Accordin" to Da!e #he!

ton
Portions of this material were gleaned from the following sources and used with their permission: Peavey Advanced Sound Reinforcement Seminar, Peavey Corporation, (Thanks to Marty McCann) Rane Technical Notes, Rane Corp, (Thanks to Dennis Bohn) Sound and Light Team (SALT) Training Manual, Advent Lutheran Church, Boca Raton, FL (Thanks to Ken !!is)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

C$%R# $B& CT'( #

Create a Tea* o+ Transparent #ound Techs Basic Math and !ectronics ,ature o+ #ound !ectronic Do*ain Propa"ation Co*ponents o+ a #yste* 'nterconnection #o!derin" - Ca.!e Fa. $ther Co**unications #yste*s

Transparent #ound Techs

) Pray a.out it/
0 Pray before each event that you glorify od

) 1ave a servant2s heart

0 , ( R upset the Pastor or any per+or*er .e+ore the service or pro"ra*

) 3et the trainin" you need

Pray !ithout ceasing" # $ Thessalonians %&$'

Transparent #ound Techs

) 4ork as a Tea*
0 #upport, he!p, and encoura"e each other 0 3ive and accept criticis* "race+u!!y

) 1e!p the per+or*er .e co*+orta.!e

0 ,ot .e distracted .y the sound syste* 0 $R #ound Technician

) #M'L (it rea!!y does *ake a di++erence)

A cheerful loo( brings )oy to the heart, and good ne!s gives health to the bones" # Proverbs $%&*+

Transparent #ound Techs

) ,ever .eco*e the +ocus o+ the audience ) The syste* shou!d rea!istica!!y reproduce sounds as they occur
0 0 0 0 #ounds shou!d .e natura! #ounds shou!d .e c!ear 5uiet sounds shou!d .e audi.!e throu"hout Loud sounds shou!d not .e too !oud
,f it is -ossible, as far as it de-ends on you, live at -eace !ith everyone" # Romans $.&*

Transparent #ound Techs

) 3ive out a co*p!e*ent or 6ord o+ encoura"e*ent no6 and then ) Be prepared 6e!! .e+ore the pro"ra* starts
0 Check7out the sound syste* .e+ore per+or*ance 0 Check *ics, instru*ent, *onitor !eve!s, and 8ueue tapes 0 $.tain a se8uence o+ events or script
A hot#tem-ered man stirs u- dissension, but a -atient man calms a /uarrel" Proverbs $%&$0

Transparent #ound Techs

) , ( R anta"oni9e the per+or*ers/ ) Pay attention durin" the entire service
0 Don2t a!!o6 yourse!+ to .e distracted 0 Take your service serious!y 0 '+ so*eone picks up the 6ron" *ike, *ake sure you are there to turn it on: 0 Listen to the pro"ra* - *ake needed ad;ust*ents
A fool gives full vent to his anger, but a !ise man (ee-s himself under control" # Proverbs .1&$$

Transparent #ound Techs

) Pay attention durin" the entire service cont:::
0 Be prepared +or une<pected chan"es: '+ the per+or*er *oves to an area that is not !it, *ake sure you are there to ad;ust the !i"htin" (i+ app!ica.!e)

) #trike the syste*

0 ,eat!y sto6 the e8uip*ent a+ter the event 0 Ta(e good care of od2s e/ui-ment
3verything devoted is holy to the highest degree4 it5s od5s inalienable -ro-erty" 6 Lev .'&.0

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Ter*s=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (o!ta"e ( ) Current (') Resistance (R) Po6er (P) '*pedance 'nductance Capacitance

