Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 25

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6JKU IWKFGDQQM GXQNXGF HTQO O[ YQTM CV VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH 'NGEVTKECN CPF %QOOWPKECVKQPU 'PIKPGGTKPI QH VJG *GNUKPMK 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6GEJPQNQI[ YJKNG UWRGTXKUKPI UVWFGPVU OCLQTKPI KP 6GNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU UKPEG UWOOGT  + JCXG HQWPF O[UGNH GZRNCKPKPI VJG UCOG UVQTKGU QXGT CPF QXGT CICKP UQ + FGEKFGF VQ UCXG O[ CPF O[ UVWFGPVU VKOG CPF RWV VJGO QP RCRGT 6JG IWKFGNKPGU CTG DCUGF QP O[ RGTUQPCN XKGY QH YJCV C IQQF FKRNQOC VJGUKU UJQWNF DG NKMG C ENGCT CPF KPVGTGUVKPI CEEQWPV QH C RTQDNGO UQNXGF PQV C FWNN CPF OGUU[ RKNG QH FCVC +V KU ETWEKCN VJCV VJG UVWFGPV OCMGU KV ENGCT VQ VJG TGCFGT
CPF JKOUGNHJGTUGNH  YJ[ VJG VJGUKU JCU DGGP YTKVVGP CPF VQ YJKEJ SWGUVKQP KV UJQWNF RTQXKFG CP CPUYGT 1PEG VJKU KU FQPG RTQRGTN[ VJG TGOCKPKPI RTQDNGOU NKMG VJG UVTWEVWTG CPF VJG YKFVJ QH VJG OCTIKPU YKNN DG GCU[ VQ UQNXG + JCXG NGCTPGF VQ XKGY VJG YTKVKPI KVUGNH CU C RTQEGUU VJCV FQGU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ RTQEGGF CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG VCDNG QH EQPVGPVU DWV KU IWKFGF D[ VJG KPVGTPCN NQIKE CPF F[PCOKEU QH VJG YQTM KVUGNH +P VJG VKRU + JCXG GORJCUK\GF RTQDNGOU VJCV CTG WUWCNN[ C RTQDNGO /[ RQKPV QH XKGY KU RTCEVKECN CPF KU DCUGF QP GZRGTKGPEG + JCXG JQYGXGT VTKGF VQ EQPHQTO YKVJ VJG QHHKEKCN TGIWNCVKQPU (QT VJKU RWTRQUG + QDVCKPGF XCNWCDNG CFXKEG HTQO VJG RNCPPKPI QHHKEGT +TOGNK -CNNKQUCNOK YJKEJ KU YGNN YQTVJ VJG NQUV FQPWVU CPF EQHHGG  VJCPMU +TOGNK +P KVU XCTKQWU RJCUGU VJG OCPWUETKRV YCU EQOOGPVGF QP ECTGHWNN[ D[ O[ EQNNGCIWGU #TLC *PPKPGP /KMC +NXGUOMK 4CKOQ -CPVQNC 'TMMK .CMGTXK 5GRRQ 1XCUMC #TK 5KJXQNC ,QTOC 5M[VV 5GRRQ 7WUKVWRC ,QTOC 8KTVCOQ -KTUK 8QKRKQ CPF 8GUC 8NKOMK HQT YJKEJ VJG[ FGUGTXG PQV QPN[ VJCPMU DWV CNUQ EQHHGG YKVJ ECMG  -KTUK CNUQ HQT JGT UMKNNHWN YQTM QP VJG NC[QWV QH VJG IWKFG 6JG JKNCTKQWU HKIWTGU YGTG ETGCVGF D[ 6WKLC -CWJCPGP VJCPMU HQT VJCV VQQ 6JG 'PINKUJ VTCPUNCVKQP KU O[ QYP DWV VJG NCPIWCIG YCU EJGEMGF D[ /KEJCGN *CNN YJKEJ KU ITCVGHWNN[ CEMPQYNGFIGF 6JCPMU CNUQ VQ CNN UVWFGPVU PQY FKRNQOC GPIKPGGTU YJQ EJQUG OG VQ DG VJG UWRGTXKUQT QH VJGKT VJGUGU CPF YJQ IWKFGF OG KP VJG FKHHKEWNV DWV TGYCTFKPI CTV QH YTKVKPI CPF UWRGTXKUKPI C FKRNQOC VJGUKU 1VCPKGOK /C[  6KOQ .CCMUQ 25 %QOOGPVU CTG YGNEQOG GI D[ GOCKN VQ VKOQNCCMUQ"JWVHK

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(QTGYQTF  %QPVGPVU     +PVTQFWEVKQP   6JG EJQKEGU QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU             6JG VQRKE   6JG VKVNG   6JG NCPIWCIG   %NCUUKHKGF VJGUKU! +PVTQFWEVKQP .KVGTCVWTG TGXKGY  1YP EQPVTKDWVKQP  %QPENWUKQPU .GXGNU QH YTKVKPI 

