Keys

Note: The Quenya lessons, including the exercises, are still being refined. In some cases, incomplete revisions have lead to discrepancies between the exercises and the corresponding keys. The author of this course hopes he has been able to weed out these errors, but if you suspect that some of the keys here provided do not really match the exercises, please download the most recent versions of both this Keys file and the relevant section of the course. If the discrepancy is seen to persist in the latest versions, please bring the problem to my attention (helge.fauskanger nor.uib.no!. "#$$%& %&# '. (arking the accented vowel or diphthong) A. Alcar B. Alcar* C. +lcarin,ua D. -alima E. %ronti F. .ntim* G. #nvinyatar H. /lund* I. #0ruil* J. #rcass* +s for -hristopher "ee1s accentuation nai yarVAXa RASSelya TALTuva nottoCARinnar, the words yarvaxa and taltuva are correctly pronounced. 2owever, rasselya should have been accented rassELya rather than RASSelya, and nottocarinnar should have been notto-carINNar rather than notto-CARinnar. 3erhaps we are to assume that 4$aruman4 in this scene uses some special meter employed in magical invocations, discarding the normal stress rules5 6. K. O tar) - (ach-Laut) L. !r"v) 7 (hr originall !enoting un"oice! r# later $eco%ing nor%al r) &. Na ta) - (ach-Laut) N. !eru) + (Engli'h-'t le $reath-H# though in (alinorean )uen a it ha! $een achLaut) *. Ne t) 8 (ich-Laut) +. #a al$a) In early #xilic Quenya probably - (ach-Laut), but by the Third +ge it

had evidently become + ($reath-H). ). !ell) + ($reath-H) ,. Ti tala) 8 (ich-Laut! -. !lc) 7 (the grou. hl originall !enoting un"oice! l# later $eco%ing nor%al l) /. !%si) + ($reath-H! "#$$%& T9% '. A. 2orses B. #ither :ust 4king4, or 4a king4 with an indefinite article, depending on what #nglish grammar demands in the context where the word occurs. C. The horse D. The horses E. Kings F. %ne people under one king. G. The king and the ,ueen. H. (aidens 6. I. Tasari J. El&ar K. I arani L. Lier &. I rocco nu i tasar' N. Ven& ar t"ri' *. I t"ri ar i ven&i' +. Anar ar Isil (.ro$a$l

not i Anar ar i Isil# 'ince in )uen a the 0or!' !enoting the'e cele'tial $o!ie' 'ee% to count a' .ro.er na%e'# re1uiring no !e2inite article)

"#$$%& T2;## '. A. (Two! eyes, (natural pair of! eyes. B. Two eyes (3 atta hendi# re2erring to 4t0o e e'4 onl C. Two trees. D. Two trees (3 atta aldar# re2erring to an E. %ne man and one woman.

ca'uall relate!# li5e t0o e e' o2 t0o !i22erent .er'on'# one e e 2ro% each. /he !ual 2or% hendu# on the other han!# re2er' to a natural .air o2 e e'.) t0o tree'. Aldu# on the other han!# re2er' to 'o%e 5in! o2 clo'el relate! .air o2 tree'# li5e the /0o /ree' o2 (alinor in /ol5ien6' % tho'.)

F. The stones. G. <loors. H. (ountains. 6. I. Atta ciryar' J. Ciryat' K. Rancu (i2 the e7a%.le peu 4.air o2 li.'4 hol!'# the !ual en!ing -u rather than -t i' al0a
$o! .art' occurring in .air'# e"en 0here there i' no d or t in the noun) rather than -t)

' u'e! in the ca'e o2

L. Orontu ('ince oron 4%ountain4 ha' the 'te% oront-# a t turning u. in the 0or!# the !ual en!ing 0oul! $e -u &. An&u (en!ing -u rather than -t $ecau'e o2 the d occurring in thi' 0or!) N. Ai(et' *. Atta ai(i' +. Neri ar nissi' "#$$%& <%/; '. A. + black horse. B. 8right eyes (hendu 3 a natural .air o2 e e'). C. Three dead men. D. 8eautiful birds. E. + ,ueen is a mighty woman. F. The mountains are great. G. 8est interpreted 4a king =is> mighty4, the copula being left out and understood, but it could also mean 4a mighty king4 with a somewhat unusual word?order (an attributive ad:ective would more often come $e2ore the noun it describes) taura aran rather than aran taura!. H. The man and the woman are wise. Theoretically at least, exercises +, -, and 7 could also be interpreted 4black =is> a horse4, 4bright =are> eyes4, 4beautiful =are> birds4, the copula being left out :ust as in #xercise @. 8ut when the ad:ective comes immediately in front of the noun it describes, it must normally be assumed that it is used attributively and not predicatively. %n the other hand, when the order is noun A ad:ective, as in @, a copula 4isBare4 may well be left out. 6. I. I nin)u an&o'

J. Alta cirya' K. I talan n" carn' L. #in $or sar ar nel& nin)ui sar&i' &. Sail arani nar taur neri' N. I taura n*r ar i vanya n%s nar +$i' *. El&ar nar vany' +. El&ar nar vanya li' (Notice that here# the a!8ecti"e agree' in nu%$er 0ith the singular noun li 4a
.eo.le4# 0hich it !e'cri$e' attri$uti"el . It !oe' not agree 0ith the plural noun 4El"e'4# a' in the .re"iou' e7erci'e.)

(In exercises K, &, N, *, +, the copula n"Bnar may be left out and understood.! "#$$%& <IC# '. A. The woman is laughing. B. The fattest 7warf is eating. C. The ,ueen is watching the king. D. The greatest mountain is mighty. E. The man is summoning the most beautiful maiden. F. The bird is singing. G. The 7warves are seiDing the four #lves. H. The mightiest king is wise. 6. I. I n%s t%ra i analta cirya' J. I an+$i neri nar ,irini' K. I El&a $"-a i -ar$a' L. Canta neri caitar nu al&a' &. I assaila El&a cen&a -ar$a (an-saila $eco%ing assaila $ N. I aran ar i t"ri cen&ar i -ar$a' *. I ai(i lin&ar' +. I canta Naucor t%rar ai(' "#$$%& $IE '. A. The man read the book. B. The 7warves ate. C. The king summoned the ,ueen.

a''i%ilation)

D. + woman sang. E. The maidens watched the #lf. F. The five horses lay (B5were lying! under the big willow. G. The stars shone. H. The 7warf saw a horse. +s suggested in F), it may be that it is also permissible to translate Quenya past tenses using the 4wasBwere ...?ing4 construction, e.g. B) 4the 7warves 0ere eating4, D) 4a woman 0a' 'inging4, F) 4the five horses 0ere l ing4. 2owever, Quenya may well have distinct verb forms for this meaning. 3ublished material provides no clues in this matter. 6. I. Nauco irn i ar$a' J. I El&a )uent' K. I rocco ca$-' L. I aran $ell El&ar (or ...i Eldar 0ith the article i2 the .hra'e 4the El"e'4 i' ta5en a' re2erring to 'o%e
.articular El"e' rather than the El"i'h race in general)

&. N*r tenc le$- -ar$ar' N. I t"ri ortan' *. I arani aryaner alt ar$ar' +. I aran ar i t"ri tultaner canta El&ar ar le$- Naucor' "#$$%& $#C#& '. A. (any 7warves possess treasures. B. The sun will rise and the birds will sing. C. $ix men will watch (Bguard! the gate. D. #very (an (3 non-El2 hu%an) will die. E. +ll (en die. F. + wise man reads many books. G. #very star shines above the world. H. The #lf seiDes the 7warf. In A, B, E, F, and G, the aorist tense is used to describe various 4general truths4 that are more or less timeless. In H, the aorist is used to describe a momentary, duration?less action. 6.

I. Ilya El&a ar ilya Atan' J. I El&a iruva i Nauco' K. I rocco ca- or i Nauco' L. I aran tur ri$. o tari ar turuva ilya A$.ar' &. I aran ar i t"ri cen&uvar i -ar$a' N. I o tar tur $acil' *. Ily r"vi $atir r"v' +. En)u r"vi $"tar r"v' In K, the aorist describes a momentary, duration?less action. In L and N, the aorist (tur! describes a general characteristic or 4habit4 of an individual) the king (always! controls many warriors, the warrior (generally, habitually! wields a sword. In *, the aorist describes a 4general truth4 about lions, contrasting with the present (continuative! tense in + ($"tar F 4are eating4!, describing the ongoing activity of some .articular lions instead. "#$$%& #I@2T '. A. The man has found the treasure. B. The lions have eaten the flesh. C. The king has summoned the ,ueen. D. The women have read the book. E. The evil ,ueen has seiDed the seven 7warves. F. Gou have written seven books. G. I have spoken. H. Gou have seen it. 6. I. I n*r ut+li' J. I otso Naucor a$"tier' K. I sel&or ec*nier r" i$. i al&ar' L. I en)u El&ar oroitier i otso Naucor. &. I Nauco unurti ar$a' N. Alaitien =or, alaitieny> i aran/ an i aran el*ri ily $li' *. Alantiel =or, alantiely>/ ar ec*nienyes' +. E$*tienyes' "#$$%& &I&#

'. A. =The> shining moon is rising over the world. B. The :umping 7warf fell through the floor. C. I can hear a singing maiden. D. %ne man wielding one sword will not terrify the eight mighty warriors. E. + thrall seiDing a mighty man is not wise. F. The eight lions lying under the trees (a!rose, for the lions wanted to eat the men. G. + lion cannot stop eating =Bcease to eat> flesh. H. The terrifying warrior stopped watching =Bceased to watch> the people, for the warrior was not wise. (Another .o''i$le inter.retation: 4'to..e! guar!ing4 in'tea! o2 4'to..e! 0atching4.) 6. I. I n*r roitala i Nauco n" o tar' J. I aran $ern lelya' K. I ven& +$ verya cen i t"ri' L. I l"lala nissi len&er $ir i coa' &. I tolto lelyala Naucor -olir ir ri$. ar$ar' N. 0$el(y! laita i El&a/ u$il(y! laita i Atan/ ar +val(y! laita i Nauco' *. #erin(y! lelya ter A$.ar ar lerya ily lier' +. Veryala n*r len& ter i an&o ar $ir i oron' The key to #xercise K (4the maiden did not dare to see the ,ueen4! is the only possible translation using the vocabulary I have provided to far, but I cannot say for certain that cen? 4to see4 can also be used in the sense 4to meet4, which is how an #nglish?speaking person would normally interpret this word used in such a context. 8ut then 4see4 F cen? may of course be used in its most basic sense, so that i ven& +$ verya cen i t"ri may be interpreted 4the maiden did not dare to loo5 at the ,ueen4. "#$$%& T#& '. A. I love them deeply. B. They sing beautifully, like (the! #lves sing. C. The hidden treasure will not be found. (+o''i$l # the )uen

a 0or!ing va hirna 9 va hrina 0oul! 'ugge't: 4...0ill not ha"e $een 2oun!4# re2erring to 'o%e 2uture 'ituation.)

D. They want to find it swiftly. E. Gou have two books, and finally you have read them. F. I have really =BtrulyBactually> seen an #lf.

G. +ll nine gates are watched. H. They did not want to do it, for seeing it was enough =Bsufficed>. 6. I. Elen&ient nul&av ter i nr' (-urel
ou un!er'too! that 4ha"e gone4 0a' to $e ren!ere! $ the perfect 2or% o2 the "er$ lelya-# or !i! ou 'tart %e''ing 0ith lelyaina or 'o%ething# !e'.erate to $ring in a 'e.arate 0or! 2or 4gone4: No nee!...)

J. I ostain El&ar $erner cenitas' K. T*cina la$. u$ ve )u*tina la$.' L. Le$- ciryar +$er ,arya1 nert ,arner' &. An(av -ustuvan =or, -ustuvany> caritas' N. Lintav ostanent i nert ru tain Naucor' *. Tel&av cenuvalyet ve e$*riel(y! cenitat' +. 2$int $er laritas' The word order is certainly somewhat flexibleH the adverbs in &, N, and * could probably also 2ollo0 the verb (e.g. ostanent lintav for 4they swiftly gathered4!. -f. my own key to I. 8ut when an ob:ect or an infinitive is to follow, I find it slightly awkward to separate it from the finite verb by inserting an adverb between them. %f course, you can always have the adverb at the en! of the sentence as well. "#$$%& #"#C#& '. A. They found the dead warrior1s sword. (Geniti"e o2 2or%er .o''e''or.) B. The stars of heaven are shining. (Geniti"e o2 location: the 'tar' are in hea"en.) C. I watched the woman1s eyes (!ual). (+artiti"e geniti"e: the 0o%an6' e e' are .h
her.) $et0een a ruler an! the rule! ; .eo.le or territor .)

'icall .art o2

D. They shall see the King of (en and (of! all lands. (Geniti"e !e'cri$ing the relation'hi. E. + house without floors is not a real house. (/he .re.o'ition 40ithout4 i' 2ollo0e! $
hence talamion in )uen a.) geniti"e o2 2a%il relation'hi.. Ambaro lier: geniti"e o2 location ; the .eo.le' are in the 0orl!.) geniti"e#

F. The ,ueen1s evil brothers want to rule the peoples of the world. (I trio mi torni: G. The horns of the animals are big. (+artiti"e geniti"e# a' in E7erci'e C a$o"e.) H. The ten lions ,uickly ate the flesh of the horse. (I rocco hrv 4the hor'e6' 2le'h4 ; geniti"e o2
source# the 2le'h co%ing 2ro% the hor'e. Notice that the noun rocco 4hor'e4 i' unchange! in the geniti"e 'ingular# 'ince it en!' in -o alrea! .)

6. I. #enelo ai(i =or, (i! ai(i #enelo> cenuvar cainen o tari i$. i alt s%ri' (Menelo
aiwi 4the $ir!' o2 hea"en4 ; geniti"e o2 location.)

J. I arano $l =or, (i! $l i arano> ulyan li$- $ir (i! analta i yul$aron =or, $ir i yul$aron analta>. (I arano ml 4the 5ing6' thrall4 ; geniti"e !enoting the relation'hi. $et0een the
ruler an! the rule!# or "ariou' relation'hi.' $et0een .eo.le in general. Notice ulyan a' the .a't ten'e 4.oure!4 in the tran'iti"e 'en'e. <I= analta i yulmaron or i yulmaron analta: 4the $igge't o2 the cu.'4# .artiti"e geniti"e ; the $igge't cu. $eing one o2 all the cu.' %entione!. C2. /ol5ien6' elenion ancalma 4$righte't o2 <9a%ong= 'tar'4.)

K. I El&o toron =or, (i! toron i El&o> ostan (i! cainen -ar$ar elenion'

(I Eldo toron 4the El26' $rother4: geniti"e o2 2a%il relation'hi.. Notice that 0hen the geniti"e en!ing -o i' a!!e! to a noun li5e en!ing in -a# li5e Elda# it !i'.lace' thi' 2inal "o0el. (I) cainen parmar elenion 4the ten $oo5' a$out 'tar'4: the geniti"e $eing u'e! in the 'en'e 4a$out# concerning4. +erha.' the 0or! or!er elenion cainen parmar i' al'o .o''i$le# $ut it 2eel' le'' natural.)

L. (I! alta s%r i nro =or, i nro alta s%r> ull $ir cilya' (<I= alta sr i nro 4 the great
ri"er o2 the lan!4 ; geniti"e o2 location. Notice ull a' the .a't ten'e 4.oure!4 in the intran'iti"e 'en'e> contra't tran'iti"e ulyan in E7erci'e J a$o"e.)

&. N*r + anto u$ -ol )uet' (/he .re.o'ition i' 2ollo0e! $

en!ing i' 4in"i'i$le4# 'ince the noun anto 4%outh4 en!' in -o alrea! .)

geniti"e# $ut here it the geniti"e

N. Ec*nien (i! analta ily orontion nu #enel' (+artiti"e geniti"e> c2. E7erci'e J a$o"e.) *. #erin ir nr + alt la$nion ve r"vi' (/he .re.o'ition i' 2ollo0e! $ geniti"e> hence
lamnion here.)

+. Cenuval(y! la$an + rasseto' (Geniti"e a2ter > rasseto !ual geniti"e o2 rass 4horn4. I2 !ual 2or%'
!enoting $o! -.art' always ta5e the en!ing -u ; c2. /ol5ien6' peu 4.air o2 li.'4 or hendu 4t0o e e'4 ; .erha.' the !ual o2 rass 'houl! rather $e rassu# the geniti"e o2 0hich i' .erha.' rassuo. /ol5ien6' intention' cannot $e recon'tructe! 0ith 2ull certaint . ?nli5e li.' or e e'# horn' !o not necessarily co%e in .air'# 'o it i' unclear 0hether a 2o''ili@e! 2or% li5e rassu rather than rasset i' 8u'ti2ia$le.)

"#$$%& T9#"C# '. A. 8oth phrases may be rendered 4the wine of the #lves4. 2owever, the genitive phrase i li$- El&aron implies 4the wine coming from the #lves4, sc. wine somehow originating with or obtained from the #lves. %n the other hand, the possessive phrase i li$- El&aiva implies 4wine owned by the #lves4 at the time which is being considered, irrespective of the origin of the wine. B. Gou have (Bpossess! a cup of gold. (Yulma maltava 4cu. o2 gol!4: the .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e
u'e! in it' 4co%.o'iti"e4 'en'e# !enoting 0hat 'o%ething i' %a!e o2.)

C. The horse of the #lf =Bthe #lf1s horse> has fallen into the deep gorge. (I rocco i Eldava
4the El26' hor'e4: .o''e''i"e ca'e u'e! o2 current o0ner'hi.. *ne coul! argue that /ol5ienian El"e' 'ee% to $e 'o clo'e to their hor'e' that to the%# their 'tee!' are %ore li5e 2a%il %e%$er' than .o''e''ion'# an! then it 0oul! $e %ore a..ro.riate to u'e the geniti"e ca'e: i rocco i Eldo or i Eldo rocco. But a' I 'ai! in the Intro!uction# the 4El"e'4 o2 the'e e7erci'e' are not nece''aril /ol5ienian El"e'.)

D. (en of peace will not be warriors. (

o2 a .er%anent characteri'tic.)

eri s!reva 4%en o2 .eace4: .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e u'e!

E. @reat walls of stone hid the houses of the ten richest men of the city. ("ambar
ondova 40all' o2 'tone4: co%.o'iti"e -va. I coar i cainen analy neriva 4the hou'e' o2 the ten riche't %en4: .o''e''i"e ca'e u'e! o2 current o0ner'hi.. <neri= i osto 4<%en= o2 the cit 4: geniti"e o2 location# the %en $eing in the cit . Notice that the 0or! osto i' here in2lecte! 2or geniti"e# though the en!ing -o i' in"i'i$le 'ince thi' noun alrea! en!' in -o. C2. al'o E7erci'e' L an! N $elo0.)

F. The house of the king1s sister =or, the king1s sister1s house> is red. (In the .hra'e i coa i
arano selerwa# the geniti"e i arano 4the 5ing6'4 i' !e.en!ent on selerwa 4'i'ter6'4# 0hich .o''e''i"e 2or% in turn .oint' $ac5 to i coa 4the hou'e4. /he geniti"e re2er' to a 2a%il relation'hi.# the .o''e''i"e to the current o0ner'hi. o2 the hou'e. I coa i selerwa i arano# 4the hou'e o2 the 'i'ter o2 the 5ing4# 0oul! $e a clearer 0or!ing.)

G. %ne of the thralls has seiDed the sword of the king. (Min i mlion 4one o2 the thrall'4:
.artiti"e geniti"e> i macil i aranwa 4the '0or! o2 the 5ing4: the .o''e''i"e ca'e u'e! o2 current o0ner'hi.. *2 cour'e# i2 the thrall run' a0a 0ith the '0or! o2 the 5ing# it e"entuall turn' into i macil i arano in'tea!# the geniti"e in!icating former .o''e''ion. I2 the re$elliou' thrall 5ill' the 5ing 0ith hi' o0n '0or!# thi' action 0oul! .ro!uce the 'a%e e22ect i%%e!iatel # the 5ing in'tantl $eing re!uce! to a 2or%er .o''e''or: I macil i aranwa enter' the 5ing6' che't## i macil i arano co%e' out through hi' $ac5.)

H. The maiden1s brother found all the treasures of the eleven 7warves between the four horns of the white mountains. (I vendo toron 4the %ai!en6' $rother4: geniti"e o2 2a%il
relation'hi.> i harmar i min#u aucoiva 4the trea'ure' o2 the ele"en D0ar"e'4: .o''e''i"e ca'e !enoting current o0ner'hi.. I canta rassi i nin#ui orontion 4the 2our horn' o2 the 0hite %ountain'4# either .artiti"e geniti"e i2 the horn' are .ercei"e! a' $eing part o2 the %ountain'# or geniti"e o2 location i2 the horn' are thought o2 a' $eing in the %ountain'.)

6. I. S%ri li$-eva uller $ir i nero anto =or, $ir 3i4 anto i nero>. ($ri limpeva 4ri"er' o2
0ine4: co%.o'iti"e -va. I nero anto 4the %an6' %outh4: .artiti"e geniti"e# the %an6' %outh $eing .art o2 hi%. Al'o notice uller# not ulyaner# a' the intran'iti"e .a't ten'e o2 ulya- 4to .our4.)

J. I sel&oron seler =or, 3i4 seler i sel&oron> ostan 3i4 en5(i i sel&oiva ar len& $ir 3i4 coa i t"riva. (/he geniti"e .hra'e i seldoron seler 4the $o 6' 'i'ter4 re2er' to a 2a%il relation'hi.>
the .o''e''i"e 2or%' seldoiva an! triva ha"e to !o 0ith current o0ner'hi. o2 the 4thing'4 an! the 4hou'e4# re'.ecti"el .)

K. %ne possibility) 3I4 $uil i nissiva varyan alta ar$a $altava' (In the .hra'e
harma maltava 4trea'ure o2 gol!4# the -va ca'e i' u'e! in the 'a%e 'en'e a' in E7erci'e B a$o"e ; $ut 4the 'ecrec o2 0o%en4 can $e ren!ere! in "ariou' 0a '. ?'ing the .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e a' 'ugge'te! here# it re2er' to 4the 'ecrec o2 the 0o%en4 a' a %ore or le'' .er%anent attri$ute o2 their'. But one %ight al'o u'e the geniti"e# i nission muil or (i) muil i nission# 2ocu'ing rather on the 0o%en6' 4'ecrec 4 at the .articular ti%e in the .a't 0hich i' $eing relate!. *ne %ight e"en inter.ret it a' a 5in! o2 'u$8ect geniti"e# 4the 0o%en4 $eing the one' 0ho are 'ecreti"e an! thu' the 'u$8ect' o2 the 'ecrec .)

L. %ne possibility) I $in)u o tari +$er -ol varya 3i4 s*r i osto =or, i osto s*r>/ an alta $orni lantan' (,en!ering 4the .eace o2 the cit 4 a' i s!r i osto# u'ing the geniti"e
ca'e# 0oul! 2ocu' on the 4.eace4 o2 the 4cit 4 a' it' attri$ute at one '.eci2ic ti%e ; the .eace e%anating 2ro% the cit # 'o to '.ea5. Concei"a$l it coul! al'o $e inter.rete! a' a geniti"e o2 location# the .eace $eing in the cit . Certainl one %ight al'o 'a (i) s!r i ostova# u'ing the .o''e''i"e ca'e# $ut then 0e are rather tal5ing a$out .eace a' a permanent attri$ute o2 the cit # an! the %e''age o2 thi' 'entence i' that the .eace !i! not .ro"e to $e 1uite .er%anent a2ter all. But a )uen a-'.ea5ing &a or# e7.re''ing a .iou' 0i'h 4%a the .eace o2 the cit la't 2ore"er4# %ight 0ell 'a ostova.)

&. %ne possibility) Lelyuvant ter nr alt al&aiva ar ri$. on&oiva/ an $erint cen 3i4 osto i taura o tar(a' ( r alt aldaiva ar rimb ondoiva 4a lan! o2 great tree'
an! <o2= %an roc5'4: the .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e !e'cri$ing characteri'tic 2eature' o2 the 4lan!4. ( I) osto i taura ohtarwa i' the %o't natural tran'lation o2 4the cit o2 the %ight 0arrior4 i2 0e i%agine hi% to $e 'till ali"e# 'o%eho0 4o0ning4 the cit 0here he !0ell'. But o2 cour'e 0e %a al'o $e tal5ing a$out a long-!ea! 0arrior 0ho ha' $rought 2a%e to the cit 0here he once li"e!# an! then it 0oul! $e %ore natural to u'e the geniti"e ca'e# !enoting a 2or%er .o''e''or: (i) osto i taura ohtaro or i taura ohtaro osto. /hi' 0or!ing %ight al'o $e a..ro.riate i2 the 40arrior4 ha..en' to ha"e founded the cit in 1ue'tion# 'ince the geniti"e ca'e %a !enote an originator ; li"ing or !ea!.)

N. %ne possibility) Ra$.a $uil*va varyan 3i4 nurtaina $alta i osto =or, i osto

nurtaina $alta>/ ar +$en iritas' ("amba muil!va 4a 0all o2 'ecrec 4: the -va ca'e i' u'e! in it'
co%.o'iti"e 'en'e# the %eta.horical 0all $eing 4%a!e o24 'ecrec . Notice the lengthening o2 the 2inal "o0el in muil 4'ecrec 4 0hen the en!ing -va i' a!!e!# a' 'ee%' to $e characteri'tic o2 0or!' 0ith ui in their 'econ!-to-la't ' lla$le> c2. the atte'te! e7a%.le huin!va 4o2 gloo%4. ; I2 0e tran'late 4the hi!!en gol! o2 the cit 4 u'ing a geniti"e a' 'ugge'te! here ; %i& nurtaina malta i osto ; it 0oul! .ro$a$l $e a geniti"e o2 location: the 4hi!!en gol!4 i' in the 4cit 4. But i2 0e ta5e the 0or! 4cit 4 a' re2erring .ri%aril to the people o2 the cit # 0e %ight rather u'e the .o''e''i"e ca'e o2 current o0ner'hi.: i nurtaina malta i ostova.)

*. 3I4 nr 3i4 El&aiva n" nr ri$. vany en5(%va1 nr + El&aron n" nr $orni*va/ an i Atani i nro =or, i nro Atani> u$ir lar 3i4 alya la$. 3i4 El&aiva' (+o''i$l Eldaiva 'houl! here recei"e the article i in $oth o2 it' occurrence'# 'ince the re2erence %a
not $e to 4El"e'4 a' a race# $ut rather to 4the4 .articular El"e' li"ing in a .articular countr . An ho0# the'e .o''e''i"e 2or%' re2er to current o0ner'hi. o2 the lan! <nr= an! the language <lamb=. In the .hra'e' nr rimb vany en'wva 4a lan! o2 %an $eauti2ul thing'4 an! nr morni!va 4lan! o2 !ar5ne''4# the .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e !e'cri$e' characteri'tic 2eature' o2 the 4lan!4> c2. E7erci'e & a$o"e. Notice the long "o0el' o2 en'wva an! morni!va. /he 2or%er re.re'ent' earlier engweiva <en'w A -iva=# the !i.hthong ei later $eco%ing long # 0herea' in morni!va the 2inal - o2 morni 4!ar5ne''4 i' lengthene! $ecau'e the 0or! en!' in t0o 'hort ' lla$le'. ; In the .hra'e Eldaron 40ithout El"e'4# the .re.o'ition regularl go"ern' the geniti"e ca'e. ; In accor!ance 0ith /ol5ien6' u'age in one late 'ource# one %ight al'o u'e the geniti"e in the .hra'e 4language o2 the El"e'4# hence Eldaron in'tea! o2 Eldaiva# $ut thi' 0oul! contra!ict 0hat /ol5ien 0rote el'e0here.)

+. I arano sello ostal -ar$aiva El&aron' (I arano sello 4the 5ing6' 'i'ter6'4: the 2ir't geniti"e
re2er' to a 2a%il relation'hi.# $ut sello hostal 4'i'ter6' gathering4 i' an e7a%.le o2 'u$8ect geniti"e: the 5ing6' 'i'ter i' the 'u$8ect carr ing out the 4gathering4. (armaiva 4o2 $oo5'4: the .o''e''i"e-a!8ecti"al ca'e here ta5e' on the 2unction o2 ob:ect genitive# the 4$oo5'4 $eing the o$8ect' o2 the 4gathering4. Eldaron 4o2 El"e'4 or 4a$out El"e'4: the geniti"e ca'e i' u'e! in it' %o't a$'tract 'en'e o2 4a$out4 or 4concerning4# a' in the atte'te! e7a%.le )uenta $ilmarillion 3 4the -tor o2 the -il%aril'4.)

"#$$%& T2I;T##& '. A. The man gave the woman a gift. B. The sun gives light to the world. C. 9e (inclu'i"e) will find the treasure, and we (inclu'i"e) will give it to the twelve 7warves. D. #ating flesh makes one fat, and we (inclu'i"e) don1t want fat bodies, for fat bodies are not beautiful. E. 9e (e7clu'i"e) went into the city (in order! to find the wise women, for we (e7clu'i"e) wanted to see them. F. + man having good ideas is wise and will give =or, bring> peace and :oy to the city. G. 9e (e7clu'i"e) have summoned them (in order! to speak ofBabout many things. H. 7rinking wine isn1t good for one1s body. 6. I. 6uen "n i o taren alta $acil' (Notice the hel.ing "o0el -e- intru!ing $et0een ohtar an! the
en!ing -n# to a"oi! the i%.o''i$le 2or% BBohtarn.)

J. Cari coa i sel&oin n" $"ra noa' (Here the gerun! cari 4%a5ing4 ta5e' $oth a !irect an! an
in!irect o$8ect ; coa an! i seldoin# re'.ecti"el .)

K. #a talv s*ren1 $a ti u$ anta i lien alass/ an ec*nielv i cala' L. 6ueti i El&ala$. n" alta alass Atanin' (+o''i$l alta alass i' not a .er2ect tran'lation o2
4great 8o 4# 'ince the a!8ecti"e alta .ri%aril %ean' 4great 3 $ig4 0ith re2erence to .h 'ical 'i@e ; $ut 0e ha"e no 0or! 2or 4great4 in a le'' concrete 'en'e.)

&. (I! o tari i atta nrion =or, i atta nrion o tari> $a tuvar i lient/ ar lelyuval$ ter alta $orni irien cala' (Alternati"el 4the t0o lan!'4# not 8u't 4the <t0in=
.eo.le'4# %ight al'o $e e7.re''e! a' a !ual 2or% here: i nret# geniti"e i nreto# in'tea! o2 i atta nrion.)

N. I neri ar( i $"ra li$-o $erner yul$ar sucien i li$-/ ar i arano $li "ner i nerin rasta yul$ar $altava' (Notice geniti"e 2ollo0ing arwa <here .l. arw=# hence limpo.) *. #eril$ lelya $ir i osto lerien ily Atani ar antien 3i4 $alta i aran(a i $lin' (Notice that 0hile the .hra'e 40e 0ant to go4 certainl e7.re''e' a .ur.o'e# 4go4 'houl! here $e ren!ere!
a' a 'i%.le in2initi"e lelya# not a' a gerun! in !ati"e# 'ince BBmerilm lelien 3 40e 0ant <in or!er= to go4 0oul! %a5e no 'en'e. *n the other han!# the 4in or!er4 te't re"eal' that the "er$' lerya- 4to 2ree4 an! anta- 4to gi"e4 should a..ear a' gerun!' in !ati"e# 'c. lerien an! antien: 4Ce 0ant to go into the cit <in or!er= to 2ree all &en an! <in or!er= to gi"e the gol! o2 the 5ing to the thrall'.4)

+. (I! ra$.ar i osto =or, i osto ra$.ar> nar alt1 ac"rielvet varien i li' (*arien:
!ati"e gerun! o2 varya- 4to .rotect4.)

(In these keys we do not list all the possible variations in word order, like saying ac"rielvet i li varien instead of ac"rielvet varien i li.! "#$$%& <%/;T##& '. A. 9e (inclu'i"e) will go from the tower to the house. (Alternati"e inter.retation: 4out o2 the
to0er4# 4into the hou'e4.)

B. +ll #lves have passed =Bdisappeared> from the world. C. The 7warves have come from =or, out of> the mountainsH they have gone to =or, into> the houses and are drinking our (incl.) wine. D. The evil warriors will seiDe the gold of our (incl.) people =in order> to send our (incl.) treasures to a remote land. E. The woman went away from my house and went to the river. F. The first ship will come from the 9est. G. %ne fears the lions <)uen a: 4...2eel' 2ear 2ro% the lion'4= , for they have eaten the king of our (e7clu'i"e) people, and they will not go away from our (e7clu'i"e) land <or 'i%.l : 4...0ill not lea"e our lan!4.= (-ince r 4lion4 ha' the 'te%-2or% rv-# an!
BBrvllon i' not a .o''i$le 0or!# the .lural a$lati"e 0oul! .re'u%a$l re1uire a connecting "o0el# 0hich i' -i- in the ca'e o2 .lural 0or!': Hence 0e u'e! rvillon a' the .l. a$lati"e o2 r. Al'o notice lielmo a' the geniti"e o2 lielma 4our .eo.le4.)

H. &essim* said =or, says> to -alandil) 4(y son has disappeared from my roomI4

6. I. E)u Calan&il Nessi$enna7 89on&olya elen&i =or, oanti> et i coallo/ an ily i sel&or len&er =or, oanter F 4went away4> i a$.onna'8 (/he 0or! et %a $e o%itte!# 'ince
the 'i%.le a$lati"e i coallo can e7.re'' 4out o2 the hou'e4 $ it'el2 ; $ut 0ithout et# the a$lati"e %ight 8u't a' 0ell $e inter.rete! 4<a0a = 2ro% the hou'e4.)

J. #enello Anar anta cala A$.arelvan <!ati"eD= / ar i $orni av"ni' (+erha.'

Menelello 0ith a connecting "o0el -e- 0oul! al'o $e a "ali! a$lati"e 2or% o2 Menel. Notice that 4to our 0orl!4 'houl! in thi' conte7t $e a dative rather than an allati"e 2or%> c2. E7erci'e B in Le''on /hirteen a$o"e. But .erha.' allati"e Ambarelvanna 0oul! al'o $e .o''i$le# the %eaning $eing: 4the -un i' gi"ing <out= light <0hich i' going= to our 0orl!4. /he !ati"e an! allati"e ca'e' are clo'el relate!> the la -out o2 the +lot@ letter 'ugge't' that the !ati"e in -n %a ha"e originate! a' a 'horter "ariant o2 the allati"e in -nna.)

K. E)u Calan&il i +$a aranna7 8E$entiel(y! o tarilyar i $in&onna irien yon&onyar' #linya varyuva i sel&or/ ar +vant van(:8 (Alternati"e allati"e 2or%' o2
aran# mindon %ight $e aranenna# mindonenna. Notice ho0 the en!ing -nya al0a ' .re2er' -i- a' it' connecting "o0el 0here one i' re1uire!# hence 4% thrall4 3 mlinya. *n the other han!# ohtarilyar 4 our 0arrior'4 'ho0' -ionl $ecau'e the 0or! i' .lural# c2. al'o mlilmar 4our thrall'4 in E7erci'e N $elo0. Accor!ing to the ' 'te% 0e ha"e trie! to %a5e out# the 'ingular 2or%' 0oul! $e ohtarelya 4 our 0arrior4# mlelma 4our thrall4. ; +o''i$l 4% 'on'4 coul! al'o $e e7.re''e! a' a contracte! 2or% yonyar <in'tea! o2 yondonyar=# $ut yonya 4% 'on4 <L,:EF= %a .ri%aril $e u'e! a' a 2or% o2 a!!re''.)

L. I n*r ar(a i ciryaron $ern auta/ ar ily i ciryar oanter N+$enna' &. Len&el$ sa$.enta/ ar i n*r i a$.ollon =or, a$.ollor> "n yon&olyan <!ati"eD= alta $acil/ )u*tala7 8I $acil tul aira nrello/ (et! an aira N+$ello'8 N. Ily al&ar ,irner ar v"ner nrelvallo/ ar e)u Calan&il ar Nessi$7 8#entuval$ $lil$ar irien nr ar(a ri$. al&aron'8 (Notice that the "er$ e#u
!oe' not recei"e the en!ing -r e"en 0here it ha' %ulti.le 'u$8ect'.)

*. I ven& )uent i la$nenna7 8Rucin3y4 alt rasselyalto'8 (-ince vend i' a co%%on
noun an! not a .ro.er na%e# the '.ecial "er$ e#u 'houl! not $e u'e! here. A' 2or the 42ear4 3 42eel 2ear 2ro%4 con'truction# c2. E7erci'e G a$o"e. An alternati"e allati"e 2or% o2 laman 4ani%al4 %ight $e lamanna a' a contraction o2 laman?nna <in'tea! o2 in"ol"ing the 'te%-2or% lamn-# nece''itating the a!!ition o2 a connecting "o0el $e2ore -nna can $e a!!e!=.)

+. Len&en(y! sa$.elvanna ostien en5(enyar/ an $ernen(y! anta torninyan $inya -ar$anya1 i -ar$a caitan i tala$enna' (4& $rother4: 0e go 2or torninya <here 0ith
the !ati"e en!ing -n=# 2or%e! 2ro% toron# torn- 4$rother4 0ith the connecting "o0el -i- that i' .re2erre! $ the en!ing -nya 4% 4. +erha.' toronya# 2or toron?nya# 0oul! al'o $e .o''i$le <!ati"e toronyan=. +alamenna a' the allati"e o2 talan 42loor4 ta5e' into account the 'te%-2or% talam-# $ut .erha.' talanna 2or talan?nna 0oul! al'o $e an acce.ta$le 2or%.)

A!!itional e7erci'e': J. a! <rom our (incl.) houses b! <or my body c! <or our (incl.) bodies d! %ur (incl.) tongues (no%inati"e) e! To your land

f! %ur (e7cl.) things (no%inati"e) g! <rom your king h! %f my thrall i! %f my thralls :! To our (incl.) cities k! %f our people l! %f your son
/ran'lating !ual 2or%' o2 samb 4roo%4 a' 4t0o-roo% a.art%ent4:

m! %ur (e7cl.) two?room apartment (no%inati"e) n! <or my two?room apartment o! %f your two?room apartment p! To our (incl.) two?room apartment ,! <rom your two?room apartment r! %f my people s! %f our (incl.) sons t! <or your ,ueen u! %f our (e7cl.) peoples v! %f my men w! %f my man x! <or my boys y! <rom our (e7cl.) =two sister> ships (!ual) D! %f our (!ual incl.) son =F 4of the son of the two of us4> K. a! A$.olyannar b! S*rel$an c! ;ar$alyat d! #in&onelyanna B $in&onilyannar (Notice ho0 -e- 2unction' a' a connecting "o0el in the
'ingular# 0herea' -i- i' u'e! in the .lural.)

e! T"ril$ava f! Sellinyaiva g! Sellinyallo (Notice ho0 the en!ing -nya 4% h! Annalvaron i! #altalvo :! Alasselvan k! Li$-elyo l! A$.arelyallo m! Anarinyo n! Aranyan (2or aran-nya-n> alternati"el o! 9on&ol$ava

4 .re2er' -i- a' it' connecting "o0el e"en in the 'ingular# a' here 2ollo0ing seler# sell- 4'i'ter4. C2. al'o e7erci'e' &# N# ?# G $elo0.)

araninyan 0ith a connecting "o0el in'erte!)

p! 9ul$al$aron ,! Ai(elyant r! Ra$.al$anta s! Ra$.alvalto t! Nrelyallon =alternatively, nrelyallor> u! Sellinyato (0e a''u%e that the en!ing -nya 4% 4 .re2er' -i- a' it' connecting "o0el in !ual 2or%' a' 0ell) v! !ar$al$aron w! Roccolvannar x! Coa$$an y! Torninyan (or .erha.' toronyan 2or toron-nya-n# irre'.ecti"e o2 torn- a' the nor%al 'te%-2or% o2 toron
4$rother4)

D! Al&al$annar "#$$%& <I<T##& '. A. ($!he =or, it> will come on the second day. B. In the winter=,> many birds go away to dwell in =the> $outhH after the winter they go away from =the> $outh =or, leave the $outh> and come to our (incl.) land. C. 2isBher finding gold in the mountains gave :oy to hisBher people, for hisBher finding it made hisBher people rich. D. In =the> second winter that (s!he lived in the house=,> (s!he found a treasure under the floor. E. ($!he speaks our tongue, for (s!he dwells (Blives! in our (incl.) land. F. ($!he saysBsaid) 4I saw a sword in the warrior1s left hand.4 (Notice the 'hortening o2 the
long "o0el o2 m $e2ore a con'onant clu'ter: locati"e mass.)

G. The man who found the treasure will hide the things which he has found in his two?room apartment (...i2 0e continue to tran'late !ual 2or%' o2 samb 4roo%4 a' 4t0o-roo% a.art%ent4#
that i'. Notice that the 'econ! i o2 the )uen a 'entence i' the relati"e .ronoun 40ho4# not the article 4the4. /he relati"e .ronoun ya 40hich4 here a..ear' in the 2or% yar# a .lural en!ing $eing attache!# $ecau'e it re2er' $ac5 to the .lural 0or! 4thing'4: Ce a''u%e that ya i' in2lecte! a' a noun in -a. /hi' yar 'houl! not $e con2u'e! 0ith the atte'te! 2or% yar 4to 0ho%4# 0hich i' not .lural $ut ha' the ol! allati"e en!ing -r <a' in mir 4into4= attache!.)

H. %n the hill=,> (s!he sees the couple whom (s!he has watched from hisBher house, and to whom (s!he gave hisBher gift. (Ce a''u%e that the relati"e .ronoun ya 0oul! a..ear 0ith !ual
en!ing' 0hen re2erring to a !ual 0or!: yat# !ati"e yant.)

6. =The exact distribution of i and ya, when they occur as relative pronouns without endings for case and number, is
still uncertain. 9hat follows is merely a suggestion in that regard. It is entirely possible that one could :ust as well use i where the following keys have ya, and vice versa. 2owever, i functioning as the article 4the4 cannot be replaced by ya.>

I. Cennes veru i $alless' J. !irnen(y! i n%s i $ar i coass i$. i s%ri/ ar tirnen(y! -*ryat ar $"ryat1

yarya $"ryass cennen(y! -ar$a' (Notice that the 'econ! i o2 thi' 'entence 2unction' a' a relati"e .ronoun 40ho4# not a' an article. C2. e7erci'e G a$o"e: i n!r i... 4the %an 0ho...4) K. Cennen(y! yul$arya $"ryats/ i yul$a yallo ulyanes li$- $ir antorya (or#
antoryanna# u'ing a 'i%.le allati"e in'tea! o2 the .re.o'ition mir).

L. I $arir i $in&onissen yannar lelya =or, lelya> i n*r nar o tari' (Notice the 0or!
or!er: the "er$ i%%e!iatel 2ollo0' yannar 4to 0hich4# 8u't li5e it i%%e!iatel 2ollo0' yassen 4in 0hich4 in our atte'te! e7a%.le in &amLri*. But it %a 0ell $e that ...yannar i n!r lelya<lelya 0oul! $e e1uall .o''i$le.)

&. Sucitarya i li$- +$ $"ra noa/ an ya carnes a-a sucitaryas +$ saila'

(&a $e the initial sucitarya coul! 8u't a' 0ell $e sucierya ; the .rono%inal en!ing $eing attache! to the gerun! o2 suc- 4to !rin54.)

N. A-a oantel$ nrel$allo (i! !yar$ess/ ec*niel$ ri$. Naucor i $allessen' *. I $in&oni i a$.ossen nar alt1 i arya i analta $in&on/ yallo -ol )uen cen i El&anr/ n" i analya n*r i ostoss' (...yallo pol #uen cen# literall 42ro% 0hich can one 'ee4: I
a''u%e that in a .hra'e li5e pol cen 4can 'ee4# 0ith a 2inite "er$ 2ollo0e! $ an in2initi"e# it i' onl the finite "er$ that i' relocate! to i%%e!iatel 2ollo0 a relati"e .ronoun li5e yallo. But 0e lac5 atte'te! e7a%.le'# o2 cour'e> .erha.' it 'houl! $e yallo pol cen #uen 0ith the 'u$8ect 2ollo0ing the entire "er$ .hra'e. An! 2or all I 5no0# yallo #uen pol cen 0ith an 4Engli'h4 0or! or!er %a al'o $e .er%i''i$le.)

+. Li yo aran n" saila $aruva s*ress $"ra nress ya $eluvant n+rav' (I2 ya
can reall $e in2lecte! in the 'a%e 0a a' a noun in -a# a' 'ugge'te! $ the e7a%.le yassen# the geniti"e 40ho'e4 0oul! in the 'ingular $e yo ; the grou. -ao $eing 'i%.li2ie! to -o a' u'ual.)

"#$$%& $IET##& '. A. ($!he has come from the #ast on a white horse. (*2 cour'e# the in'tru%ental 2or% in -nen
!oe' not reall %ean 4on4 $ut i%.lie' 4$ %ean' o24 ; the hor'e $eing i!enti2ie! a' the %ean' o2 tra"el. It i' not entirel o$"iou' ho0 rocconen i' $e't tran'late! in Engli'h# 'o the .reci'e 0or!ing o2 the tran'lation i' uni%.ortant a' long a' the 'tu!ent clearl gra'.' the meaning o2 the in'tru%ental 2or% it'el2. *ne %ight 0ell tran'late: 4...ri!ing a 0hite hor'e4# though no ele%ent actuall %eaning 4ri!ing4 i' .re'ent.)

B. The man wounded the lion with a spear, and he said) 47on1t eat my sonI4 C. 9e (e7cl.) said to the #lf) 4%ur (incl.) friendship is renewed by your giftI4 D. %n the third day (s!he said to the maiden) 47o what you wantI4 (...ya merily 3 4<that=
0hich ou 0ant4.)

E. %ne cannot find a treasure hidden by 7warves, for a 7warf loves deeply the gold that he possesses. F. The man is wounded by =the> horns (!ual) of the animalH wish that he will not dieI (literall : 4$e it that he 0ill not !ieD4 +o''i$le# $ut rather le'' .ro$a$le inter.retation: 4...that it 0ill not !ieD4
; re2erring to the ani%alD I2 the en!ing -s i' to co"er $oth 4he4# 4'he4 an! 4it4# one can6t al0a ' $e 1uite certain 0here the ' %.athie' o2 the '.ea5er reall lie...)

G. ($!he is singing with :oy (9$ecau'e o2 8o ). H. @o to the city and say to the mighty ,ueen) 4(ay you protect our (incl.) land from the evil warriorsI4 ( ai varyuvaly nrelva... 3 literall 4$e it that ou 0ill .rotect our lan!...4)
N*/E *N E,+- 4-+EA,4: In e7erci'e B# I u'e! ehtenen a' the in'tru%ental 2or% o2 thi' noun. In the #tymologies#

/ol5ien 2ir't !eri"e! thi' 0or! 2ro% #KT## $ut accor!ing to a note $ the e!itor# a "ariant rea!ing #KTI 0a' al'o intro!uce!. I2 0e acce.t thi' latter "er'ion# 'o that )uen a eht 4'.ear4 i' to $e !eri"e! 2ro% .ri%iti"e El"i'h ekti# the )uen a 0or! 'houl! .ro$a$l ha"e the 'te%-2or% ehti- 'o that the in'tru%ental 2or% 0oul! $e ehtinen rather than ehtenen. But the plural in'tru%ental 2or% 'houl! .ro$a$l $e ehtnen (a' in E7erci'e K $elo0) no %atter 0hich 4et %olog 4 0e .re2er# 'ince ehtnen coul! re.re'ent $oth ehti.inen (t0o 'hort i6' %erging into one long ) an! ehte.inen (ei regularl $eco%ing long ).

6. I. E)ues =or, )uentes> i Nauconna7 8= rac i yul$a na$.anen:8 J. Ciryanen oanten(y! aira nrenna R$ess' K. I osto n" varyaina alt ra$.ainen/ ar o tari i $a tar e t%nen u$ir -ol rac i ra$.ar' L. E)u Calan&il arna yon&oryanna7 8=va ,ir:8 (Alternati"el : /alandil #uent harna
yondoryanna... A' !i'cu''e! in the le''on# it %a $e that the .a''i"e .artici.le o2 harna- 4to 0oun!4 i' 'i%.l harna rather than :harnaina# 'ince the "er$al 'te% alrea! contain' the ele%ent -na 0hich i' clo'el relate! to the longer en!ing -ina.)

&. Nai t"rilya iruva i y"na airinta (i! El&ainen: N. I aran ar i t"ri len&er coanyanna ar envinyat"ner nil$el$a alt annainen' *. #a-as i sel&o $"ryanten/ ar e)ues =or, )uetis>7 8=va lelya i s%renna:8 +. I n%s i $ar i nelya coass i $alless )uent i El&anna7 8= tir i neri i t+lar i y"nallo ya cenil(y! i a$.oss/ i lelyar R$enna'8 "#$$%& $#C#&T##& '. A. This thing is the sword found by -alandil =the> Tall. (/alandil ,allanen 4$
notice ho0 the ca'e en!ing 2or in'tru%ental i' a!!e! to the last 0or! o2 the .hra'e.) C. <the= /all4:

B. +ll animals have disappeared from this land (nr sinallo 3 42ro% thi' lan!4> again notice ho0
the ca'e en!ing# here 2or a$lati"e# i' a!!e! to the la't 0or! ; the !e%on'trati"e sina 4thi'4. Ho0e"er# nrello sina 0oul! .erha.' $e e1uall .o''i$le.)

C. + snake wounded hisBher right arm, and (s!he said) 49ish that all snakes will =or, would> dieI4 ("ancurya 3 4hi' <or# her= ar%4> notice ho0 ranco 4ar%4 a..ear' in the 2or% rancu- $e2ore
en!ing'# 'ince it i' a ?-'te%. +o''i$l # the !ual 4.air o2 ar%'4 0oul! al'o ha"e the 2or% rancu# $ut i2 that 2or% 0ere inten!e! here# 0e 0oul! al'o 'ee the e7tra !ual %ar5er -t 2ollo0ing the en!ing -rya. C2. mryat 3 4her (.air o2) han!'4 in &amLri*.)

D. That night, they found that 7warf on the hill over there =literally) on yonder hill>. (0m yanass 3 4in that night4# $ut Engli'h 0oul! 'i%.l 'a 4that night4 in 'uch a conte7t. Yana %a
'igni2 4that4 o2 'o%ething that e7i'te! 2or%erl or in the .a't# an! 'ince the re2erence i' to a night in the .a't# thi' 0or! i' a..ro.riate here ; i2 0e ha"e recon'tructe! /ol5ien6' intention' correctl D C2. al'o hrv yanass 4in9!uring that 0inter4 in e7erci'e H $elo0. auco tana: 4that D0ar24# the 0or! tana 4that4 'i%.l 2ocu'ing on in!i"i!ual i!entit . Ambo entass: 4on on!er hill# on the hill o"er there4: the 0or! enta a..arentl %ean' 4that4 0ith e%.ha'i' on '.atial .o'ition.)

E. The tall ships have passed away north(wards!H those ships will not come to the lands of (the! $outh. (/iryar tan 4tho'e 'hi.'4: 0e 'ur%i'e that tana 4that4 can ha"e the .lural 2or% tan
4tho'e4# the !e%on'trati"e $eha"ing li5e an a!8ecti"e.)

F. %n the fourth day, that ,ueen died by =Bfrom> the poison of a snake. (+ri yana: 4that
1ueen4 o2 a 1ueen 0ho i' !ea!# yana $eing u'e! o2 'o%ething that i' .a't ; $ut 4that 1ueen4 coul! .ro$a$l al'o $e tri tana# %erel 2ocu'ing on .er'onal i!entit .)

G. The strong arms of the men from (the! &orth can seiDe the spears from fighting warriors. (1htari mahtalallon 42ro% 2ighting 0arrior'4: notice ho0 the 0or! ohtari 40arrior'4 recei"e' onl the
'i%.le't .lural en!ing# nor%all a''ociate! 0ith the no%inati"e ca'e# $ut the .lural a$lati"e en!ing - llon a!!e! to the .artici.le mahtala 42ighting4 in!icate' that the 0hole .hra'e i' in the a$lati"e ca'e. ; /he 0or! or!er mahtala ohtarillon 0oul! $e e1uall .o''i$le: Here the a$lati"e en!ing i' a!!e! to the noun 40arrior'4# 'ince it i' no0 the la't 0or! o2 the .hra'e.)

H. That winter, they lived (Bdwelt! in the fourth house of that road (Bstreet!. (,rv
yanass: locati"e 4!uring9in that 0inter4> c2. E7erci'e D a$o"e. Mall tano 4o2 that roa!4# geniti"e o2 mall tana 4that roa!4 ; the geniti"e en!ing -o !i'.lacing a 2inal -a a' u'ual.)

6. I. = tir Nauco tana/ ar "va tir El&a sina: (Alternati"el

D0ar2 o"er there4.)

auco enta 3 4 on!er D0ar24 3 4that

J. Nr + an5(ion n" $"ra nr/ an ri$. Atani i,%rier an5usan5(anen. (2

an'wion 40ithout 'na5e'4: a' the 'tu!ent ho.e2ull re%e%$er'# the .re.o'ition 40ithout4 go"ern' the geniti"e ca'e. An'usan'wanen 4$ 'na5e-.oi'on4: notice ho0 the ?-'te% noun an'o 4'na5e4 a..ear' a' an'u- in a co%.oun!.)

K. I canta l$iss cennen(y! ru tala o tar $all tanass/ ar ortanen(y! rancunyat' (Alternati"el mall entass 3 4on on!er roa!4# 4on that roa! <o"er there=4. "ancuryat 4%
ar%'4 i' here un%i'ta5a$l !ual# $ecau'e o2 the !ual en!ing -t 2ollo0ing the .rono%inal en!ing -nya 4% 4. Co%.are9contra't E7erci'e C a$o"e.)

L. Nai Calan&il !allo -ol&a yon&o =or, '''i -ol&a yon&o Calan&il !allo> tuluva nr sinanna/ an varyuvas ostor sin yassen $arilv: (A' in E7erci'e A a$o"e# the ca'e
en!ing i' a!!e! to the last 0or! o2 the .hra'e /alandil ,alla 4Calan!il <the= /all4# an! a' in the atte'te! e7a%.le Elendil *orondo 4o2 Elen!il the Faith2ul <Elendil *oronda=4# the geniti"e en!ing !i'.lace' a 2inal -a.)

&. #in&on enta n" i canta $in&on carna El&ainen nr sinass' N. ;ar$ar tan nar van(1 av"nient sa$.elyallo' *. Aur entass cenuval(y! yon&olya' (Alternati"el aur tanass# $ut enta can re2er to
'o%ething that lie' in the 2uture# an! a' i' e"i!ent 2ro% the .hra'e 4'hall 'ee4# the re2erence i' here to a 2uture !a .)

+. Aur yanass tullent oron entallo ar len&er coa sinanna' (Alternati"el

aur tanass again# $ut yana can re2er to 'o%ething that lie' in the .a't# an! a' i' e"i!ent 2ro% the .a't ten'e "er$ 4ca%e4# the re2erence i' here to a !a in the .a't. ; In 'o%e te7t'# /ol5ien u'e' tl rather than tull a' the .a't ten'e 4ca%e4 <L,:HI# -D:JHE=# $ut tull i' atte'te! el'e0here an! 2it' the general .attern' $etter. C2. 'o%e 2or%' !i'cu''e! earlier: vill 42le04# ull 4.oure!4.)

Insofar as the system of adding case endings to the 4last declinable word4 is not necessarily obligatory, the endings could probably be added to the relevant nouns as well, e.g. $alless tana (or, enta! rather than $all tanass (or, entass! for 4on that road4 in #xercise K. "#$$%& #I@2T##& '.

A. They have come to see us, not to see thee. B. (ay you dream about #lvesI (9ish that you will dream about #lvesI! C. Three men will go thither, and the 7warves will watch them, for the men possess a treasure that is greater than =lit. 4great beyond4> gold. D. %n the sixth day they felt moved to come to me. ="it. 4...(it! impelled for them to come to me.4> E. The sixth king of the land is wiser than =4wise beyond4> his father the fifth king. F. ($!he expanded hisBher house, making it =or, that> the biggest house of the street. G. Gou did it for themH you did not do it for us. (+lternatively, 4you %a!e it for themH you did not
%a5e it for us4) Car? covers both 4do4 and 4make4.!

H. 9e saw you in the gorge under us, for you fell into it. 6. I. >orya rancunya n" -ol&a l" yarya rancunya' J. = tulta te ninna: K. I ur)ui t%rar nye/ an rucin(y! tiello. L. L" tuluval$ cenien tye i l$iss' &. L" luva i sel&on ur)uion' N. I atta nissi )uenter7 8Aranelya l" $ern anta $ent i en5(i $a-ain $elto o tariryainen'8 *. I n*r -"lula coarya c"ra ta carien ri$. sa$.i ily en5(eryain' +. I en)ua aur nauva $"ra l" i le$-a aur/ ar l" oruva $en auta' %ther word?orders would apparently also be possible, such as prefixing some independent pronouns to verbs) K) nye-t%rar rather than t%rar nye, L) tye-cenien rather than cenien tye, N) $ent-anta rather than anta $ent, *) ta-c"ra rather than c"ra ta, +) $en-oruva rather than oruva $en. "#$$%& &I&#T##& '. A. 9ho lived =or, 4dwelt4> in the house ten years ago, when I did not live in it5 B. 9hat can 0e =inclusive> do5 C. @ive it to me, and don1t hide it from meI (/he en!ing -t in antat# nurtat in!icate' that onl
.er'on i' a!!re''e!.)

one

D. 9ho did ou see on the seventh day5 E. They will give all the gifts to %e and not to ouD F. 9hat did the men find in the land beyond the mountains5 G. 2ow will ou be able to lift the great stone when I could not do it5 H. %ur sister lives in that (yonder! houseH 0e live in the eighth house in this street.

-ome and see our houseI (3 tulil ar cenil 3 4co%e an! 'ee4> the en!ing -l in!icate' that 'e"eral .eo.le are $eing a!!re''e!.) 6. I. #an ac"ri ta? J. #ana ely irn i otsa sa$.ess %r len&el(y! tanna? K. @r ely ut+li/ iny $er auta: (I2 ely can 2unction a' a .lural .ronoun an! it i' inter.rete! a' a
.lural 4 ou4 here# the "er$ 'houl! .erha.' al'o $e .lural: ely utlier.)

L. =$en antal i li$-: &. = antat i li$- el$en ar l" i o tarin: N. I otsa o tar ut+li i alt orontillon (or, ?llor! -ella' *. I tolta an&o -ella ely irn alta ar$a1 el$ i tuller a-a le +$er ir =or, l" irner> en5(: (Alternati"el ely hirner i2 the .ronoun i' ta5en a' .lural> c2. E7erci'e K a$o"e. Notice
that the 40ho4 o2 the relati"e 'entence 40e 0ho ca%e4 i' tran'late! $ %ean' o2 the relati"e .ronoun i: /he 0or! man !enote' a !i22erent 5in! o2 40ho4# u'e! in actual 1ue'tion'.)

+. #anen i +$i Naucor irner te =or, te- irner> otso auri y"? "#$$%& T9#&TG '. A. Gou =or, emphatic ou> are a 7warf, not an #lf. (Ely
un!er'too!. E"i!entl naly auco 0oul! ha"e $een a .o''i$le alternati"e.) auco: the co.ula 4are4 i' le2t out an!

B. I saw that the man1s arm was broken. C. The king was mighty, but the ,ueen was wiser than the king. D. 7id you know that under the house =there> is a hidden treasure5 E. (ay I leave =literally, go from> this place5 F. 7on1t drink, for =there> is poison in your cupI G. 9ere you here on the tenth day when they came5 H. 9e (e7cl.) know that =there> is a secret room in this house, but we have not found it, and until we find it we shall not know what is in the room. 6. I. 4I was rich4 can be translated in several ways. The 4safest4 solution would perhaps be to leave out the copula and use an independent pronoun (ni or iny! for 4I4) Ni alya or iny alya. %f course, this may :ust as well mean 4I a% rich4, since there is no tense?marker. If we want to include one, we must use the not entirely well?attested form n* 4was4. +dding the ending ?n or ?ny for 4I4 might result in a form something like nen(y!H if so, 4I was rich4 could be rendered nen alya or nenye alya. J. I aran )uent =or perhaps e)u>7 8L" lertal(y! lelya i n$enna yallo ut+liel(y!4/ $al istan(y! sa lelyuvan(y! tanna' (Alternati"e tran'lation o2 4 ou %a not go4:

umil(y) lerta lelya.)

K. Istan(y! cen&a/ $al l" -olin(y! cen&a i $orniess. (Alternati"e tran'lation o2 4I cannot
rea!4: umin(y) pol cenda. Notice the !i22erence $et0een ista- 4can4 3 45no0 ho0 to4 an! pol- 4can4 3 4$e .h 'icall a$le to4: /he '.ea5er knows ho0 to rea!# $ut i' unable to rea! in the !ar5.)

L. Istalv sa El&ar ar' &. #a $arnent sino$ tenna i nerta loa %r i o tari tuller? N. Istal$ sa i neri sinter )uet i El&ala$./ $al l" i Naucola$.' *. I nissi )uenter sa ec*niel(y! i alta an5o i en5 i orontess' +. I )uaina auress Anar n* cali$a'