Technical Drawing Y1

Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Education

PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS
Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing Module No.: 1 Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City
Encoders: Mel Contapay Office of Legal Affairs Department of Education Meralco Ave., Pasig City Maria Riza Zamora DepED Budget Division Meralco Ave., Pasig City The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the concerted effort of the following writers: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11 Condrado C. Casulla Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01 Nelson M. Arisga Malvar National High School Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A Alexander M. Latoga Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A Mirasol F. Dasig San Pedro Relocation Center National High School San Pedro, Laguna Region 4A Contextual Writer: Marvin R. Viernes Muntinlupa Business High School Muntinlupa City, NCR
Encoder: Lawrence D. Cruz DepEd EID-TS DepEd Complex Meralco Ave. Quezon City Jeffree O. Ponce DepEd EID-TS DepEd Complex Meralco Ave. Quezon City Facilitator: Orlando E. Manuel PhD Principal Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades Cabarroguis, Quirino Region 02
This work was funded by the Department of Education. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Perform Different Lettering Styles &Techniques How to Use this Module .. Introduction .. Technical Terms . Learning Outcome 1- Perform Different Lettering Styles &Techniques .. Learning Experiences/Activities . Information Sheet 1.1 Self Check 1.1 Learning Outcome 2 Sketch Simple Objects Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 2.1 Self Check 2.1 Learning Outcome 3 Perform Freehand Sketches Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 3.1 Self Check 3.1 Operation Sheet 3.1 Self Check 3.2 Assessment Resources .. Answer Key Page
I ii iii 1 2 3 10 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 30 33 35 36 38-41
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing. A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your learning level and need. The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives. When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a postassessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.
Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title INTRODUCTION
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING I PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING Preparing Freehand Drawing
People around the world speak with different languages but they come up with common understanding on drawing. Thats the reason why drawing becomes a universal language. This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different lettering styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Perform different lettering styles and techniques. LO2 Sketch simple objects. LO3 Perform sketches.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters. Slant line is an inclined line. Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing. Sketching is a preliminary drafting. Stroke is the technique of printing letters. Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets. Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or drawing. Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing instruments. it is purely done by pencil rendering.
Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title Learning Outcome 1
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TECHNICAL DRAWING I PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING Preparing Freehand Drawing Perform different lettering styles and techniques
Assessment Criteria 1. Importance of lettering is properly explained 2. Each style of letter is performed on commercial standards. 3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments are properly observed and practiced. 4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used. 5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Perform different lettering styles and
techniques Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 1 2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to test your knowledge about lettering. 3. Review the information sheet if some items were not properly carried out. Try to answer the self check. Special Instruction
INFORMATION
SHEET
# 1.1
Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality standard in printing letters. Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of the drawing once it is not done well.
The Four Group of Letters

1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
Two forms of gothic letters: a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used for advertisement purposes only. b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for engineering drawing purposes.
2.
Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they have pointed stem which is called serif. They must be used for books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
The Three Classics of Roman Letters: a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the thin stem must be from the thickness of the heavy stem. b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen. c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen. However, this style must be printed in the absence of serif.
3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely used for certificates, diplomas, citations, cards. greetings and invitation
4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.
The Rule of Stability of letters This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters particularly on the following: 1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form. Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line. Example:
cap line
ABCDEFG
base line, and dropped line. Example:
waist line base line
2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line,
cap line waist line
abcdfgy
The General Proportion of Letters
base line dropped
line
1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size. Example:
COMPRESSED
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2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The width of the letter is wider than the height. Example:
3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The letter is printed in the normal size. Example:
NORMAL
The Two Proportion of Thickness 1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem. Example:
BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem. Example:
Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses: 1. Speed Ball used in writing different various styles of letters 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lettering Brush Felt Point Pen Letter Template Letter Transfer Pencil Technical Pen used for sign painting used for sign painting used as guide for letter transfer used to direct letter transfer used for lettering and sketching used for Gothic letters used for engineering and architectural lettering
Leroy Lettering Pen -
Order of Strokes in Lettering

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal. You should practice making these letters according to the models. The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given. The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the circle. The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by 25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.
Making Numerals
All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and 5 units wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1
Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals Figure 1.1
Single stroke vertical lower case letters Figure 1.2
Single stroke inclined upper case lower case letters and numerals Figure 1.3
Single stroke inclined lower case letters Figure 1.4
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SELF CHECK 1.1
LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques

I. Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the letter of the word or group of words that will make the statement complete and correct. ________ 1. Which of the styles of letter is applicable for engineering drawing? a. Single stroke gothic letters b. Commercial gothic letters c. Modified roman letters d. enough. a. compressed b. extended c. normal d. lightface ________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest width? a. N and O b. M and W c. C and X d. H and L ________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly define the meaning of rule of stability? a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters. c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters. d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the different lettering tools. Modern roman letters ________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is
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________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for limited space? a. compressed proportion b. extended proportion c. normal proportion d. boldface proportion
II.
Answer the following questions briefly: 1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not properly printed. 2. How important is lettering in the drawing?
III.
Direction Gothic,
: Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of and Roman letters. A, B, K, M, R, X, and Y
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Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title
: : :
LO2. Sketch simple objects Assessment Criteria

1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed. 2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified. 3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects based on commercial standards are explained. 4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
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Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object Learning Activities 2. Read information sheet no. 2 3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for better understanding. Try to follow the procedure correctly. Try to answer the self check. Special Instruction
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INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will be exposed to higher level of drawing activities. Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching tools and materials.
Principles of Sketching Objects

Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic principles in sketching. The following are: Analyze the proportions of the subject. Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject. Determine the small details on the subject. Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched. Use the appropriate sketching materials.
The Two Basic Proportions of Object

Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must be proportioned to the width of the subject. Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be proportioned to the height of the subject.
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Basic Shapes of Objects

1. Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are right angles.
2.
Square - has four equal sides and angles
3.
Hexagon is a polygon having six equal sides
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4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles which may not be right angles but are also equal.
5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.
6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are equal.
7. Equilateral Triangle- is a triangle with all sides and angles are equal.
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8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.
9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the circle.
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SELF CHECK 2.1

LO2. Sketch simple object Direction : A. Identify the terms referred in the following.
____________________1.The most important role in freehand sketching. ____________________2.A polygon with six equal sides. _____________________3. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal right angles. ____________________4. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and whose angles are also right angles. ____________________5. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel. ____________________6. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal. ___________________ 7. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides are equal.
B. Enumerate what are being asked. 8-10 Give the three basic shapes of an object.
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: : :
Learning outcome 3: Assessment Criteria
Perform freehand sketches
1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements. 2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and equipment are observed and practiced. 3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard procedure. 4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard specification. 5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate drawing materials. 6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied.
References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES

Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Sketches Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 3. 2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to test your understanding. 3. If not able to answer all items correctly, review again the information no. 3 4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1 Observe carefully the teachers demonstration 5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2, analyze the given procedure. 6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to test your knowledge on freehand sketches. Ask your teacher for some clarifications. Ask the teacher when some items are difficult to understand. Try to answer the self check. Special Instruction
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INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand drawing
Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in organizing their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and economical means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so that a choice can be made between them at the outset. Often, much time can be made between them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the designer starts his scaled layout before adequate preliminary study with the aid of sketches. Information concerning changes design, covering replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually conveyed through sketches. Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials 1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of various sheet thickness. 2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring purposes. 3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is produced.
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4. Drawing Table may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten your paper. 5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm. 6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.
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7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.
8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started. the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of tape.
9. Eraser has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum. of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to use for it correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.
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10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the inside scale which is the opposite.
11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg.
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12. French curve is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than arcs and circles.
12. Ruling Pen is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.
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14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.
15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.
Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments 1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean. 2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger. keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and after using.
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Basic consideration in freehand sketches

It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines: 1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180 deg. It is drawn from left to right.
2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to bottom.
3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.
4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.
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Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches

Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is applied in a variety of tones or values. The following are the tones or values of shading: 1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the greatest amount of light. 2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives less amount of light. 3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of light. In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming from the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are imagined to be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.
Techniques in Shading Application 1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives more light. 2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium values. 3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light with a heavy shade.
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Methods of shading application 1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object by using lines.
2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce dots on the surface of the object.
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3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted shading must not be applied to the same surface of the object.
4. Continuous Tone Shading or Smudge Shading. This is applied by using the powdered graphite or lead of a pencil.
Note: Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the application of this activity.
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SELF CHECK 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches
Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank. ____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line drawing. ____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with a convenient height that will make you comfortable while drawing. ____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as well as measuring purposes. ____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves other than arc s and circles. ____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts. ____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines B. Enumeration: 7-10 Four colors of drawing papers
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OPERATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing the learner to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of drawing emanates from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines. Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines 1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm. 2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts. 3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start at the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle. Start at the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). 6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance). (See figure 3.5)
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Figure 3.5
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OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Perform freehand drawing Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching. Procedure in making freehand drawing: 1. Prepare the model/object.
2.
Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.
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3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).
WIDTH
4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.
5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.
6. Apply line shading.
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SELF CHECK 3.2

DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous tone shading.
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ASSESSMENT RESOURCES Performance Assessment

Scoring Rubrics Criteria Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy 50 pts 45 pts 40 pts. Speed 10 pts 8 pts 6 pts. The output is done 5 minutes before the time. The output is done on time. The output is done after the allotted time. The output is accurately done. Two to five errors are observed on the output. Six to ten errors are observed on the output. Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Neatness 25 pts. 20 pts 15 pts No errors made on the output. Two to three erasures made on the output. Four or more erasures made on the output.
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Lettering/Labeling 15 pts. 10 pts. All information must be completely indicated and legibly printed. Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.
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ANSWER KEY 1.1

TEST I. 1. a 2. c. 3. b 4. a 5. a TEST II. ( Teachers check) TEST III. ( Teachers check)
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ANSWER KEY 2.1
1. Proportion 2. Hexagon 3. Rectangle 4. Square 5. Trapezoid 6. Equilateral triangle 7. Rhombus 8. Rectangle 9. Hexagon 10. Square
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ANSWER KEY # 3.1

1. T-square 2. Drawing table 3. Scale 4. French curve 5. Divider 6. Triangle 7. White 8. Cream 9. Light and green 10. Buff
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ANSWER KEY # 3.2
(Teachers Check)
ANSWER KEY 3.1

a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron
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Unit of Competency: Construct Geometrical Figures Module No.: 2 Module Title: Constructing Geometrical Figures
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.
This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
How to Use this Module .. Introduction .. Technical Terms . Learning Outcome 1 Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles & Angles .. Learning Experiences/Activities . Information Sheet 1.1 Operation sheet 1.1 .. Self- Check Sheet 1.1 Self Check 1.2 .. Learning Outcome 2 Draw Regular Polygons Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 2.1 Operation Sheet 2.1 Self Check 2.1 Learning Outcome 3 Draw Regular Solids . Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 3.1 . Self Check 3.2 Assessment Resources .. Answer Key . I ii Iii 1 2 3 5 11 13 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 29 30 32-35

: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING I CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE Constructing Geometrical Figures
INTRODUCTION
This module is designed for the student to familiarize with geometrical figures and plane geometry and to be able to draw mechanically using compass, triangle, dividers, pencils and erasers. The basic knowledge in geometric construction which will be integrated or applied in any area of specialization are discussed in this module. Accuracy, proper practice in holding different materials and
instruments and safety measures are also included in this module.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles LO2 Draw regular polygons LO3 Draw regular solids
TECHNICAL TERMS
Bisect- means to divide in half. Degree- is a unit of angular measurement. Divider- is a device used to transfer measurements or to scribe arcs on hard Surfaces. Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides. Octagon- is a polygon with eight sides. Pentagon- is a polygon with five sides. Radius- is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the circumference of a circle. Vertex- is a point in the intersection of two or more sides. Inscribe- means a polygon is drawn inside a circle. Circumscribe- means a polygon is drawn outside the circle. Tetrahedron- is a solid with four triangles. Hexahedron- is a cube. Octahedron- is a solid with eight triangles. Dodecahedron- is a solid with twelve pentagons. Icosahedron- is a solid with twenty triangles. Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon. Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called vertex. Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel. Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in passing through a fix point. Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.
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Learning Outcome 1: Assessment Criteria
Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles
1. Drawing tools and instruments in bisecting lines, angles and arcs are identified. 2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in bisecting lines, arcs, circle and angle. 3. Geometric figures are accurately constructed. 4. Proper handling of drafting tools and equipment is observed. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested.
References:
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles. Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 1 on bisecting lines, arcs, Try to answer self-check no. 2.1. 2. Answer self check no. 1.1 3. Check your answers using the answer key. 4. Read operation sheet no. 1.1 about the procedure in Try to perform the said Activity. 5. Perform task on self check no. 1.2. 6. Review the steps in operation sheet no. 1.1 if some steps were not properly demonstrated. Consult your teacher on the items which are difficult to perform. bisecting lines, arcs, circles, and angles. circles, and angles. Special Instruction
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1 : Bisect lines, arcs, circles and angles
Geometric Construction Constructing Geometric Forms with drawing instruments is always observed in Technical Drawing. They are in the form of lines, angles, ellipses, quadrilaterals, solids, circle and polygons. Classifications of Drawing Tools Scrubing Measuring
Dividing
Inscribing
Straight Edge
T-square Triangles
Triangular Scale Foot Rule
Compass Divider
Compass Divider
Circular Templates
T-square Triangles Foot Rule
emplates
Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools Do not use compass or divider as pick. Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter. Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T Square & Triangle. Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines. Always use a sharp pencil.
Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines. Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines. Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features. Hold the pencil 60 angle while drawing.
Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean. Never sharpen pencil over your board while working. Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing. Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done. Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.
Operation Sheet No. 1.1
LO1 :
Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles
Steps in Bisecting Lines