Basic Math and !ectronics

) (o!ta"e is the unit o+ *easure*ent +or e!ectricity and it is ana!o"ous to e!ectrica! pressure or the potentia! to per+or* 6ork: ) (o!ta"e is so*eti*es re+erred to as emf or e!ectro*otive +orce:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Current is the rate or nu*.er o+ e!ectrons that +!o6 past a "iven point in an e!ectrica! circuit and is *easured in a*peres:
0 Direct current +!o6 (DC) occurs 6hen the e!ectrons +!o6in" in an e!ectrica! circuit path *ove in one direction on!y 0 A!ternatin" current +!o6 (AC) occurs 6hen the e!ectrons +!o6in" in an e!ectrica! circuit path continuous!y chan"e directions:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Resistance is the opposition to DC e!ectron +!o6 and is *easured in oh*s: ) '*pedance is the opposition to AC e!ectron +!o6 and is *easured in oh*s:
0 (aries 6ith +re8uency and the capacitance or inductance o+ the e!ectrica! circuit:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) $h*2s La6= An e!ectro*otive pressure o+ one vo!t in a e!ectrica! circuit 6ith one oh* o+ resistance 6i!! resu!t in one a*pere o+ current +!o6 and one 6att o+ po6er:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) 'nductance is that property in a circuit that o++ers hi"h opposition to current +!o6 at hi"h +re8uencies:
0 An inductor is a coi! o+ 6ire that o++ers hi"h opposition to current +!o6 at hi"h +re8uencies and !o6 opposition to current +!o6 at !o6 +re8uencies:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Capacitance is that property in an e!ectrica! circuit that o++ers hi"h opposition to current +!o6 at !o6 +re8uencies:
0 A capacitor consists o+ t6o e!ectrica! p!ates or conductors separated .y a die!ectric or so*ethin" that 6i!! support an e!ectrica! char"e: 0 A capacitor o++ers hi"h opposition to !o6 +re8uency current +!o6 and !o6 opposition to hi"h +re8uency current +!o6:

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Po6er in 6atts is e8ua! to the vo!ta"e s8uared divided .y the resistance o+ the !oad:
?@D > ?@ < ?@ A ? > BC@@ A ? > ?@@ 6atts
?

) Po6er e8ua!s current ti*es vo!ta"e:

?@v < ?@A*ps > BC@@ 6atts

Basic Math and !ectronics

40 v

Amplifier Amplifier rail voltage Resistor (Speaker in our application)

Ground

Basic Math and !ectronics

40 v 8 ohm

? Watts
?@ ( < ?@ ( A E oh* > BC@@ A E > D@@ 4

Basic Math and !ectronics

40 v 4 ohm

? Watts
?@ ( < ?@ ( A ? oh* > BC@@ A ? > ?@@ 4

Basic Math and !ectronics

40 V ______ W 4 ohm _____ A

40 v _____ W

8 ohm _____ A

Basic Math and !ectronics

8 ohm 40 V 8 ohm

______ W

______ A

Basic Math and !ectronics

8 ohm 8 ohm 40 V 8 ohm 8 ohm

______ W

______ A

Basic Math and !ectronics

8 ohm 40 V 8 ohm 8 ohm 8 ohm

_______ W

______ A

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Lo"arith*ic #ca!e
0 asy 6ay to represent hu"e and co*p!e< nu*.ers B@@@@@@ B@@@@@ B@@@@ B@@@ B@@ B@ B B@C B@G B@? B@F B@D B@B B@@ Lo"(B@@) > D Lo"(B@@@@@@) > C Lo"(B@@@@@) > G Lo"(B@) > B Lo"(B@@@@) > ? Lo"(B) > @ Lo"(B@@@) > F

Basic Math and !ectronics

) Lo"arith*ic #ca!e
0 0 0 0 B@ B@@@@@ EHBDIBEBD BBDIE

Basic deciBe!s
) The Deci.e! #ca!e invo!ves chan"es in the e!ectrica! "ain (vo!u*e), or the a*p!i+ication o+ the audio si"na!, that resu!ts in chan"es in the intensity o+ the #ound Pressure Leve! (SPL), perceived .y the !istener: ) 3ain chan"es in dB and the resu!tant chan"es in syste* po6er and vo!ta"e to the !oudspeaker=

