Anthropology SparkChart

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Anthropology page " of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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ANTHRDPDLDGY ANTHRDPDLDGY
lNTRDDUCTlDN TD ANTHRDPDLDGY
Hcm|n|ds |mmbrs ol lh zoo|og|co| lom||y Hom|n|do|
|nc|ud ||v|ng humons ond xl|ncl humon oncslors who
d|vrgd w|lh lh oncslors ol ch|mponzs ond gor|||os.
BlPEDALlSm
Hunlnlds ura dlstlnulshad Irun uthar rlnutas by u skalatun
udutad Iur b|pedo||sm-tha hublt uI wulkln urlht un tha
twu hlnd llnbs.
Althuuh uthar rlnuta saclas ura ubla tu stund un twu
las tanururlly, unly hunlnlds avulvad us hubltuul b|peds,
Iur whun bladullsn ls tha rlnury Iurn uI nuvanant.
Suna clusaly ralutad rlnuta saclas axhlblt knuck|e wo|k-
|ng, u uttarn uI nuvanant ln whlch lun urns und tha
knucklas uI tha hund suurt tha walht uI tha uar budy.
Savarul thecr|es fcr the cr|g|ns cf b|pedo||sm wlthln hunun
uncasturs huva baan ruusad.
Adoptot|cn tc sovonno: Bladullsn nuy huva ulluwad
rlnutas tu nuva ubuut nura Iraaly wlthln sovonno anvl-
runnants (russlund wlth scuttarad traas, ravulant ln
AIrlcu) und tu wutch uut Iur raduturs uvar tha tull russ-
as. Huwavar, avldanca Irun racant Iussll Inds suasts
thut aurly bladul hunlnlds llvad ln Iurastad uraus.
Corry|ng behov|cr: Bladullsn ulluws hunlnlds tu curry
ubjacts ln tha twu Irunt llnbs (urns), anublln tha curryln
uI Iuud und auslar trunsurtutlun uI tha yuun. Bladullsn
ulsu Iraas tha hunds tu curry tuuls und wauuns.
Fcrog|ng: Bladullsn nuy huva ulluwad buth hunds tu ba
usad Iur Iuruln saads, nuts, und barrlas nura aIIclantly.
Heot stress: Bladul lucunutlun nlnlnlas strass Irun
tha axtrana haut rasant ln tha suvunnu uI Eust AIrlcu. A
bladul stunca nlnlnlas tha urtlun uI tha budy axusad
tu tha sun, und tha dlstunca uI tha haud ubuva tha ruund
nuxlnlas axusura tu cuulln braaas.
HDmlNlD SPEClES
Thuuh suna datulls uI tha hcm|n|d fom||y tree ranuln ln
quastlun, unthruululsts anarully uraa ubuut tha rlnury
uncastrul ralutlunshls unun hunlnld saclas.
Tha llnas laudln tu chlnunaas, urlllus, und hununs ura
ballavad tu huva dlvarad sunatlna batwaan 8-5 nyu.
Fusslls uI tha aurllast hunlnlds, Irun ubuut 5.8-1.8 nyu,
huva baan Iuund sulaly ln AIrlcu, lnlyln thut hunlnlds
lnltlully anarad un thls cuntlnant.
Pulauunthruululsts anarully uraa thut thara wara
nultlla llnas uI hunlnld saclas. Tha rubust uustrulu-
lthaclnas, whlch cuaxlstad wlth tha aurly saclas uI tha
anus Hunu, ura nut cunsldarad uncastrul tu hununs und
bacuna axtlnct uruxlnutaly 1 nyu.
Hcm|n|d fom||y tree:
ARDPTHECUB RANDUB
Tha aurllast hunlnld, Ard|p|thecus rom|dus, ls rarasantad by
Iusslls Iuund ln Eust AIrlcu Irun 5.8-4.4 nyu. Tha Iusslls lndl-
cuta thut A. |Jm|Jus wus cuubla uI Iully b|pedo| mcvement
und thut lt ussassad ope||ke s|ze ond dent|t|cn (tuuth chur-
uctarlstlcs). Thasa hunlnlds lnhubltad Iurastad anvlrunnants.
AUSTRALDPlTHEClNES
Manbars uI tha anus Austro|cp|thecus (u anus uI hunlnlds
uncastrul tu tha anus |umu) cunblnad ope||ke feotures
wlth b|pedo| mcvement. Austrululthaclna bruln sla wus
tylcully unly sllhtar rautar thun tha uvarua Iur nudarn
uas. As wlth A|J||t|ecus |Jm|Jus, Iussll ranulns uI hunl-
nlds uI thls anus huva baan Iuund unly ln AIrlcu.
Croc||e oustro|cp|thec|nes: Chuructarlad by snullar dantl-
tlun und Iuclul unutuny.
Austro|cp|thecus onomens|s
Ranulns dutln Irun 4.2-3. nyu, Iuund ln Eust AIrlcu,
shuw slnllurltlas tu A|J||t|ecus |Jm|Jus.
Fusslls lndlcuta u bladul saclas wlth uallka Iauturas
but wlth thlckar nulur anunal tylcul uI lutar hunlnlds.
Austro|cp|thecus oforens|s
Ranulns uI thls saclas, dutln Irun 3.8-3.0 nyu Irun
Eust AIrlcu, cunrlsa tha lurast cullactlun uI Iusslls Iuund
Iur un uustrululthaclna saclas. Ranulns uI duans uI
lndlvlduuls huva baan Iuund, ulun wlth 40% uI u cunlata
skalatun uI u slnla lndlvlduul whu wus nunad "Lucy."
Fusslls lndlcuta u saclas udutad tu bladul nuvanant,
wlth un uallka skull und bruln sla. At tha Loetc|| 5|te
ln Tununlu, Iuutrlnts rasarvad ln nud lndlcuta thut u
ruu uI twu tu thraa hunlnlds, llkaly nanbars uI thls sa-
clas, wulkad tuathar ln u Iully bladul Iushlun 3. nyu.
Llka lutar hunlnlds, A. JlJ|e|s|s hud nusslva buck taath
und juws Iur rlndln und crushln, un udututlun Iur
autln tha cuursa vaatutlun, saads, und nuts ravulant
ln tha Eust AIrlcun suvunnu ut tha tlna. Fusslls shuw u
nurkad daraa uI sexuo| d|mcrph|sm-u shur cuntrust
ln sla ur uaurunca batwaan nulas und Ianulas.
Austro|cp|thecus ofr|conus: Fussll ranulns uI thls saclas,
Iuund ln Suuth AIrlcu und dutln Irun uruxlnutaly 3-2
nyu, rasanbla A. JlJ|e|s|s but huva nura hunun dantltlun,
lncludln bruudar lnclsurs und snull, shurt cunlna taath.
kcbust oustro|cp|thec|nes: Chuructarlad by lurar dantltlun
und Iuclul unutuny ralutlva tu ruclla uustrululthaclnas.
Austro|cp|thecus oeth|cp|cus: Knuwn Irun sursa Iussll
ranulns dutln Irun 2.7-2.3 nyu Irun Eust AIrlcu, lnclud-
ln una daslnutad us tha "Bluck Skull." Thls saclas ls
vary rubust, wlth nusslva taath und u runuuncad sog-
|tto| crest, u rlda uI buna ulun tha tu uI tha skull tu
uccunnuduta lura chawln nusclas.
Austro|cp|thecus rcbustus: Fussll ranulns dutln Irun
ubuut 2-1 nyu ln Suuth AIrlcu rasanbla A. Jl||cJ|us wlth
lura taath, nusslva juws, und u sulttul crast.
Austro|cp|thecus bc|se|: Fussll ranulns dutln Irun ubuut
2.3-1.2 nyu ln Eust AIrlcu lndlcuta u saclas wlth u juw,
nulurs, und sulttul crast lurar und nura nusslva thun A.
|uustus, thus, A. u|se| hus baan tarnad hyperrcbust.
New hnds:
Austro|cp|thecus gorh| : A naw saclas Irun Eust AIrlcu,
dutln tu ubuut 2.5 nyu, rasanblas A. JlJ|e|s|s wlth sl-
nlIcuntly lurar nulurs.
Austro|cp|thecus bohre|ghozo|| : Fuund racantly ln Chud,
dutas tu uruxlnutaly 3 nyu und axhlblts unly nlnur
vurlunca Irun A. JlJ|e|s|s ln dantltlun. Fussll avldanca
Iur thls saclas und A. J||| ranulns hlhly Irunantury,
su uddltlunul lnIurnutlun ls naadad tu undarstund thalr
uncastrul ralutlunshls wlth uthar hunlnld saclas.
Kenyonthrcpus p|oytcps: Anuthar naw saclas thut hus
baan ruusad busad un u Iussll skull thut dutas tu 3.5
nyu. Huwavar, nuny schulurs ballava thut thls saclnan
nuy ba Aust|J|u|t|ecus JlJ|e|s|s.
Austro|cp|thec|ne tro|ts ond behov|cr: Althuuh uustrulu-
lthaclna trults und suclul bahuvlur ranuln uncartuln, unthru-
ululsts huva nuda lnIarancas busad un lnslht Irun tha
study uI nunhunun rlnutas.
1cc| use: lt ls unclaur whathar uustululthaclnas nuda und
usad tuuls. Bacuusa suna llvln nunhunun rlnutas nudlIy
nutarluls tu usa us slnla tuuls, unthruululsts lnIar thut
uustrululthaclnas anuad ln slnllur uctlvltlas. Bunas thut
nuy axhlblt cut nurks Irun stuna tuuls huva baan Iuund dut-
ln tu 2.5 nyu ln ussuclutlun wlth Iusslls uI Aust|J|u|t|ecus
J|||, but thls avldanca stlll ranulns tha subjact uI dabuta.
Ccmmun|cot|cn: Austrululthaclnas rububly cunnunl-
cutad thruuh cull systans slnllur tu thusa ussassad by
llvln nunhunun rlnutas
Hunt|ng: Llka chlnunaas, uustrululthaclnas nuy huva
huntad Iur snull una. Huwavar, tha luck uI wldasraud
avldanca Iur stuna tuul nunuIuctura und huntln uctlvl-
tlas ut uustrululthlclna sltas suasts thut thasa saclas
luckad tha cuuclty Iur nura cunlax alanants uI tachnul-
uy und suclul bahuvlur chuructarlstlc uI tha anus |umu.
THE GENUS HONO
Manbars uI tha anus Hcmc lncluda nudarn hununs
und hunun uncasturs Iulluwln tha dlvaranca Irun tha
Aust|J|u|t|ecus llna. Tha aurly nanbars uI tha anus cuax-
lstad ln AIrlcu wlth rubust uustrululthaclnas untll uruxl-
nutaly 1 nyu. Manbars uI tha anus ura dlstlnulshad Irun
uustrululthaclnas by substuntlully rautar cron|o| copoc|ty.
Hcmc hob|||s: Fussll ranulns uI thls saclas dutln Irun
uruxlnutaly 2.4-1.8 nyu Irun Eust AIrlcu shuw u slnlI-
cuntly lurar bruln thun uny uI tha uustrululthaclnas.
Hcmc rudc|fens|s: A saclas cuntanurunauus und hlh-
ly slnllur tu |umu |J|||s, but axhlbltln lurar nulurs, u
bruudar Iuca, und u lass runuuncad brcw r|dge-u thlck
rlda uI buna uvar tha ayas. Muny ulauunthruululsts
urua thut |umu |uJu|le|s|s rarasants vurlutlun wlthln
|umu |J|||s ruthar thun u sauruta saclas.
Hcmc erectus: Tha Irst hunlnld saclas tu axund uut uI
AIrlcu lntu tha suutharn urtluns uI Aslu und Eurua.
Eurllast Iussll avldanca Iur |umu e|ectus cunas Irun
AIrlcu (uruxlnutaly 1.8 nyu), wlth saclnans Irun Juvu
thut nuy ba Irun ruuhly tha suna tlna. Racant Iusslls
Irun tha raubllc uI Caurlu huva baan dutad tu 1.7 nyu.
Tha Iussll ranulns uI tha nust cunlata |umu e|ectus
saclnan (1. nyu) ura knuwn us tha Nor|ckctcme bcy.
|umu e|ectus wus chuructarlad by u s|gn|hcont|y |orger
bro|n thun uny ravluus hunlnld saclas-uruxlnutaly
twlca us lura us tha bruln uI uustrululthaclnas und wlthln
tha luw and uI tha runa Iur unutunlcully nudarn hununs.
|umu e|ectus hud snullar nulurs und lurar Irunt taath
thun aurllar hunlnlds, und u strunar skull tu ruvlda raut-
ar rutactlun Iur tha bruln. Dlstlnctlva skull Iauturas lncluda
u nusslva bruw rlda, u thlck ruundad rlda ulun tha crast
uI tha skull cullad u sog|tto| kee|, und u rlda uI buna cullad
un ccc|p|to| bun thut uttuchad tu nusslva nack nusclas.
Suna ulauunthruululsts daslnuta tha aurllast |umu
e|ectus Iusslls ln AIrlcu us u sauruta saclas, |umu e|Jste|,
but nuny rasaurchars ballava thasa aurly AIrlcun saclnans
raIact naraly ralunul vurlutluns wlthln u slnla saclas.
Hcmc cres|ens|s: A vary naw Ind Irun tha lsulutad lslund uI
Fluras, lndunaslu, dutln Irun baIura 3,000 BCE tu ut laust
1,000 BCE, Iuund ulun wlth stuna tuuls und ranulns uI dwurI
alahunts und kunudu druuns. Thls saclas, whusa uvarull
sla und crunlul cuuclty cunura tu tha snullast uustrululth-
aclnas knuwn Irun AIrlcu, ls rasunubly tha rasult uI dwurIn
uI un uncastrul |umu e|ectus uulutlun dua tu lsulutlun.
Hcmc sop|ens: Thls saclas daslnutlun lncludas unutunl-
cully nudarn hununs, knuwn us |umu sJ|e|s sJ|e|s, und
thalr nust racant uncasturs, raIarrad tu us urchulc |umu sJ|-
e|s. Crunlul cuuclty ls lurar ralutlva tu |umu e|ectus, und tha
skull ls nura ruundad tu uccunnuduta u lurar bruln.
