 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٣
 ‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬? ?? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
     ١٢٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
KEF J ٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Metallic Materials ‫א‬ E
 Ferrous Metals–١
KECast IronF‫א‬ESteelF‫א‬EWrought IronF‫א‬‫א‬
 W،Non Ferrous Metals–٢
 Heavy Metals E
 Nickel‫א‬Copper‫א‬
 Light metalsE
 Magnisium‫א‬Aluminium‫א‬
 Soft MetalsE
 KTin‫א‬Lead‫א‬
 W Non metallic materials ‫א‬ E
 construction metals ‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٢
     ١٢٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WUnits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥‫א‬٨٠‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Primary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EDimension
 KESecondary DimensionF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
British Unit  SI Unit Symbol Dimension
 Ibm  Kg M  ‫א‬
Mass
 Ft  M L  ‫א‬
Length
 Sec  Sec tK ‫א‬
Time
 F
  K , C T  ‫א‬‫א‬
Temperature

     ١٢٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SI Unit Symbol Dimension
N= (kg m/Sec2) F ‫א‬
m/sec V  ‫א‬
Pa=(N/m2) P ‫א‬
m2 A ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W–١
 Tensile Test‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 Compression Test‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 Impact Test‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 Hardness Tests‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 X-Ray Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 Ultrasonic Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 Magnetic Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬E٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
– ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬J ‫א‬––‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EYield stressF‫א‬،EProportional LimitF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EUltimate tensile stressF


 Stress & strainW‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E
 W(N/m2FEPaF
 ( σ )Engineering stress‫א‬‫א‬–١
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Ao?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?F?‫א‬

F
σ= 1.1
A0


 ( σTr )True stress–٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAiF‫א‬‫א‬?F?‫א‬
 .?‫א‬‫א‬?K‫א‬

F
σ Tr = 1.2
Ai

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ‬: ١٫١ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


WStrain‫א‬E
   K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫ א‬ 
 W
W(e)Engineering Strain‫א‬‫א‬–١
KE L0 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( ∆L F‫א‬
 DimensionlessEm/mF‫א‬

∆L
e= 1.3
L0

 W( ε ) True Strain‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Lf
ε = ln( ) 1.4
L0
 W ( E)Young’s ModulusE
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KPa
σ
E= 1.5
e

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∆L
e= 1.6
L0

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ∆L F‫א‬

∆L = L f − L0 1.7

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Lf
e= −1 1.8
L0
 
Lf
= e +1 1.9
L0

Lf
 ε = ln( ) WE١{٤F‫א‬‫א‬
L0
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ε = ln(e + 1) 1.10

 WE١{٢F‫א‬E σ Tr F‫א‬
F
σ Tr =
Ai
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F A0
σ Tr = × 1.11
Ai A0

A0
σ Tr = σ × 1.12
Ai

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬Homogenous deformation‫א‬


V0 = V f 1.13


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

A0 L0 = A f L f 1.14
 
A0 L f
= 1.15
Af L0


 W‫א‬‫א‬١{١٥١{١٢‫א‬
Lf
σ Tr = σ ( ) 1.16
L0
 ١{٩‫א‬
σ Tr = σ (e + 1) 1.17
 WK١٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E


 W‫א‬
L0 = 100mm L f = 102mm


∆L L f − L0 102 − 100
 E‫א‬
e= = = = 0.02
L0 L0 100


ε = ln(
Lf
) = ln(
102
) = 0.0198  E
L0 100
 ١{١٧‫א‬
 ε = ln(e + 1) = ln(0.02 + 1) = 0.0198

-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬W( Ductile Metals )  J ‫א‬
‫א‬ ( Plastic Zone )   ( Elastic Zone ) 
‫א‬ ،( Yield  Zone ) ‫א‬
 K( Neck ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W( Semi Ductile Metals)     J 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K

‫א‬W( Brittle Metals ) J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( Super Plastic ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪١٠٠

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



















 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٢

 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬J J  


-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K١{٣‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١{٣ 


F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
F،١{٥‫א‬  Young ModulusE
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ENeckF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١{٤K

-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WEProportional LimitF‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬EAF‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬WEElastic LimitF‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬EBF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WEYield strengthF ‫א‬   – ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(C)‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬           ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W( Proof Stress) ‫א‬   J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     F K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٪٠{٥٪٠{١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1.4

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(b)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(a) W١{٤
 K‫א‬(b)
‫א‬ -C ‫א‬ -B ‫א‬ J A
 ‫א‬ -E -D

