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www.emeraldinsight.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.inderscience.com
www.ipmr.net
www.ssrn.com
www.magiran.ir

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Rational Choice

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Features of professional policy making:

A policy-making process which is fully effective:
clearly defines outcomes and takes a long term view, taking into account
the likely effect and impact of the policy in the future five to ten years and
beyond;
takes full account of the national, European and international situation;
takes a holistic view looking beyond institutional boundaries to the
governments strategic objectives;
is flexible and innovative, willing to question established ways of dealing
with things and encourage new and creative ideas;
uses the best available evidence from a wide range of sources;
constantly reviews existing policy to ensure it is really dealing with
problems it was designed to solve without having unintended detrimental
effects elsewhere;
is fair to all people directly or indirectly affected by it and takes account
of its impact more generally;
involves all key stakeholders at an early stage and throughout its
development;
learns from experience of what works and what doesnt through
systematic evaluation.

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Themes
To demonstrate all of the characteristics listed above policy-making will need
high levels of achievement in each of these three areas:
Vision
Effectiveness
Continuous Improvement

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Approve

Amendment

Termination

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Types of Policy Evaluation

Process;
Outcome;
Impact;
Cost-Benefit Analysis

Process Evaluation
Determine why a program or policy is performing at
current levels. Identify any problems. Develop
solutions to the problems. Improve program
performance by recommending how solutions should
be implemented and evaluated once carried out.

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Outcome Evaluation
Legislative Intent Program Goals Program Elements
and Indicators Measures of Indicators Program
Outcomes (Positive or Negative)

Impact Evaluation
Theoretical Goals of the Program or Policy The Actual
Goals Program or Policy Objectives Program or policy
results and whether they are intended or unintended,
positive or negative in effect.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis
Evaluate and assess the effectiveness of a policy's costs,
benefits, and outcomes.

Essential evaluation activities:

Identification of goals and objectives of the program
or policy to make measurement possible.
Essential evaluation activity: Comprehension of the
mission statement or noting the absence of one.
Construction of an analytic model of what the
program or policy is expected to achieve; this includes
a set of theoretical propositions about means-ends
relationships.
Development of a research design to distinguish
program or policy goals from what is actually achieved.
Collection, analysis and interpretation of data.

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Internal
External

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Goal-attainment

Side-effects

Goal-free evaluation
Comprehensive evaluation

Client-oriented

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)( Policy commissions

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Peer Review

Source: Vedung, Evert (2000): Public Policy and Program Evaluation, Transaction Publishers, P.38

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The policy is no longer effective.
The need for the program no longer exists.
Budgetary requirements force the end of the policy or
program.
An evaluation study makes the case that the policy is
unsatisfactory in impact or outcome.
The political environment may no longer support the
goals of a policy.
Some policies or programs are terminated purely for
ideological reasons.

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Functional Termination:
A dramatic and complete ending of government
responsibility as stipulated in a particular policy or
program. Example: Program Privatization.

Organizational Termination:
Elimination of an entire agency. Example: The elimination
of the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment in
1995.

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Policy Termination:
The complete abandonment because the underlying
principles no longer have common societal agreement.

Program Termination:
Elimination of a particular aspect of a policy that is
implemented. The overall policy remains in effect.
The most common type of termination because the
number of actors involved or affected is limited.
Example: In 1986 Reagan terminated Revenue Sharing
adopted during the Nixon administration.

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Raison detre -

Big Bang

Long Whimper

Source: Daniel, Mark R. (2005): Policy Termination, Department of Government and Public Affairs, Slipper
Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slipper Rock, Pennsylvania, USA.

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Source: Butcher, Tony & Massey, Andrew (2003): Modernizing Civil Services, Edward
Elgar Publishing , pp. 148.

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Non- Intervention
Regulation
Licensing

The Encouragement of Voluntary

Change

Grant Aid
Direct Delivery of Public Service

Source: Hamilton, Nigel ( ): A Practical Guide to Policy Making in Northern Ireland, Office of the Minister and
Deputy First Minister.

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Source: Hamilton, Nigel, op cit.

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Source : Mafunisa, M. John & Maphunye, Keoleboga J. (2005): Democracy and Governance, HSRC.

).( O Connor, 2004

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Committee Meetings
Voting
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& Public Meetings
Public Hearings
Consultation

Petitions
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Populist Democracy
Liberal Democracy
Pure Representative Democracy

Realism Model of Public

Participation

Possible Ideal Model of Public

Participation

Participation

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Basic Model of Public

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USA.

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