Archo|c Hcmc sop|ens: Thls daslnutlun raIars tu tha aurllast
saclnans usslnad tu tha suna saclas us nudarn hununs,
dutln Irun 300,000-30,000 BCE ln AIrlcu, Aslu, und Eurua.
Fussll ranulns ussuclutad wlth thls daslnutlun ura trun-
sltlunul batwaan |umu e|ectus und unutunlcully nudarn
hununs. Thay ussass u hauvy bruw rlda und uthar cru-
nlul Iauturas chuructarlstlc uI |umu e|ectus cuulad wlth
tha lura crunlul cuuclty chuructarlstlc uI |umu sJ|e|s.
Neondertho|s: Ona ruu uI urchulc |umu sJ|e|s, hus
ultarnutlvaly baan usslnad u unlqua subsaclas daslnut-
ad |umu sJ|e|s |eJ|Je|t|J|e|s|s und u sauruta saclas
knuwn us |umu |eJ|Je|t|J|e|s|s.
Naundarthuls wara chuructarlad by u stucky bulld,
lura juws, dlstlnct bruw rldas, sluln Iucas, und u
lurar uvarua bruln sla thun nudarn hununs.
Tha Iussll racurd lndlcutas thut Naundarthuls axlstad ln
tha Naur Eust und Eurua Irun uruxlnutaly 130,000-
30,000 BCE und cuaxlstad wlth unutunlcully nudarn
hununs Iur thuusunds uI yaurs.
Mcdern Hcmc sop|ens: Daslnutad |umu sJ|e|s sJ|e|s,
thls saclas lncludas ull unutunlcully nudarn hununs Irun
100,000 BCE tu tha rasant.
Tha aurllast unutunlcully nudarn hunun Iusslls huva baan
racuvarad Irun sltas ln Suuth AIrlcu und tha Naur Eust.
Thasa Iusslls axhlblt slandar trunks und llnbs, hlh und
ruundar bruln cusas, nura runuuncad Iurahaud raluns,
und tha nurkad chlns chuructarlstlc uI nudarn hununs.
Fusslls uI nudarn hununs ln Eurua und suuthaust Aslu
duta tu uruund 40,000 BCE.
THEDRlES DF mDDERN HUmAN DRlGlNS
5|ng|e-cr|g|n thecry: Alsu cullad ve thecry ur tha m|tcchcn-
dr|o| ve thecry, thls thaury ustulutas thut nudarn hununs
avulvad ln AIrlcu und sraud uut tu tha uthar cuntlnants,
ralucln tha Naundarthuls und uthar urchulc |umu sJ|e|s.
Evldanca ln suurt uI thls thaury cunas Irun m|tcchcn-
dr|o| DNA (ntDNA), whlch ls ussad un ldantlcully Irun
nuthar tu uIIsrln unlass u nututlun uccurs.
Fraquanclas uI nututluns und daraa uI vurlutlun ln
ntDNA unun llvln uulutluns suasts thut u cunnun
uncastur tu ull tha wurld's hununs llvad ln AIrlcu uruund
200,000 BCE und sraud alsawhara uItar 135,000 BCE.
Huwavar, nu Iusslls uI nudarn |umu sJ|e|s dutln tu thls
ua huva yat baan racuvarad.
Mu|t|reg|cno| thecry: Tha ultarnutlva thaury uruas thut
|umu e|ectus avulvad lntu nudarn |umu sJ|e|s lndaan-
dantly ln AIrlcu, Aslu, und Eurua.
Naw trults suwnad by nututluns cuuld huva ussad
unun tha uulutluns ln tha vurluus uraus thruuh gene
cw us u rasult uI lntarbraadln.
Advucutas uI thls thaury clta slnllurltlas wlthln auch cuntl-
nant batwaan |umu e|ectus Iauturas und Iauturas uI nudarn
hununs llvln wlthln auch cuntlnant. Thay ulsu cluln thut tha
ruta uI ntDNA nututlun nuy ba nuch sluwar und thut tha
cunnun uncastur nuy huva baan u |umu e|ectus ln AIrlcu.
B|o|og|co||y, humons xh|b|l d|vers|ty |n o vor|ly ol mnlo|
ond phys|co| lro|ls. B|o|og|co| onlhropo|og|sls documnl
lh|s d|vrs|ly by sludy|ng humon phys|o|ogy ond gnl|cs.
RACE
Anthruululsts vlaw roce us u culturul cunstructlun.
Hlsturlcully, suclatlas huva dlstlnulshad dlIIarant ethn|c
grcups (uItan busad un dlIIarancas ln skln culur) und huva
ballavad thut dlvlsluns raIact blululcully sauruta rucas.
SclantlIc rasaurch, huwavar, hus shuwn thut rucas cunnut ba
daInad blululcully. Hunun blululcul trults du nut Iull wlthln
dlscrata dlvlsluns ussuclutad wlth athnlc ruus. lnstaud,
trults axhlblt vurlutlun ulun u cuntlnuuus sactrun.
Tuduy, blululcul unthruululsts luca nura anhusls un tryln
tu ex|J|| hunun blululcul dlvarslty thun un tryln tu c|Jss|ly
hununs by ruca blululcully. Thay nuw undarstund dlIIarancas
ln skln culur ln tarns uI tha lntarluy uI tha anvlrunnant und
anas thruuh tha rucass uI noturo| se|ect|cn (see e|uw).
lNTELLlGENCE
Althuuh |nte|||gence vurlas wldaly ucruss dlIIarant hunun
lndlvlduuls, unthruululcul rasaurch hus danunstrutad claurly
thut thasa dlIIarancas du nut axtand tu antlra ruus.
Scuras un |nte|||gence ond opt|tude tests du sunatlnas
axhlblt dlIIarancas unun ruus. Rasaurch hus shuwn, huw-
avar, thut thasa scura vurlutluns rasult Irun dlIIarant suclul
anvlrunnants ruthar thun dlIIarant anatlc cuucltlas.
Bacuusa lntalllanca tasts ura thansalvas anarutad by
lndlvlduuls wlth urtlculur culturul und aducutlunul buck-
ruunds, nanbars uI ruus whu shura tha suna cultura,
cluss, ur aducutlun us tha crauturs uI tha tasts anarully
scura hlhar thun thusa Irun dlIIarant ruus.
KEY TERmS
Adoptot|cn: A anatlc trult thut runts lnruvad ublllty tu
survlva, raruduca, und wlthstund anvlrunnantul chuna.
Blululcul udututlun, cuulad wlth culturul udututlun, hus
anublad hununs tu sattla vlrtuully ull curnars uI tha wurld.
Acc||mot|zot|cn: Physlululcul chunas thut uccur ln rasunsa
tu anvlrunnantul cundltluns durln un lndlvlduul's llIatlna.
Cenctype: Tha urruy uI anas thut un lndlvlduul ussassas.
Phenctype: Tha ubsarvubla trults un lndlvlduul ussassas.
Phanutya rasults Irun u cunblnutlun uI anutya und tha
lnIuanca uI anvlrunnantul Iucturs.
CDN1|NUD DN D1Hk 5|D
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HUmAN BlDLDGlCAL DlVERSlTY
Anthrcpc|cgy |s lh comprhns|v sludy ol humon
b|ngs. Ih lrm dr|vs lrom lh Or| words onlhropos
| humons or humon||nd| ond |ogos | sludy|.
Anthruululsts tuka u hc||st|c opprcoch, studyln tha antlra-
ty uI tha hunun cundltlun und ull usacts uI ull hunun ruus,
blululcully und culturully, ln tha rasant und tha ust.
Anthruululsts nulntuln u crcss-cu|turo| perspect|ve, study-
ln und cunurln ull ust und rasant hunun suclatlas. Thay
cunsldar tha busls Iur d|vers|ty ln tarns uI buth bluluy und cul-
tura, cuntrlbutln tu knuwlada ubuut tha rulas thut "nutura"
und "nurtura" luy ln daInln hunun slnllurlty und dlvarslty.
BlDLDGlCAL ANTHRDPDLDGY
8|c|cg|co| onthrcpc|cgy: Tha study uI hunun blululcul vurlu-
tlun und avulutlun, lncludln hunun anatlcs, hysluluy, und
tha blululcul udututluns uI llvln hununs. lt druws un Iussll
avldanca uI uur hunun uncasturs tu study hunun avulutlun.
Dstec|cgy: Tha study uI axcuvutad hunun bunas ln urdar tu
racunstruct ua, sax, andar, dlat, und anarul haulth.
Pr|motc|cgy: Tha study uI llvln rlnutas und thalr uncas-
turs. Prlnutululsts uttant tu uln lnslht lntu tha suclul
llIa und bahuvlur uI hunun uncasturs und tu datarnlna whut
dlstlnulshas hununs Irun uthar unlnul saclas.
ARCHAEDLDGY
Archoec|cgy: Tha study uI ust hunun culturas thruuh axcu-
vutlun uI nutarlul ranulns.
Preh|stcr|c orchoec|cgy ls tha study uI suclatlas rlur tu tha
lnvantlun uI wrltln, wharaus h|stcr|c orchoec|cgy ls tha
study uI ust lltaruta suclatlas thruuhuut tha luba.
Archuaululsts study ort|focts (nutarluls nudlIad by hununs)
und tha ranulns uI feotures (urchltacturul ranulns, haurths,
lts, und uthar nutarlul ranulns uI ust hunun uctlvltlas). Thay
ulsu study ruulns uI urtlIucts und Iauturas knuwn us s|tes,
us wall us tha urrunanant uI sltas thruuhuut tha lundscua.
Archuaululsts racunstruct und lntarrat ust wuys uI llIa
und thalr cu|turo| evc|ut|cn (trunsIurnutlun uvar tlna, wlth-
uut lnlyln uny lnavltubla rurasslun).
CULTURAL ANTHRDPDLDGY
Cu|turo| onthrcpc|cgy: Tha study uI llvln hunun culturas.
thncgrophy: Tha datullad dascrltlun uI u cuntanurury
cultura thruuh dlract ubsarvutlun.
thnc|cgy: A cruss-culturul avuluutlun uI u tulc usln ath-
nuruhlc dutu.
thnch|stcry: Tha study uI culturas Irun tha racant ust thruuh
avldanca Irun hlsturlc ducunants und aurly athnuruhlc und
athnululcul rasaurch. Ethnuhlstury cuts ucruss dlIIarant dlscl-
llnas, lncludln unthruuluy, urchuauluy, und hlstury.
LlNGUlSTlC ANTHRDPDLDGY
L|ngu|st|c onthrcpc|cgy: Tha study uI lunuua und cunnunlcu-
tlun, lncludln llnks batwaan lunuua und cultura, davalunant
und usa uI lunuua, und chunas ln lunuua uvar tlna.
5tructuro| ||ngu|st|cs: Tha study uI unlvarsul Iauturas uI lun-
uua, vurlutlun wlthln lunuuas, und tha nunnar ln whlch
lunuua raIacts culturul arcatluns und ballaIs.
H|stcr|co| ||ngu|st|cs: Tha study uI unclant lunuuas us u nauns
tu racunstruct hlsturlcul ralutlunshls batwaan culturas.
5cc|c||ngu|st|cs: Tha study uI tha ralutlunshl batwaan suclul
dlIIarancas und lunuua wlthln culturas und ucruss culturas.
HUmAN BlDLDGlCAL EVDLUTlDN
HDmlNlDS
CULTURE AND ETHNlClTY
CULTURE
Cu|ture ls tha cantrul cuncat ln unthruuluy. lt cunslsts uI tha
shurad custuns, trudltluns, vuluas, ldaus, und nutarlul rud-
ucts uI u urtlculur ruu uI aula.
Cultura antulls tha tcto||ty cf the humon exper|ence, sun-
nln bahuvlurul, ldautlunul, und nutarlul dlnansluns. Cultura
ls un|que tc humons und arhus tha Iuranust usact uI
hununklnd thut dlstlnulshas us Irun uthar unlnuls. Cultura
ruvldas u daraa uI ccnt|nu|ty ln tha bahuvlurs, thuuhts,
und ruductlun uI nutarlul uuds wlthln u ruu.
Anthruululsts dlstlnulsh cultura Irun scc|ety (u ruu uI
hununs llvln tuathar ln u shurad tarrltury). As wa saa ln
nutluns tuduy, nultlla culturas nuy axlst wlthln u slnla suclaty
us u rasult uI rucassas llka nlrutlun ur culturul lntaructlun.
Dehn|t|cns cf cu|ture: Anthruululsts huva sat Iurth nuny daInl-
tluns uI cultura slnca tha luta 1800s. Euch daInltlun anhuslas
dlIIarant usacts daandln un tha urlantutlun uI tha rasaurchar.
8ehov|cro| ond |deot|cno| cu|ture: ln P||m|t|ve Cu|tu|e (1871),
Edwurd B. Tylur daInas cultura us "thut cunlax whula whlch
lncludas knuwlada, ballaI, urt, nuruls, luw, custun und uny
uthar cuubllltlas uI nun us u nanbar uI suclaty."
Tha behov|cro| ospect uI cultura lnvulvas u sat uI cus-
tcms (radlsusltluns tuwurd cartuln uctluns).
Tha |deot|cno| ospect cunslsts uI u urtlculur wcr|d-
v|ew ur ccsmc|cgy (u sat uI ballaIs und vuluas).
Cultura duas nut dlctuta bahuvlur und ballaIs but ruthar pre-
d|spcses nanbars tu urtlculur bahuvlurs und thuuhts.
Moter|o| cu|ture: Cultura ulsu hus u nutarlul usact thut urlsas
Irun tha trunsIurnutlun uI nutarluls thruuh hunun uctlun.
Mutarlul cultura cunslsts uI tha bullt, nutarlul anvlrunnant
wlthln whlch tha nanbars uI u cultura raslda, lncludln ort|-
focts (nutarluls nudlIad by hununs) und bu||t structures
(Irun snull dwalllns tu nununantul ubllc urchltactura).
Systans uI bahuvlur und ballaI lnIuanca tha cunstructlun
uI nutarlul cultura, cunvarsaly, nutarlul cultura ralnIurcas
und lnIuancas systans uI bahuvlur und ballaI.