Deci.e!s dB
hanges in: Audi!le "eci!el Perception $ d% &ust 'oticea!le $ $ d% d% *oderate (wice as +oud

Power (imes (imes (imes

#oltage ) ) )

Deci.e!s dB
hanges in: Audi!le "eci!el Perception $, d% &ust 'oticea!le $0 d% $1/ d% *oderate (wice as +oud

Power - (imes . (imes 1/ (imes

#oltage ./) 1//) ,//)

d% 23amples in Specifications
Loudspeaker Fre8uency Response= G@ 19 7 BH:G k19 $45 , d% Po6er A*p!i+ier Fre8uency Response= B@ 19 7 D@ k19 $45 /67 d% Co**on Mode Re;ection Ratio= 51//d% 8uiva!ent 'nput ,oise= 51-8 d% 8ua!i9ation or Tone Contro! Ran"e o+ Boost - Cut= $45 17 d% #i"na! to ,oise= 51/7 d% Crossover #!ope= 5-. d%A$ctave A*p!i+ier 3ain= ,/ d% Po6er A*p #ensitivity= 16. d% Loudspeaker B 4att B Meter #ensitivity= 1/1 d% Dyna*ic Ran"e= 1-/ d% / d%v > B vo!t / d%m > @:HH?GC vo!ts

The Deci.e!s2 *ost '*portant use in #yste* Desi"n

) The 'nverse #8uare La6 ) 1i"h Fre8uency CD 1orn 7C dB Patterns o+ Covera"e

9nverse S:uare +aw:

) The sound e*inatin" direct!y +ro* a source 6i!! chan"e in sound pressure !eve! (#PL), direct!y proportiona! to the inverse o+ the s8uare o+ the distance a6ay +ro* the source:
0 #ound drops C d. in !eve! (#PL) each ti*e you dou.!e the distance a6ay +ro* the source:

9nverse S:uare +aw:

AR A $F A C'RCL = > Radius #8uared < Pi AR A $F BAD C'RCL = > BAD Radius #8uared < Pi

ircle
Radius ? +t > E +t > BC +t > FD +t Area DG:BF +tD B@@:GF +tD ?@D:BD +tD

> B,C@E:?I +tD

Sphere
(o!u*e $+ A #phere= > ?RD (o!u*e $+ BAD A #phere= > DRD

Area $+ BAD #phere

Radius ? +t E +t BC +t FD +t > > > > Area B@@:GF ?@D:BD B,C@E:?I C,?FF:IE +tF +tF +tF +tF

,ature o+ #ound
) 'ntroduction to #ound Rein+orce*ent
0 0 0 0 0 #ound as (i.rations o+ Air Mo!ecu!es ((P#) Musica! #ound J #peech #ound > Audio !ectronic Audio #i"na!s Fre8uency and 1ert9 (CP# - 19)

,ature o+ #ound
) 'ntroduction to Basic Deci.e!s
0 1u*an Auditory Perception and the Deci.e! #ca!e 0 Ru!es o+ Thu*. +or the Deci.e! 0 F@ (o!t B@@ 19 sound 6ave verses an unkno6n sound 6ave 0 Dr: F!ecther - Dr: Munson 7 Perception in deci.e!s

,ature o+ #ound
) (e!ocity
0 Co**on va!ue is BBFD Feet Per #econd Fre8uency 4ave Len"th

) 4ave!en"th

(e!ocity Fre8uency

160 320 640 1280 2560 5120 10240 20480 40960 81920

Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz

7.1 3.5 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft

,ature o+ #ound
) #ound Pressure
0 Force e<erted .y a sound 6ave 0 #ound pressure is *easured in ,A*D: 0 The !o"arith*ic response o+ the ear *akes it use+u! to *ap deci.e! va!ue

