrent applications. The flywheel diodes are usually implemented by using synchronous rectifiers.

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VRM for Microprocessors

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Experimental Result

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Multi-quadrant Chopper
S1 D1 io vo

Ed

S2

D2

S1

D1

D3

S3

Ed

S2

D2
LPKEE-ITB

D4

S4
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Two-Quadrant Chopper
S1 Ed S2 D2 D1 io
vo
+ vo eo vo

vo

eo
S1 / D1 S 2 / D 2
+ io

io

vo

eo

io

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Four-Quadrant Chopper
S1 Ed
S2 D2

D1 io vo

D3 S3

v* D2
v* D4

D4

S4
vD2

vD4

io
R L

vD 2

eo

io

vD 4

vo

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Indirect DC-DC Converters

Flyback converter Forward converter Pushpull converter Half-Bridge converter Full-bridge converter

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The needs of galvanic isolation

Safety and noise requirements dictate the use of galvanic isolation. Galvanic isolation is implemented by using a transformer. The frequency of operation must be very high to reduce the size of transformer.

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Flyback converter
Simple Minimum component count Higher stresses across switching devices Unipolar flux in the transformer Higher ripple Suitable for low-power applications (<150 W)
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Flyback converter

N1

N2

vo

Load

Ed
S

N1

N2

vo Load

0 t < TON
D

Ed

S
Ed

N1

N2

vo Load

TON t < Ts

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Flyback Converter
Persamaan umum : Ed = vLm + vS vLm tegangan sisi primer trafo. 0 t < TON Ed = vLm vS = 0 TON t < Ts vLm = N1 vo N2

Nilai rata - rata tegangan di trafo harus sama dengan nol, jadi Ed TON = vo = N1 voTOFF N2

N vS = Ed + 1 vo N2

T N2 Ed ON N1 TOFF
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Forward Converter
Simple Less ripple than flyback converter Less stresses across switching devices Unipolar flux Suitable for medium power (< 500 W)

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Forward Converter
D1

N2

N1

D2

vo Load

Ed
S

D3
D1

N1

N2

D2

vo Load

Ed
S

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Forward Converter
D3
D1

N1

N2

D2

vo Load

Ed
S

0 t < TON
D3

D1

N2
D2
C

N1

vo Load

Ed
S

LPKEE-ITB

TON t < Ts

41

Forward Converter
Persamaan tegangan : vD 2 = vL + vo vL = vD 2 vo 0 t < TON : vD 2 = vsek = N2 Ed N1

TON t < Ts : vD 2 = 0 Jadi, vo = N2 T Ed ON N1 Ts

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Push-Pull and Half-Bridge Converters

D1

D3
S1

vo

Load

Ed
S2

D4
D2

Ed

S1

D1

D3

vo

Load

Ed

S2

D2

D4

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Push-Pull and Half-Bridge Converters

Bipolar flux Moderate stress across switching devices Suitable for medium power (< 1 kW) Sensitive to signal unbalances

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Full-Bridge Converter
S1

D1

S3
v

D3

D3

Ed

C
D2

vo

Load

S2

S4

D4

D4
vuv Ed

- Ed 0 0

S1 ON OFF OFF ON

S2 OFF ON ON OFF

S3 OFF ON OFF ON

S4 ON OFF ON OFF

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Full-Bridge Converter
Bipolar flux Minimum stresses across switching devices Suitable for large power (< 10 kW) Can be operated under soft-switched mode

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Soft-Switching Mode
vuv iu

iu

S2 & S3

S1 & S 4

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Duality
I in S1 Vin S2

S1
I out
Vout I out

I in

Vin

S2

Vout

Vout I = d = in Vin I out

Vout 1 I in = = Vin d I out

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Duality

I in
S1 Vin S2

Vout I out

I in

S1

S2

I out

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Future Trends

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Future Trends

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Future Trends

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End

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