Attr|butes cf cu|ture: Thuuh culturas ucruss tha luba axhlblt
raut dlvarslty, ull hunun culturas shura kay uttrlbutas. Cultura ls.
Leorned: Cultura ussas thruuh tha anarutluns vlu laurn-
ln ruthar thun bluluy (us wlth lnstlnct ln uthar unlnuls). Tha
rucass uI laurnln cultura us u chlld ls cullad encu|turot|cn.
5ymbc||c: Trunsnlsslun uI cultura daands uun hununs' ubll-
lty tu usa symbc|s, slns thut baur nu nuturul ralutlunshl tu
whut thay slnlIy. Tha ublllty tu cuncatuulla und laurn synbuls
dlstlnulshas hununs Irun uthar unlnuls. Longuoge ls u cun-
lax varbul synbullc systan cunnun tu ull hunun culturas.
5hored: Cultura ls shurad by ull lndlvlduuls rulsad, ur encu|-
turoted, wlthln u ruu. Manbars uI u cultura shura cartuln
sats uI custuns ur bahuvlurs, wuys uI thlnkln, und dlsu-
sltluns tuwurd tha salactlun und nudlIcutlun uI nutarluls.
Paula anarully shura culturul trults wlth nanbars uI u
suclaty whu shura tha suna ralun uI urlln, rallluus buck-
ruund, ur uthar ruu uIIllutlun. Anthruululsts cull ruus
ur subruus wlthln u lurar suclaty subcu|tures.
|ntegroted: All usacts uI cultura ura uttarnad, lntarutad
systans. Ecununlc systans, ulltlcul systans, systans uI
klnshl und dascant, nurrlua, andar, ralllun, und tha urts
ura cunnactad. chuna ln una nuy laud tu chuna ln uthars.
Adopt|ve: Cultura ls u nauns uI udututlun. Othar unlnuls
udut tu chunln anvlrunnantul cundltluns thruuh blulul-
cul udututlun uluna, hununs udut blululcully J|J cultur-
ully, thruuh chunas ln nutarluls, bahuvlurs, und ldaus.
Culturul udututlun hus ulluwad hununs tu lnhublt hursh
hyslcul anvlrunnants thruuhuut tha luba.
Culturas nuy ulsu ussass mo|odopt|ve trults thut llnlt ur
dlnlnlsh chuncas Iur survlvul und raruductlun. A ruu's
dalatlun uI strutalc rasuurcas, Iur axunla, nuy andun-
ar lts lun-tarn survlvul.
Cu|ture chonge: All hunun culturas chuna uvar tlna, vlu u
nunbar uI dlIIarant nachunlsns.
D|ffus|cn: Tha sraud uI culturul trults unun suclatlas,
thruuh nlrutlun, truda, ur uthar lntaructlun.
Accu|turot|cn: Tha axchuna uI culturul trults unun suclatlas,
ln whlch u suburdlnuta ruu uduts tha trults uI tha dunlnunt
ruu. Buth ruus cuntlnua tu nulntuln sauruta ldantltlas.
Ass|m||ot|cn: Tha udutlun uI u dunlnunt cultura by suburdl-
nuta ruus. Asslnllutlun ls ucculturutlun tu tha ulnt thut sub-
urdlnuta ruus nu lunar axlst us sauruta culturul ldantltlas.
|ndependent |nvent|cn: Tha rlsa uI slnllur culturul trults ln
dlIIarant culturas thut ura |ut lntaructln wlth auch uthar.
Fur axunla, suclatlas ln tha Anarlcus lnvantad urlcultura
lndaandantly und wlthuut cuntuct wlth suclatlas ln Eurua
thut ulsu hud lnvantad urlcultura.
Key terms |n the study cf cu|ture:
thnccentr|sm: Judln uthar culturas by tha stundurds und vul-
uas uI una's uwn cultura ruthar thun by tha saclIc stundurds
und vuluas uI thut cultura. Ethnucantrlsn lauds aula tu vlaw
thalr uwn cultura us suarlur und uthar culturas us lnIarlur.
Cu|turo| re|ot|v|sm: Tha ldau thut tha bahuvlur, vuluas, und
stundurds uI u cultura shuuld ba judad unly wlthln tha cun-
taxt uI thut cultura. Anthruululsts uln tu dascrlba culturas
ubjactlvaly und nut juda than thruuh tha lans uI tha vuluas
und nurullty uI thalr uwn culturas.
Cu|turo| un|verso|s: Culturul trults (a.., lunuua, nurrlua, dlvl-
slun uI lubur, budy urnunantutlun, dacurutlva urt, ballaI ln tha
suarnuturul) thut ull hunun culturas shura. Asacts uI thasa
trults vury, but thalr rasanca ls unlvarsul. Suna unthruululsts
ballava thut thls unlvarsullty raIacts un lnnuta hunun cuuclty
Iur cultura thut dlstlnulshas hununs Irun uthar unlnuls.
ETHNlClTY
thn|c|ty ls u sansa uI ldantlIcutlun wlth u urtlculur athnlc
ruu und tha usslnnant uI aula tu thls ruu by uthars.
An ethn|c grcup shuras cunnun urllns, lunuua, und hls-
tury, und ussassas slnllur custuns, vuluas, und ballaIs.
Ethnlc ruus shura u cultura und, us tha rasult uI nlrutlun
ur uthar hlsturlcul rucassas, nuy axlst us sauruta subcul-
turas wlthln u lurar suclaty.
Tha daraa tu whlch athnlc ruus nuy undaru ucculturutlun
ur usslnllutlun tu tha dunlnunt cultura wlthln u suclaty vurlas.
mETHDDS
|och ol lh subl|ds ol onlhropo|ogy uss d|llrnl
he|d methcds lo co||cl dolo, os w|| os d|llrnl
mlhods lor |nterpret|ng lh|s dolo oblo|nd |n lh l|d.
mETHDDS lN BlDLDGlCAL ANTHRDPDLDGY
Anthrcpcmetry: Mausuranant uI hunun budy urts, uI
buth llvln hununs und skalatul ranulns, tu study nutrltlun,
davalunant, und blululcul udututlun.
Dstec|cgy: Tha usa uI skalatul bluluy tachnlquas tu racun-
struct ua, sax, andar, dlat, und anarul haulth dutu Irun
hunun skalatul ranulns. Tha saclullad study uI lnjury und
dlsausa ln skalatul ranulns ls cullad po|ecpothc|cgy.
Pr|motc|cgy: Flrst-hund ubsarvutlun uI nunhunun rlnuta
bahuvlur ln axarlnantul sattlns, uus, und rlnutas' nutu-
rul anvlrunnants.
Mc|ecu|or onthrcpc|cgy: Tha usa uI anatlc unulysls tach-
nlquas tu study hunun avulutlun, ussass tha daraa uI ralut-
adnass batwaan hununs und llvln rlnuta saclas, und
racunstruct hlsturlcul uttarns uI hunun nlrutlun.
Po|econthrcpc|cgy: Tha study uI hunun avulutlun Irun
fcss||s, tha hurdanad ranulns uI unclant lunt und unlnul
llIa. Pulauunthruululsts usa tha suna tachnlquas Iur axcu-
vutln und dutln Iusslls thut urchuaululsts usa.
ARCHAEDLDGlCAL mETHDDS
5urvey: A systanutlc axunlnutlun uI u ralun tu ldantlIy
urchuaululcul sltas.
Pedestr|on survey lnvulvas tha usa uI vlsuul lndlcuturs ut
tha surIuca tu ldantlIy sltas.
kemcte sens|ng usas nudarn tachnuluy tu ldantlIy sltas.
Aer|o| phctcgrophy und sote|||te |mog|ng nuy ru-
vlda cluas tu slta lucutluns thut ura nut raudlly uurant
Irun tha surIuca.
Othar tachnlquas, such us gecmognet|c sens|ng und
grcund-penetrot|ng rodor, ldantlIy ununullas wlthln
tha Eurth's nunatlc Iald ur sulls thut nuy ba churuc-
tarlstlc uI Iauturas wlthln burlad urchuaululcul sltas.
xcovot|cn: CuraIul ranuvul uI sull Irun u slta. All lnIurnu-
tlun un tha lucutlun uI sull tyas, urtlIucts, und Iauturas ls
curaIully racurdad. Archuaululsts usa dutu Irun axcuvutlun
tu lntarrat ust culturul uctlvltlas cunductad ut sltas.
Dot|ng methcds: Tachnlquas tu datarnlna tha ua uI axcu-
vutad Iusslls, urtlIucts, und Iauturas.
ke|ot|ve dot|ng: Usa uI sull und ruck stroto ur tha rasanca
uI Iusslls ur urtlIucts uI knuwn ua tu datarnlna tha ua uI
Iusslls, urtlIucts, ur sull strutu ln ralutlun tu una unuthar.
Muny ralutlva dutln tachnlquas raly un strot|grophy, tha
study uI tha uccunulutlun uI sulls und ruck ln strutu.
Low cf superpcs|t|cn: Burruwad Irun auluy, stlulutas
thut, dua tu sadlnant Iurnutlun rucassas uvar tlna,
luwar strutu ura uldar und hlhar strutu ura yuunar.
Absc|ute dot|ng: Tha datarnlnutlun uI uctuul nunarlcul
ua uI Iusslls, urtlIucts, ur strutu. Muny ubsuluta dutln
tachnlquas raly un tha knuwn ruta uI rudluuctlva dacuy uI
unstob|e |sctcpes-vurlatlas uI alanants thut huva unstu-
bla nuclal. SaclIc tachnlquas lncluda rudlucurbun dutln,
utusslun-urun dutln, tharnulunlnascanca dutln, uru-
nlun sarlas dutln, und alactrun sln rasununca dutln.
mETHDDS lN CULTURAL ANTHRDPDLDGY
Port|c|pont cbservot|cn: Tha rlnury nauns uI ubtulnln athnu-
ruhlc dutu un culturas, ln whlch tha unthruululst llvas wlthln
u cultura Iur un axtandad arlud us buth un uctlva urtlclunt ln
und ubsarvar uI custuns, ructlcas, bahuvlurs, suclul lntaruc-
tlun, rltuuls, caranunlas, und uthar uccurrancas ln tha dully llIa
uI tha nanbars uI tha ruu. Ethnuruhars ulsu ubtuln dutu
Irun cunvarsutluns und Iurnul ur lnIurnul lntarvlaws.
Key |nfcrmonts: Knuwladaubla aula wlthln u cultura
wlth whun tha unthruululst astubllshas u ralutlunshl und
whu ruvlda lnIurnutlun ubuut cartuln usacts uI thalr cul-
tura. Tha lnIurnutlun thut kay lnIurnunts ruvlda hals tha
unthruululst lntarrat hls ur har ubsarvutluns. Sunatlnas,
kay lnIurnunts bacuna culluburuturs ln tha rasaurch.
Ceneo|cg|co| methcd: A systan uI dluruns und synbuls
thut culturul unthruululsts usa tu racurd ralutlunshls uI
klnshl, dascant, und nurrlua.
m|c perspect|ve: An lnsldar's arsactlva un u cultura.
Ethnuruhars strlva tu uchlava un undarstundln uI u cul-
tura Irun un anlc arsactlva.
t|c perspect|ve: An uutsldar's arsactlva un u cultura. An
atlc arsactlva lncludas tha laval uI ubstruct cutaurlas und
axlunutluns usad wlthln unthruululcul thaurlas tu undar-
stund cruss-culturul cunurlsuns.
mETHDDS lN LlNGUlSTlC ANTHRDPDLDGY
Progmot|cs: Tha study uI lunuua ln usa, un tha busls uI tua
racurdlns ur vldau racurdlns uI uctuul hunun cunvarsutlun.
H|stcr|co| ||ngu|st|cs: Tha usa uI Iurnul nathuds tu ldan-
tlIy chunas ln lunuua uvar tlna und ucruss raluns. Tha
daraa uI slnllurlty batwaan rasant lunuuas ls usad tu
racunstruct uncastrul lunuuas und lunuua Iunlly traas.
EVDLUTlDN AND GENETlCS
EVDLUTlDN
DaInad anarully, evc|ut|cn ls tha trunsIurnutlun uI llvln thlns uvar lun tlna arluds.
ln tha nld-1800s, twu Brltlsh rasaurchars, Chor|es Dorw|n und A|fred kusse| Wo||oce, trlad tu ldan-
tlIy tha nachunlsn thut cuusad urunlsns tu trunsIurn und naw saclas tu anara uvar tlna.
Wurkln lndaandantly, Durwln und Wulluca buth cuncludad thut noturo| se|ect|cn wus tha
nachunlsn bahlnd avulutlun. Thay lntruducad tha thaury ln u julnt rasantutlun ln 1858,
und Durwln aluburutad un lt ln O| t|e O|||| ul Sec|es (185).
Accurdln tu tha thaury uI nuturul salactlun, urunlsns thut huva trults bast sultad tu urtlculur
anvlrunnantul cundltluns huva battar uurtunltlas Iur survlvul und raruductlun. As u rasult,
thasa Iuvurubla trults ura trunsnlttad ln rautar ruurtluns tu succaadln anarutluns uI
urunlsns. Ovar tlna, urunlsns wlth tha trults andura, whlla thusa wlthuut tha trults dla uut.
GENETlCS
Fur nuturul salactlun tu tuka luca, blululcul vurlutluns nust axlst wlthln uulutluns und nust
ba ussad un dlIIarantlully tu subsaquant anarutluns. Tha study uI genet|cs ulluws un undar-
stundln uI thasa cuusas uI blululcul vurlutlun.
ln tha 180s, Austrlun butunlst Cregcr Mende| cunductad u sarlas uI braadln axarlnants
wlth au lunts thut luld tha Iuundutlun Iur tha study uI anatlcs.
Mandal cuncludad thut haradlty ls datarnlnad by dlstlnct unlts, nuw knuwn us genes.
Canas nuy ba dcm|nont ur recess|ve. Dunlnunt anas nusk uthar anas und ura axrassad
ln un urunlsn's hanutya whanavar thay ura rasant. Racasslva anas ura nunlIast ln un
urunlsn's hanutya unly lI anas Iur ussuclutad dunlnunt anas ura ubsant.
KEY TERmS
C||ne: Tha ruduul runa uI vurlutlun ln ana Iraquanclas batwaan uulutluns. C||no| d|str|-
but|cns cunslst uI unas un nus dalctln tha lucutluns uI anatlc trults.
DNA (decxyr|bcnuc|e|c oc|d[: Tha chanlcul thut cudas lnIurnutlun ln un urunlsn's anas
und thus datarnlnas tha urunlsn's anatlc nukau.
Mutot|cn: An ultarutlun ln un lndlvlduul urunlsn's anatlc nukau.
Cenet|c dr|ft: A chuna ln ana Iraquanclas wlthln u snull uulutlun us u rasult uI rundun
ultarutlun ruthar thun nuturul salactlun.
Cene cw: Tha trunsIar uI anatlc nutarlul batwaan uulutluns uI tha suna saclas thruuh
nutln und raruductlun.
5pec|es: A uulutlun uI urunlsns cuubla uI nutln und ruducln uIIsrln thut ura than-
salvas cuubla uI survlvul und raruductlun.
5pec|ot|cn: Chuna wlthln tha anatlc nukau uI u uulutlun uvar tlna untll tha ulnt thut
u naw saclas davalus.
PRlmATES
Ih zoo|og|co| ordr Pr|motes |nc|uds pros|m|ons, mon|ys, ops, ond humons.
PRlmATDLDGY
Pr|motc|cg|sts study rlnuta avulutlun und tha bahuvlur uI llvln nunhunun rlnutas ln urdar
tu uln lnslht lntu tha suclul llIa und bahuvlur uI hunun uncasturs und tu datarnlna whut
Hununs huva nura thun 8% uI thalr DNA ln cunnun wlth chlnunaas und urlllus. Tha study
uI thasa clusa hunun ralutlvas ulluws unthruululsts tu nuka lnIarancas ubuut tha trults und
bahuvlurs uI hcm|n|ds, tha ruu cunslstln uI llvln hununs und axtlnct hunun uncasturs.
PRlmATE CLASSlFlCATlDN
Tha urdar P||mJtes ancunussas savarul tuxununlc ruus.
Drder
5ubcrders
|nfrocrders
5uperfom|||es
Fom|||es
Pr|motes
oll primoles
P|otyrrh|n|
New World monkeys
Cerccp|thecc|deo
Old World monkeys
Hy|cbot|doe
lesser opes
lgibbons, siomongsl
Pcng|doe
orongulons
Hcm|n|doe
gorillos,
chimponzees,
humons
Hcm|nc|deo
opes ond humons
Prcs|m||
prosimions llemurs,
lorises, lorsiersl
Cotorrh|n|
Old World monkeys,
opes, humons
Anthrcpc|deo
onlhropoids
PRlmATE EVDLUTlDN
Prlnuta avulutlun baun by ut laust tha aurly Cenczc|c ero, uruxlnutaly 5 nllllun yaurs uu
(nyu). Tha auchs uI tha Canuulc aru suw nujur davalunants ln rlnuta avulutlun.
pcch Deve|cpments
Po|eccene 65-55 myo: ros|m|ons, lh or||sl pr|mols, mrgd
ccene 54-38 myo: ros|m|ons lour|shd
D||gccene 38-23 myo: /nlhropo|ds mrgd os prdom|nonl pr|mols
M|ccene 23-6 myo: Nw onlhropo|ds mrgd, such os roconsu|, wh|ch moy b on
oncslor ol ||v|ng O|d wor|d mon|ys ond ops
6-0 myo: |or||sl hom|no|ds mrgd, |nc|ud|ng /lrop|lhcus ond Knyop|lhcus
0-5 myo: Olhr hom|no|ds mrgd, |nc|ud|ng S|vop|lhcus, O|gonlop|lhcus,
0ryop|lhcus, ond Orop|lhcus
8-5 myo: /ncslors ol humons or b||vd lo hov d|vrgd lrom lh oncslors
ol ch|mponzs ond gor|||os
Soh|onlhropus lchodns|s. / nw loss|| dol|ng lrom oboul 76 myo, moy com-
b|n lro|ls choroclr|sl|c ol ch|mponzs w|lh mor humon quo||l|s, such os
lh|c|r loolh nom| ond o |ss prolrud|ng snoul
PRlmATE TRAlTS AND BEHAVlDRS
Prlnutas ussass savarul chuructarlstlc tro|ts ond behov|crs thut dlstlnulsh than Irun uthar unl-
nuls. Thasa trults, whlch hununs shura, nuy huva baan lnIuantlul ln hunun blululcul avulutlun.
Ab|||ty tc grosp: Prlnutas huva tha ublllty tu rus ubjacts wlth thalr hunds und Iaat, und
sunatlnas wlth u rahanslla tull.
Dppcsob|e thumbs: Thunbs thut cun tuuch auch uI tha uthar Inars, whlch ulluw rl-
nutas tu rus ubjacts Irnly.
Prec|s|cn gr|p: Tha ublllty tu rus batwaan tha thunb und lndax Inar, whlch ls cruclul tu
tuul usa.
5enscry ob|||t|es: Prlnutas huva u nura ucuta sansa uI slht und lass ucuta sansa uI snall
cunurad tu uthar nunnuls. Prlnutas' sansa uI tuuch ls cuncantrutad rlnurlly wlthln tha
Inartls ruthar thun tha nula us ln uthar nunnuls.
Ccmp|ex bro|n: Prlnuta brulns Iucus nura lntanslvaly un nanury, thuuht, und ussuclutlun thun
uthar nunnul brulns. Prlnutas ulsu huva u hlhar bruln-tu-budy-sla rutlu thun uthar unlnuls.
H|gh porento| |nvestment: Prlnutas usuully lva blrth tu u slnla uIIsrln ut u tlna und ru-
vlda thut uIIsrln wlth nura lntanslva cura uvar u lunar daandancy arlud cunurad tu
uthar nunnuls.
5cc|o| grcups: Prlnutas llva wlthln ruus uI uthar nanbars uI tha suna saclas.
1cc| use: Chlnunaas (hununs' clusast rlnuta ralutlvas) huva tha ublllty tu nunuIuctura
und usa slnla tuuls tu ubtuln Iuud und wutar. Thay nudlIy twls und usa than tu ull tar-
nltas uut uI thalr nasts, und usa lauvas us racatuclas Iur wutar. Orunutuns und urlllus du
nut nuka tuuls but du huva tha ublllty tu uln und thruw ubjacts. Thasa ubllltlas wara lnur-
tunt ln tha nunuIuctura uI tuuls und rujactlla wauunry by aurly hunlnlds und hununs.
Ccmmun|cot|cn: Nunhunun rlnutas usa cull systans tu cunnunlcuta wlth una unuthar ln
suclul ruus ln thalr nuturul sattlns, und ulsu ura ubla tu laurn synbuls. Chlnunaas und
urlllus huva baan tuuht tu undarstund und usa sln lunuua, huwavar, thasa saclas huva
nut lnvantad systans uI sln lunuua lndaandantly und luck tha laval uI cunatancy wlth
synbullc bahuvlur thut hununs ussass.
Hunt|ng: Chlnunaas Iurn huntln urtlas tu hunt snull unlnuls (rlnurlly rad culubus nunkays).
Bubuuns huva baan ubsarvad huntln yuun untaluas.
DlFFERENCES BETWEEN HUmANS AND DTHER PRlmATES
5cc|o| behov|cr:
ln hunun suclatlas, tha strunast, nust urasslva lndlvlduuls du nut dunlnuta us thay du ln nun-
hunun rlnuta suclul ruus.
Hununs huva tha strunast tandancy tuwurd shurln und cuuarutlun uI ull tha rlnutas.
K|nsh|p ond morr|oge:
All hunun suclatlas Iautura suna tya uI morr|oge und u tobcc cn |ncest ln suna Iurn (see
Murrlua, ut|e| s|Je).
xcgomy (nurrlua uutslda un lndlvlduul's ruu) und k|nsh|p systems llnk hununs bayund
un lndlvlduul's lnnadluta suclul ruu. Bunds batwaan hunun uulutluns ulsu sarva us u
busls Iur uthar lun-dlstunca uctlvltlas und axchunas.
Nunhunun rlnutas luck uny rasanblunca uI po|r bcnd|ng slnllur tu nurrlua ur racunltlun
uI dascant ln tha Iurn uI kln ralutluns. Anun uas, nutln anarully uccurs whan Ianulas
antar astrus, durln uvulutlun.
ccmmcn oncestcr
Afr|con
opes
mcdern
humons
A. boisei A. robuslus
A. olriconus
H. sopiens
H. ereclus/
ergosler
H. hobilis/
rudollensis
A. olorensis
A. onomensis
Ardipilhecus
romidus
A. oelhiopicus
8.0 million
yeors ogo
7.0 myo
6.0 myo
5.0 myo
4.0 myo
3.0 myo
2.0 myo
I.0 myo
presenl
A. boisei A. boisei
A. oelhiopicus A. oelhiopicus
A. robuslus A. robuslus
A. olriconus A. olriconus
A. olorensis A. olorensis
A. onomensis A. onomensis
H. hobilis/ H. hobilis/
rudollensis rudollensis
H. ereclus/ H. ereclus/
ergosler ergosler
H. sopiens H. sopiens
Ardipilhecus Ardipilhecus
romidus romidus
SPARKClAR1S
"
Anthropology page P of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
SPARKClAR1S
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SPARKClAR1S
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ARDPTHECUB RANDUB
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New hnds:
THE GENUS HONO
RACE
lNTELLlGENCE
KEY TERmS
A
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CULTURE
ETHNlClTY
mETHDDS
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EVDLUTlDN
GENETlCS
KEY TERmS
PRlmATES
PRlmATDLDGY
Drder
5ubcrders
|nfrocrders
5uperfom|||es
Fom|||es
Pr|motes
oll primoles
P|otyrrh|n|
New World monkeys
Cerccp|thecc|deo
Old World monkeys
Hy|cbot|doe
lesser opes
lgibbons, siomongsl
Pcng|doe
orongulons
Hcm|n|doe
gorillos,
chimponzees,
humons
Hcm|nc|deo
opes ond humons
Prcs|m||
prosimions llemurs,
lorises, lorsiersl
Cotorrh|n|
Old World monkeys,
opes, humons
Anthrcpc|deo
onlhropoids
PRlmATE EVDLUTlDN
pcch Deve|cpments
tuul usa.
uthar nunnuls.
5cc|o| behov|cr:
ccmmcn oncestcr
Afr|con
opes
mcdern
humons
A. olriconus
H. sopiens
H. ereclus/
ergosler
H. hobilis/
rudollensis
A. olorensis
A. onomensis
Ardipilhecus
romidus
A. oelhiopicus
8.0 million
yeors ogo
7.0 myo
6.0 myo
5.0 myo
4.0 myo
3.0 myo
2.0 myo
I.0 myo
presenl
A. boisei A. boisei
ergosler ergosler
romidus romidus
SPARKClAR1S
"
Anthropology page B of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
SPARKClAR1S
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SPARKClAR1S
1l
ANTHRDPDLDGY
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ARDPTHECUB RANDUB
AUSTRALDPlTHEClNES
New hnds:
THE GENUS HONO
RACE
lNTELLlGENCE
KEY TERmS
A
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ARCHAEDLDGY
nuruhlc dutu.
HDmlNlDS
CULTURE
ETHNlClTY
mETHDDS
rul anvlrunnants.
Irun tha surIuca.
EVDLUTlDN
GENETlCS
KEY TERmS
PRlmATES
PRlmATDLDGY
Drder
5ubcrders
|nfrocrders
5uperfom|||es
Fom|||es
Pr|motes
oll primoles
P|otyrrh|n|
New World monkeys
Cerccp|thecc|deo
Old World monkeys
Hy|cbot|doe
lesser opes
lgibbons, siomongsl
Pcng|doe
orongulons
Hcm|n|doe
gorillos,
chimponzees,
humons
Hcm|nc|deo
opes ond humons
Prcs|m||
prosimions llemurs,
lorises, lorsiersl
Cotorrh|n|
Old World monkeys,
opes, humons
Anthrcpc|deo
onlhropoids
PRlmATE EVDLUTlDN
pcch Deve|cpments
tuul usa.
uthar nunnuls.
5cc|o| behov|cr:
ccmmcn oncestcr
Afr|con
opes
mcdern
humons
A. olriconus
H. sopiens
H. ereclus/
ergosler
H. hobilis/
rudollensis
A. olorensis
A. onomensis
Ardipilhecus
romidus
A. oelhiopicus
8.0 million
yeors ogo
7.0 myo
6.0 myo
5.0 myo
4.0 myo
3.0 myo
2.0 myo
I.0 myo
presenl
A. boisei A. boisei
ergosler ergosler
romidus romidus
SPARKClAR1S
"
Anthropology page 4 of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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Ovr l|m, humons o|so hov vo|vd cu|turo||y, dv|-

op|ng nw loo|s, lchno|og|s, syslms, ond procl|cs.
/rchoo|og|sls d|v|d lh l|mlrom ol humon cu|luro|
vo|ul|on |nlo svro| d|llrnl pr|ods.
THE PALEDLlTHlC PERlDD
Tha Po|ec||th|c arlud, whusa nuna darlvas Irun tha Craak
ruuts J|eu ("uld") und ||t||c ("stuna"), lustad Irun uruxl-
nutaly 2.5 nyu-8000 BCE und trudltlunully ls dlvldad lntu
Lcwer, M|dd|e, und Upper arluds. Durln tha Pulaullthlc,
savarul nujur trults uI Iully nudarn hunun cultura anarad.
. Pruductlun uI stcne tcc|s
2. Usa uI hre
3. Flrst hunt|ng cf |orge mommo|s
4. Advant uI lunuua, urt, und uthar alanants uI cu|ture
thut ull nudarn hununs ussass
LDWER PALEDLlTHlC
Tha Lcwer Po|ec||th|c suw tha Irst usa uI stcne tcc|s.
Archuaululsts cunnunly dlvlda lt lntu twu dlIIarant trudl-
tluns, tha D|dcwon und tha Acheu||on.
