EE101: Resonance in RLC Circuits: M. B. Patil

EE101: Resonance in RLC circuits
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Resonance in series RLC circuits
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As is varied, both Im and change.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As is varied, both Im and change. max = Vm /R , and * When L = 1/ C , Im reaches its maximum value, Im becomes 0, i.e., the current I is in phase with the applied voltage.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As is varied, both Im and change. max = Vm /R , and * When L = 1/ C , Im reaches its maximum value, Im becomes 0, i.e., the current I is in phase with the applied voltage. * The above condition is called resonance, and the corresponding frequency is called the resonance frequency (0 ). 0 = 1/ LC
VR I Vm 0
VL
VC
Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F
0 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.
f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F
0 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases. * As 0, the term 1/ C dominates, and /2.
f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F 90
f0
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases. * As 0, the term 1/ C dominates, and /2. * As , the term L dominates, and /2.
f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F 90
f0
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases. * As 0, the term 1/ C dominates, and /2. * As , the term L dominates, and /2. (SEQUEL le: ee101 reso rlc 1.sqproj)
VR I Vm 0
VL Imax m Imax m / 2 VC
0 1 0 2
VR I Vm 0
0 1 0 2
* The maximum power that can be absorbed by the resistor is 1 2 1 ` max 2 /R . P max = I R = Vm 2 m 2
VR I Vm 0
0 1 0 2
max /2, i.e., the * Dene 1 and 2 (see gure) as frequencies at which Im = Im power absorbed by R is P max /2.
VR I Vm 0
0 1 0 2
max /2, i.e., the * Dene 1 and 2 (see gure) as frequencies at which Im = Im power absorbed by R is P max /2. * The bandwidth of a resonant circuit is dened as B = 2 1 , and the quality factor as Q = 0 /B . Quality is a measure of the sharpness of the Im versus frequency relationship.
Vm Im = p . R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 For = , Im = I max = Vm /R .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
max /2 . For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Im
0 1 0 2
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
max /2 . For = 1 or = 2 , Im = Im 1 2 Vm R Vm
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC * Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R /L .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC * Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R /L . * Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC * Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R /L . * Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R . * Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |VL | = |VC | = Q Vm .
0 m
Imax m max Im / 2
0 1 0 2
= p R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
for = 1,2 .
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC * Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R /L . * Quality Q = 0 /B = 0 L/R . * Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |VL | = |VC | = Q Vm . * Show that 0 = 1 2 .
VR I = Im Vm 0
VL
90 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) L = 1 mH C = 1 F R = 10 R = 20 0 R = 10 R = 20
VC
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
As R is increased,
VR I = Im Vm 0
VL
VC
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
As R is increased, * The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes broader.
VR I = Im Vm 0
VL
VC
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
As R is increased, * The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes broader. max = Vm /R ). * The maximum current (at = 0 ) decreases (since Im
VR I = Im Vm 0
VL
VC
0 102
103
104
105
90 102
103
104
105
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
As R is increased, * The quality factor Q = 0 L/R decreases, i.e., Im versus curve becomes broader. max = Vm /R ). * The maximum current (at = 0 ) decreases (since Im * The resonance frequency (0 = 1/ LC ) is not aected.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * For < 0 , L < 1/ C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads the applied voltage.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * For < 0 , L < 1/ C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads the applied voltage. * For = 0 , L = 1/ C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current is in phase with the applied voltage.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * For < 0 , L < 1/ C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads the applied voltage. * For = 0 , L = 1/ C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current is in phase with the applied voltage. * For > 0 , L > 1/ C , the net impedance is inductive, and the current lags the applied voltage.
I VR Vm 0 VL VC
I= Im
Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * For < 0 , L < 1/ C , the net impedance is capacitive, and the current leads the applied voltage. * For = 0 , L = 1/ C , the net impedance is purely resistive, and the current is in phase with the applied voltage. * For > 0 , L > 1/ C , the net impedance is inductive, and the current lags the applied voltage. * Let us look at an example (next slide).

1 0.1 f =4.3 kHz
1 i 1
0.1 0.1 f =5 kHz f0
Vs
1 R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F 0 1
0.1 0.1 f =5.9 kHz
0 Vs (V) (left axis)
1
0 100 200 300
0.1
400
i (A) (right axis)
Time (sec)
Resonance in series RLC circuits: phasor diagrams

VR I Vs VC R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F
4
VL
VL
VL
1
VL
VR Im(V)
0
Vs Vs , VR VL VC VC VL VR VR VR
Vs
VC f = 4.3 kHz f = f0 5 kHz

1 0 1 2 1 0
f = 5.9 kHz
1 2
4 1 0 1 2
Re(V)
Re(V)
Re(V)
Resonance in parallel RLC circuits
IR Im 0
IL
IC V
Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + j C + 1/j L (G = 1/R ) . Im 0 Im V= = Vm , where G + j C + 1/j L G + j ( C 1/ L) Im C 1/ L Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2
IR Im 0
IL
IC V
Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + j C + 1/j L (G = 1/R ) . Im 0 Im V= = Vm , where G + j C + 1/j L G + j ( C 1/ L) Im C 1/ L Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * As is varied, both Vm and change.
IR Im 0
IL
IC V
Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + j C + 1/j L (G = 1/R ) . Im 0 Im V= = Vm , where G + j C + 1/j L G + j ( C 1/ L) Im C 1/ L Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * As is varied, both Vm and change. max = Im /G = Im R , and * When C = 1/ L, Vm reaches its maximum value, Vm becomes 0, i.e., the voltage V is in phase with the source current.
IR Im 0
IL
IC V
Im 0 = Y V, where Y = G + j C + 1/j L (G = 1/R ) . Im 0 Im V= = Vm , where G + j C + 1/j L G + j ( C 1/ L) Im C 1/ L Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * As is varied, both Vm and change. max = Im /G = Im R , and * When C = 1/ L, Vm reaches its maximum value, Vm becomes 0, i.e., the voltage V is in phase with the source current. * The above condition is called resonance, and the corresponding frequency is called the resonance frequency (0 ). 0 = 1/ LC
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions: I V, R 1/R , L C.
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions: I V, R 1/R , L C. * Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC circuits.
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions: I V, R 1/R , L C. * Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC circuits. s 2 1 1 1 * Show that 1,2 = + + 2RC 2RC LC Bandwidth B = 1/RC .
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions: I V, R 1/R , L C. * Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC circuits. s 2 1 1 1 * Show that 1,2 = + + 2RC 2RC LC Bandwidth B = 1/RC . * Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |IL | = |IC | = Q Im .
Vm L 1/ C Series RLC circuit: Im = p . , = tan1 R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 Im C 1/ L Parallel RLC circuit: Vm = p . , = tan1 G G 2 + ( C 1/ L)2 * The two situations are identical if we make the following substitutions: I V, R 1/R , L C. * Thus, our results for series RLC circuits can be easily extended to parallel RLC circuits. s 2 1 1 1 * Show that 1,2 = + + 2RC 2RC LC Bandwidth B = 1/RC . * Show that 0 = * Show that, at resonance (i.e., = 0 ), |IL | = |IC | = Q Im . 1 2 .
Resonance in parallel RLC circuits: home work
IR Im 0
IL
IC V
Im = 50 mA R = 2 k L = 40 mH C = 0.25 F
* Calculate 0 , f0 , B , Q . * Calculate IR , IL , IC at = 0 , 1 , 2 . * Verify graphically that IR + IL + IC = Is in each case. * Plot the power absorbed by R as a function of frequency for f0 /10 < f < 10 f0 .

EE101: Resonance in RLC Circuits: M. B. Patil

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EE101: Resonance in RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) L 1/ C Vm . , = tan1 = p R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As is varied, both Im and change.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases.

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm L 1/ C Im = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 * As deviates from 0 , Im decreases. * As 0, the term 1/ C dominates, and /2.

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F 90

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

f0 VR I Vm 0 VC VL 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) R = 10 L = 1 mH C = 1 F 90

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2 R = ( L 1/ C ) . Solving for (and discarding negative solutions), we get s R R 2 1 1,2 = + + . 2L 2L LC * Bandwidth B = 2 1 = R /L .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) L = 1 mH C = 1 F R = 10 R = 20 0 R = 10 R = 20

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) L = 1 mH C = 1 F R = 10 R = 20 0 R = 10 R = 20

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) L = 1 mH C = 1 F R = 10 R = 20 0 R = 10 R = 20

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

90 0.1 Im (A) (degrees) L = 1 mH C = 1 F R = 10 R = 20 0 R = 10 R = 20

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Resonance in series RLC circuits

Vm 0 Vm = Im , where R + j L + 1/j C R + j ( L 1/ C ) Vm L 1/ C = p , = tan1 . R R 2 + ( L 1/ C )2