Section 9.

3Analysis of a Chemical Formula

How can we determine a chemical formula?

Percent Composition

What is Percent Composition?

Part Percent 100 Whole

mass of element Percent composition 100 mass of whole sample

Example #1
Example: A 8.5 g sample is composed of carbon and hydrogen. If 5.5 g of the sample is found to be carbon, what is the percent composition by mass of the sample?

Example #1
Example: A 8.5 g sample is composed of carbon and hydrogen. If 5.5 g of the sample is found to be carbon, what is the percent composition by mass of the sample?

If total = and C = then H =

8.5 g - 5.5 g 3.0 g

%C

5.5 g 100 8.5 g

%H

3.0 g 100 8.5 g

% C 64.7%

% H 35.3%

Lets Practice #1
A sample is 57.0% by mass chlorine, how many grams of chlorine are present in a 27.5 g sample?

Lets Practice #1
A sample is 57.0% by mass chlorine, how many grams of chlorine are present in a 27.5 g sample?

?g 27.5 g 57 .0% Cl 100 27.5 g 27 .5 g 100 100

27.5 g 57.0% Cl ? g 100

15.7 g Cl ? g

Example #2
Percent composition can also be determined from a chemical formula
Example: Find the percent composition, by mass, of CaCl2

Example #2
Percent composition can also be determined from a chemical formula
Example: Find the percent composition, by mass, of CaCl2

Ca 1 40.08 g/mole = 40.08 g/mole Cl 2 35.45 g/mole = + 70.90 g/mole 110.98 g/mole

So for 1 mole:

total = Ca = Cl =

110.98 g 40.08 g 70.90 g

% Ca

40 .08 g 100 110 .98 g

% Cl

70 .90 g 100 110 .98 g

% Ca 36.1%

% Cl 63.9%

Lets Practice #2

Find the percent composition, by mass, of NaNO3

Lets Practice #2
Na 1 22.99 g/mole = 22.99 g/mole 14.01 g/mole N 1 14.01 g/mole = O 3 16.00 g/mole = + 48.00 g/mole 85.00 g/mole

Find the percent composition, by mass, of NaNO3

% Na

22 .99 g 100 85 .00 g

%N

14 .01 g 100 85 .00 g

% Na 27.0%
48 .00 g %O 100 85 .00 g

% N 16.5%

% O 56.5%

Empirical Formulas

Whats an Empirical Formula?

Empirical from data Empirical Formula Chemical formula determined from lab data. Lowest possible ratio of atoms
CH2 is the lowest ratio (and empirical formula) of the molecule C3H6

Ratio of Atoms in a Molecule

Subscripts in a chemical formula show the ratio of atoms (or ions) in a molecule a sample of CaCl2 has 1 calcium ion : 2 chlorine ions If the subscripts give the ratio of atoms, then they also give the ratio of moles of atoms

We can use the unit mole to count things

Atoms and ions can be counted by moles

a sample of CaCl2 has 1 mole of calcium ions : 2 moles of chlorine ions

# atoms A moles A # atoms B moles B

Using Mole Ratio of Atoms in a Molecule Therefore, if the ratio of moles of each atom is found

then the subscripts of the chemical formula are known

1 mole C 2 mole H
CH2

Example #3
1 2 3 4 If given percents, use those percents as grams (as if you assume you have a 100 g sample)Remember %s add up to 100! Change grams to moles for each atom Find the lowest possible whole number ratio of the atom (divide all moles by the smallest # of moles) Use the ratio as subscripts for writing the chemical formula
Example: Find the empirical formula if a sample contains Ca and Cl and is 36.1% Ca

Example #3
1 2 3 4 If given percents, use those percents as grams (as if you assume you have a 100 g sample)Remember %s add up to 100! Change grams to moles for each atom Find the lowest possible whole number ratio of the atom (divide all moles by the smallest # of moles) Use the ratio as subscripts for writing the chemical formula
Example: Find the empirical formula if a sample contains Ca and Cl and is 36.1% Ca

36.1 g Ca
63.9 g Cl

1 mol Ca 40.08 g Ca 1 mol Cl 35.45 g Cl

0.901 mol Ca = _____

CaCl2 1.80 mol Cl = _____

1.80 mol Cl = 2 mol Cl 0.901

0.901 mol Ca = 1 mol Ca 0.901

Lets Practice #3
Find the empirical formula if a sample contains 40.92 g C, 4.58 g H and 54.5 g O 40.92 g C 4.58 g H 54.5 g O 1 mol C 12.01 g C 1 mol H 1.01 g H 1 mol O 16.00 g O 3.41 mol C = _____ 4.53 mol H = _____ 3.41 mol O = _____

C3H4O3

3.41 mol C = 1 mol C 3.41 3.41 mol O = 1 mol O 3.41

4.53 mol H = 1.33 mol H 3.41

Multiply the ratio (1 : 1.33 : 1) by 3 to make a whole number ratio (3 : 4: 3)

Molecular Formulas

Whats a Molecular Formula?

Empirical Formula Chemical formula determined from lab data. Lowest possible ratio of atoms Molecular Formula Actual ratio of atoms in a molecule

Empirical versus Molecular Formula

The empirical formula is the lowest possible ratio. The molecular formula is the actual ratio
A molecule with the empirical formula: Could have one of the following molecular formulas: NO2, N2O4, N4O8 CH2, C2H4, C4H8

NO2 CH2

Example #4
1 2 3 4 Find the empirical formula, if not given

Find the molar mass of the empirical formula

Find the ratio of the molecular formulas molar mass (must be given to you) to the empirical formulas molar mass Multiply the empirical formulas subscripts by the ratio found in step 3.
Example: Empirical formula = C3H4O3. The molecular formulas molar mass = 176.14 g/mole. Find the molecular formula.

Example #4
1 2 3 4 Find the empirical formula, if not given

Find the molar mass of the empirical formula

Find the ratio of the molecular formulas molar mass (must be given to you) to the empirical formulas molar mass Multiply the empirical formulas subscripts by the ratio found in step 3.
Example: Empirical formula = C3H4O3. The molecular formulas molar mass = 176.14 g/mole. Find the molecular formula.

C 3 12.01 g/mole = H 4 1.01 g/mole = O 3 16.00 g/mole =

176.14 g/mole = 2 88.07 g/mole C3H4O3 2

36.03 g/mole 4.04 g/mole + 48.00 g/mole 88.07 g/mole

C6H8O6

Hydrate Formulas

Whats a Hydrate?
Hydrate Molecule that has water physically attached to it
Its not dissolved in waterhydrates can be solid, liquid or gas!
BaI2 2 H2O This means there are 2 water molecules attached to each BaI2 molecules

Hydrate & anhydride

Hydrate = molecule with water molecules physically attached anhydride = molecule with water removed
The water can be removed by heating the hydrate
Hydrate heat Finding the ratio of anhydride molecules to water molecules gives you the hydrate formula anhydride + water

Example #5
1 2 3 4 Find the mass of anhydride & water if not given

Change mass of anhydride & water to moles Find the ratio of the moles water to moles anhydride
Write the hydrate formula
Example: 2.46 g MgSO4 hydrate is heated and 1.20 g MgSO4 anhydride is left. Find the hydrate formula.

Example #5
1 2 3 4 Find the mass of anhydride & water if not given

Change mass of anhydride & water to moles Find the ratio of the moles water to moles anhydride
Write the hydrate formula
Example: 2.46 g MgSO4 hydrate is heated and 1.20 g MgSO4 anhydride is left. Find the hydrate formula. Hydrate = anhydride + water 2.46 g = 1.20 g + water Water = 1.26 g 0.0699 mol H2O = 7.01 0.00997 mole MgSO4 MgSO4 7 H2O

1.20 g MgSO4 1 mol MgSO4 0.00997 mol MgSO4 = _______ 120.38 g MgSO4 1.26 g H2O 1 mol H2O 0.0699 mol H2O = _______ 18.02 g H2O

What did you learn about forensic chemistry?

Forensic Chemistry
Often wants to

Analyze a sample

Compound

Solutions

Mixtures

Empirical & Molecular formulas

Solubility & Precipitation

Chromatography