D|dcwon: Tha uldast stuna tuuls duta Irun ubuut 2.5-1.
nyu und ura ussuclutad wlth tha D|dcwon trudltlun (uItar
Olduvul Cura ln Tununlu, whara tha tuuls wara Irst Iuund).
Pebb|e chcppers: Tylcul tuuls uI thls trudltlun cunslst uI
tannls bull-sla stunas Irun whlch twu tu Iuur Iukas wara
chlad uII tu Iurn u shur cuttln ada.
Must urchuaululsts ballava thut thasa Irst stuna tuuls
wara nuda by aurly nanbars uI tha anus |umu, whu
hud substuntlully lurar brulns thun thalr radacassurs.
Huwavar, saclas uI uustrululthaclnas cuaxlstad ln
AIrlcu durln thls arlud und nuy huva anuad ln suna
aurly stuna tuul ruductlun us wall.
5coveng|ng ond hunt|ng: Mlcrusculc unulysls uI Olduwun
tuuls axhlblt ullsh chuructarlstlc uI butcharln unlnuls.
Cut nurks Irun tha stuna tuuls uItan uvarlu nurks Irun
curnlvura taath, ruvldln avldanca uI tha scuvanln uI
tha ranulns uI unlnuls klllad by uthar raduturs.
Tha daraa tu whlch aurly |umu scuvanad ur huntad ls
unclaur, thuuh thasa hunlnlds rububly ut laust hunt-
ad snull una us llvln nunhunun rlnutas du tuduy.
Hcme boses: Evldanca uI uccunulutluns uI dabrls ut
wutarhulas ura ballavad tu ba tha aurllast hunlnld huna
busas-lucutluns whara hunlnlds bruuht Iuud tu shura
wlth uthar nanbars uI tha ruu ut cunsltas.
Huwavar, bacuusa raduturs ulsu Iraquantad tha wutar-
hulas, thasa lucutluns wuuld huva baan dunaruus Iur
aurly hunlnlds tu stuy Iur rulunad arluds.
Muny urchuaululsts dlsuta tha avldanca Iur huna
busas durln tha Olduwun, uruln thut thasa lucutluns
nuy slnly lndlcuta lntanslva scuvanln uctlvltlas.
Acheu||on: Tha Acheu||on trudltlun (uItar St. Achaul, Frunca,
whara tha tuuls wara Irst Iuund) dutas Irun ubuut 1.5 nyu-
200,000 BCE. Tuuls Irun tha Achaullun ura cunsldarad chur-
uctarlstlc uI |umu e|ectus und huva baan Iuund ln AIrlcu,
Eurua, und suutharn urtluns uI Aslu.
Hond oxes: Tylcul Achaullun tuuls cunslst uI stunas Irun
whlch nuny Iukas wara ranuvad tu Iurn u synnatrlcul
taurdru shua. Lura chuars knuwn us c|eovers und
snullar Iuka tuuls wara ulsu lnurtunt ln thls arlud.
5coveng|ng ond hunt|ng: Achaullun tuuls huva baan
Iuund ln ussuclutlun wlth Iusslls uI unlnuls, lncludln lura
saclas such us alahunts. Huwavar, lt ls unclaur whathar
thls avldanca rarasants scuvanln ur huntln uctlvltlas.
As ln tha Olduwun, scuvanln ln tha Achaullun nuy
huva cuntlnuad tu ba nura ravulant thun huntln.
Tha aurllast dlract avldanca uI huntln cunslsts uI wccden
speors Iuund ulun wlth stuna tuuls und tha butcharad
ranulns uI hursas ln Carnuny dutln tu 400,000 BCE.
Hcme boses: Evldanca Iur cunsltas hus baan Iuund naur
wutar suurcas, ln cuvas, und naur lunt Iuuds und una
unlnuls. Alsu, saclullad sltas uwuy Irun tha huna busas
huva baan Iuund. cuncantrutluns uI butchary tuuls, us wall
us cuncantrutluns uI tuuls naur suurcas uI tha tyas uI
stuna thut wara usad Iur tuul ruductlun.
F|re: Tha aurllast daInltlva avldanca Iur cuntrullad usa uI
Ira hus baan Iuund ut Achaullun sltas ln Eurua thut duta
tu ubuut 400,000-350,000 BCE.
Pusslbla avldanca Iur usa uI Ira ut aurllar Achaullun sltas,
us aurly us 1. nyu, ura quastlunubla und nuy stan Irun
nuturul Iras ur usa uI nuturul Ira by |umu e|ectus.
Tha usa uI Ira llkaly ulluwad |umu e|ectus tu llva ln sub-
trulcul und tanaruta unas wlthln Aslu und Eurua.
mlDDLE PALEDLlTHlC
Tha M|dd|e Po|ec||th|c, knuwn us tha M|dd|e 5tcne Age ln
AIrlcu, ls chuructarlad by tha Mcuster|on trudltlun ln Eurua
und tha Naur Eust und by tha Pcst-Acheu||on ln AIrlcu. Thasa
trudltluns, dutln Irun uruxlnutaly 300,000-40,000 BCE,
ura chuructarlstlc uI urchulc |umu sJ|e|s.
Mcuster|on: Tha Mcuster|on trudltlun (uItar La Muustlar,
Frunca, whara tha tuuls wara Irst Iuund ln u ruck shaltar)
bruuht rautar vurlaty und cunlaxlty uI stuna tuuls. At laust
14 dlstlnct tuul tyas wara usad Iur u vurlaty uI tusks, lnclud-
ln scruln unlnul hldas, suwln, uuln, und larcln.
Levo||c|s techn|que: Thls tachnlqua, u cunlax rucass
uI chlln stundurdlad Iukas Irun u saclully raurad
cura, ls chuructarlstlc uI tha Muustarlun trudltlun. Slnllur
tachnululas chuructarla tha Pust-Achaullun trudltlun.
Hunt|ng: Ranulns uI snull und lura una unlnuls, blrds,
Ish, und shallIsh huva baan Iuund ut Naundarthul sltas ln
Eurua und tha Naur Eust und urchulc |umu sJ|e|s sltas
ln AIrlcu. A wuudan saur Iuund ln tha rlbcua uI u nun-
nuth dutln tu 70,000 BCE ruvldas dlract avldanca Iur tha
huntln uI lura nunnuls durln tha arlud.
Hcme boses: Must Muustarlun sltas ura sltuutad ln cuvas
ur ruck shaltars, but nuny ura ulsu knuwn ln tha uan,
naur wutar. Thasa sltas nuy huva baan usad us huna
busas ur us sanl-arnunant busa cuns thut ruus
raturnad tu yaur uItar yaur.
Muustarlun cuva sltas ruvlda avldanca Iur u hauvlar
rallunca un hre thun durln tha Achaullun.
Tha aurllast cunvlncln avldanca uI she|ter cunslsts
uI huusas Iuund ln tha Ukrulna, cunstructad uI wuud,
Irunad wlth unlnul sklns hald duwn wlth nunnuth
bunas, und anclusln savarul haurths.
8ur|o| : Burlul und funerory r|tuo|s nuy huva urllnutad
durln tha Muustarlun. Pullan hus baan Iuund ln ussuclu-
tlun wlth u Naundarthul burlul ln tha Naur Eust, suastln
thut Iuwars nuy huva baan luld un tha dacausad (ulthuuh
tha ullan ulsu cuuld huva rasultad Irun nuturul cuusas).
UPPER PALEDLlTHlC
Tha Upper Po|ec||th|c (cullad tha Loter 5tcne Age ln AIrlcu)
baun by 40,000 BCE und andad ut dlIIarant tlnas ln dlIIarant
raluns. lt ls ussuclutad wlth unutunlcully nudarn hununs
und u nunbar uI lnnuvutluns thut suast tha anaranca uI
nudarn hunun cu|ture. Uar Pulaullthlc stuna tachnuluy
lnvulvad tha cunstructlun uI b|odes-lun, nurruw Iukas
chlad Irun saclully raurad curas. Tha nunbar uI tuul
tyas lncrausad drunutlcully, und tuuls wara nuda nut unly
Irun stuna but ulsu Irun buna, untlar, und lvury.
Hunt|ng: Evldanca lndlcutas thut hununs anuad ln
cuuarutlva huntln uI lura nunnuls, lncludln suna
nuw-axtlnct megofouno (a.., nunnuths, wuully rhlnuc-
arusas), und snullar saclas such us ralndaar.
Stuna, buna, und untlar saur ulnts, us wall us tha ot|-ot|
(saurthruwar), rautly lncrausad huntln aIIclancy.
Hoft|ng, tha ructlca uI nuuntln stuna tuuls un wuud-
an hundlas, ls ulsu avldant durln tha arlud.
Hcme boses: Tha rasanca uI lura busa cuns, ur oggre-
got|cn s|tes, surruundad by nunaruus snullar cunsltas
suasts thut snull ruus cunrautad sausunully. Mura
aluburuta shaltars wara cunstructad durln thls tlna, such
us nunnuth-buna huusas ln tha Ukrulna Irun 13,000 BCE.
C|cth|ng: Tha aurllast avldanca uI cluthln cunslsts uI
ayad lvury ur buna sawln naadlas dutln tu 23,000 BCE,
lnlyln thut cluthas sawn wlth thraud wara wurn.
Lcng-d|stonce ocqu|s|t|cn: Mutarluls Iur tuuls und urt ubjacts
uItan wara ubtulnad Irun suurcas hundrads uI nllas uwuy.
Dr|g|ns cf ort: Tha aurllast synbullc ubjacts und dacuru-
tlun ura ussuclutad wlth nudarn |umu sJ|e|s durln thls
arlud ln AIrlcu, tha Naur Eust, und Eurua. Evan tha aurll-
ast urt axhlblts u hlh daraa uI suhlstlcutlun.
Art wus crautad ln nuny Iurns, lncludln cuva ulntlns,
stuna slubs, sculturas, und arsunul urnunants Iushlunad
Irun buna, untlar, lvury, shall, unlnul taath, und stuna.
Nunaruus sculturas uI hunun Ianulas, uItan cullad
Venus hgur|nes, huva baan Iuund.
Savarul thaurlas huva baan ruusad Iur tha naunln
uI Uar Pulaullthlc urt, Iucusln asaclully un tha cuva
ulntlns Iuund ln AIrlcu, Eurua, und Austrullu urllnut-
ln Irun 28,000-2,000 BCE.
Hunt|ng mog|c: Slnca cuva ulntlns rlnurlly dalct
unlnuls, tha ulntlns nuy huva baan lntandad tu
lncrausa luck durln tha hunt.
Fert|||ty: Pulntlns nuy huva baan naunt tu lncrausa
unlnul und lunt Iartlllty.
k|tes cf possoge: Cuvas nuy
huva baan usad ln lnltlutlun rltas,
such us tha trunsIurnutlun Irun
udulascanca tu udulthuud.
1ronce stotes: Uar Pulaullthlc
urt uItan dalcts entcpt|c phe-
ncmeno (aunatrlc Iurns saan
whan vlslun ls uIIactad by trunca
stutas ur drus), suastln tha
urt nuy huva luyad u rula ln
rltuuls lnvulvln trunca.
Dr|g|ns cf |onguoge: Tha tlnln uI tha urlln uI lunuua
ranulns unclaur.
Suna urchuaululsts urua thut tha Lavulluls tuulnukln
tachnlqua wus su cunlax lt nust huva raqulrad suna
Iurn uI lunuua tu uss Irun una anarutlun tu tha naxt.
Othars urua thut urchulc |umu sJ|e|s luckad tha vucul
truct unutuny nacassury Iur Iully nudarn saach.
Bacuusa hunun lunuua raqulras u cuuclty Iur symbc||c
thcught, suna schulurs urua thut tha anaranca uI syn-
bullc urt durln tha Uar Pulaullthlc ulsu lnllas tha anar-
anca uI trua lunuua ut thls tlna. Tha luck uI synbullc
dacurutlun ln aurllar arluds suasts thut aurllar hunlnlds
nuy huva usad cull systans ur uthar udvuncad Iurns uI
cunnunlcutlun but luckad lunuua us knuwn tuduy.
xpons|cn: Furthar curnars uI tha luba wara sattlad durln
thls arlud. Austrullu und Naw Culnau arhus us aurly us
0,000 BCE, Nurtharn Eurua by 45,000 BCE, Juun by 40,000
BCE, und Nurth und Suuth Anarlcu by ut laust 500 BCE.
Pecp||ng the New Wcr|d: Tha aurllast sattlars ln tha
Naw Wurld crussad u lund brlda, knuwn us 8er|ng|o,
Iurnad batwaan Slbarlu und Alusku durln tha lust lca
Aa dua tu luwar sau lavals.
Thasa sattlars, tha Po|ec|nd|ons, ura ballavad tu huva
nlrutad lntu tha suutharn urts uI Nurth Anarlcu thruuh
un |ce-free ccrr|dcr thut llkaly axlstad batwaan twu luclul
lca shaats ln tha nurtharn urt uI tha cuntlnant.
Tha tlnln uI tha lnltlul nlrutlun ls unclaur. Suna
schulurs urua thut lt wus nu aurllar thun ,500 BCE,
uthars urua lt nuy huva baan us aurly us 40,000 BCE.
THE mESDLlTHlC PERlDD
Tha arlud Iulluwln tha Uar Pulaullthlc, knuwn us tha
Mesc||th|c ln tha Old Wurld und tha Archo|c ln tha Naw
Wurld, baun ln dlIIIarant tlnas ln dlIIarant raluns.
Whan tha lust lca Aa andad, nuny lura nunnul sa-
clas (nauIuunu) bacuna axtlnct, und hununs shlItad tu
u brcod-spectrum eccncmy. Subslstanca wus ubtulnad
Irun u wlda urruy uI snull una, Ish, blrds, und lunts, ln
uddltlun tu tha lura una huntad ln tha racadln arlud.
Tha Masullthlc culncldad wlth tha udvant uI thls bruud-sac-
trun acununy, whlch uccurrad uruund 13,000 BCE ln tha
Naur Eust und 8000 BCE ln Eurua. Thls naw uttarn uI sub-
slstanca sat tha stua Iur tha urllns uI Iuud ruductlun.
