DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

To make an Information transmission from one point to another through a computer network, the information should be either in digital or analog signal. So, there two types of conversion that is digital-to-digital conversion & analog-to-digital conversion.

DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
Line Coding Binary data to digital conversion. Self Synchronization The ability to maintain timing between sender and receiver. DC Components Undesirable residual direct current Extra energy and its useless Schemes Unipolar 1 = non-zero level & 0 =zero level Presence of DC Component and lack of sync because of long series of 1 or 0. Polar NRZ NRZ-Level Nonreturn to Zero 1 = negative & 0 =positive NRZ-invert Only inversion happens at bit 1. RZ [Return to Zero] 0 = negative to Zero 1 = positive to Zero 2 signal changes to encode each bit More bandwidth required Manchester 0 = positive to negative 1 = negative to positive Wastes bandwidth for long 1s or 0s

Differential Manchester Inversion in the middle of bit interval for Sync 0 = transition 1 = no transition Wastes bandwidth for long runs of 0s Bipolar 0 = zero level 1 = alternating positive and negative Less bandwidth than Manchester coding Sync loss for long 0s

Analog-to-Digital Conversion PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) A PCM encoder has three processes: 1.Sampling: The analog signal is sampled 2.Quantization: The sampled signal is quantized 3.Encoding: The quantized values are encoded as stream of bits.

Sampling : The process of generating pulses of zero width and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal. The no. of pulses per second is called sampling rate.

Quantization: The process of dividing the maximum value of the analog signal into a fixed no. of levels in order to convert the PAM into a Binary Code. The levels obtained are called quanization levels.