D@!o"B@(

-+

)dB

,ature o+ #ound
) @dBA The thresho!d o+ audi.i!ity
0 A re+erence va!ue *ust .e used
) -@ ) Lo6est sound !eve! 6hich can .e heard .y the hu*an ear is D<B@7G ,A*D, the 'nternationa!!y a"reed !eve! +or -@: This is the va!ue 6hich represents @dBA (deciBe!s Acoustic):

,ature o+ #ound
"escription Thresho!d o+ Fee!in" Lar"e ;et aircra+t (?@*) Lar"e orchestra (G*) Tu.e Train passin" 'nside Tu.e Train ,oisy $++ice Conversationa! speech Readin" Fro* a Book (B*) Avera"e $++ice 5uiet $++ice Pu.!ic Li.rary 4hisper (D*) 5uiet 4hisper (B*) Thresho!d o+ audi.i!ity Sound Pressure '4mCF:D D@ C:F D:@ @:CF @:D @:@CF @:@D C:F<B@7F D<B@7F C:F<B@7? D<B@7? C:F<B@7G D<B@7G d%A BF@ BD@ BB@ B@@ I@ E@ H@ C@ G@ ?@ F@ D@ B@ @

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ #ound
(e!ocity 4ave!en"th #ound Fie!ds Free Fie!d Direct Fie!d 'n7Direct Fie!d Rever.erant Fie!d Critica! Distance

,ature o+ #ound
) Ti*e De!ay Ca!cu!ations
0 De!ay is re8uired i+ the sound paths to a point di++er .y a period o+ *ore than ?@ *s (?@ +t at B?KC): 0 To *aintain the directiona!ity o+ the i*p!ied source the LdirectL sound shou!d arrive +irst (1ass ++ect):

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ #ound
0 Propa"ation o+ #ound 4aves
) $*ni7Directiona! ) 1e*i7#pherica! ) Conica!

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ Roo*s
Findin" Critica! Distance Re+!ections #tandin" 4aves Roo* Modes Boundary Cance!!ation A.sorption Diaphra"*atic A.sorption Di++raction Di++usion Roo* Treat*ent

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ Roo*s
0 Rever.eration Ti*e
) For*u!a deve!oped .y 4:C:#a.in, BIth century ) %nit is a *easures a.sorption +ro* @ to B
0 Adsorption coe++icient o+ @ indicates a *ateria! that re+!ects sound tota!!y 0 Coe++icient o+ B, a *ateria! that adsor.s sound tota!!y

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ Roo*s
0 #a.in2s For*u!a
) Rt ) (R > Rever.eration ti*e > (o!u*e o+ the roo* in *F

) #B:::#n > The #a.in coe++icient +or a particu!ar *ateria! ) AB:::An > #ur+ace area o+ the *ateria! in the roo* in *D ) #a
Rt

> The #a.in coe++icient o+ air

>

@:BC(R (#BAB) M (#nA) J (#a(R)

,ature o+ #ound
) Acoustica! Properties o+ Roo*s
0 #a.in2s For*u!a cont:::
(;pical A!sorption oefficients -7/ <= Brick6ork @:@? Concrete @:@D P!aster 7 #o!id .ackin" @:@F Carpet 7 Thick pi!e @:DG Air 7 per *F @ Audience in %pho!stered #eat @:@? 4ooden #eat 7 *pty @ Rostru* @:B 7// <= @:@D @:@D @:@D @:@G @ @:?C @:BG @ 1/// <= @:@? @:@? @:@F @:@G @:@@F @:?C @ @

,ature o+ #ound
) #ound 'nsu!ation
?L (B@@ **) .rick, p!astered .oth sides IL (DF@ **) .rick p!astered .oth sides ?L .rick 6a!!s 6ith DL (G@ **) cavity, p!astered .oth sides CL (BG@ **) concrete .!ock 6a!!, so!id and p!astered FAEL "ypsu* 6a!! .oard BADL "ypsu* 6a!! .oard GAEL "ypsu* 6a!! .oard Partition o+ FAEL p!astered "ypsu* 6a!! .oard 6ith ?L cavity ?@ dB GD dB GC dB G@ dB DC dB DE dB FB dB ?F dB

,ature o+ #ound
) Loudspeaker 5
0 A *easure o+ a !oudspeakers Lthro6N 0 Ca!cu!ated +ro* the hori9onta! and vertica! .ea* an"!es *easured at C dB do6n point 0 Loudspeakers 6ith a very 6ide .ea* 6i!! have a !o6 5 and those 6ith a narro6 .ea* 6i!! have a hi"h 5

,ature o+ #ound
5>
sin 0B ( BE@ sin(A1)sin(A() ?

0 A1 > 1ori9onta! .ea* an"!e in de"rees 0 A( > (ertica! .ea* an"!e in de"rees
SP3A73R T8P3 Mid9Lo! :re/uency ;nit Line Source <olumn =: =orn 1$R'O BE@ BE@ ?@ ( RT BE@ ?@ ?@ 5 D I DC

,ature o+ #ound
) Articu!ation Loss
0 Most voca! c!arity is contained in consonants: 0 ar!y research 6ith te!ephone syste*s indicated that i+ BGP or *ore o+ the consonants 6ere !ost the speech inte!!i"i.i!ity 6ou!d .e poor 0 The *ain cause o+ this *ussyin" o+ the sound is the interaction o+ the direct sound (+ro* the !oudspeaker) and the rever.erated sound:
) Monitors set too !oud are rever.erant 6hen heard in +ront o+ house

,ature o+ #ound
) Articu!ation Loss
D@@dDRtD(nJB) PAcons > (RM5

%Alcons = The percentage of lost consonants d = The distance from the loudspeaker to the furthest member of the audience = The number of loudspeaker groups = Volume of the room in m3 = The Q of the loudspeaker groups = Usuall !" more accurate M=#! $ average absorption coefficient of the room% & #! $ average absorption coefficient of the area covered b the loudspeaker%

Rt = Reverberation time n VR Q M

,ature o+ #ound
) Constant Directivity 1orns2 an"!e o+ covera"e are deter*ined .y the 7C dB do6n points o+ the horn in the 1ori9onta! and (ertica! p!anes: ) The an"!es o+ covera"e are the points that *easure 7C dB !ess than the on7 a<is *easure*ent:

,ature o+ #ound
) P!ace speaker(s) to achieve a .are!y percepti.!e chan"e in vo!u*e (QFdB)
100 dB on axis at 1 meter 6.5 Ft 7 Degrees
IC dB

GD:I Ft 13 Ft 11.5 Ft 81.9 dB 11.5 - 52.5 Feet = !- 3dB 52.5 Ft 75.8 dB 65.9 Ft

,ature o+ #ound

!ectronic Do*ain
) The !ectronic Audio #i"na! Do*ain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (o!ta"e Current Resistance AC '*pedance Po6er $h*Rs La6 Ca!cu!atin" Po6er $utput D D T A Co*pression

!ectronic Do*ain
) A*p!i+ication in 3enera!
0 0 0 0 0 !ectrica! 3ain Po6er #upp!y DC (o!ta"e Rai!s C!ippin" 1eadroo* 3enera! 3ain #ta"es

!ectronic Do*ain
) A*p!i+ication is the increase in e!ectrica! !eve! (3ain) o+ a si"na!: ) The *icrophone2s si"na! !eve! is increased .y the su.se8uent "ain sta"es o+ the audio syste*: ) A*p!i+ication occurs .ecause 6ithin any "ain sta"e is a Po6er #upp!y that a!!o6s the si"na! to pass throu"h a Positive and ,e"ative vo!ta"e 6indo6: ) The audio si"na! is said to s6in" .et6een the t6o (JA7) vo!ta"e rai!s o+ the a*p!i+ier sta"e:

!ectronic Do*ain
) The *a<i*u* positive and ne"ative vo!ta"e s6in" avai!a.!e are re+ered to as the Svo!ta"e rai!sN or !i*its: ) 4hen the si"na! reaches either vo!ta"e rai! it is said to C!ip: ) A*p!i+ier c!ippin" is the *ost co**on cause o+ distortion: ) 1eadroo* is de+ined as the di++erence .et6een the avera"e si"na! vo!ta"e !eve! and the *a<i*u* !eve! at c!ippin":

!ectronic Do*ain
+9PP9'G

T <2A"R>>*

!ectronic Do*ain
) #i"na! F!o6
0 3enera! 'denti+ication and #e8uentia! P!ace*ent o+ Co*ponents=
) ) ) ) ) Microphones A #ources Pre A*p A ,oise73ate A Li*iter A Feed7Back A Mi<er #i"na! Processors Po6er A*p!i+iers Loudspeakers

!ectronic Do*ain
) #i"na! F!o6 cont:::
0 0 0 0 $peratin" Leve!s Co*ponent 1ookup %n.a!anced - Ba!anced Ca.!e Loudspeaker Ca.!e

!ectronic Do*ain
) Microphones
0 Types=
) ) ) ) ) ) ) Pressure 3radient (e!ocity Dyna*ic ,eo7Dyna*ic Condenser and !ectret Condenser Ri..on Boundary

!ectronic Do*ain
) Microphones cont:::
0 0 0 0 Pick7up Patterns Pro<i*ity ++ect Microphone P!ace*ent App!ications Po!arity

Microphones App!ication 1ands7$n 4orkshop

!ectronic Do*ain
) Mi<ers
Ba!anced 'nputs Line 'nputs Pre A*p U 'nput 3ain Channe! Patch U 'nsert Monitor #ends Types o+ 8ua!i9ation= Active 5 Passive 5 #he!vin" 5 Peakin" A Dippin", Boost A Cut Para*id Para*etric 5 ++ects #ends Au< #ends

!ectronic Do*ain
) Ba!anced Lines
0 0 0 0 0 0 M' 7 !ectro7Ma"netic 'nter+erence CMRR 7 Co**on Mode Re;ection Ratio !ectronic Ba!anced 'nputs Trans+or*er Ba!anced 'nputs Ba!anced $utputs 3round Loops and Pin B Li+t

!ectronic Do*ain
) H@ (o!t Distri.uted7Line #yste*s
0 0 0 0 0 0 1i"h Current #i"na! Loss #tep7up Trans+or*ers H@ (o!t via Brid"e Mode Line Matchin" Trans+or*ers #e!ectin" 'nput - $utput Taps Ca!cu!atin" #PL

!ectronic Do*ain
) !ectrica! Po6er Distri.ution
0 0 0 0 0 0 !ectrica! #a+ety , C 7 ,ationa! !ectrica! Code BD@(AC C@ 19 #in"!e Phase %:#: Co**ercia! !ectrica! Distri.ution Lar"e #yste* and 3round Loops A #tudio Per+or*ance #o!ution to 3round Loops

!ectronic Do*ain
) Po6er A*p!i+iers
0 0 0 0 0 0 #peci+ication De+initions= #ensitivity $utput Po6er Mini*u* Load '*pedance Current Li*itin" 1eadroo*

!ectronic Do*ain
) Po6er A*p!i+iers
0 0 0 0 0 Dyna*ic 1eadroo* SDDTN #i"na! to ,oise Ratios Fre8uency Response Tota! 1ar*onic Distortion

!ectronic Do*ain
) Po6er A*p!i+iers
0 0 0 0 0 Da*pin" Factor #!e6 Rate A*p!i+ier C!asses Po6er Consu*ption Po6er A*p!i+ier AB Co*parison

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV
0 RM# vo!ts > :H@H W Pk to Pk 0 #ine 6ave is at ri"ht 0 Root Mean #8uared is the po6er under the curve
?@ vo!ts

@ vo!ts

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV
0 The po6er, sho6n in .!ue is 6hat drives the vo!ta"e up 0 Assu*in" ?@(DC po6er supp!y rai!s, 6e have ?@ X :H@H > DE:DE (AC(or RM#)

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV
0 Assu*in" our po6er supp!y is B@ a*ps, p6r > (o!ts X a*ps so= DED:D 6atts > DE:DE(AC X B@A

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV
0 1$4 ( R= '+ 6e drive the si"na! to c!ippin", the area under the curve "ets a L$T !ar"er:

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV
0 Co*putin" the area under a s8uare 6ave is easier, no need +or tri"ono*etric conversion, it2s e8ua! to the rai! vo!ta"e

!ectronic Do*ain
) 's is possi.!e to "et ?@@ 6atts +ro* a DE@ 6att a*p!i+ierV Y #/
0 (AC > ?@ #$ ?@@p6r > ?@(AC X B@A

) CL'PP',3 '# BAD

0 specia!!y +or speakers

!ectronic Do*ain
) Loudspeaker Transducer Techno!o"y
0 Basic Construction 0 Loudspeaker nc!osure Types
) ) ) ) ) ) Direct Radiators 'n+inite Ba++!ed (ented Bo<es 1orn Loaded #trai"ht 1orn Fo!ded 1orn - (ented 1orn Resonant Bass #yste*s

!ectronic Do*ain
) 1i"h Fre8uency 1orns - Co*pression Drivers
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4hy 4e ,eed The* 1o6 They 4ork Motor #tructure Phasin" P!u" Cut7$++ Fre8uency <ponentia! Radia! 1orns Constant Directivity 1orns

!ectronic Do*ain
) Constant Directivity 1orn 8ua!i9ation
0 0 0 0 0 Driver Mid7Band #ensitivity 1i"h Fre8uency Ro!!7$++ 1i"h Fre8uency Co*pensation Passive Crossovers Active Crossovers

Propa"ation
) Deci.e!s and #ound n"ineerin"
0 0 0 0 0 The 'nverse #8uare La6 Loudspeaker #ensitivity Lo"arith* Deci.e! Ca!cu!ations Po6er > B@ < Lo" Distance, #PL, (o!ta"e, - Current > D@ < Lo"

Propa"ation
) Loudspeaker P!ace*ent
0 0 0 0 0 0 Roo* Considerations '*portance o+ Ai*in" the 1i"h Fre8uency 1orns Don2t $ver!ap Constant Directivity 1orns Trape9oida! Bo< Considerations Mutua! Coup!in" 4oo+er Arrays

Propa"ation
) Loudspeaker P!ace*ent
0 0 0 0 0 0 1ori9onta! Covera"e ,ear and Far Fie!d Covera"e Cost ++ective Brid"ed Array De!ayed Loudspeaker #yste*s @:I Feet per *i!!isecond The 1aas ++ect

Propa"ation
) Bi7a*pin" - Tria*pin" #ound #yste*s
0 Dr:2s F!etcher and Munson Revisited 0 Co*posite 4ave+or* o+ Lo6 - 1i"h Fre8uency (B@@ 19AB@@@ 19) 0 De*onstration o+ a Bi7a*ped versus a Fu!! Ran"e #peaker #yste*

Co*ponents o+ a #yste*

'nterconnection

#o!derin" - Ca.!e Fa.

$ther Co**unications #yste*s

) Typica! Co*ponents
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R&7BB R&7?G CC B!ock BB@ B!ock Cat ( 1u. Too!s

#u**ary
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Create a Tea* o+ Transparent #ound Techs ,ature o+ #ound !ectronic Do*ain Propa"ation Co*ponents o+ a #yste* 'nterconnection #o!derin" - Ca.!e Fa. $ther Co**unications #yste*s