DRlGlNS DF FDDD PRDDUCTlDN
Fccd prcduct|cn wus u nujur sta ln hunun culturul avulutlun.
lt bruuht ravulutlunury chuna Irun tha fcrog|ng (huntln und
utharln uI wlld lunts und unlnuls) thut ull racadln hununs
und hunun uncasturs hud ructlcad Iur nlllluns uI yaurs.
Fuud ruductlun lnvulvas tha nudlIcutlun, ur dcmest|co-
t|cn, uI lunts und unlnuls by hununs.
ln u rucass knuwn us ort|hc|o| se|ect|cn, hununs chuusa
tu ralunt unly thusa saads und nuta unly thusa unlnuls
thut huva trults nust banaIclul Iur hunun cunsuntlun.
Ovar tlna, dunastlcutad saclas davalu unlqua churuc-
tarlstlcs thut dlstlnulsh than Irun thalr wlld uncasturs.
Fuud ruductlun wus lnvantad lndaandantly ln savan
uraus ucruss tha luba, nurkln tha unsat uI tha Nec||th|c
arlud ln auch urau. Tha udvant uI Iuud ruductlun uccurrad
ut dlIIarant tlnas ln dlIIarant raluns. ln suna uraus uI tha
wurld, tha Iuruln wuy uI llIa arslstad untll racant tlnas.
keg|cn F|rst
Dcmest|cot|cn
P|onts/An|mo|s
Dcmest|coted
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
c. 8000 BC| whol, bor|y, ry, ools,
|nl||s, pos, vor|ous lru|ls
ond nuls, dogs, shp,
gools, coll|, p|gs, com|s
Ch|no c. 6500 BC| r|c, wolr chslnuls, wolr
bullo|o, dogs, p|gs |soulhrn
Ch|no|, m|||l, dogs, p|gs,
ch|c|ns |norlhrn Ch|no|
5cutheost As|o c. 7000
5000 BC|
r|c, bl| nul, bl| |ol,
wolr chslnul
Andes c. 6000 BC| bons, qu|noo, ch||s,
pololos, dogs, ||omos,
o|pocos, gu|no p|gs
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
c. 5000 BC| mo|z, bons, squosh,
dogs, lur|ys
ostern Ncrth
Amer|co
c. 2500 BC| gooslool, morsh |dr, sun-
lowr, squosh, dogs, lur|ys
5ub-5ohoron
Afr|co
c. 2000 BC| sorghum, por| m|||l,
/lr|con r|c, yoms
Dunastlcutlun lncrausad tha cuuclty Iur ubtulnln susta-
nunca, suwnln uulutlun ruwth und lncrausln seden-
t|sm, tha hubltutlun uI arnunant yaur-ruund cunnunltlas.
Huwavar, dunastlcutlun hus savarul druwbucks.
Furuars uItan ubtuln u mcre bo|onced d|et wlth nlnl-
nul aIIurt cunurad tu Iuud ruducars. Hauvy rallunca
un dunastlcutad stulas lauds tu dlatury daIclanclas.
Dacrausad sunltutlun und clusa ruxlnlty uI dunastl-
cutad unlnul saclas ussuclutad wlth sadantlsn Ius-
tars tha sraud uI ccmmun|cob|e d|seoses.
1hecr|es obcut the cr|g|ns cf fccd prcduct|cn: ln suna rasacts,
tha rlsa uI Iuud ruductlun bruuht u nura lubur-lntanslva, lass
haulthy wuy uI llIa thun tha Iuruln thut dunlnutad ravluusly.
Savarul thaurlas ubuut usslbla rausuns Iur tha shlIt cantar un
Mescpctom|o, tha aurllast cantar uI Iuud ruductlun.
HUmAN CULTURAL EVDLUTlDN [oontinued]
Dos|s thecry: Aruas thut savara druuhts Iurcad hununs, lunts, und unlnuls tu cunrauta
ut uusas ln Masuutunlu. Bacuusa uI tha dacrausad uvullublllty uI wlld lunts und unlnuls,
hununs baun tu cultlvuta und dunastlcuta wlthln uusas. Subsaquant rasaurch, huwavar, hus
Iullad tu ruvlda avldanca Iur tha drunutlc anvlrunnantul chunas thut thls thaury ruusas.
Nuc|eor zcne hypcthes|s ( reod|ness hypcthes|s[: Aruas thut dunastlcutlun baun ln nuc|e-
or zcnes llka tha hllly Iunks ln Masuutunlu (u wuudlund una uvarluukln tha Tlrls und
Euhrutas rlvars whara wlld rulns raw ubunduntly). Cuntands thut hununs ln thasa unas
bacuna hlhly Iunlllur wlth lucul wlld saclas und thut cultura avulvad tu tha ulnt thut thay
wara raudy tu baln dunastlcutlun.
Morg|no| zcne hypcthes|s: Aruas thut dunastlcutlun baun ln morg|no| zcnes (whara wlld
ruln dld nut ruw nuturully) uItar uulutlun rassura Iurcad aula lntu thusa unas. Cluclul
naltln ut tha and uI tha lust lca Aa cuusad r|s|ng seo |eve|s und Iurcad cuustul aulas tu
nlruta lnlund, und tha nuclaur unas' nuturul ubundunca Iustarad uulutlun ruwth. Hununs
llvln ln nurlnul unas trlad tu racrauta tha nuclaur unas' ubundunca thruuh cultlvutlun. Evan
uItar tha unsat uI Iuud ruductlun, huwavar, dunastlcutad saclas anarully nuda u unly u
snull ruurtlun uI tha dlat Iur hundrads ur avan thuusunds uI yaurs.
Pcpu|ot|cn pressure mcde| : Aruas thut Iuud ruductlun anarad lndaandantly ln savarul
lucutluns bacuusa huntln und utharln uulutluns ucruss tha luba hud axundad untll thay
hud axlultad ull tha utantlul uI nuturully uvullubla Iuuds. Paula than turnad tu dunastlcutlun
tu Iaad tha ruwln uulutlun.
5cc|o| pressure mcde|: Aruas thut dunastlcutlun urusa dua tu chunas ln suclul anvlrunnant.
lnnadlutaly rlur tu dunastlcutlun, ruus uruund tha wurld baun tu trode nura axtanslvaly.
Evldanca uI urtlIucts und burlul uuds suasts thut wuys tu nurk stotus ond ethn|c|ty bacuna
nura lnurtunt. Dunastlcutlun nuy huva urlsan us u wuy tu anaruta surp|us thut cuuld huva
baan lvan us trlbuta tu laudars ln suclatlas chuructarlad by lncrausln stotus d|fferent|ot|cn.
DRlGlNS DF ClVlLlZATlDN AND THE STATE
Anthruululsts ballava thut Iuud ruductlun uvad tha wuy Iur unuthar nujur trunsIurnutlun ln
hunun culturul avulutlun. tha urlln uI c|v|||zot|cn ond the stote, daInad us suclatlas uvarnad
by centro||zed ond h|erorch|co| pc||t|co| systems. A sadantury llIastyla und stubla Iuud suly
lad tu uulutlun axunslun, und tha ruductlun uI surlus ulluwad cartuln lndlvlduuls wlthln sucl-
aty tu ursua synbullc uctlvltlas nut ralutad dlractly tu subslstanca.
Dehn|ng chorocter|st|cs cf c|v|||zot|cn ond the stote:
. Cantrullad und hlarurchlcul pc||t|co| crgon|zot|cn.
2. Cuntrul uvar u spec|hc reg|cno| terr|tcry.
3. Davalunant uI substuntlul uulutluns wlthln cunnunltlas knuwn us c|t|es.
4. Davalunant uI scc|o| strot|hcot|cn, l.a., dlstlnct suclul clussas wlth vuryln uurtunltlas Iur
uwar, waulth, und succass. Tha rulln cluss ls cunrlsad uI rallluus, clvll, ur nllltury laudars.
5. D|v|s|cn cf |obcr lnvulvln cruIt saclullsts whu ura nut anuad ln urlculturul ruductlun.
6. Mcnumento| orch|tecture, a.., tanlas und ulucas.
7. Wr|t|ng, l.a., u synbullc systan uI cunlax racurdkaaln.
8. Pradlctlva sc|ences, a.., nuthanutlcs, ustrununy, natullury.
9. Suhlstlcutad styla uI ort ussuclutad wlth synbullc uIIcas (a.., kln, chlaI, rlast) und tha stuta.
0. Lun-dlstunca trode netwcrks.
. OIIclul stote re||g|cn wlth Iull-tlna rallluus saclullsts.
5|x |ccot|cns where c|v|||zot|cn emerged |ndependent|y:
1hecr|es obcut the emergence cf c|v|||zot|cn ond the stote:
|rr|got|cn hypcthes|s: Aruas thut tha kay Iuctur ln tha anaranca uI clvlllutlun wus tha udvant
uI |rr|got|cn, Iur cuntrul uI lrrlutlun systans raqulrad nunuanant und cuntrul uI lura ruus-
cuntrul thut wus than trunsIarrad tu u cantrullad rulln cluss. Huwavar, clvlllutlun dld nut anara
ln ull suclatlas thut hud lrrlutlun, und lt dld anara ln suna uraus thut dld nut huva lrrlutlun.
C|rcumscr|pt|cn hypcthes|s: Aruas thut clvlllutlun anarad us u rasult uI uulutlun ruwth
wlthln uraus buundad by auruhlcul ur ulltlcul borr|ers-ln uthar wurds, uraus Iucln anvl-
runnantul ur suclul c|rcumscr|pt|cn. Thasa tarrlturlul llnltutluns lad tu cunatltlun und wur-
Iura und rasultad ln tha davalunant uI cantrullad cuntrul tu nubllla urnlas und cuntrul cun-
quarad ruus. Huwavar, tha tarrlturlas uI ull aurly stutas wara nut nacassurlly clrcunscrlbad,
und ln suna lnstuncas uulutlun wus uctuully ln dacllna ut tha udvant uI clvlllutlun.
1rode: Aruas thut truda wus tha nujur Iuctur ln tha anaranca uI clvlllutlun, us stutas anarad
ut kay nudas ulun tronspcrtot|cn rcutes tu cuntrul ruductlun und radlstrlbutlun uI truda uuds.
5ystems mcde|s: Enhusla huw vurluus systems-Iur urunlln lura uulutluns, nublllln
urnlas, cuntrullln ruductlun und axchuna, udnlnstarln lnIurnutlun-ura lnurtunt ln tha daval-
unant uI suclul strutlIcutlun und astubllshnant uI u rulln allta. Thasa nudals urua thut tha |nter-
p|oy uI thasa nultlla systans ls nura lnurtunt thun uny slnla cuusa ruusad ln aurllar nudals.
1hecr|es obcut the dec||ne ond cc||opse cf c|v|||zot|cns:
nv|rcnmento| degrodot|cn: Aruas thut lntanslva urlcultura cun laud tu tha dalatlun uI tha
anvlrunnant und ultlnuta cullusa uI u clvlllutlun. Envlrunnantul dlsustars such us arslstant
druuht, aurthquukas, und vulcunlc arutluns nuy ulsu cuntrlbuta tu cullusa.
Dverextens|cn: Aruas thut uvaraxtanslun uI tha tarrltury cuntrullad randars u stuta vulnaru-
bla tu burdar uttucks by borbor|ons, nanbars uI ruus whu llva uutslda tha stuta's cuntrul.
|nterno| ccn|ct: Aruas thut lntarnul strass urlsln batwaan suclul clussas (us u rasult uI suclul
strutlIcutlun) nuy laud tu cullusa.
KlNSHlP AND DESCENT
K|nsh|p urunlas tha tylcul suclul unlt ln bunds, trlbas, und
chlaIduns und hus ruIuund lnIuanca un uthar usacts uI cul-
tura ln thasa suclatlas. Llka ruca, klnshl ls u culturul cunstruc-
tlun, und nut ull blululcul ralutlvas ura nacassurlly racunlad
us kln ur uncasturs.
ku|es cf descent: Suclatlas huva dlIIarant wuys uI racunlln
whlch blululcul ralutlvas und uncasturs ura cunsldarad kln.
Suna axunlas ura.
Un|||neo| : Trucln dascant thruuh u slnla sax.
Potr|||neo|: Trucln dascant thruuh tha nula sax unly.
OIIsrln balun axcluslvaly tu tha kln ruu uI tha Iuthar.
Motr|||neo|: Trucln dascant thruuh tha Ianula sax unly.
OIIsrln balun axcluslvaly tu tha kln ruu uI tha nuthar.
Amb|||neo| : Trucln dascant thruuh althar tha nula ur
Ianula sax (u chulca nuda by tha nanbars uI tha ruu).
8||otero|: Trucln uncastry thruuh tha llnas uI buth saxas.
Fom|||es: Suclatlas ussass dlIIarant tyas uI fom|||es, ur huusa-
huld ruus, thut Iurn tha tylcul unlts uI suclul urunlutlun.
Nuc|eor fom||y: Cunslsts sulaly uI tha nuthar, Iuthar, und
uIIsrln. Tha nuclaur Iunlly ls ravulant wlthln Iuruln
bunds und lndustrlul suclatlas.
xtended fom||y: Cunslsts uI ull ralutad kln sunnln twu
ur thraa anarutluns.
Descent grcup: Cunslsts uI ull lndlvlduuls shurln dascant
Irun u cunnun uncastur.
L|neoge: A dascant ruu thut trucas uncastry tu un op|-
co| oncestcr, u shurad cunnun uncastur ralutad thruuh
knuwn llnks.
C|on: A dascant ruu thut trucas uncastry thruuh ra-
sunad llnks tu un ulcul uncastur knuwn us u tctem, whlch
nuy ba un unlnul ur lunt ussuclutad wlth tha clun.
Anthruululsts huva ldantlIad savarul potterns cf mor|to| res-
|dence wlth ruxlnlty tu dlIIarant kln. Suna axunlas ura.
Potr||cco| : Rasldanca wlth ur naur tha husbund's Iunlly.
Motr||cco| : Rasldanca wlth ur naur tha wlIa's Iunlly.
8||cco| : Rasldanca wlth ur naur althar tha husbund's Iunlly
ur tha wlIa's Iunlly.
Avuncu|cco| : Rasldanca wlth ur naur tha husbund's nutar-
nul uncla.