A B
1. Given Line AB
2. Strike arcs greater than the radius with points A and B as centers.
3. Through the intersections of the arcs at 1 and 2, draw a light vertical line. This line will divide the given line AB at point O. Line AO equals line OB.
Steps in Bisecting Arc
1.Given an Arc AB connect the extremities of the arc with a straight line. Use the same procedure as in bisecting a line.
A .
2. Strike arcs passing through the given arc. Connect the two intersections with a line to reveal your bisected arc. Arc AO equals arc OB.
Steps in Bisecting Angle
C 1.Given an angle ABC, With B as center, strike an arc in any convenient radius passing through the given angle and name the intersections 1 and 2
C 2. Now strike another arc using the intersections 1 and 2 as your centers.
B
O
C 3. Connect vertex of angle (B) to intersecting arcs (O) for angles bisector. Angle ABO equals angle OBC.
Steps in Bisecting Circle
1.Given a circle strike an arc from the circumference greater than the radius.
2. Repeat Step 2 at the opposite through approximation. Your arc this time intersects the existing arcs.
3. Now connect the two intersecting arcs with each other with a line tocomplete your bisected circle.
10
SELF CHECK 1.1

LO1. Bisect Lines, Arc, Circle and Angle
. I. DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided. -------------1. A tool used for drawing circular features. a. compass b. Triangle c. T-Square d. Protractor
-------------2. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square? a. b. c. d. -------------3. Drawing vertical lines Diagonal lines Drawing horizontal lines Scribing circular features This tool is used to measure out distances. a. Triangular scale b. Protractor c. Compass d. Divider
-------------4 Dividing lines requires the use of____________________. a. Circular template b. Protractor curve --------------5. The following are ways in handling drafting tools and equipment properly EXCEPT: a. b. c. d. Hold the pencil 60 angle while drawing. Use T-square line drawing horizontal lines. Always use a sharp pencil. Use the triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines. c. Divider d. French
11
II
Enumeration: Give 5 safety reminders to remember while drawing. 1. 2 3 4. 5.
12
SELF CHECK # 1.2

LO1. Bisect lines, arc, circle and angle
Procedure: 1. 2. Prepare drawing instruments. Perform bisecting line, arcs, circles and angle on the following given figures.
Bisect lines
13
Bisect arcs.
Bisect an angle.
Bisect a circle.
14
: : :
Learning Outcome 2:
Assessment Criteria:
Draw regular polygons
1. Regular polygons are correctly identified. 2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in drawing regular polygons. 3. Tools and instrument in drawing regular polygons are identified. 4. Regular polygons are drawn according to standard specifications. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested. References: 1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
15
Learning Outcome # 2: Draw Regular Polygon Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 2. about the kinds of polygon. 2. Perform operation sheet no. 2.1 Try to perform the said activity with 80% level of accuracy. Special Instruction
3. If the 80% level of accuracy was not achieved, go again with the activity. Try to perform the job sheet for 4. Proceed to operation sheet no. 2.1. self checking. over
5. If there are items not perfectly done in the job sheet, repeat the activity.
16
INFORMATION SHEET
LO2. Draw regular polygons
# 2.1
Polygons A polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines. Regular Polygons If a polygon has equal angles & equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle
Inscribe Common Regular Polygon
Circumscribe
Triangle
square
pentagon
hexagon
octagon
17
OPERATION SHEET
2.1
LO2. draw regular polygon
Procedures: 1. Draw a 4 cm. horizontal line (fig. 1)
FIGURE 1
2.
Extend the line with its same length. (fig. 2)
FIGURE 2
18
3.
Draw a semi circle, using the center of the combined line which endpoints will be its diameter (fig. 3).
FIGURE 3
4. Now, divide the semi-circle into 6 equal parts as if you were slicing a pizza. The 6 parts are the hexagons number of equal sides. (Fig. 4).
FIGURE 4
19
5. Bisect the third line from your extended line (See fig. 5)
FIGURE 5
6. Now bisect your given line (See fig. 6).
FIGURE 6
20
7. Connect the two bisectors of your line to locate the center of your circumscribed hexagon ( Fig. 7).
FIGURE 7
8. Draw a circle. The intersection from fig. 7 will be the center of your circle and one of the endpoints of your given line will serve as your radius (Fig. 8).
FIGURE 8
21
9. Extend your divided line to the circumference of your circle.
FIGURE 9
10. Connect intersections of the lines that were extended to other intersection of your extended lines (fig. 10).
FIGURE 10
Note: Teacher may use other methods.
22
SELF CHECK NO. 2.1
LO2. draw regular polygon

Direction: Referring to your operation sheet #2.1, draw a Circumscribed pentagon. Given: 4 cm line
23
: : :
Learning Outcome 3: Assessment Criteria:
Draw regular solids
1. Regular solids are correctly identified. 2. Tools and instruments in drawing regular solids are identified. 3. Regular solids are drawn according to exact shape. 4. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 5. Safety work habits are manifested.
Resources:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. 2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
24

Learning Outcome # 3: Draw regular solids Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 3 about the kinds of solid. 2. Perform self check no. 3.1. Try to perform the said activity for self checking. 3. If the activity was not properly accomplished, practice again to achieve accuracy. 4. Answer self check no. 3.2 Special Instruction
25

LO3. Draw regular solids
Drawing Regular Solids Solids - are figures bounded by plane surfaces. The five regular solids
Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron (4 triangles) (cube) (8 triangles) (12 pentagons) (20 triangles) Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon and three or more lateral faces which are parallelogram.
Right Right square rectangular
Oblique rectangular
Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point called vertex.
Right Triangular
Right Square
Oblique pentagonal
26
Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.
Right Circular
Oblique Circular
Cone is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curve line in passing through a fix point.
Right circular circle (truncated)
Oblique circle (frustum)
Oblique
Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.
27
SELF CHECK # 3.1

Procedure: 1. Draw regular solids and label them properly. ( Dimension is optional )
28
SELF CHECK # 3.2

Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each number. ___________________________1. It is a solid with eight triangles. ___________________________2. It is a regular solid with four triangles. ___________________________3. It is a cube solid. ___________________________4. A regular solid with twenty triangles. ___________________________5. A solid composed of twelve pentagon.
29
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics Criteria Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy 50 pts 45 pts 40 pts. Speed 10 pts 8 pts 6 pts. 25 pts. 20 pts 15 pts The output is done 5 minutes before the time. The output is done on time. The output is done after the allotted time. has no error has two to three erasures has four or more erasures The output is accurately done. Two to five errors are observed on the output. Six to ten errors are observed on the output. Score
Neatness
30
Lettering/Labeling 15 pts. pts. 10 pts. 8 pts. All pieces of information are completely indicated and 12 legibly printed. All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.
31
ANSWER KEY 1.1

Test I.
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a Test II. Enumeration. 1. Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean. 2. Never sharpen pencil over your board while working. 3. Avoid eating and touching sticky and wet thing while drawing. 4. Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done? 5. Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.
ANSWER KEY 1.2

( Teachers check)
Self-Check 1.2
ANSWER KEY 2.1

( Teachers check)
Self-Check 2.1
ANSWER KEY 3.1

a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron

Unit of Competency: Construct Orthographic Projection Module No.: 3 Module Title: Constructing Orthographic Projection
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared at the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City
This work was produced with funding provided by the Department of Education. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
How to Use this Module .. Introduction .. Technical Terms . Learning Outcome 1 Construct Orthographic Views .. Learning Experiences/Activities . Information Sheet 1.1 Operation Sheet 1.1 Self Check 1.1 .. Self - Check 1.2 Self -Check 1.3 Self -Check 1.4 .. Operation Sheet 1.2 .. Self Check 1.5 .. Self Check 1.6 .. Self Check 1.7 .. Learning Outcome 2 Apply General Specific Dimensions Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 2.1 Self Check 2.1 Self Check 2.2 Assessment Resources .. Answer Key .. I ii iii 1 2 3 14 28 29 30 31 34 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 51-57

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing. A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your learning level and need. The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives. When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a postassessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.
Program/ Course Unit of Competency Module Title INTRODUCTION
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING I CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Constructing Orthographic Projections
Orthographic Projection is the graphical representation of the different views of an object to show the necessary information. Through this module, a student can construct two forms of orthographic projection such as orthographic views and pictorial views. Orthographic views represent front view, top view, right side view, bottom view, rear view and left side view while pictorial view represents a complete shape of an object. Also, through this module, a student can apply general and specific dimension: the height, width, and depth of an object.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 LO2 Construct Orthographic Views Apply general and specific dimensions
TECHNICAL TERMS
Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions. Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth. Right Angle is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees. Dimension is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) labeled on a technical drawing. Measurement is the process or result of measuring anything. Metric system of measurement is an international system of measurement English system of measurement- is an American standard system of measurement Metric pertains to the metric system of measurement. Dimensioning is an act of measuring a drawing.
Program/ Course Unit of Competency Module Title
: : :
LO1.Construct orthographic views Assessment Criteria:

1. Principles of orthographic projection are clearly explained and discussed. 2. Projection of principal views is clearly demonstrated. 3. Principal views are accurately constructed based on a given pictorial. 4. Supplying missing lines is accurately solved and illustrated. 5. Proper manipulation of drafting tools and equipment is performed. 6. Safety work habits are highly practiced.
References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th edition: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishin
Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Orthographic Drawing Learning Activities 1. After reading the information sheet no. 1 and 2, you are required to answer the self check 1.1. 2. Given the operation sheet no. 1.1, read and perform the procedure orthographic in constructing on self views Special Instruction
checks 1.2, 1.3, 1.4. 3. Proceed to operation sheet no. 1.2, read and analyze steps the task on the in self Ask your teacher for further clarification on items not clear to you. When you are through with the activity, work. review/ check your operating 4. Perform
constructing pictorial view. checks no. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.

LO1. Construct orthographic drawing
Orthographic projection is a method of representing the exact shape of the object by dropping two or more perpendicular to a plane generally at right angle. As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students must have the basic knowledge on alphabet of lines. The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in orthographic drawing. 1. Visible lines Used to show visible edges or contours of an object (NOTE: Visible lines are sometimes called object lines.)
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
2. Hidden lines Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used to show the hidden or invisible edges of an object.
3.
Center lines Used to show the centers of holes of circular object or shape.
THIN
4. Section lines Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section view. The surface indicated with section line is presumed to be solid portion.
MEDIUM
5. Extension lines Indicates the limit of a dimension line.
THIN
6.Dimension lines Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object; spans from one extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends, and is broken in the middle fro the measurement number (dimension).
7.Leader lines Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or special dimensions to features on the drawing and done mechanically.
LEADER LINE
THIN
THICK
Both are cutting plane lines
8.Cutting-plane lines Used to show where a section has been taken; arrows on the end show the direction in which the section was taken. 9.Break lines Used to show that part of the object has been removed or broken away a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable for small objects only.
MEDIUM
b. Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several places and done mechanically and applicable for big objects only.
MEDIUM
10.Reference line an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one end used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.
THIN
Two Methods of Shape Representation A. Orthographic Views B. Pictorial Views (Refer to Operation Sheet #1.2)
Orthographic view-is a representation of two or more separate views. This can be represented into six principal views and regular views 1. The Three Regular Views Orthographic views can be represented by two or more separate views, however, it is advisable to illustrate three views to show clear and detail presentation of at least three principal views of the object. The following are: 1. 2. 3. Top View Front View Side View
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Fig. 1. Three Regular Views
2. The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Top View. It is drawn above the front. Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view Right Side View. This located at the right side and aligned with the front view. Left Side View. The opposite of the right side view. It is located at the left side and aligned with the front view. Rear View. The opposite view of the front view. It is located aligned after either at the right side view or left side view. 6. Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view. This must be drawn vertically aligned and below the front view.
TOP VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
REAR VIEW
REAR VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows the proper location of the top view, front view, right side view, left side view, rear view, and bottom view Plan View or Top View This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The lefthand and right-hand illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed above the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to locate the plan in its proper position. Draw these upward from each corner of the front view and line-in the plan of the right.
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
Front View Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will be seen below at the left, while the below right illustration shows what you will actually see. Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only see the dark-inked front face of the object. Notice also that you cannot see any of the other sides of the object. This is because all those sides are going away from you in your line of sight and are simply not visible from your view point. They are still there, of course, but are hidden behind the outer edges of the first face.
FRONT VIEW
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE FRONT FACE THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN
Right-Side View Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you actually see are heavily outlined.
FRONT VIEW
RIGHT- SIDE VIEW
The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view
RIGHT- SIDE VIEW AS SEEN CORRECT VIEWING OF THE RIGHT-SIDE FACE Pictorial View is a representation of a complete shape of the object.
Pictorial View of a Step Block
Identifying the vertical and horizontal view The Space Dimension This refers to the three dimension standards of the pictorial view such as: height, width, and depth. Height is the distance elevation from top to bottom. Width is the distance from left side to the right side. Depth is the distance from front to rear.
HEIGHT
WIDTH
DEPTH
Fig. 3 shows the illustration of pictorial view
The ten principles to be considered in constructing orthographic drawing/projection are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Top view is directly above the front view. Side views are horizontally aligned with the front view and rear view. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view. When a line or edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane or surface, projection will appear as a point. A line or edge parallel to a plane of projection will also appear as a line or edge in its exact shape or true length. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter or foreshortened. A surface perpendicular to the plane will appear as a line or edge equal in length to the nearest edge of the surface which in this case is either its length or its width depending on its position. 8. 9. 10. A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact or true shape and size. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a surface but smaller in size and shape. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true length.
OPERATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1. Construct orthographic views
Condition or Situation for the Operation: Given pictorial view with corresponding dimensions and draw the three regular views. Equipment, Tools and Materials: T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical template, drafting knife, butt paper and eraser Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page) To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial view, first determine the number of views needed, then decide which surface will become the front view. Establish the space needed between views for dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing, then proceed to the following steps.
PICTORIAL DRAWING
STEP 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis.
Space between top view and front view
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 2. Divide the axis by indicating marking lines according to the given dimensions of the width of the top view, height of the front view and space between top view and front view.
FRONT VIEW
STEP 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

45
0
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 4. Construct diagonal line at 45 degrees angle using 45 deg. X 45 deg. Triangle from the upper right corner of the enclosing box of the front view.
INTERSECTING POINT
45
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the width of the right side view and to form its enclosing box.
INTERSECTING POINT
45
Length
FRONT VIEW
STEP 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and front view by indicating marking lines.
INTERSECTING POINT
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 7. Draw the details of top view front view and side view by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.
INTERSECTING POINT
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view and right side view
INTERSECTING POINT
45
FRONT VIEW STEP 9. Divide the provided space for dimensioning by indicating marking lines.
INTERSECTING POINT
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 10. Sketch light lines for dimension lines and extension lines by projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.
INTERSECTING POINT
40
45
FRONT VIEW
STEP 11. Draw final dimension lines and extension lines. . .
INTERSECTING POINT
10 40
10
30 10
45
16
40
12
FRONT VIEW
STEP 12. Indicate the measurements. . .
TOP VIEW
10 40
10
30 10
16
40
12
FRONT VIEW
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
STEP 13. Label the top, front and right side views. Finally, erase the construction lines. . . Evaluation: Teacher evaluates using the following criteria: 1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly followed. 2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements. 3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly manipulated according to the standards. 4. The drawing is neatly done.
SELF CHECK # 1.1
Direction: On the blank provided before each item, write the words that make the sentence complete and correct.
_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by an _____________. _________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________. _________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _________4. It is a gap, and a distance of the extension line to the object. _________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead. _________6. The distance from front to rear. _________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view. _________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing. _________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view. ________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line.
SELF CHECK # 1.2

Direction: Given the pictorial view, construct the three orthographic views.
PICTORIAL VIEW
SELF CHECK # 1.3

DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three Regular views
20 13 50 13 50
50
13
15
38 50
38 50 50
25
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETER
SELF CHECK # 1.4

DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three Regular views
20 13 50
25 50
45
50
13
15
38 50 50
25
20
40
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CENTIMETERS
15
60
Other suggested Activities:

Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the Orthographic views below.
Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial drawings below.

LO1. Construct orthographic drawing Condition or Situation for the Operation: Given the three orthographic views with corresponding dimensions, draw the orthographic drawing (pictorial view). Pictorial View a drawing that represents the complete shape of an object. Below demonstrates how pictorial drawing is constructed.
TOP VIEW
10 16 34 18 24
24 10
26
FRONT VIEW
10
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
Equipment, Tools and Materials: T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical template, drafting knife, butt paper, and eraser.
Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page) Precaution: Observe and practice the proper uses and care of the drawing instruments. Evaluation: Teacher evaluates using the following criteria: 1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly followed. 2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements. 3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly manipulated according to the standards. 4. The drawing is neatly done.
STEP 1. Draw the axis (Use 30 x 60 triangle for inclined axis).
STEP 2. Lay out the proportion of an object in the enclosing box for the whole object or principal portion of it.
STEP 3. Project measurements.
STEP 4. Sketch the enclosing box.
S T E P 4 . D i v i d e o n e a x i s
STEP 5. Divide one axis for proportioning distance and sketch the most dominant detail of the object.
STEP 6. Complete the construction details.
STEP 7. Darken the final edges and erase the construction lines.
SELF CHECK # 1.5

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, construct a pictorial view.
TOP VIEW
50 15
30
35 5
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
SELF CHECK # 1.6
DIRECTION: Given the three orthographic views, draw the Pictorial view. TOP VIEW . 10 27 12 60 10 20 FRONT VIEW 10 50
R. SIDE VIEW
SELF CHECK # 1.7
DIRECTION: Given the orthographic views, draw the pictorial.
TOP VIEW
10
40 10 10
5 FRONT VIEW 10 20 45 RIGHT SIDE VIEW
10
12
27
: : :
LO2. Supply general and specific dimensions Assessment Criteria:

1. Measurements are correctly converted from English to Metric. 2. Dimensioning is manually/CAI- supplied on orthographic and isometric drawing in accordance with standard specifications. 3. All dimensions using notation on special features of object are supplied accordingly.
References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
42
Learning Outcome # 2: Supply General and Specific Dimension Learning Activities 2. Read the information sheet no. 2 on conversion of measurement. 3. Answer the self check no. 2.1. Compare your answer to the answer key. 4. Go back and review the Try to answer the self check no. 3.2 the best you can. Special Instruction
information if some items are not correctly answered.
43

LO2. Supply general and specific dimension
Dimensioning Dimensions are given in the form of linear distances, angles or notes irrespective of the dimensioning units being used. The following are the essential elements to be considered in
dimensioning technique: 1. character of lines 2. spacing of the dimensions 3. the arrow heads 4. the use of extension lines. The arrow heads indicate the direction and extent of a dimension. It should be uniformed in size as 3mm. length width. Spacing of the dimension lines The dimension nearest to the object being outlined should be spaced at least 10 mm. away. All other dimension lines should be at least 6 mm. apart. However, if more space is available, the spacing of dimensions line should be uniformed throughout the drawing. Extension line A thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which a dimension refers. The dimension line meets the extension lines at right except in special cases. A gap distance of at least 2 mm. from the object outline should extend about 3 mm. (1/8) beyond the outermost arrowhead.
44
System of Measurements There are two systems of measurement applied in drawing such as English and metric. 1. English System As used in drawing, specifically refers to inches and feet unit of measurement 2. Metric System It is an International System (IS) of measurement as applied in drawing. This is based upon the meter or millimeter as a linear unit of measurement Metric Equivalent (Commonly used in drawing) 1 inch = = = 2.54 centimeters 30.5 centimeters .305 meter = = 254 millimeters 305 millimeters
1 foot 1 foot
How to Convert English System to Metric System? Example 1: To convert 18 inches to centimeters 18 in X 30.5 cm 12 in = = = Example 2: To convert 84 centimeters to inches 84 cm X = = 12 in 30.5 cm 84 X 12 in 30.5 31.6 inches 18 X 30.5 cm 12 18 X 2.54 cm 45.7 cm
45
SELF CHECK # 2.1

LO2. Supply general and specific dimension
Direction: A. Fill in the blanks. _____________________1. A form of linear distances, angles, or notes irrespective of the dimensioning units being used. _____________________2. It is the length of the arrowheads. _____________________3. It is a thin and solid line that extend from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _____________________4. It is a gap distance between extension line and object line. _____________________5. It is the exact width of the arrowhead. B. Enumeration 1. Identify the two systems of measurement. a. b. 2. Recognize the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning. a. b. c. d. C. Problem Solving 1. Convert 32 inches to centimeter. 2. Convert 6 inches to centimeter.
46
D. Direction: Given the three orthographic views, supply the missing general Dimensions of the top view, front view, and side view.
TOP VIEW
60 15 ? 15 40
50 ?
20
FRONT VIEW
20
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
47
SELF CHECK # 2.2

Direction: I. On the blank provided before each item, write the word or group of words that will make the sentence complete and correct. _________1. Dimension line must be terminated by a _____________. _________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________. _________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers. _________4. It is a gap and a distance of the extension line to the object. _________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead. _________6. The distance from front to rear _________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view _________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing _________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view ________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line II. Enumeration: 1. Give the two systems of measurements a. b. 2. Identify the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning a. b. c. d.
48
Enumerate the six principal views according to their standard placement. a. b. c. d e f.
4. Identify the two methods of shape representation. a. b. 5. Identify the three-space dimensions. a. b c III Essay type 1. Discuss briefly the following; a. Pictorial View b. Orthographic Projection c. Dimensioning Technique IV. Illustrate the steps in constructing orthographic drawing based on the given pictorial view.
49
Scoring Rubrics Criteria Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy 50 pts 45 pts 40 pts. Speed 10 pts 8 pts 6 pts. 25 pts. 20 pts 15 pts The output is done 5 minutes before the time. The output is done on time. The output is done after the allotted time. No errors made on the output. Two to three erasures made on the output. Four or more erasures made on the output. The output is accurately done. Two to five errors are observed on the output. Six to ten errors are observed on the output. Score
Neatness
50
Lettering/Labeling 15 pts. 10 pts. All information must be completely indicated and legibly printed. Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.
51
ANSWER KEY # 1.1

I. 1. arrow heads 2. 3mm 3. extension line 4. 2mm 5. 2mm 6. depth 7. bottom view 8. draw axis 9. rear view 10. 10 mm
52
ANSWER KEY 1.2
TOP VIEW 10 30 20 40 10 20 . 10 20
30 10
25
FRONT VIEW
15
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
10
53
ANSWER KEY 1.3
PICTORIAL VIEW
54
ANSWER KEY 1.4

(Teachers Check)
Self-check 1.4
55
ANSWER KEY 1.5

(Teachers Check)
Self-check 1.5
56
ANSWER KEY 2.1
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. Dimension 3mm Extension line 2mm 2mm
1. a. English system b. Metric system 2. a. Character of lines b. Arrow heads c. Extension line d. Distance/ Spacing of dimensions
C. 1. 81.33 cm 2. 15 cm D. (Teachers check)
57
ANSWER KEY # 2.2

I. 1. arrow heads 2. 3mm 3. extension line 4. 2mm 5. 2mm 6. depth 7. bottom view 8. draw axis 9. rear view 10. 10 mm II. 1. 2. a. English System b. Metric System a. Character lines b. dimension line c. extension line d. spacing of the dimension line a. top view b. front view c. right side view d. left side view e. rear view f. bottom view a. orthographic view b. pictorial view a. height b. width c. depth
3.
4. 5.
58

Unit of Competency: Constructing Pictorial Drawing Module No.: 4 Module Title: Constructing Pictorial Drawing
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Copyright Department of Education 2008 First Published JUNE 2008 This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008. This learning instrument was developed by the following personnel: Technology Teachers: Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D. Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI Roy S. Luneta Bauan Technical High School Bauan, Batangas Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III Juanito Bugaoisan Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology San Fernando, La Union Arlene V. Tobias Mabalacat Technical High School Mabalacat, Pampanga Facilitator: Aida T. Galura Angeles City National Trade School Sunset Valley, Angeles City
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
How to Use this Module .. Introduction .. Technical Terms . Learning Outcome 1 Construct Isometric Drawing Learning Experiences/Activities . Information Sheet no. 1.1 Operation Sheet no. 1.1 Operation Sheet no. 1.2 Self check no. 1.1 .. Self check no. 1.2 .. Learning Outcome 2 Construct Oblique Drawings .. . Information Sheet 2.1 Operation Sheet 2.1 Self check no. 2.1 .. Learning Outcome 3 Construct Perspective Drawings Learning Experiences/Activities .. Information Sheet 3.1 Operation Sheet 3.1 Operation Sheet 3.2 Operation Sheet 3.3 Self check no. 3.1 .. Self check no. 3.2 .. Assessment Resources .. I ii iii 1 2 3 4 7 10 11 12 14 15 19 20 21 22 24 29 32 34 35 36-39


INTRODUCTION
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING 1 CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING Constructing Pictorial Drawing
Pictorial Drawing is used to communicate ideas which cannot be described easily in words. It is used by engineers, architects and all types of designers and drafters to illustrate the size and shape of an object. This module is intended to show the student that pictorial drawing is easier to understand and interpret because it shows height, weight, length in one drawing than orthographic multi view drawing which shows only one face of an object of each view. The different types of pictorial drawing discussed here are isometric, oblique, and perspective.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to: LO1 Construct isometric drawings. LO2 Construct oblique drawings. LO3 Construct perspective drawing.
TECHNICAL TERMS
Angles refers to the space or opening between two straight lines that meet. Oval is elliptical shapes that resembles an egg. Symmetrical is a balanced arrangement between two sides. Principles are guiding rules to follow. Parallel is a perpendicular line equidistant from each other at all points. Projection is a line or object that shows a distance. Circle is a plane figure bounded by circumference which is equidistant From a common point, the center. Arc is a portion or a segment of a circumference of the circle. Picture Plane- is a location wherein the top view must be drawn. Horizon Line- a line wherein the vanishing point must be located. Ground Line- a line wherein the front view must be drawn. Vanishing Point- a point wherein the vanishing line must be projected. Vanishing lines- these lines are used to project the horizontal edges of the object in order to make the object foreshortened. These these lines are also called receding lines Station Point- This is an imaginary point of the observer or viewer of an object. Birds Eye View- The object is viewed above the eye level of the observer. Eye level- The object is viewed within the eye level of the observer. Ants View- The object is viewed below the eye level of the observer.
Program/ Course Unit of Competency Module Title Learning Outcome 1. Assessment Criteria
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING 1 CONSTRUCT PICTORIAL DRAWING Constructing Pictorial Drawing
Construct isometric drawing
1. The three divisions of axonometric are identified and discussed. 2. All principles of isometric drawing are properly discussed. 3. Procedure in constructing isometric drawing is followed according to standard specifications. 4. Ellipse figure is accurately drawn in the form of isometric view. References: Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Isometric Drawing Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 1 about procedures drawing. o 2. Perform operation sheet no.1.1 to test your understanding the principles of and axonometric about Try to perform the operation for self checking. principles of and axonometric Special Instruction
procedures drawing.
3. If you were not able to get some of the items, read again the information sheet for o Try sheet to perform 1.2 to the operation your review. 4. Perform operation sheet no. 1.2 about constructing ellipse drawing. 5. If you were not able to get the procedure, go over them until you are able to master and follow the said procedure. test
understanding.

LO1. Construct isometric drawing
Axonometric Drawing is a pictorial drawing which shows the front side and top faces of are always parallel. Three Divisions of Axnometric Drawing: o o o Isometric Dimetric Trimetric drawing an object in one view. The receding lines in isometric
Principles of Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric Drawing o o o Isometric - All receding edges are 30. Dimetric - One receding edge is 15 and the other one is 45. Trimetric - All receding edges are 15.
Ellipse is a closed curve in the form of a symmetrical oval. Principles of Ellipse Drawing: 1. Isometric circles are drawn by drawing first the square which surrounds the given circle. 2. The four center ellipse procedure is sufficient for isometric circle. isometric

LO1. Construct isometric drawing
Procedure: 1. Draw the three isometric axes. Be sure that the angle of the cross axis is 30 from the lower edge of the paper .
30 degrees
30 0
2.
Layout the principal measurements. Get the measurements from the Orthographic drawing.
30 0
3.
Draw the box or crate lines.
30 0
4.
Draw the details of the object.
5.
Trace the visible edges with heavier lines.
6. 7.
If required, show hidden lines. Label the isometric drawing.

LO1. Construct Isometric drawing
Procedure in Constructing Ellipse Drawing
Circle or Ellipse in Isometric Drawing.
300
300
Orthographic Circle
Isometric of Circles
Steps in drawing Isometric Circles or Ellipses drawing using four-center approximation methods: 1. Using 30o x 60o triangle and the T-square, draw the isometric square box in the desired position. Follow the given radius or diameter.
Horizontal Position
Left Vertical Position
Right Vertical Position
2. Draw 600 crate or construction lines from points B and D to determine mid-points of each sides of the isometric square. Horizontal Position Left Vertical Position Right Vertical Position
B D D
B D
B 1 1
D 2
D 2
D B
3. Set compass from points 1, & 2 to draw arcs. B
D 2
B D
4. Set compass from points B and D to complete the isometric circles or ellipse. B
1 1 2 D
B B D 5. Finalize the drawing. 2
SELF CHECK # 1.1 LO1. Construct isometric drawing

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing. TOP VIEW
10 40
10
30 10
16
FRONT VIEW
12
40
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
10
SELF CHECK # 1.2 LO1. Construct isometric drawing

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the isometric drawing.
TOP VIEW
15 50 32.5
30 12
20mm. dia.
50
FRONT VIEW
16
18
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
11
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING 1 CONSTRUCT OBLIQUE DRAWING Constructing Pictorial Drawing
Learning Outcome 2. Construct oblique drawing Assesment Criteria

1. Principle of oblique drawing is thoroughly discussed. 2 Two types of oblique drawing are correctly identified. 3. Steps in constructing oblique drawing are demonstrated according to standard specifications. 4. Each type of oblique drawing is constructed.
References:
12

Learning Outcome # 2: Construct Oblique Drawing Learning Activities 1. Read information sheet no. 2 about principles of oblique drawing. o 2. Perform operation sheet no. 2.1 about the steps in constructing oblique drawing. 3. If you did not get some of the items, repeat the procedure, Try to perform the operation for self checking. Special Instruction
13

LO2. Construct oblique drawing
Oblique Drawing is a pictorial drawing in which the front plane is parallel to the plane of projection. Two Types of Oblique Drawing: 1. Cavalier oblique-. This type of oblique drawing is drawn in its actual measurement 2. Cabinet oblique-. This is a type of oblique drawing wherein the width of objects is reduced by half of its size. Principles of Oblique Drawing: 1. 2. 3. The longest measurement should be placed in front Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to minimize distortion Arcs and circles in objects should be placed in front to minimize distortion.
14
OPERATION SHEET 2.1

LO 2. Construct oblique drawing
Procedure: 1. Draw the horizontal and vertical axes.
2.
Determine the side or surface to be made parallel to the picture plane.
15
3.
Draw this surface in an orthographic form using the horizontal and vertical axes as base lines. Get your measurements from the given orthographic drawing.
4. Draw the cross-axis using 45o cross-axis for cavalier oblique and 30o cross- axis for cabinet oblique.
450
16
5. Draw the construction box.
450
6. Layout the measurements along the cross-axis. In a cavalier oblique, the measurement is the actual size from the orthographic drawing. In a cabinet oblique, the thickness is reduced in half.
17
6. Draw all visible edges.
18
SELF CHECK # 2.1 LO 2. Construct oblique drawing

Direction: Given three orthographic views, draw the cabinet drawing at 300 depth axis.
TOP VIEW
15 50 9
30
30 12
50
FRONT VIEW
16
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
19
Program/ Course Unit of Competency Module Title Learning Outcome 3: Assesment Criteria
: : :
TECHNICAL DRAWING 1 CONSTRUCT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING Constructing Pictorial Drawing
Construct perspective drawing
1. Principles of perspective drawing are discussed. 2. Three types of perspective drawing are identified and differentiated. 3. Each type of perspective drawing is constructed according to specifications.
References:
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th editon: 1960 German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983 Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977
20

Learning Outcome # 3: Construct Perspective Drawing Learning Activities 1, Read the attached information sheet no. 3 about perspective drawing. 2. Do operation sheet no. 3.1 (One-Point Drawing) (Mechanical perspective). 3. Answer the self check no. 3.1. then compare your answer with the answer key. Perspective 3.2.(Twomethod Point in o Try to answer the self check within the least possible time allotment. o Try to perform the operation sheet no. 3.1 and 3.2 for self checking. Special Instruction
Perspective Drawing) and 3.3 drawing angular or two-point
21

LO3. Construct perspective drawing
Perspective Drawing is a pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that converge at vanishing points on the horizon. This drawing is also called as foreshortened drawing. Principles of Perspective Drawing: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All receding lines converge on a vanishing points. The farther the color, the lighter it appears. The farther the object, lines, edges, the smaller it appears. The object can be viewed in terms of birds eye view, eye level, and ants view. (see figure 1, 2, 3). The vanishing point can be located anywhere as long as the object will not be distorted. For the two-point perspective, the two vanishing points must be aligned to each other.
Fig.1. Birds Eye View
Fig.2. Mans Eye View or Eye level View
Fig.3. Ants Eye View or Worms Eye View
22
Types of Perspective Drawing 1. 2. 3. One-point or parallel perspective is a receding line that converges on a single vanishing point. Two-point or angular perspective is a receding line that converges on two vanishing points. Three-point perspective is a receding line that converges on three vanishing points. TECHNICAL TERMS: Picture Plane (PP) . This is an imaginary vertical plane where the picture is registered. Ground Line (GL) .This is where the actual figure is laid. Station Point (SP) . This is the fixed position where the object is actually viewed. Visual Rays. These are imaginary lines projecting from the observer to the figure passing through the picture plane. They are sometimes called receding lines. Horizon (H) . This is the point where the figure appears horizontally at eye level. Vanishing Point (VP) . This is the point where all receding lines meet in a perspective figure.
23

Procedure in Constructing One-Point Perspectives or Parallel Perspective. 1. Draw top and front view, picture plane, horizon line and ground line TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE
FRONT VIEW
GROUND LINE
24
2.
Locate station point and project lines of visual rays from the corners of the top view to station point.
TOP VIEW
HORIZON LINE
FRONT VIEW
STATION POINT
25
3.
Project vertically from station point for single vanishing point.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE
VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE
STATION POINT
26
4.
Project corners to the vanishing point.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON LINE
VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE FRONT VIEW STATION POINT
27
5.
Drop projectors at picture plane to determine depths and completeness.
TOP VIEW
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON
VANISHING POINT
GROUND LINE PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE

STATION POINT
28

Procedure in Constructing Two-Point Perspective or Angular Perspective 1. Estimate location of horizon, vanishing points and leading corners of the objects.
2. Get the height of the object and project the upper and lower vanishing lines to the vanishing points.
UPPER VANISHING LINES
LVP
RVP
HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT LOWER VANISHING LINES
29
3. Estimate the width and length.
INTERSECTING POINTS
4.
Complete the construction box by projecting the two intersecting points between vanishing lines and vertical lines.
LVP RVP
5.
Estimate position of features towards the vanishing points.
LVP RVP
30
6.
Connect intersecting lines.
7.
Complete drawing. Add shading if desired and finally erase the construction lines.
31

Mechanical procedures in drawing Angular or Two-Point Perspective:
PLAN
600
0
300
PICTURE PLANE
LVP
SP
HORIZON
RVP
FRONT VIEW
PERSPECTIVE
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
GROUND LINE
1. Using T-square, draw the picture plane (PP). From PP, draw the top view of an object in oblique position at 300 and 600 (vice-versa) of its sides using 30O x 600 triangle. 2. Draw a vertical line along center-edge of the top view to locate the station point (SP) at a distance of not less than twice the scales length of an object. From station point, project a line along all corners of the top view. Mark a point as a piercing point on the picture plane. 3. From station point (SP), project a line right 300 cross axis and left 600 cross axis (vice-versa) touching the picture plane.
32
4. Establish a ground line. Draw the front and side views of the object at the right or left side of the ground line. 5. Locate the horizon between the picture plane (PP) and ground line (GL). 6. From Step-2 at piercing points on the picture plane, project vertical lines along horizon line to establish the left and right vanishing points. 7. From piercing points in the picture plane (PP), project vertical lines along the ground line to create all measuring lines of width & depth. 8. Project horizontally all the heights of the front view and side view along measuring lines of width and depth respectively. 9. Connect all corner horizontal heights to LVP and RVP to complete the perspective drawing. 10. Finalize the drawing.
33
SELF CHECK # 3.1 LO3. Construct perspective drawing

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the parallel perspective drawing.
TOP VIEW
10 10 40 10 16 5
FRONT VIEW
12
40
30
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
34
SELF CHECK # 3.2 LO3. Construct perspective drawing

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the angular perspective drawing.
TOP VIEW
10 40
10
30 10
16
FRONT VIEW
12
40
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
35
Written Test
LO1. Construct Isometric Drawing LO2. Construct Oblique Drawing LO3. Construct Perspective Drawing I. Identification. Write the correct answer on the blanks. and height of an object. ____________________________2. A pictorial drawing which shows the front, side and top faces of an object in one view the receding lines are always parallel. ____________________________3. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding angles are 30 degrees. ____________________________4. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding angles are 15 degrees and the other is 45 degrees. ____________________________5. A type of pictorial drawing wherein all receding ___________________________6. A pictorial drawing in which the front plane is parallel to the plane of projection. ______________________________7. A type of oblique drawing which is prepared to its actual measurement. ___________________________8. A type of oblique drawing in which the the thickness of the object is reduced by half. ___________________________9. A pictorial drawing which contains receding lines that converge at a vanishing points on the horizon. ___________________________10. A closed curve in the form of a symmetrical oval. Enumeration Enumerate at least two principles for each of the following: 1. Isometric Drawing 2. Oblique Drawing 3. Perspective Drawing ____________________________1. A type of drawing that shows the width,
36
ANSWER KEY
I. 1.Pictorial Drawing 3. Axonometric Drawing 4. Isometric Drawing 5. Dimetric Drawing 6. Trimetric Drawing 7. Oblique Drawing 8. Cavalier oblique 9. Cabinet Oblique 10. Perspective Drawing 11. Ellipse II. 1. Principles of Axonometric Drawing o o o o o The drawing shows all three faces of an object. The receding lines are always parallel. The longest measurement should be placed in front. Irregular shapes of the object should be placed in front to minimize distortion. Circles and circular arcs should be placed in front to minimize distortion. 3. Principle of Perspective Drawing o o o All receding lines converge on vanishing points. The farther the object, the smaller it appears. The farther the object, the lighter it appears.
2. Principles of Oblique Drawing
37
Scoring Rubrics Criteria Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy 50 pts 45 pts 40 pts. Speed 10 pts 8 pts 6 pts. The output is done 5 minutes before the time. The output is done on time. The output is done after the allotted time. The output is accurately done. Two to five errors are observed on the output. Six to ten errors are observed on the output. Score
Neatness 25 pts. 20 pts 15 pts has no error has two to three erasures has four or more erasures
38
Lettering/Labeling 15 pts. 12 pts. 10 pts. 8 pts. All pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed. All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title INTRODUCTION

TECHNICAL DRAWING I PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING Preparing Freehand Drawing

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title Learning Outcome 1

The Four Group of Letters

waist line base line

cap line waist line

base line dropped

Leroy Lettering Pen -

Order of Strokes in Lettering

Single stroke vertical lower case letters Figure 1.2

Single stroke inclined lower case letters Figure 1.4

SELF CHECK 1.1

LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title

TECHNICAL DRAWING I PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING Preparing Freehand Drawing

LO2. Sketch simple objects Assessment Criteria

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Principles of Sketching Objects

The Two Basic Proportions of Object

Basic Shapes of Objects

Square - has four equal sides and angles

Hexagon is a polygon having six equal sides

5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.

8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.

9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the circle.

SELF CHECK 2.1

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title

TECHNICAL DRAWING I PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning outcome 3: Assessment Criteria

Perform freehand sketches

LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.

Basic consideration in freehand sketches

3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.

4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.

Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches

SELF CHECK 3.1

OPERATION SHEET 3.1

OPERATION SHEET 3.2

3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).

4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.

5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.

6. Apply line shading.

SELF CHECK 3.2

ASSESSMENT RESOURCES Performance Assessment

ANSWER KEY 1.1

ANSWER KEY 2.1

ANSWER KEY # 3.1

ANSWER KEY # 3.2

ANSWER KEY 3.1

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title

TECHNICAL DRAWING I CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE Constructing Geometrical Figures

instruments and safety measures are also included in this module.

Program/Course Unit of Competency Module Title

TECHNICAL DRAWING I CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 1: Assessment Criteria

Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles