1. The following two-dimensional (real) equation represent systems that exhibit Hopf bifurcation.

a.

Convert them into complex-valued systems as

b.

Convert them into polar-coordinate systems as

2. a. Define an integrator and a resonator mathematically (via eigenvalues) and neurologically (via neuron behavior). b. Define a class 1 membrane excitability and a class 2 membrane excitability, based on their frequency vs. current curves, and the type of bifurcation neurons go through to exhibit each excitability. 3. Given the quadratic integrate-and-fire neuron , if , then (reset), with .

a. Find the periodic spiking orbit (solution) of the neuron (using the initial condition as ). b. 4. Find the PRC of this neuron. Given the integrate-and-fire neuron , If the , then the (reset), with . Convert it to the phase model as , with period .

5.

Given the quadratic integrate-and-fire neuron ,

if

(peak of spike), then

(reset), convert it to the phase model as ,

with period