Nec|cco| : Rasldanca uurt Irun kln uI buth suusas.
K|nsh|p term|nc|cgy vurlas ucruss culturas und ls u raIac-
tlun uI tha lnurtunca lucad uun dlIIarant tyas uI kln. Fur
axunla, suna culturas usa u slnla tarn, "cuusln," tu raIar
tu ull uIIsrln uI buth urants' slbllns. Othar culturas huva
tarns thut dlstlnulsh dlIIarant tyas uI cuuslns (daandln
un tha sax uI tha uIIsrln und urants' slbllns), lndlcutln tha
dlIIarln lnurtunca uI dlIIarant cuuslns ln thasa suclatlas.
mARRlAGE
Althuuh morr|oge ls u culturul unlvarsul Iuund wlthln ull sucl-
atlas thruuhuut tha luba, saclIc tyas uI nurrlua vury
rautly. Murrlua ls daInad ln u anarul sansa us u saxuul und
acununlc unlun uruvad by suclaty.
|ncest: Saxuul ralutluns ur nurrlua wlth u clusa ralutlva.
lncast ls tobcc ur Iurblddan ln ull hunun culturas. Thuuh
suna suclatlas ulluw nurrlua tu nura dlstunt ralutlvas, ull
Iurbld nurrlua tu uthar nanbars wlthln u nuclaur Iunlly.
Savarul thaurlas uttant tu axluln thls unlvarsul tubuu.
8|c|cg|co| obncrmo||t|es: Our hunun uncasturs nuy huva
ubsarvad tha ubnurnul uIIsrln ruducad thruuh lncast
und bunnad such unluns.
|nbreed|ng ovc|donce: Hununs nuy huva avulvad un lnstlnc-
tuul tandancy Iur uvuldunca us u rasult uI tha dacrausad It-
nass ussuclutad wlth braadln wlth clusa kln.
Ch||dhccd fom|||or|ty: Chlldran whu ura rulsad tuathar
nuy davalu u nuturul uvarslun tuwurd nurryln ur nutln
wlth auch uthar.
Fom||y d|srupt|cn: Murrlua wlthln tha Iunlly hus tha
utantlul tu cuusa cunatltlun und rlvulry und aruda tha
Iunctlun uI tha Iunlly us u suclul unlt.
Mor|to| o|||once thecry: Murrlua uutslda u kln ruu Ius-
tars ullluncas batwaan ruus und lncrausas tha uurtunl-
tlas Iur survlvul und succass.
Fcrms cf morr|oge: Murrlua tukas dlIIarant Iurns uccurdln
tu dlIIarant rulas wlthln vurluus hunun culturas.
xcgomy: Paula Irun dlIIarant ruus lntarnurry.
ndcgomy: Paula wlthln tha suna ruu nurry.
Pc|ygomy: A arsun nurrlas nultlla suusas.
Pc|ygyny: A slnla nun nurrlas nultlla wunan.
Pc|yondry: A slnla wunun nurrlas nultlla nan.
5crcrote: A wlduwar nurrlas u slstar uI hls dacausad wlIa.
Lev|rote: A wlduw nurrlas u bruthar uI har dacausad husbund.
Mor|to| exchonge: Must suclatlas Iautura suna tya uI mor|-
to| exchonge-un axchuna uI waulth batwaan Iunlllas baln
julnad by nurrlua.
8r|deweo|th: Waulth thut tha Iunlly uI tha nun uys tu tha
Iunlly uI tha wunun.
8r|de serv|ce: Wurk ur sarvlca thut tha nun ls raqulrad tu
lva tu tha wunun's Iunlly Iur u saclIad durutlun.
Dcwry: Waulth thut tha Iunlly uI tha wunun uys tu tha
Iunlly uI tha nun.
GENDER
Anthruululsts vlaw gender, llka ruca und klnshl, us u cul-
turul cunstructlun. Wharaus sex ls blululcully busad (ralut-
ad tu danunstrubla blululcul dlIIarancas batwaan nulas
und Ianulas), andar cunslsts uI saclIc trults thut suclaty
uscrlbas tu nulas und Ianulas-trults thut du |ut darlva Irun
blululcul dlIIarancas batwaan tha saxas.
Cender rc|es: Tusks thut u urtlculur cultura usslns tu
nulas und Ianulas.
Cender sterectypes: OvarslnllIad ballaIs ubuut tha
trults uI nulas und Ianulas.
Cender strot|hcot|cn: Suclul strutlIcutlun ln whlch
uurtunltlas Iur uwar, waulth, und succass ura dlIIar-
antlutad un tha busls uI culturully usslnad andar. Tha
daraa uI andar strutlIcutlun vurlas unun culturas.
Potr|orcho|: A nula-dunlnutad ulltlcul systan ln whlch
wunan ussass lnIarlur stutus. Suclatlas undar thls sys-
tan ura chuructarlad by lncrausad andar strutlIcutlun.
Motr|fcco| : Fucus ls uun tha nuthar, ln whlch tha hus-
bund-Iuthar nuy ba ubsant Irun tha huusahuld. Suclatlas
undar thls systan ura chuructarlad by dacrausad an-
dar strutlIcutlun.
RELlGlDN
ke||g|cn, daInad us ballaIs und rltuuls cuncarnln suarnuturul
balns und uwars, ls u culturul unlvarsul. Tha urllns uI ralllun
nuy duta tu tha Mlddla Pulaullthlc, durln whlch tha Irst lntan-
tlunul hunun burluls suast u cuncatlun uI un uItarllIa und
tha suarnuturul (see Mlddla Pulaullthlc, twu Jes |ev|uus).
Dr|g|ns ond funct|cns cf re||g|cn: Muny thaurlas huva baan
ruusad tu axluln tha urllns uI ralllun und tha Iunctluns
und aIIacts uI rallluus bahuvlur.
An|m|sm: Aruas thut tha axarlanca uI lnuas ln drauns
und trunca lad aurly hununs tu ballava ln tha duul axls-
tanca uI u hyslcul budy und suarnuturul suul.
Anx|ety ccntrc| : Aruas thut ralllun nuy Iunctlun tu lass-
an unxlaty und ullavluta duubt urlsln Irun clrcunstuncas
bayund cuntrul thruuh nuturul nauns.
5cc|o| sc||dor|ty: Suasts thut ralllun anarad us u
rasult uI llIa ln ruus tu ruvlda lndlvlduuls ln u suclaty
wlth u sansa uI cunnunlty.
1ypes cf re||g|cns: Ona runlnant schulur hus ruusad Iuur
tyas uI rallluns, auch ussuclutad wlth dlIIarant subslstanca
strutalas und Iurns uI ulltlcul urunlutlun.
5homon|st|c: Prlnurlly chuructarlstlc uI Iuruln bunds,
lnvulvas shomons, urt-tlna rallluus Iuras whu nadluta
wlth tha suarnuturul un bahulI uI hununs.
Ccmmuno| : Prlnurlly ussuclutad wlth Iurnln suclatlas,
Iauturas shununs und cunnunlty rltuuls (a.., hurvast car-
anunlas) und uItan ls pc|ythe|st|c, wlth savarul daltlas.
D|ymp|on: Chuructarlstlc uI stutas, Iauturas Iull-tlna rallluus
saclullsts knuwn us pr|ests ur pr|estesses. Tha tarn darlvas
Irun Mt. Olynus, tha huna uI unclant Craak uds und ud-
dassas. Llka cunnunul rallluns, nuy ba ulythalstlc.
Mcncthe|st|c: Alsu chuructarlstlc uI suna stutas, Iauturas
rlasts ur rlastassas und nulntulns ballaI ln u slnla ull
knuwln, ull uwarIul, surana suarnuturul baln.
Key terms |n the onthrcpc|cg|co| study cf re||g|cn:
k|tuo| : Puttarnad, stundurdlad bahuvlur arIurnad us
suclul ucts artulnln tu tha suarnuturul rauln.
Mog|c: ParIurnunca uI cartuln rltuuls tu ubtuln suarnutu-
rul usslstunca.
k|te cf possoge: Rltuul thut nurks u trunsltlun Irun una
stua uI tha llIa cycla tu unuthar.
5ecu|or r|tuo| : Puttarnad, stundurdlad bahuvlur und rltas
uI ussua cunductad ln nunrallluus sattlns und nut ar-
tulnln tu tha suarnuturul.
Mono: A suarnuturul Iurca ballavad tu axlst wlthln cartuln
aula, unlnuls, lunts, ur ubjacts.
1obcc: Paula, unlnuls, lunts, und ubjacts ballavad tu
cuusa suarnuturul hurn lI tuuchad (see lncast, Juve |elt).
Wcr|dv|ew: Tha systan uI ballaIs raurdln tha nuturul und
suarnuturul und tha nunnar uI arcalvln und lntarratln
tha wurld chuructarlstlc uI u urtlculur cultura.
THE ARTS
ln nuny suclatlas, ort ls un lntarul urt uI rltuuls, caranunlas,
und uthar usacts uI cultura und duas nut axlst us u sauruta
antlty ln ltsalI.
Tha aurllast urt ubjacts und dacurutlun wara crautad wlth
u hlh daraa uI suhlstlcutlun ln u vurlaty uI Iurns dur-
ln tha Uar Pulaullthlc, suastln thut urt ls u un|verso|
chorocter|st|c uI hunun culturas ln tha ust und rasant.
Anthruululsts suast bruud dehn|t|cns cf ort tu uccuunt
Iur vurlutlun ucruss culturas, anhuslln thut urt axrass-
as und cunnunlcutas, avukas anutluns und ldaus, und ls
crautad ln culturully uttarnad nunnars und stylas.
Art ls axrassad thruuh nunaruus nadlu, lncludln ulnt-
ln, scultura, budy urnunantutlun und dacurutlun, nuslc,
dunca, sturytallln, und lltarutura, unun uthars.
Anthruululsts study urt thruuh u cruss-culturul lans.
thncmus|cc|cgy, Iur lnstunca, ls tha cunurutlva study
uI nuslc us un alanant uI cultura und suclaty thruuhuut
tha wurld.
HUmAN CULTURAL EVDLUTlDN
THE STUDY DF HUmAN CULTURE [oontinued]
ANTHRDPDLDGY DF THE mDDERN WDRLD
/nlhropo|og|sls hov |ncros|ng|y usd onlhropo|og|co| lhory ond mlhods lo sludy
|ssus concrn|ng lh modrn |nduslr|o| wor|d.
THE mDDERN WDRLD SYSTEm
Tha mcdern wcr|d system cunslsts uI u lubul wab uI lntardaandancy unun ull nutluns,
suclatlas, und culturas anarutad by nudarn |ndustr|o| cop|to||sm.
|ndustr|o||sm: Tha nachunlutlun uI urlculturul ruductlun und nunuIucturln. lndustrlullsn
rusa ln tha 18th cantury und rautly lncrausad urlculturul und nunuIucturln uutut.
C|cbo||zot|cn: Tha suclul, ulltlcul, acununlc, und culturul aIIacts uI lndustrlullutlun, moss
med|o, und nudarn tronspcrtot|cn systems un suclatlas thruuhuut tha wurld.
Pcpu|or cu|ture: A culturul Iubrlc thut nanbars uI nudarn lndustrlul nutlun-stutas shura,
uItan ln llau uI tlas uI klnshl, u ballaI ln cunnun dascant, ur u strun unlIyln stuta
urunlutlun ur uIIclul stuta ralllun, whlch nuny uI thasa nudarn nutlun-stutas luck.
Anthruululsts huva davutad lncrausln uttantlun tu tha culturul slnlIcunca uI u cul-
tura, studyln lssuas us vurlad us Iuutbull, StJ| I|ek, und vucutluns tu Wult Dlsnay Wurld.
APPLlED ANTHRDPDLDGY
App||ed onthrcpc|cgy ls tha usa uI tha knuwlada und tachnlquas Irun tha Iuur subIalds
uI unthruuluy ln nun-ucudanlc sattlns tu uchlava ructlcul uuls. Euch uI tha subIalds uI
unthruuluy cun ba ullad ln dlIIarant wuys.
8|c|cg|co| onthrcpc|cgy cun ba ullad vlu fcrens|c onthrcpc|cgy, whlch lnvulvas tha
ldantlIcutlun uI tha vlctlns uI uccldants und crlnas. Med|co| onthrcpc|cgy studlas tha
suclul und culturul cuntaxt uI dlsausa und lllnass.
Archoec|cgy uItan ls ullad tuwurd tha uul uI cu|turo| rescurce monogement, tha avuluu-
tlun uI tha aIIacts uI cunstructlun rujacts un urchuaululcul sltas und tha racuvary uI slnlI-
cunt lnIurnutlun Irun sltas rlur tu thalr dastructlun.
Cu|turo| onthrcpc|cgy uItan ls usad by davalunant und lunnln uanclas tu ldantlIy lucul
suclul cundltluns und rublans und usa unthruululcul thaury, nathuds, und arsactlvas
tu davalu sulutluns. Alsu, nuny rlvuta cununlas und cururutluns usa athnuruhlc
ubsarvutlun nathuds tu ldantlIy lntarnul rublans und uly un unthruululcul cruss-cul-
turul arsactlva und undarstundln uI culturul dlvarslty tu Iucllltuta buslnass ubruud.
L|ngu|st|c onthrcpc|cgy ls uItan ullad tu tha study uI tha aIIacts uI dlulact dlIIarancas
und suclullnulstlc vurlutlun ln suclaty und wlthln aducutlunul sattlns.
THE STUDY DF HUmAN CULTURE
/nlhropo|og|sls sludy o|| ospcls ol ||v|ng ond h|slor|c
humon cu|ture lrom o|| soc|l|s ocross lh g|ob. Cu|luro|
onlhropo|og|sls sludy cu|luro| s|m||or|l|s ond d|llrncs
ond lh woys |n wh|ch ospcls ol cu|lur chong ovr l|m
ond |n ossoc|ol|on w|lh olhr cu|luro| lro|ls. Ihy procl|c
ethncgrophy ond ethnc|cgy, drow|ng on cross-cu|luro|
v|dnc lo spol s|m||or|l|s ond d|llrncs ocross cu|lurs
ond dv|op lhor|s oboul soc|o| ond cu|luro| syslms.
LANGUAGE AND CDmmUNlCATlDN
Longuoge ls u cunlax varbul synbullc systan und u dlstln-
ulshln chuructarlstlc uI ull hunun culturas.
Althuuh tha tlnln uI tha urllns uI lunuua ranulns unclaur,
unthruululsts uraa thut tha cuuclty Iur lunuua.
. ls shurad by ull nudarn hununs
2. ls cruclul tu tha trunsnlsslun uI cultura
3. Dlstlnulshas hununs Irun tha rast uI tha unlnul klndun.
Nunhunun rlnutas usa co|| systems tu cunnunlcuta, und
chlnunaas und urlllus nuy ba tuuht sln lunuua but
huva nut lnvantad systans uI sln lunuua lndaandantly.
Lunuua Iauturas tha Iulluwln alanants.
Phcneme: Tha snullast unlt uI lntallllbla suund ln u lvan
lunuua.
Mcrpheme: Tha snullast unlt ln u lvan lunuua thut
ussassas naunln (l.a., usuully u wurd).
Lex|ccn: A llst, such us u dlctlunury, uI tha naunlns uI ull
tha nurhanas ln u lvan lunuua.
5yntox: Tha nunnar ln whlch wurds ura urunlad lntu
hrusas und santancas.
Ccmpetence. Tha tutul knuwlada und cuuclty tu sauk
und undarstund u lunuua ussassad by un lndlvlduul.
Perfcrmonce: Tha usa uI saach wlthln urtlculur suclul
clrcunstuncas.
5op|r-Whcrf hypcthes|s: Aruas thut, just us cultura lnIu-
ancas lunuua, lunuua llkawlsa lnIuancas cultura.
Edwurd Sulr und Banjunln Laa WhurI cuntand thut dlIIarant
lunuuas Iustar dlIIarant wuys uI thlnkln ubuut tha wurld.
Fcco| vccobu|or|es: Sats uI wurds thut ussass lnurtunt dls-
tlnctluns tu urtlculur ruus, such us tha nunaruus wurds Iur
dlIIarant tyas uI snuw ln tha lunuua uI tha lnult, ur Esklnus.
5cc|c||ngu|st|cs: Tha study uI lunuua usa us u raIactlun uI
suclul dlIIarancas. Saach uttarns vury unun nanbars uI
dlIIarant athnlcltlas, clussas, und andars wlthln u suclaty, und
ulsu vury ut tha lndlvlduul laval wlthln dlIIarant suclul sattlns.
H|stcr|co| ||ngu|st|cs: Tha study und uttantad racun-
structlun uI ust lunuuas Irun llvln lunuuas und wrlt-
tan racurds. Hlsturlcul llnulsts hua tu usa knuwlada uI
unclant lunuuas tu shad llht un uncastrul ralutlunshls
und uttarns uI lntaructlun batwaan culturas.
Cune|fcrm: Tha aurllast systan uI wrltln, cunslstln uI
lnrassad nurks ln cluy (Sunarlu, c. 3400 BCE).
H|ercg|yph|cs: A systan uI wrltln tylcully racurdad un
uyrus (Eyt, c. 3100 BCE).
K|nes|cs: Tha study uI ncnverbo| ccmmun|cot|cn. Klnaslcs
axunlnas tha trunsIar uI lnIurnutlun thruuh budy nutlun,
stunca, Iuclul axrasslun, und astura.
ECDNDmlC SYSTEmS
Whan unthruululsts study acununlc systans, thay cunsldar
tha vuryln wuys ln whlch hunun ruus lntaruct dlractly wlth
thalr anvlrunnant und clrculuta tha synbullc und nutarlul
rasuurcas nacassury tu nulntuln thalr wuy uI llIa.
5ubs|stence stroteg|es: Schulurs huva ldantlIad Iuur nuln sub-
s|stence stroteg|es Iur nunlndustrlul hunun ruus, una lnvulv-
ln tha cullactlun uI wlld Iuud rasuurcas und tha uthar thraa
lnvulvln Iurns uI Iuud ruductlun. Subslstanca wlthln lndustrl-
ul suclatlas dlIIars (see Tha Mudarn Wurld Systan, |ext Je).
. Fcrog|ng (hunt|ng ond gother|ng[: Subslstanca Irun cullact-
ln wlld lunts und unlnuls. All ust hununs und hunun uncas-
turs ubtulnad subslstanca axcluslvaly Irun Iuruln Iur nlllluns
uI yaurs baIura tha udvant uI Iuud ruductlun (c. 8000 BCE).
2. Hcrt|cu|ture: Cultlvutlun uI u wlda vurlaty uI crus wlth
slnla tuuls und tachnlquas ln snull, tanurury urdans.
Hurtlculturullsts nuy usa s|osh ond burn techn|ques, claur-
ln und subsaquantly burnln urtluns uI Iurast ln urdar tu
ralanlsh nutrlants ln tha sull.
3. Agr|cu|ture ( |ntens|ve ogr|cu|ture[: lntanslva cultlvutlun uI
u Iaw stula crus ln arnunant Ialds, usln lubur-lntanslva
tachnlquas such us lrrlutlun und tarrucln.
4. Postcro||sm: Subslstanca rlnurlly Irun tandln hards uI
dunastlcutad unlnuls. Subslstanca ls sulanantad by Iur-
uln, suna cultlvutln, ur trudln wlth cultlvutln ruus.
Anthruululsts study acununlc systans thruuh tha trudltlun-
ul dlvlsluns uI ruductlun, dlstrlbutlun, und cunsuntlun.
Prcduct|cn: Tha mcde cf prcduct|cn ls tha nunnar ln whlch
ruductlun ls urunlad tu naat tha naad Iur subslstanca
und uthar nutarlul uuds. Anthruululsts dlstlnulsh twu
rlnury nudas uI ruductlun.
K|n-bosed: Muda uI ruductlun ln whlch Iunlly und kln ruus
ura tha rlnury nauns uI urunlln lubur und ruductlun.
|ndustr|o||zed: Muda uI ruductlun lnvulvln nachunlad
urlcultura und ruductlun ln Iucturlas.
D|str|but|cn: Alsu knuwn us exchonge, dlstrlbutlun lnvulvas
tha wuy ln whlch ruducad uuds ura clrculutad ur ullucutad
unun nanbars uI u ruu. Anthruululsts dlstlnulsh
thraa rlnury systans uI axchuna.
kec|prcc|ty: Exchuna wlthuut tha usa uI nunay.
Cenero||zed rec|prcc|ty: Exchuna uI lIts.
8o|onced rec|prcc|ty: Burtar ur axchuna uI uuds uI
aquul vulua.
ked|str|but|cn: Accunulutlun uI uuds by u laudar ur can-
trullad lnstltutlun, uItan ln u chlaIdun, und subsaquant
dlstrlbutlun tu tha nanbars uI tha ruu.
Morket exchonge (ccmmerc|o| exchonge[: A ruIt-
nutlvutad systan ln whlch tha vulua uI uuds ls subjact
tu suly und danund.
Ccnsumpt|cn: Acqulsltlun uI uuds und sarvlcas tu ubtuln
subslstanca und naat uthar naads und daslras.
PDLlTlCAL SYSTEmS
Anthruululcul study uI pc||t|co| systems hus ravaulad raut
vurlutlun ln tha wuys suclatlas urunla thansalvas. Eurly unthru-
ululsts ldantlIad fcur e|ementory fcrms uI suclul und ulltlcul
urunlutlun. Anthruululsts tuduy, huwavar, du nut thlnk thut
suclatlas nacassurlly balun axcluslvaly tu una tya uI urunlu-
tlun, ur thut suclatlas nacassurlly avulva Irun una Iurn tu unuthar.
Suclatlas axlst ulun cuntlnuuns runln Irun snull tu lura, Irun
uutununuus tu cantrullad ur hlarurchlcully cuntrullad systans.
. 8ond: A snull, nublla, uutununuus, ruu thut ls k|n-bosed
(ull nanbars ura ralutad thruuh dascant ur nurrlua).
Bunds ura chuructarlstlc uI hunun ruus whu ubtuln sub-
slstanca thruuh Iuruln.
Laudars uI bunds anarully huva llttla uuthurlty und rula by
arsuuslun ruthar thun cuarclun.
Bunds ura rlnurlly ego||tor|on, ussassln stutus dlIIar-
antlutlun busad sulaly un ua und andar.
2. 1r|be: Tha lntarutlun uI descent grcups, kln-busad ruus
shurln dascant Irun u cunnun uncastur, lntu u lurar uru-
nlutlun. A trlbul suclaty nuy ulsu ancunuss scdo||t|es,
nun-kln-busad ruus such us ua sat ruus, sacrat suclat-
las, und nllltury suclatlas.
Manbars uI trlbas tylcully anua ln nun-lntanslva Iuud
ruductlun, such us hurtlcultura ur usturullsn.
As ln bunds, trlbul laudars, knuwn us heodmen ur v|||oge
heods, huva llttla uuthurlty und rula nulnly by arsuuslun.
Suna trlbul suclatlas huva laudars knuwn us "b|g men"
und "b|g wcmen" whu huva uuthurlty uvar savarul vlllu-
as und, unllka uthar trlbul laudars, unuss rautar waulth
thun uthar nanbars uI suclaty.
3. Ch|efdcm: A ulltlcul ruu thut lntarutas nultlla cunnunl-
tlas undar tha cuntrul uI u slnla lndlvlduul, u ch|ef. A chlaIdun
ls trunsltlunul batwaan u trlba und u stuta. cunnunltlas wlthln
u chlaIdun ura kln-busad us ln trlbas, but tha suclaty ls chur-
uctarlad by suclul strutlIcutlun us ln stuta-laval suclatlas.
Must chlaIduns ructlca lntanslva hurtlcultura ur urlcul-
tura, thuuh usturul chlaIduns ura knuwn us wall.
Tha acununlc systan uI chlaIduns ls chuructarlad by
radlstrlbutlun (see Ecununlc Systans, Juve |elt).
4. 5tote: A suclaty uvarnad by u cantrullad, hlarurchlcul ulltlcul
systan. Stutas ura chuructarlad by lntanslva urlcultura und by
tha cuntrul uI surlus urlculturul ruductlun by u rulln allta.
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
c. I500 BCE
Peru
c. 200 BCE
gypt
c. 3I00 BCE
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
c. 3500 BCE
|ndus Vo||ey
c. 2500 BCE
Ch|no
c. I750 BCE
morried lo
Key
mole
Ap|co| oncestcr
(femo|e[
lemole
descended lrom
sibling ol
Ap|co| oncestcr
(mo|e[
Motr|||neo| descent grcup
lmembers ol lhe kin group ore in greenl
Potr|||neo| descent grcup
Cove po|nt|ng, Loscoux, Fronce, c. 7,000-3,000 8C
Venus hgur|ne,
Upper Po|ec||th|c
SPARKClAR1S
"
Anthropology page L of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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2. Usa uI hre
LDWER PALEDLlTHlC
tu ubuut 400,000-350,000 BCE.
mlDDLE PALEDLlTHlC
UPPER PALEDLlTHlC
ln Irun 28,000-2,000 BCE.
ranulns unclaur.
keg|cn F|rst
Dcmest|cot|cn
P|onts/An|mo|s
Dcmest|coted
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
5000 BC|
wolr chslnul
o|pocos, gu|no p|gs
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
dogs, lur|ys
ostern Ncrth
Amer|co
5ub-5ohoron
Afr|co
/lr|con r|c, yoms
KlNSHlP AND DESCENT
Suna axunlas ura.
knuwn llnks.
nul uncla.
mARRlAGE
wlth auch uthar.
julnad by nurrlua.
Iunlly uI tha nun.
GENDER
nulas und Ianulas.
dar strutlIcutlun.
RELlGlDN
rul usslstunca.
THE ARTS
antlty ln ltsalI.
tha wurld.
lunuua.
clrcunstuncas.
ECDNDmlC SYSTEmS
aquul vulua.
tu suly und danund.
PDLlTlCAL SYSTEmS
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
c. I500 BCE
Peru
c. 200 BCE
gypt
c. 3I00 BCE
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
c. 3500 BCE
|ndus Vo||ey
c. 2500 BCE
Ch|no
c. I750 BCE
morried lo
Key
mole
Ap|co| oncestcr
(femo|e[
lemole
descended lrom
sibling ol
Ap|co| oncestcr
(mo|e[
Venus hgur|ne,
Upper Po|ec||th|c
SPARKClAR1S
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Anthropology page G of G 1his downloadable PLl oopyright POOL by Sparklotes LLC.
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2. Usa uI hre
LDWER PALEDLlTHlC
tu ubuut 400,000-350,000 BCE.
mlDDLE PALEDLlTHlC
UPPER PALEDLlTHlC
ln Irun 28,000-2,000 BCE.
ranulns unclaur.
keg|cn F|rst
Dcmest|cot|cn
P|onts/An|mo|s
Dcmest|coted
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
5000 BC|
wolr chslnul
o|pocos, gu|no p|gs
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
dogs, lur|ys
ostern Ncrth
Amer|co
5ub-5ohoron
Afr|co
/lr|con r|c, yoms
KlNSHlP AND DESCENT
Suna axunlas ura.
knuwn llnks.
nul uncla.
mARRlAGE
wlth auch uthar.
julnad by nurrlua.
Iunlly uI tha nun.
GENDER
nulas und Ianulas.
dar strutlIcutlun.
RELlGlDN
rul usslstunca.
THE ARTS
antlty ln ltsalI.
tha wurld.
lunuua.
clrcunstuncas.
ECDNDmlC SYSTEmS
aquul vulua.
tu suly und danund.
PDLlTlCAL SYSTEmS
Centro| Mex|cc
(Mescomer|co[
c. I500 BCE
Peru
c. 200 BCE
gypt
c. 3I00 BCE
Neor ost
(Mescpctom|o[
c. 3500 BCE
|ndus Vo||ey
c. 2500 BCE
Ch|no
c. I750 BCE
morried lo
Key
mole
Ap|co| oncestcr
(femo|e[
lemole
descended lrom
sibling ol
Ap|co| oncestcr
(mo|e[
Venus hgur|ne,
Upper Po|ec||th|c

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