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEUltimate Tensile StressF   – ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE١{٤‫א‬D‫א‬F‫א‬
FMax
 σ UTS =    ١{١٨
A0

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬ WEYoung’s ModulusF  – ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٥‫א‬E‫א‬F
σ
 E=
e

‫א‬    ( Stiffness )   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ١{٥‫א‬
 K(StiffnessF‫א‬‫א‬






- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

eA eB

‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١{٦‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢L٢١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١{٧‫א‬


- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W١{٦ 







- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EInitial tangent modulusF‫א‬‫א‬
 K١{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬W١{٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EResilienceF‫א‬–١
     ‫א‬ EEnergyF  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ – ‫א‬   – ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬    
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ × ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ = .F .∆L ١{١٩
2 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬½Z‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١{٩F‫א‬E‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EModulus of ResilienceF‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 ∆L
Modulus of resilience = F ١{٢٠
2 A0 L0

1 F ∆L
 Modulus of resilience = ١{٢١
2 A0 L0

1
 Modulus of resilience = .σ .e K١.22
2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬C‫א‬ ½ 

 KE١{٩F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ W1.9 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EHyper-elastic resilienceF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ERecoverable energyF    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E١{١٠F      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W١{١٠


 WEToughnessF‫א‬–٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EModulus of ToughnessF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E١{١١F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬xEH‫א‬F٠{٥Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬LE‫א‬xEH‫א‬F٠{٥FZ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{١١ 

 WEHystericsF‫א‬–٣
‫א‬EReloadedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ELoopF   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
E١{١٢F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W١{١٢  



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 WEStrengthF‫א‬–٤


 W‫א‬
 EElastic strengthF‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Fyield F proof
 Elastic strength = or = ١{٢٣
A0 A0


 F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬Efactor of safetyF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 EUltimate Tensile strengthFWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Fmax i
 σ UTS = ١{٢٤
A0


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬   
  – ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K‫א‬‫א‬


 WEDuctilityF‫א‬–٥
 E%ElongationF  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬E%Reduction of AreaF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–١
∆L
%Elongation = 100 ×  ١{٢٥
L0
L f − L0
%Elongation = 100 ×  1.٢6
L0
=Max strain x 100 1.27
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

A0 − A f
%Reduction of area = × 100 1.28
A0


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W?Hydraulic Machine?‫א‬–١
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬


 W?screw Gear?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ?Hydraulic Machine?‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١{١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٤٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٠W٢٠F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W( Screw Testing Machine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Gear   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Screw    ‫א‬
 KMotor
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١{١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ W١{١٣ 




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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١{١٤


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬WMeasuring Weight‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  W‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  :‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1.١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬?Wedge Grips?W‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E

J ‫ א‬W١{١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Overall ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Gauge length? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?Length
 K?stress?‫א‬‫א‬?Strain?

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?Accurate?‫א‬  –١
‫א‬٪١‫א‬?Errors?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٠{٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬٪٠{٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١


 σtru = σ (e+1)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢


 Lf= L0 (e+1)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣


     K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠  ١    J ٤
young's modulus      ‫؟‬ ٣  ‫א‬      
‫؟‬100 GPa


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬J ٥


 Ductility‫א‬E١W،‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 Resilience‫א‬E٢   


١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬J ٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬Ductility ‫א‬K


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨


(E) J ١
 Eσyup F ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Eσyl F ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 EσUTS F ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 Eσf F ‫א‬J ٥
 (R) ‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬J ٧
 ( T )‫א‬J ٨
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬J ٩

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٢
‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬?Unstable?‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Friction?‫א‬ – ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ – ٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ?Barrel?       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{١‫א‬


- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٢{١ 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
σ= 2.1
A0


 W?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬E
   ‫א‬   ٥٠      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E σ max F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      K ‫א‬‫א‬
 WEAoF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Fmax F‫א‬‫א‬
Fmax
 σ max = 2.2
A0
 W?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬  ٦٠oJ ٥٥o ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢.2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٢{٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
F
 σ =   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A0
∆L
e= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L0
 ‫א‬‫א‬F W
‫א‬‫א‬Ao
‫א‬∆L
‫א‬‫א‬Lo

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﻬﻤﺪﺳﻲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٢{٣ 




 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F
 σ Tr =    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ai

  ε = ln ∆A   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A0
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ao
 K‫א‬Ai
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠  ٨F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E 
 K‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬    ‫א‬  ٠{٩  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬‫א‬ E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Bearing metals?
 ٢{٤‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٢{٤ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬
K‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    J ٣
K ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W٢{٥ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

E αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   α   F ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٦


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K ٢ ٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٢
young modulus‫א‬K٠{٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠ GPa‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
، ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WStandard Impact test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IzodCharpy‫א‬


‫א‬ W 3.1


- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬


U T = W ( H − H ) − F .E .
'
3.1


‫א‬  ،     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F.E. 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬  
٢٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

(A)

(B)

-AW٣{٢
-B


- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

(٢)

 J ٢J ١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٣



- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٣{٤‫א‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﻣﻄﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻣﻌﺪن ﻗﺼﻒ‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٣{٤ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
     E‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ EAbrasionF‫א‬ EIndentationF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 EIndentation HardnessFW‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ERebound HardnessFW‫א‬‫א‬–٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EScratch HardnessFW‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬
 EWear HardnessFW‫א‬–٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EMachine ability HardnessFW‫א‬–٥
 KK‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ – –‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ EQuenchingF ‫א‬ EAnnealingF ‫א‬      
‫א‬   ECase-hardeningF  ‫א‬ ETemperingF
K‫א‬EdecarburizationF
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDestructive testF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٠ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vickers ‫א‬‫א‬Brinell‫א‬
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  Reckwell  ‫א‬  
 KBrale‫א‬


 Brinell ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬EP FE DF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E d F
 K٤{١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  












 ‫ א‬W٤{١  
 W‫א‬(B.H.N.)‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬LEF‫א‬=

P
Brinell Hardness Number = 4.١
πDh
P
B.H .N . = 4.٢
D D d
πD.( − ( ) 2 − ( ) 2 )
2 2 2
P
=
D
4.٣
π (D − D 2 − d 2 )
2
 D  W
 ‫א‬d  
 ‫א‬‫א‬P 
،      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ (d) ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٠{٠١‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  ٤{٢‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬٠{٥0.25‫א‬
d/D = 0.375d/D = 0.5-0.25 








 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٪٠{٥  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬٪٠{٥Z‫א‬
E٤{٣F       ‫א‬‫א‬    
          ‫ א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ W٤{٣ 

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
K‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K٤{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤{١F
١ ٢ ٥ ١٠ EF‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٢٥± ٠{٠٠٣٥± ٠{٠٠٤٠± ٠{٠٠٤٥± EF‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٠٠{٠٠٣٥٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d/D = 0.5-0.25‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  EGeometrically similarF      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE٤{٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ W٤{٤ 




   ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
P
٤{٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ = = f = ‫א‬‫א‬
πd 2 / 4


 ‫א‬d  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬P  
P
   d 
d2 D


 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

P
 ٤{٥    = 
D2

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d
 K‫א‬٠{٥ ٠{٢٥‫א‬ W‫א‬
D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬WE٤{٢F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠
١٦٠٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠
٦٠٢٠ ‫א‬–‫א‬ ٥
٢٠ ‫א‬–‫א‬ ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
ED‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P
‫א‬‫א‬   =  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
D2
 KE٤{٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
P
= 30
D2
P
= 30
(10) 2

 ∴ P = 3000kg


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٣F‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٣F
 P ‫א‬  
 P/D2‫א‬  D
٣٠ ١٠ ٥ ١
٣٠ ١٠ ٥ ١ ١
١٢٠ ٤٠ ٢٠ ٤ ٢
٧٥٠ ٢٥٠ ١٢٥ ٢٥ ٥
٣٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٥٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠


 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P
 h=   ٤{٦
πD( B.H .N .)
 ‫א‬h W
 ‫א‬‫א‬P 
 D
 B.H.N.


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K٥١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠١
‫א‬E٣F‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠٠٠ ١٠‫א‬E٣٠٠٠L١٠FKK
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬


 Vickers‫א‬‫א‬E


 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٤{٥F    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   – ‫א‬   ١٣٦o  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
 

 Vickers hardness number = 2.P. sin(2θ / 2) = 1.854 P2 ٤{٧

D D

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

















 ‫א‬‫א‬ W٤{٥ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


١٣٦٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٤{٧ 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ ١٠ ٢٠ ٣٠ ٥٠ ١٠٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤{٨F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  










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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٨

 ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٠{١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬


 Rockwell‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٥٠ ١٠٠ ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ١{٥٨٨٨ ١٦L١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KEBraleF‫א‬
  EMinor loadF١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 EMajor loadF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ١٥٠  ١٠٠  ٦٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ٤{٩‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬








 ‫א‬ W٤{٩  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ACBW‫א‬
‫א‬،E٤{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤{٤F
 ٠{٠٠٢         ١٠٠    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 C ١٣٠E‫א‬F ٣٠ B
 W١٠٠


 ٠{٠٠٢LEF‫א‬J ١٣٠ZB 

 ٠{٠٠٢LEF‫א‬J 100ZC 
 ١٠٠ZB‫א‬ C
 K‫א‬A

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٤{٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠   B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١{٥٨٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠   C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٠٠ Brale
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠  A ‫ﺭﻜﻭل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Brale
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤{١٠F‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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

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 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤{١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤{٥F‫א‬E٤{١٢،٤{١١F‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤{٥F
    ٣٠٠٠   
 ١٠
 ‫א‬
٥٥ ٦٣٣ ٤٥٥ ٢{٦٠
٥٠ ٥٤٠ ٤٩٥ ٢,٧٥
٤٤ ٤٣٧ ٤١٥ ٣{٠٠
٣٧ ٣٦٣ ٣٥٢ ٣{٢٥
٣٢ ٣٠٥ ٣٠٢ ٣{٥٠
٢٦ ٢٦٣ ٢٦٢ ٣{٧٥
٢١ ٢٢٩ ٢٢٩ ٤{٠٠
١٥ ٢٠٢ ٢٠٢ ٤{٢٥
٨ ١٧٩ ١٧٩ ٤{٥٠
٢ ١٥٩ ١٥٩ ٤{٧٥
J ١٤٣ ١٤٣ ٥{٠٠
J ١١٦ ١١٦ ٥{٥٠
J ٩٥ ٩٥  ٦{٠٠

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



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
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 W٤{١١ 
 ٦٠١٦L١B -a 
 ١٠٠١٦L١B  J b 



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{١٢

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤{٦F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٦F

  ٪٠{٤
  ‫א‬
  


٠{٩٣K ٢٠ ٤٨ ٤٥ ٧٠ ‫א‬
٢L
٣١ ٥٣ ١٣٥ ١١٤ ١٩٤ 

٠{٣ ٠{٣٧٨ ٠{٣٥٥ ٠{٣٩٥ ٠{٣٦١  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    E ٤{١٣ F  ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- ٦٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


















‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.13
 ‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ECrack HuntingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EMicro FlowsF
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K EMacro FlowsF ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬
Heat treatment  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KCold working‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ،  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Visual Inspection  ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 Penetrant Inspection  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Leak Test    ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 Thermal Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 Magnetic Particale Test  ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 Radiography   ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 Ultrasonic Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 Eddy current Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 Microwave Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Type of defects‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Inherent Defects  J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Processing defects ‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Service defects ‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬Cracks ‫א‬–١
 Porosity   ‫א‬J ٢
 Tears   ‫א‬J ٣
 Lack of bond ‫א‬‫א‬EFJ ٤
 Inclusions  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   Segregation  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Lack of penetration in welding ‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 Fatigue Defects ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    Blow Holes  ‫א‬ J ١٠
 K‫א‬
 KFlakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 pitting‫א‬J ١٢
 Laps‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣


 Visual Inspection‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
surface porosity‫א‬‫א‬ -
unfilled crater -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 sharp notch‫א‬‫א‬ -
sand   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–shot blasting‫א‬blasting
- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، phototubes‫א‬ ، photocells‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ converging lens‫א‬
‫א‬ contrast‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KBackground‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Luminex penetrant & developer and fluorescent testing methods


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
vapor degreasing ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KAcid etching‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ sand blasting‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،Capillaries ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   E‫א‬    F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 oil and whiting method  ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 dye method    ‫א‬J ٢
 fluorescent method  ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 radio-active method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 oil and whiting method‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬،







 ‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 dye method‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
  ‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬ J ٤
Ktalc‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬


 fluorescent method  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Fluorescent ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،Ultraviolet ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EZyglo pentrexF
‫א‬E6.1F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE6.1F
EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٥J ١٥  
 ٣٠  
 ٣٠  
 ١٥  
 ٣٠  
 ٣٠  
 ٣٠  
 ٦٠  
 ٦٠  
 ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬


 Radio Active Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Low flash ، Volatile ‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬point
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬

 MAGNAFLUX INSPECTION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬PARAMAGNETIC‫א‬‫א‬E
 KDIAMAGNETIC‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬FERROMAGNETIC‫א‬E



- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 
 KCIRCULAR FIELD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
LONGITUDINAL  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ٢
KFIELD

- ٨٠ -
    ١٢٣ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬

  
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS