12

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.
2. ,
plug-and-play.
3. (DOS, UNIX, OS/2, Mac,
Windows).
4. (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, DECnet,
AppleTalk, OSI),
.
5.
.
6. .
7. : -, -,
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, RPC .
8. (Ethernet, Token Ring,
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5


Windows (Microsoft)
Windows NT.

Windows NT Server 4.0

,

.

Windows 2000. Windows 2000

Microsoft .
Windows 2000 Server
, Windows 2000 Advanced
Server -
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
.
Windows 2000 Advanced Server ,

. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
32 , 64
,
.
6

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 Web Edition

Web Web-, ASP .NET (Active Server Pages);

Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition
-
, 4
;
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. 64- (
) 64 32- 64 ;
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.
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UNIX
Solaris (Sun Microsystems). Sun Solaris
UNIX.

12
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, 128 848 ,
576 ,
252 , ,
Linux.

HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard). HP-UX 11i Windows

Linux, Java-, ,
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Linux API, HP-UX
Linux. 256
128 , ,
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.
8

AIX (IBM). AIX UNIX IBM,

IBM @server pSeries RS/6000.
Linux. AIX 5L 64 , (
32- 32- ), 256
, 1 ,
, ( 32 ),
.

Linux FreeBSD. Linux

Open Source Intel. Linux
, Web- Apache,
.
UNIX FreeBSD,
Intel DEC Alpha. FreeBSD BSD
UNIX, ().

, ,
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.
9

NetWare (Novell)
, Novell
NetWare 6.5,
, ,
,

. Novell NetWare 6.5
NDS eDirectory.
,
.

Mac OS X (Apple)
Mac OS X, Apple
, BSD UNIX. 1999 Mac OS X
Server Open Source,
Mac OS X ,
. Mac OS X
,
, ,
Windows.

10

 Z/OC
eServer z900 (IBM)
Z/OS
OS/390,
. zOS
64- ,


.
z/OS Intelligent Resource
Director,

.

Java Linux,
.
11

 UNIX

1. CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System) (1961 .).
2. MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computer Service), EOL
(PL/1), + Bell Labs + General Electric, 1963 .
3. MULTICS - UNICS (Uniplexed Information
and Computer Service) .
4. B ( BCPL) Unix
.
5. .
6. UNIX .
7. UNIX, 1974 .
8. 6 UNIX 8200 + 900 1974 .
9. UNIX ( 7) 18000 + 2110
1976 .
10. UNIX AT&T (System III) 1984 .,
UNIX System V.
11. UNIX 1BSD (Fist
Berkeley Software Distribution), 2BSD, 3BSD, 4BSD.
12. UNIX Xenix, Minix, AIX, Sun OS, Solaris, Lnux.
12

 UNIX
UNIX ,
. : , ,
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Unix :
1.
.
2. ,
.
3.
.
4. -
.
5. ,
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.
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8. .
13

 UNIX

( , ,
. .)
( open, close, read, write,
fork . .). -

TRAP.

UNIX ( ,
, , - . .)

( , ,
, -, . .)

14

 Unix

15

 UNIX
X Windows,
,
,
- ,
(shell).
: sh, ksh, bash .
(% $) ,
.
:
1) cp file1 file2 ( file1, file2 )
2) head 20 file ( 20 file)
3) sort < in > out ( sort in
out)
4) sort < in > temp; head -30 < temp; rm temp
5) sort < in | head -30 ()
6) sort < x | head & ( )
, ,
. if, for, while, case.
16

 Unix

(): 1. () .
2. . 3. ( , ).
4. . 5. . 6. .

cat
chmod

cut
grep
head
is
make
mkdir
paste
pr
rm
rmdir
sort
tail
tr

17

 Unix

, ().
cron daemon,
. fork ,
. .
. .

pid = fork ( ); /* fork , pid > 0 . */

18

 .

. ,
sort < f | head , sort head,
. ,
sort, head - .

.
.

pid = fork ( )
pid = waitpid (pid, &statloc, opts)
s = execve (name, argv, envp)
exit (status)
s = sigaction (sig, &act, &oldact)
s = sigreturn (&context)
s =sigprocmask (how, &set, &old)
s = sigpending (set)
sigsushtnd (sigmask)
s = kill (pid, sig)
s = pause ( )

,



,


s =


.
19

while (TRUE) {
type_prompt ( );

/* */
/* */

read_command (command, params); /* */

pid = fork ( );

/* */

if (pid < 0) {
printf ( ); /* */
continue;

/* */

}
if (pid != 0) {
waitpid ( -1, &status, 0 );

/*. - . -*/

} else {
execve (command, params, 0);

/* */

}
}
20


POSIX (P1003.1c)
.
.
.
.

pthread_create
pthread_exit
pthread_ join
pthread_mutex_init
pthread_ mutex_destroy
pthread_ mutex_lock
pthread_ mutex_unlock
pthread_ cond_init
pthread_ cond_ destroy
pthread_ cond_ wait
pthread_ cond_ signal

. .









,

err = pthread_create (&tid, attr, function, arg); - ,

function, arg .
21

 Windows 2000

1. MICROSOFT BASIC (1981 .)
Intel8088.
2. IBM PC MS DOS 1.0 (1981 .), PC AT MS DOS 3.0 (1984 .).
3. Lisa ( GUI Xerox, Apple, . , 1983 .).
4. MS DOS Windows 1.0 (1985 .).
5. Windows 2.0 PC AT (1987 .).
6. Windows 3.0 Intel 386 (1990 .).
7. Windows 3.1 3.11 Intel 386, 486 (1992 - 1994 .).
8. Windows 95 MS DOS
7.0, 16- (1995 .).
9. Windows 98 MS DOS, 16 , (1998 .).
10. Windows ME, Windows 98,
(2000 .).
11. 32- Windows NT 3.1 (1993 .).
12. Windows NT 4.0 (1996 .).
13. Windows NT 5.0 - Windows 2000
22

 MS
(
):
1. Support Tools - ;
2. Software Development Kit (SDK)
;
3. Driver Development Kit (DDK)
;
4. Resource Kit .
-
Windows 2000 ( \support\tools).
SDK DDK msdn.microsoft.com.
Resource Kit MS.

www.sysinternals.com.
23

 Windows 2000
Windows 2 :
1. , (
, , , . .).
2. (),
(,
).
,
. :
- ( , );
- ( );
- ;
- ;
- (HAL).

-.
-.
++.

24

 Win32

OS/2

POSIX

Win32

OS/2

POSIX

(NT DLL.DLL)

plug-and-play

Win32

(HAL)

25

 (Hardware Abstraction Layer HAL)

HAL ,
,
. ( ),
.

HAL ,

.
HAL
1

BIOS
CMOS

26


.
HAL
. , HAL
.
HAL .
.

.
:
, , . .
, ,
,
.
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), APC (Asynchronous Procedure Call )
,
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27


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28


Windows 2000, 2
.

, ,
.
, .

plug-and-play ,
.

,
, .

.

.
, ,
.

GDI (Graphic Device Interface)

,
. ( Win32 GDI
.)
29

 .
Windows 2000
.
,

. ntoskrnl.exe.
, ,
ntoskrnl.exe (1674 K). HAL,
, hal.dll (80 K).
Win32 win32.sys
(1690 K).
NTDLL.DLL 484 K.

30


Windows 2000 , :
DLL, .
,
API (Win32, POSIX,
OS/2).
,
. DLL ,
,
.
, Win32, , ,
Win32 API. ,
,
.
Wndows DLL.
, DLL,
DLL.
\winnt\system32 800 DLL
(130 API 13000).
31

 Windows 2000
NTFS:
1. ( 264
).
2.
.
3. , .
4. ,
.
5. ,

.
6. .
7. .
8. .
32