6JG UVTWEVWTG 

*QY VQ UVCTV!      9JGTG VQ UVQR!  4GHGTGPEGU CPF VJGKT WUG +PUVTWEVKQP CPF UWRGTXKUKQP 2TQDNGOU         # # 6JGTG KU PQ VKOG VQ YTKVG VJG FKRNQOC VJGUKU  6JG KPUVTWEVQT CPF VJG UWRGTXKUQT FQ PQV JGNR  6JG VJGUKU GZRNQFGU 6JG TGUWNVU CTG DCF  9TKVKPI C VJGUKU FQGU PQV KPVGTGUV CV CNN 

#HVGT VJG VJGUKU  4GHGTGPEGU  %JGEM NKUV HQT UVWFGPVU OCLQTKPI KP 6GNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU VGEJPQNQI[ &KRNQOC VJGUKU RTGUGPVCVKQP



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# FKRNQOC VJGUKU KU WUWCNN[ VJG OQUV CODKVKQWU NKVGTCT[ GHHQTV QH VJG YTKVGT WR VQ VJCV RQKPV KP VKOG 6JG TGSWKTGF UMKNNU CTG RTGXKQWUN[ RTCEVKEGF KP YTKVKPI TGRQTVU HQT NCDQTCVQT[ CUUKIPOGPVU QT RTQLGEVU 6JG UVWFGPVU UMKNNU FQ XCT[ HQT UQOG KV KU GCU[ VQ YTKVG ENGCTN[ YJKNG UQOG RTQFWEG C OGUU HTQO YJKEJ KV KU FKHHKEWNV VQ KFGPVKH[ GKVJGT ITCOOCT QT UVTWEVWTG 9TKVKPI KP C HQTGKIP NCPIWCIG RTQFWEGU [GV QVJGT MKPFU QH RTQDNGOU 6JG RWTRQUG QH VJKU IWKFGDQQM KU VQ JGNR KP VJG UJCRKPI CPF YTKVKPI QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU KP UGVVKPI VJG IQCNU CPF ETGCVKPI VJG UVTWEVWTG 6JG OCKP HQEWU KU QP VJG YTKVKPI VJCV KU JQY VQ VTCPUHQTO VJG EJCQVKE OCVGTKCN KP VJG YTKVGT U JGCF KPVQ C YGNNQTICPK\GF CPF GCU[VQTGCF YTKVVGP TGRQTV VJCV OGGVU VJG TGSWKTGOGPVU QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU + YKNN RC[ NGUU CVVGPVKQP VQ HQTOCVVKPI KUUWGU NKMG TGHGTGPEG HQTOCVU QT YKFVJU QH OCTIKPU DGECWUG QVJGT IWKFGDQQMU GZKUV HQT VJCV RWTRQUG 4GEQOOGPFGF TGCFKPI KPENWFGU VJG &GITGG 4GIWNCVKQPU QH *76 =? VJG QHHKEKCN IWKFGNKPGU QH VJG &GRV QH '%' =? CPF UQOG QVJGT IWKFGDQQMU HQT YTKVKPI =? YJGTG VJG GORJCUKU QH GCEJ IWKFGDQQM FGRGPFU QP VJG DCEMITQWPF QH VJG YTKVGT 9JKNG YTKVKPI [QWT VJGUKU KV KU TGEQOOGPFGF VJCV [QW TGCF FKHHGTGPV IWKFGDQQMU CPF WUG YGNNYTKVVGP VJGUGU CU OQFGNU VJCV [QW VCNM YKVJ RGQRNG CDQWV [QWT VJGUKU CPF FKUVTKDWVG VJG VGZV VQ OCP[ TGCFGTU CPF VJCV [QW FCTG VQ OQFKH[ KV YKVJQWV OGTE[ 9TKVKPI [QWT VJGUKU KU QPG QH VJG TCTG QRRQTVWPKVKGU VQ NGCTP VQ YTKVG ENGCTN[ CDQWV [QWT HKGNF QH GZRGTVKUG UQ WUG KV



6*' %*1+%'5 1( # &+2.1/# 6*'5+5

 6JG VQRKE 6JG &GITGG 4GIWNCVKQPU UVCVG COQPI QVJGTU VJG HQNNQYKPI
HTGG VTCPUNCVKQP  6JG FKRNQOC VJGUKU OWUV DG YTKVVGP CDQWV C URGEKHKE VQRKE KP VJG VGCEJKPI CTGC QH VJG HCEWNV[ VJCV KU OWVWCNN[ CITGGF QP D[ VJG UVWFGPV CPF VJG VGCEJGT YJQ KU CP GZRGTV QP VJCV CTGC 6JG FKRNQOC VJGUKU KU WUWCNN[ YTKVVGP HQT VJG RTQHGUUQT KP VJG HKGNF YJGTG VJG UVWFGPV OCLQTU QT OKPQTU 6JG UVWFGPV OWUV UJQY OCVWTKV[ KP VTGCVKPI VJG UWDLGEV = h? #EEQTFKPI VQ C VTCFKVKQPCN KPVGTRTGVCVKQP UWHHKEKGPV OCVWTKV[ KU RTQXGP D[ FGOQPUVTCVKPI VJCV VJG UVWFGPV ECP  KPFGRGPFGPVN[ CESWKTG CPF FKIGUV KPHQTOCVKQP  CRRN[ JKUJGT MPQYNGFIG VQ RTCEVKECN RTQDNGOU 6JKU OGCPU VJCV VJG VJGUKU UJQWNF EQPVCKP C NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY
C UWTXG[ QH YJCV JCU DGGP FQPG DGHQTG CPF CP GZRGTKOGPVCN RCTV +P IQQF QNF VKOGU VJG GZRGTKOGPVCN RCTV YCU SWKVG QDXKQWU QPG EQPUVTWEVGF C FGXKEG QT C RTQITCO YJKEJ YCU VJGP VGUVGF CPF GXCNWCVGF 0QYCFC[U KV KU KPETGCUKPIN[ EQOOQP VJCV C FKRNQOC VJGUKU HQEWUGU QP UVCPFCTFU QT RTQLGEV RNCPPKPI OGVJQFU CPF VJG VJGUKU OC[ VJWU EQPUKUV UQNGN[ QH NKVGTCT[ YQTM 'XGP KP VJKU ECUG VJG QYP EQPVTKDWVKQP UJQWNF DG ENGCTN[ KFGPVKHKCDNG KPENWFKPI CP CPCN[UKU CPF KPVGTRTGVCVKQP RCTV VJCV ECP DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF HTQO VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY 6JG VQRKE UJQWNF DG ENGCTN[ FGHKPGF CPF UJQWNF DG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ C EQPETGVG QDLGEVKXG VJG OGGVKPI QH YJKEJ UJQWNF DG CUUGUUGF YJGP VJG YQTM KU EQORNGVG 6JKU QDLGEVKXG EQWNF DG GI a) DWKNFKPI C FGXKEG QT RCTV QH KV b) YTKVKPI C EQORWVGT RTQITCO QT RCTV QH KV c) FGXGNQRKPI C OGVJQFQNQI[
GI HQT FQEWOGPV OCPCIGOGPV QT HQT C VGUVKPI U[UVGO d) YTKVKPI C TGRQTV QP C YGNNFGHKPGF VQRKE
GI VJG TGSWKTGOGPVU CPF VJG QHHGTGF RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH UVCPFCTFK\CVKQP e) UEKGPVKHKE TGUGCTEJ 'URGEKCNN[ KP %CUG F VJG QDLGEVKXG OWUV DG UGV YKVJ ITGCV ECTG #KONGUU UVWF[KPI QT CPCN[\KPI KU PQV C IQQF QDLGEVKXG #V VJG EQORNGVKQP QH VJG VJGUKU CNVJQWIJ C NQV QH YQTM JCU DGGP FQPG VJG TGUWNVU OC[ DG CPPQ[KPIN[ OGCIGT 1HVGP KV KU WUGHWN VQ HQTOWNCVG VJG IQCN CU C SWGUVKQP VQ YJKEJ VJG VJGUKU UJQWNF RTQXKFG CP CPUYGT (QT GZCORNG %CP VJG )5/ U[UVGO HQT OQDKNG EQOOWPKECVKQPU DG WUGF HQT NQECVKPI CKTRNCPGU!

6[RG G VJGUGU CTG WUWCNN[ YTKVVGP CV C WPKXGTUKV[ QH VGEJPQNQI[ 6JG VJGUKU OC[ HQTO C RCTV QH C NCTIGT TGUGCTEJ RTQLGEV 9JGP VJG RTQLGEV KU HWPFGF D[ VJG KPFWUVT[ CPF VJG (KPPKUJ 6GEJPQNQI[ &GXGNQROGPV %GPVGT
6'-'5  KV WUWCNN[ JCU QDLGEVKXGU YJKEJ CKO CV KPFWUVTKCN CRRNKECVKQPU GI FGXGNQROGPV QH PGY UKIPCN RTQEGUUKPI CNIQTKVJOU HQT TFIGPGTCVKQP OQDKNG EQOOWPKECVKQP U[UVGOU 6JG RTQLGEV OC[ CNUQ DG DCUKE TGUGCTEJ CPF VJGP VJG HWPFKPI V[RKECNN[ EQOGU HTQO VJG WPKXGTUKV[ QT VJG #ECFGO[ QH (KPNCPF 6JG QDLGEVKXGU QH VJKU MKPF QH FKRNQOC YQTM CTG VJWU ENGCTN[ UEKGPVKHKE 1HVGP VJG YQTM EQPVKPWGU CU C RCTV QH UVWFGPV U ITCFWCVG UVWFKGU
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
(KPPKUJ QT 5YGFKUJ QT KP 'PINKUJ 9TKVKPI KP 'PINKUJ WUWCNN[ CXQKFU VJG RTQDNGOU QH VTCPUNCVKQP QH VGTOKPQNQI[ +H 'PINKUJ KU PQV VJG YTKVGT U OQVJGT VQPIWG C NCPIWCIG EJGEM OC[ DG PGEGUUCT[ CHVGT EQORNGVKPI VJG OCPWUETKRV QT GXGP

DGHQTG VJG RTQHGUUQT TGCFU KV KH VJG NCPIWCIG RTQDNGOU EQPHWUG VJG TGCFKPI VQQ OWEJ 6JG .CPIWCIG CPF %QOOWPKECVKQP %GPVTG QH *76 RTQXKFGU HTGG UGTXKEG HQT EJGEMKPI VJG NCPIWCIG QH VJG CDUVTCEV QH VJG VJGUKU 1PG UJQWNF CNUQ OCMG C EJQKEG DGVYGGP $TKVKUJ CPF #OGTKECP
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h? 6JG VJGUKU OWUV DG QRGP VQ RWDNKE ETKVKEKUO UQ VJCV GTTQTU CPF FGEGRVKQP ECP DG EQTTGEVGF 6JG VQRKE QH VJG VJGUKU UJQWNF DG EJQUGP YKVJ VJKU TGSWKTGOGPV KP OKPF UQ VJCV GXGT[VJKPI VQ DG KPENWFGF KP VJG VJGUKU KU RWDNKE CPF RQUUKDNG EQPHKFGPVKCN OCVGTKCN KU NGHV QWV +V KU WPFGTUVCPFCDNG VJCV QEECUKQPCNN[ C EQORCP[ YQWNF NKMG VQ MGGR VJG VJGUGU YTKVVGP D[ CP GORNQ[GG QWV QH TGCEJ HTQO RQUUKDNG EQORGVKVQTU #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG RTGUGPV TWNGU VJKU UJQWNF DG RQUUKDNG QPN[ KP GZEGRVKQPCN ECUGU 9KVJ ECTGHWN GNCDQTCVKQP KV KU WUWCNN[ RQUUKDNG VQ FGHKPG VJG VQRKE QH VJG VJGUKU KP UWEJ C YC[ VJCV VJG RWDNKECVKQP FQGU PQV RTGUGPV CP[ RTQDNGO

10



6*' 5647%674'
6JG UVTWEVWTG QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU XCTKGU ITGCVN[ #EEQTFKPI VQ O[ QYP GZRGTKGPEG KV KU WUGHWN VQ GORNQ[ VJG HQNNQYKPI DCUKE UVTWEVWTG  +PVTQFWEVKQP  .KVGTCVWTG TGXKGY  1YP EQPVTKDWVKQP  %QPENWUKQPU 6JKU UJQWNF PQV DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU VJG VCDNG QH EQPVGPVU 7UWCNN[ VJG RCTVU FKXKFG KPVQ UGXGTCN EJCRVGTU GURGEKCNN[ VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY RCTV

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
RTQDNGOU YJKEJ VJG VJGUKU UJQWNF CPUYGT
UQNXG  6JG QDLGEVKXGU ECP DG QTICPK\GF JKGTCTEJKECNN[ VJGTG OC[ DG QPG OCKP QDLGEVKXGU YJKEJ KU FKXKFGF KPVQ UGXGTCN UWDIQCNU QT VCUMU 5QOGVKOGU QPN[ VJG OCKP IQCN ECP DG HQTOWNCVGF KP VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP CPF VJG OQTG FGVCKNGF UWDIQCNU CTG DGVVGT NGHV VQ VJG GPF QH VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY  .KVGTCVWTG TGXKGY 6JG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY RCTV UJQWNF RTGUGPV VJG PGEGUUCT[ DCEMITQWPF CPF FGUETKDG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV QH VJG VJGUKU 2TGXKQWUN[ RWDNKUJGF YQTM QP VJG UWDLGEV QH VJG VJGUKU UJQWNF DG VJQTQWIJN[ TGXKGYGF #NUQ KV UJQWNF DG OGPVKQPGF JQY VJKU VJGUKU KU UWRRQUGF VQ KORTQXG QP RTGXKQWU YQTM +P VJKU UGEVKQP VJG YTKVGT FGOQPUVTCVGU JKU OCUVGTKPI QH VJG HKGNF CPF GPUWTGU VJCV JG QT UJG KU PQV TGKPXGPVKPI VJG YJGGN 6JG TGNGXCPV NKVGTCVWTG KU

Prof. Raimo Kantola has developed an alternative four-part model with a slightly different point of view: 1) Problem 2) Methodology 3) Solution 4) Verification. The emphasis is on the methodology which is a systematic way to describe the problem and the environment [15].

11

EQNNGEVGF KP VJG NKUV QH TGHGTGPEGU CV VJG GPF QH VJG VJGUKU 9JGPGXGT TGSWKTGF VJGUG TGHGTGPEGU UJQWNF DG TGHGTTGF VQ KP VJG VGZV
UGG 5GEVKQP  6JG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY UGEVKQP GCUKN[ VGPFU VQ ITQY VQQ NCTIG ;QW UJQWNF EQPVKPWQWUN[ OQPKVQT VJG VGZV CPF TGUVTKEV VJG YTKVKPI VQ VJG CDUQNWVGN[ PGEGUUCT[ KG KPHQTOCVKQP QH KOOGFKCVG TGNGXCPEG VQ VJG UWDLGEV QH VJG VJGUKU 6JG TGHGTGPEG OCVGTKCN PGGF PQV
CPF UJQWNF PQV DG TGYTKVVGP KP VJG VGZV VJG KPVGTGUVGF TGCFGT UJQWNF DG FKTGEVGF VQ TGHGTGPEG NKVGTCVWTG KPUVGCF +V KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV VQ ETKVKECNN[ GXCNWCVG RTGXKQWU UQNWVKQPU CPF PQV LWUV DNKPFN[ TGRGCV VJG HCEVU 6JKU YQTNF KU HWNN QH HCEVU DWV FGGR KPUKIJV KU EQPUKFGTCDN[ OQTG TCTG ;QW UJQWNF CNUQ OCMG KV ENGCT KH C EGTVCKP ENCKO QTKIKPCVGU HTQO [QWT QYP TGUWNV QT QRKPKQP QT HTQO CPQVJGT UQWTEG 5QOGVKOGU VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY FKXKFGU KPVQ UGXGTCN UGEVKQPU EQPEGPVTCVKPI QP FKHHGTGPV CURGEVU QH VJG DCEMITQWPF KPHQTOCVKQP 'URGEKCNN[ KP VJKU ECUG KV KU WUGHWN VQ RTQXKFG C UJQTV KPVTQFWEVKQP CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH GCEJ UGEVKQP CPF VQ UVCVG VJG QDLGEVKXGU QH VJCV RCTV %QTTGURQPFKPIN[ DTKGH EQPENWUKQPU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ UGEVKQP JGNR VQ MGGR VJG HQEWU QP VJG QXGTCNN QDLGEVKXGU QH VJG VJGUKU

 1YP EQPVTKDWVKQP +P VJG QYP EQPVTKDWVKQP RCTV VJG RGTUQPCN YQTM CPF TGUWNVU CTG TGRQTVGF +H VJG VJGUKU KU DCUGF QP VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH C FGXKEG QT C EQORWVGT RTQITCO VJG RTQDNGO CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG FGUKIP KU HKTUV FGHKPGF CHVGT YJKEJ VJG RCVJ NGCFKPI VQ VJG UQNWVKQP QH VJG RTQDNGO KU FGUETKDGF 6JG FKRNQOC VJGUKU KU PQV CP KPUVTWEVKQP OCPWCN QT C JCPFDQQM UWEJ OCVGTKCN UJQWNF QPN[ DG KPENWFGF KP VJG CRRGPFKZ 6JG FKRNQOC VJGUKU UJQWNF VGNN CP

12

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
13

RJ[UKEKUV 4 (G[POCP KU TGRQTVGF VQ JCXG UCKF +H [QW ECPPQV GZRNCKP [QWT YQTM VQ [QWT ITCPFOQVJGT [QW FQ PQV WPFGTUVCPF KV [QWTUGNH 6JG NGXGNU QH YTKVKPI CTG KNNWUVTCVGF D[ VJG RKV OQFGN UJQYP WPFGTPGCVJ 6JG GFIGU QH VJG RKV CTG HQTOGF D[ VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP CPF VJG EQPENWUKQPU YJKEJ CTG CV VJG VQR KP VJG JKGTCTEJ[ QH KPVGNNKIKDKNKV[ &GGR FQYP CV VJG DQVVQO QH VJG RKV CTG VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY CPF VJG QYP EQPVTKDWVKQP YJKEJ HQEWU QP VJG VGEJPKECN FGVCKNU QH VJG YQTM (WTVJGTOQTG VJG RKV OQFGN ECP DG CRRNKGF VQ CP[ UGEVKQP QH VJG VJGUKU 'ZEGRV HQT VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP CPF EQPENWUKQPU KV KU WUGHWN VQ KPENWFG QPG RCTCITCRJ CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH GCEJ UGEVKQP VQ UGV VJG QDLGEVKXGU HQT VJCV RCTVKEWNCT RCTV %QTTGURQPFKPIN[ GCEJ UGEVKQP UJQWNF GPF YKVJ C EQP ENWUKXG RCTCITCRJ 6JKU JGNRU DQVJ VJG TGCFGT CPF VJG YTKVGT VQ MGGR VJG QDLGEVKXGU KP OKPF

14



*19 61 56#46!
6JG DGIKPPKPI KU CNYC[U RCKPHWN 6JG VQRKE QT VKVNG QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU KU WUWCNN[ PQV YGNN FGHKPGF CV VJG DGIKPPKPI CPF VJG YTKVGT OWUV FGHKPG VJG HKPCN VKVNG CPF UEQRG D[ JKOJGTUGNH +V OC[ DG XGT[ JCTF VQ ITCUR UQOG VJKPI VJCV KU PQV HWNN[ WP FGTUVQQF UKPEG VJG YQTM JCU PQV DGGP EQORNGVGF [GV 6JG RTQEGUU KU EQO RNKECVGF DWV C U[UVGOCVKE CRRTQCEJ JGNRU 6Q UVCTV QPG UJQWNF FG HKPG C VGPVCVKXG VKVNG HQT VJG VJGUKU QT CV NGCUV C VQRKE CPF UMGVEJ VJG VCDNG QH EQPVGPVU 6JKU ECP DG FQPG D[ WVKNK\KPI VJG HQWTEQORQPGPV OQFGN RTGUGPVGF CDQXG (KTUV NKUV VJG TQWIJ IQCNU HQT VJG YQTM
+PVTQFWEVKQP  6JGP NKUV CNN VJG HKGNFU VJCV PGGF VQ DG TGXKGYGF
.KVGTCVWTG TGXKGY  0GZV GUVKOCVG YJCV KU PGGFGF HQT VJG QYP RCTV
1YP EQPVTKDWVKQP  (KPCNN[ UQOG MKPF QH J[RQVJGUKU QH VJG TGUWNVU UJQWNF DG NKUVGF
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

15



9*'4' 61 5612!
#EEQTFKPI VQ &GITGG 4GIWNCVKQPU VJG GZVGPV QH VJG FKRNQOC VJGUKU KU  ETGFKV WPKVU = h? QT TQWIJN[ JCNH C [GCT QH HWNNVKOG YQTM 6JG PWODGT QH RCIGU TGSWKTGF FGRGPFU QP VJG VQRKE NKPG URCEKPI PWODGT QH HKIWTGU CPF VJG CRRGPFKEGU 7UWCNN[ VJG PWODGT QH RCIGU KU  +H KV KU OWEJ DGNQY  QT CDQXG  VJG FGHKPKVKQP QH VJG UEQRG QH VJG VJGUKU OC[ PQV DG CRRTQRTKCVG YJKEJ OC[ DG EQPUKFGTGF CU C FKUCFXCPVCIG FWTKPI VJG CEEGRVCPEG RTQEGUU 6JG UEQRG UJQWNF KPKVKCNN[ DG FGHKPGF TCVJGT UNKIJVN[ VQQ PCTTQY VJCP VQQ YKFG 7UWCNN[ VJG UEQRG VGPFU VQ ITQY GCUKN[ YJKNG YTKVKPI YJGTGCU DKI EWVU CHVGTYCTFU CTG OQTG RCKPHWN

16



4'('4'0%'5 #0& 6*'+4 75'


4GHGTGPEGU CTG PGGFGF UQ VJCV VJG YTKVGT ECP C FGOQPUVTCVG VJCV JGUJG MPQYU YJCV JGUJG KU VCNMKPI CDQWV CPF VJCV JGUJG MPQYU VJG TGNGXCPV NKVGTCVWTG CPF D VGNN YJGTG GCEJ HCEV QT ENCKO QTKIKPCVGU HTQO 8GTKHKCDNG HCEVU KPETGCUG VJG ETGFKDKNKV[ QH VJG VGZV +H VJG YTKVGT ENCKOU VJCV (KPNCPF JCU VJG NCTIGUV OQDKNG RJQPG RGPGVTCVKQP KP VJG YQTNF KV KU OWEJ OQTG EQPXKPEKPI KH JGUJG ECP EKVG CP CTVKENG QT TGUGCTEJ TGRQTV YJGTG VJKU UVCVGOGPV KU RTQXGP +H EGTVCKP KPHQTOCVKQP KU C TGUWNV QH QPG U QYP YQTM QT VJKPMKPI CNUQ VJCV UJQWNF DG OCFG ENGCT 6JG PWODGT QH TGHGTGPEGU XCTKGU DWV KH VJG TGHGTGPEG NKUV EQPUKUVU QH NGUU VJCP  TGHGTGPEGU VJG YTKVGT U OCUVGTKPI QH VJG HKGNF KU KP SWGUVKQP 6JGTG CTG OCP[ GUVCDNKUJGF HQTOCVU HQT RTGUGPVKPI VJG TGHGTGPEG FCVC YJKEJ CTG FKUEWUUGF KP TGHGTGPEG =? +V KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV C IKXGP TGHGTGPEG ECP DG HQWPF DCUGF QP VJG RTGUGPVGF FCVC CPF VJCV VJG EJQUGP HQTOCV KU WUGF EQPUKUVGPVN[ # RQRWNCT EKVCVKQP HQTOCV KU VJG UQECNNGF *CTXCTF U[UVGO YJGTG VJG TGHGTGPEG KU KFGPVKHKGF D[ VJG PCOG
U QH VJG CWVJQT
U CPF VJG RWDNKUJKPI [GCT
GI =.CCMUQ CPF .KKOCVCKPGP ?  #EEQTFKPI VQ CPQVJGT EKVCVKQP HQTOCV VJG TGHGTGPEG KU KFGPVKHKGF D[ C PWODGT KP DTCEMGVU
GI =?  /[ RGTUQPCN HCXQTKVG HQT C FKRNQOC VJGUKU V[RG QH YQTM KU C OKZGF U[UVGO YJGTG VJG EKVCVKQP EQFG EQPUKUVU QH VJG HKTUV VJTGG NGVVGTU QH VJG HCOKN[ PCOG QH VJG HKTUV CWVJQT CPF VJG VYQ NCUV FKIKVU QH VJG RWDNKUJKPI [GCT
GI =.CC?  (QT VJG VGEJPKECN OCPCIGOGPV QH VJG TGHGTGPEGU VJGTG GZKUV FGFKECVGF UQHVYCTG RCEMCIGU YJKEJ ECP NKUV VJG TGHGTGPEGU KP FKHHGTGPV HQTOCVU *QYGXGT NGCTPKPI VQ WUG VJGO OC[ DG UNKIJVN[ VQQ NCDQTKQWU HQT OCPCIKPI VJG VGPU QH TGHGTGPEGU V[RKECNN[ PGGFGF KP C FKRNQOC VJGUKU 4GHGTGPEGU ECP DG        5EKGPVKHKE LQWTPCNU
GI VJQUG QH VJG +PUVKVWVG QH 'NGEVTKECN CPF 'NGEVTQPKEU 'PIKPGGTU +''' 6GEJPKECN OQPQITCRJU CPF VGZVDQQMU %QPHGTGPEG RTQEGGFKPIU 6JGUGU CPF RWDNKE TGRQTVU 999 RCIGU 2TQHGUUKQPCN LQWTPCNU PGYURCRGTU CPF OCIC\KPGU +PVGTPCN TGRQTVU OGOQTCPFC FKUEWUUKQPU

7UWCNN[ GCUKN[ CEEGUUKDNG TGHGTGPEGU UJQWNF DG RTGHGTTGF 7PRWDNKUJGF QT QVJGT TGHGTGPEGU VJCV CTG PQV RWDNKEN[ CXCKNCDNG UJQWNF DG CXQKFGF *QYGXGT KH VJG FCVC ECP QPN[ DG HQWPF KP CP WPRWDNKUJGF TGRQTV QT KV

17

QTKIKPCVGU HTQO RGTUQPCN FKUEWUUKQPU KV KU DGVVGT VQ TGHGT VQ VJG QTKIKPCN UQWTEG VJCP VQ RTGUGPV KV OKUNGCFKPIN[ CU QPG U QYP EQPVTKDWVKQP 999 RCIGU CTG C VTKEM[ V[RG QH TGHGTGPEG DGECWUG VJGKT CXCKNCDKNKV[ KU PQV IWCTCPVGGF 6JG EQPVGPVU QH VJG RCIGU ECP EJCPIG FCKN[ 9JGP WUKPI VJGO CU TGHGTGPEGU [QW UJQWNF YTKVG FQYP CNUQ VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI FCVG CPF UCXG VJG RCIGU HQT NCVGT EJGEMKPI 0GYURCRGTU CPF IGPGTCN OCIC\KPGU CTG UWKVCDNG QPN[ HQT TGHGTTKPI VQ VQRKECN FCVC NKMG UVCVKUVKEU

18



+05647%6+10 #0& 572'48+5+10


'XGT[ FKRNQOC VJGUKU PGGFU C UWRGTXKUQT CPF QHVGP CNUQ CP KPUVTWEVQT 6JG UWRGTXKUQT WUWCNN[ KU VJG RTQHGUUQT QH VJG OCLQT VQRKE 6JG KPUVTWEVQT KU QHVGP VJG ENQUGUV DQUU QT C UGPKQT RTQLGEV EQNNGCIWG YJQ JCU YTKVVGP C FKRNQOC VJGUKU
QT C EQORCTCDNG VJGUKU CV C PQPVGEJPKECN WPKXGTUKV[  6JG KPUVTWEVQT JGNRU YKVJ VJG FCKN[ YQTM QH VJG VJGUKU 6JG UWRGTXKUQT WUWCNN[ XKGYU VJG YQTM HTQO C YKFGT RGTURGEVKXG EQPUKFGTU VJG QDLGEVKXGU CPF EQPENWUKQPU QH VJG YQTM CPF GPUWTGU VJCV VJG YTKVVGP TGRQTV OGGVU VJG TGSWKTGOGPVU QH C FKRNQOC VJGUKU 6JG UWRGTXKUKQP RTQEGUU XCTKGU CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG RTQHGUUQTU + RGTUQPCNN[ JCXG FGXGNQRGF VJG HQNNQYKPI UVCIG RTQEGFWTG  6JG HKTUV OGGVKPI YKVJ VJG UVWFGPV DCUGF QP VJG #UK\G RNCP
VGPVCVKXG VKVNG IQCNU VCDNG QH EQPVGPVU  6JG RNCP KU CEEGRVGF YKVJ RQUUKDNG OQFKHKECVKQPU CPF CFFGPFC +V OC[ DG WUGHWN VQ KPXKVG VJG KPUVTWEVQT VQ VJKU OGGVKPI KP QTFGT VQ HQTO C EQOOQP WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG QDLGEVKXGU QH VJG VJGUKU  6JG UGEQPF OGGVKPI YJGP VJG YQTM KU CDQWV JCNHYC[ 6JKU OGGVKPI KU DCUGF QP VJG OCPWUETKRV D[ VJG UVWFGPV YJKEJ + UJQWNF JCXG TGEGKXGF QPG YGGM KP CFXCPEG 6JG QDLGEVKXGU CTG ENGCT RTGNKOKPCT[ EQPENWUKQPU CTG FTCYP CPF VJG NKVGTCVWTG TGXKGY CU YGNN CU VJG QYP RCTV UGEVKQPU QH VJG VJGUKU CTG YGNN WPFGT YC[ /KUUKPI RCTVU QH VJG VGZV CTG QWVNKPGF WUKPI UQOG HQTO QH GPWOGTCVKQP
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
+H VJGTG CTG OQTG VJCP VGP CETQP[OU VJG[ UJQWNF DG EQNNGEVGF KP C NKUV CHVGT VJG VCDNG QH EQPVGPVU + RC[ URGEKCN CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP CPF GPUWTG VJCV VJG QDLGEVKXGU UVCVGF VJGTGKP JCXG DGGP OGV CU YGNN CU VQ VJG EQPENWUKQPU KP QTFGT VQ GZCOKPG VJG QTKIKPCNKV[ QH VJG TGUGCTEJ +H VJGTG KU OWEJ VQ DG KORTQXGF + CUM VQ UGG VJG YQTM QPEG OQTG QVJGTYKUG + IKXG VJG UVWFGPV VJG RGTOKUUKQP VQ JCXG VJG VJGUKU DQWPF CHVGT RQUUKDNG EQTTGEVKQPU  (QWTVJ OGGVKPI 6JG UVWFGPV DTKPIU VJG HTGUJN[ DQWPF EQRKGU QH VJG VJGUKU 9G FKUEWUU
WUWCNN[ NGKUWTGN[ VJG GZRGTKGPEGU QH VJG VJGUKU YTKVKPI CPF + CUM VJG UVWFGPV U QRKPKQP CDQWV VJG ITCFG QH VJG VJGUKU 9G EJGEM VJCV CNN VJG FGVCKNU PGGFGF HQT DGEQOKPI C FKRNQOC GPIKPGGT JCXG DGGP VCMGP EC TG QH + QHVGP TGEQOOGPF VJG UVWFGPV VQ EQPUKFGT RWTUWKPI ITCFWCVG UVWFKGU
19

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20



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21

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The doctoral student can either skip the licentiate degree or to include the 45 cu of licentiate studies in the doctoral degree. A licentiate becomes a doctor simply by writing an acceptable doctoral thesis.

23

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$GIKP [QWT RTGUGPVCVKQP D[ UJQYKPI C VTCPURCTGPE[ YKVJ VJG VKVNG QH [QWT YQTM CPF [QWT PCOG CPF CHHKNKCVKQP 4GOGODGT VQ KPVTQFWEG [QWTUGNH CNUQ QTCNN[ YKVJ C HGY YQTFU 6JG UGEQPF VTCPURCTGPE[ UJQWNF QWVNKPG VJG RTGUGPVCVKQP VQ IKXG VJG CWFKGPEG CP KFGC QH YJCV [QW CTG IQKPI VQ VGNN 6JG OCKP TGUWNVU CPF EQPENWUKQPU CTG IKXGP QP VJG NCUV VTCPURCTGPE[ ;QW YKNN JCXG VQ RTGRCTG CRRTQZKOCVGN[  VTCPURCTGPEKGU /CMG UQOG GZVTC QPGU HQT GZRNCKPKPI VJG FGVCKNU +H [QW TWP QWV QH VKOG FQ PQV TWUJ VJTQWIJ CNN VJG VTCPURCTGPEKGU +V KU DGVVGT VQ VJKPM DGHQTGJCPF YJCV [QW ECP NGCXG QWV KH PGEGUUCT[ 7UWCNN[ KV YKNN VCMG CV NGCUV VYQ OKPWVGU VQ IQ VJTQWIJ C VTCPURCTGPE[ +H [QW WUG CETQP[OU CNYC[U TGOGODGT VQ YTKVG VJGO QRGP #NN KNNWUVTC VKQPU YKVJ CETQP[OU UJQWNF KPENWFG GZRNCPCVKQPU +PEQORTGJGPUKDNG CETQ P[OU ECP URQKN CP QVJGTYKUG IQQF RTGUGPVCVKQP DGECWUG WUWCNN[ RGQRNG JGUKVCVG VQ CUM ENCTKHKECVKQPU 2TGRCTG [QWT VCNM YKVJ ECTG CPF DG KP VKOG UQ VJCV [QW CTG NGUU GZEKVGF %JGEM VJG QXGTJGCF RTQLGEVQT CPF QVJGT VGEJPKECN CKFU [QW KPVGPF VQ WUG KP QTFGT VQ CXQKF WPPGEGUUCT[ JCUUNG FWTKPI VJG RTGUGPVCVKQP 5RGCM UNQYN[ CPF ENGCTN[ #XQKF FTKHVKPI CYC[ HTQO VJG VQRKE CU VKOG HNKGU HCUVGT VJCP [QW VJKPM 7UG VJG DNCEMDQCTF CPF QVJGT CWFKQXKUWCN GSWKROGPV YJGP EQPXGPKGPV -GGR G[G EQPVCEV VQ VJG CWFKGPEG CPF TGOGODGT VJCV [QW VCNM VQ VJGO PQV VQ VJG YCNNU &Q PQV UVCPF KP HTQPV QH VJG RTQLGEVQT %JGEM GXGT[ PQY CPF VJGP VJCV VJG CWFKGPEG UGGU VJG VTCPURCTGPEKGU RTQRGTN[ 2TGRCTG [QWT VCNM DWV FQ PQV TGCF HTQO VJG RCRGT UKPEG VJKU KU FWNN VQ NKUVGP VQ +H [QW PGGF VQ RQKPV UQOGVJKPI QP C VTCPURCTGPE[ RQKPV QP VJG RTQLGEVQT PQV QP VJG UETGGP DGECWUG VJGP [QW GCUKN[ VGPF VQ URGCM KP VJCV FKTGEVKQP VQQ #XQKF RQKPVKPI YKVJ [QWT HKPIGT WUG RGP QT QVJGT RQKPVGT KPUVGCF .GCXG KV QP VJG RTQLGEVQT SWKEM RQKPVKPI KU VQQ HCUV VQ RGTEGKXG (QNNQY [QWT VKOKPI
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