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  • Haykin 7.7

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    Anik Das
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    important from chapter 7

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    important from chapter 7

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    3 просмотров8 страниц

    Haykin 7.7

    Загружено:

    Anik Das
    important from chapter 7

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 8
    7.7 Frequancy-Hop Spread Spectrum 499 Using the definition of Equation (7.38) for che processing gain PG we may reformulate this resule as 1.26 PEIN, The ratio JP is termed the jamming margin. Accordingly, the jamming margin and the processing gain, both expressed in decibels, are related by = ve.(), oan where (E/N the minimum valve needed ro support a proscibed average probability of eros. (76 (Camming margins = (Procesing gain Bamps 7.3 | send spectrum communication ait has the following parameters: Inforation bie daation, T; = 4.095 ms PN chip duration, T= 1 us Hence, wing Equation (738) we fin! hatte processing gain it PG = 4095, Corespondingly, the requted period ofthe PN sequence N= 4095, and the shiteiser engi = 12 For satsiator reception, we may asume tha the average probability of etor {is nor to exceed 10" From the formals for 4 soheene Binary PSK rece, we Sind tat EulN= 10 sede an average proba of ror egal 9 0.387 % 10" Hence, ung hs ‘efor BN apd the value alcalate forthe processing pin, we ad em Equation 747) ‘arene jamming aria (amming margin ~ 20 lois 4085 ~ 10 Joi(10) 361-10 26148 “That nfrmation ies ate resver ops canbe dete rei even when the wite nimererene atthe rcsivr iat up t0 095 dre he resid signal power Clear, ‘hie ea power advantage apse itefeence (arming), bic creed rough he ‘Seve due of spreaspetram modulate. ‘< 1.7. Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum Inthe typeof peead-specteum systems discussed in Section 74, the use ofa PN sequence to modulate a phase-shif-keyed signal achieves instantaneous spreading ofthe tansmis- sion bandwideh. The ability of such system 0 combat the effects of ammersis determined by the processing gain ofthe system, whichis a function ofthe PN sequence period. The processing gain cn be made lager by employing a PN sequence with nartow chip durae ‘ion, shih, in turn, permits a greater transmission bandwidth and more chips per bt However, the capabilities of physical devices used to generate the PN spread-epectum ‘signals impose a practical limit on the aainable processing gain. Indeed, it may tua out that the processing gin so attained is sill nt large enough to overcome the effects of Curren 7 © Spniap-SererHuM MODULATION some jammers of concer, in which eas we have to resort ro other methods. One such lkenative method ew force the jammer to cover a wider spectrum by randomly hopping the data-modulated carrier from one fequency to dhe next. In effect, the spect of he transmitted signal i spread sequemtaly rather than instantaneously; the fe "sequen. ‘ally refers tothe pscudo-zandom-ordered sequence of frequency hops. ‘The ype of spread spstrum in which the carrier hops randomly rom one fe to another felled frequency hop (FH) spread specrarm. A common modulation formst for FH systems is that of Moar fequency-sift keying (MESK}, The combination of tha to techniques ie referred to simply ak FHIMESK, (A description of M-ary PSK is presente in Chapter 6) ‘Since frequency hopping does not cover the entire spread spectrum instantaneool, we are led to consider te rate at which the hops occur, In this context, we may iden to basi tchnology-indcpendent) characterization of frequency hopping: 1, Slow frequency hopping in which the symbol rate R, ofthe MFSK signal is annex ‘multiple ofthe bop rate Ry. Tha is, several symbols are transmitted 00 each free quency hop. 2. Fas frequency hopping, in which the hop rate Reis an inceger multiple of che MSK symbol rate R. That i he cartier equency will change or hop several ims ding the eansmission of one symbol. ‘Obviously, slow-frequency hopping and fast frequency hopping are the converse of one another, Inthe following these two characterization frequency hopping are considered 8 Stow-FREQUENCY HoPPiNc. Figure 7.102 shows the block diagram of an FH/MESK tsansmier, which involes r= ‘quency modulation followed by maxing. Fiat the incoming biaaty data are applied roan ‘Mcary FSK modulator. The remiting modulated wave andthe ourpu fom 3 digital f- ‘quency synthesizer are then applied toa mixer tha consists ofa multiplier followed by = band pas Blter. The Blker is designed to select the sum frequency component resuking ‘rom fe mulupbsation process asthe Wansmitedsigual. ln particular, sicessive bt iments of s PN sequence dive ce fequency sythesizer, which enables the carrier ‘quency to hop over 2 distinct values. Ona singe hop, the bandwith ofthe tansmited ‘signals the same a that resulting fom the use ofa conventional MFSK with an alphabet (of M = 2 orthogonal signals. However, for a complete range of 2 frequency hops, he ‘eansmitted FHUMPSK signal occupies a much larger bandwith. Indeed, with presen day rechnology, FH bandwidths onthe order of several GH ate attainable, whichis an odst ‘of magniade lager than that achievable with diret-soguance spread spec. An imp ‘ation of these large FH bandwidths i that coherear dezecion s posible only within exch Ihop, Because frequency synthesizers are unable ro maintain phase coherence over suc sive hops. Accordingly, most requency-hop sprec-spectam communication stems se noncoherent Mary modulation schemes. Inthe eeciver depicted in Figure 7.10, the fequency hopping i fst removed by mixing (down-conversing) the received signal withthe output of local feguency ye ‘Sze that is synchronously controlled in the sae manner as tat inthe eransmiter. THe ‘sulting oust is then band: pss filtered, and subsequently processed by a noncoberen ‘Mary FSK detector. To implement this Mary detector, we may use a bank of M node Iheent matched fers, each of which is marched to one ofthe MPSK tones. (Noncobert matched fiters ae dsciked in Chapter 6) An estimate ofthe orginal symbol transmit is obtained by selecting the largest filter ouput. Ficune 7.10, Frequency-hop spread M-ay feguency-shift eying.) Tansee ‘An individual FH/MESK tone of shortest duzotion is referred to asa chips thie te rinology should not be confused with that wsed in Section 7.4 describing DSIBPSK. The hip rate, R, for an FHIMESK system is defined by R,= marly Re) i748) ‘where Ry is the bop rate and R,is the symbol rate. "A slow FHIMFSK signal is characterized by having multiple symbols tansmitted per hop. Hence, each symbol ofa siow FH/MFSK signal sa chip. Correspondingly, ina slow FHUMFSK system, the bit ate R, ofthe incoming binary data, the symbol rate R, of the [MESK signal, the chip rate R., and the hop rat Rare related by RR BER 749) x where K= loge M. “At each hop, the MFSK tones are separated in frequency by an integer multiple of the chip rate K, = R, ensuring their orthogonality. The implication of this ondition is ‘that any ranamitted symbol will noe produce any erostalk nthe other M~ 1 noncoereat ‘matched filters constituting the MFSK detector of the receiver in Figure 7.106. By “cross talk” we mean the spillover from one filter output into an adjacent one, The resulting performance ofthe slow FHUMESK system isthe same as that for the noncoheren detection 502. Cuarren7 © Srmeap.Srecrmeat Monexanion ‘of conventional (unhopped) MESK signals in additive white Gaussian noise. Thus the interfering jamming) signal hasan eflect om the FHVMPSK receiver, in terms of average probability of symbol erat, equivalent to that of additive white Gaussian noise ons Conventional noncohetent Mary ESK receiver experiencing no interference. On th bay ‘of tis equivalence, we may use Equation (6.140 for approximate evaluation ofthe pen blty of symbol error in the FHUMESK system. “Assuming thatthe jammer decides to spread its average power J over the entre Irequency-hopped spectrom, the jammer’ effec is equivalent to an AWGN with power spectral density No, where Ny ~ /W, and W, isthe FH Bandwidth. The spread spectra, ‘Sytem is thus characterized bythe symbol enery-fonoise special density ratio: ££. ipod nes ‘where the ratio Pi isthe reciprocal ofthe jamming margin. The ther ratio inthe denon ‘nator of Equation (7.50) i the processing gain of the slow FH/MESK system, which defined by (750 we & rs, a2 ‘That is, the processing yain (expressed in decibels) i equal to 10 logsy 28 = 34, wire & is the length of the PN segment employed to select a frequency hop. ‘This result assumes that the jammer spreads is power over the entire FH spectrum. “Howerer, if the jammer decides to concentrate on just afew of the hopped frequencis, then the processing gain realized by the receiver would be less than 3k decibels. PG start te yarn ofthe feguracy of a slow FHIMESK signal wth is ie Figure 7 forone comple petiod of ce PN sequence The prod of he PN sequence ie 1 amber of bis per MISK symbol K = 2 amber of MEK tonee Mamas Length of PN segmunepechop R= 3 ‘Toa number of fegueny hops 2! In hs example, she cate shoppe to anew foquency ater ransminingcwo spc cule fou information bits gue 7-1 alo inde he npr nary da and ht PN sequence conrling se econ of FH caer regueny.ejnoteworthy ha araR) ‘here te ht sinc quencies available for hopping, ony eee of em ae lied BY the PN seguro. gure 1 shows the varason ofthe dehopoed fequeacy with ime This aii is scoped be he tebe a that of oowentioal MESK sgh rece by ce Bed ‘npr dars, < Fast- Frequency Horrie A fase FH/MESK system differs from a slow FH/MESK system in that ehere are muiile hope per Meary symbol: Hence, in a fast FHIMFSK syste, each hop isa eip. In genet 7.7 Frequeney-Hop Spread Spectrum 503 oo prema} on | one foot | et | om | —— Ficune 7.11 Mhatratngowfeequeey hopping (a Prequeny vation for ane complete period ofthe PN equance() Vaiaton ofthe dhoppe fequeny ath ne fasefequency hopping is used to defeats smart jammer's tactic that involves wo Fanc- tions: measurements of the spectral content ofthe transmitted signal, ond reaning ofthe interfering sigal to that portion ofthe lrequency band, Clesly, to overcome the jammer, ‘the transmitted signal mst be hopped to'a new case Irequency Before the jamin i able to complet the processing of these two functions, ‘or data recovery atthe receiver, nancoherent detection is used. However, the de ‘ection procedures quite diferent fom that used ina slow FIUMESK receiver. In patie. tla, two procedures may be considered: 1. For each FIUMISK symbol, separate dessions are made on the K frequency-hop, chips received and simple rule based on majority vote used to make an estimate fof the dehopped MESK symbol 2, For cach FHUMFSK symbo}, likelihood functions are computed as functions of the rota signal eceived over K chips, andthe larger one ie elected. 504 Cuarren7 © Semeso-Srecrnom MODULATION ‘A receiver based on the second peocedare is opsimam in the sense hati minimizes the ‘verses probability of symbol efor for a gren Ey/Ny > Exner 75 "gue 72ers the variation of he apo’ frequency of fst FHMESK sg wih tine. The gal has the following parameters ‘Naber of bite pee MESK symbol R= 2 [Nanber of MFSK ones Mam Leng of PN semen ‘ Total aurer of equener hops 2 ta this example, ech MFSK symbol hath ume number of tit and chips tha the lip Tate eepbaine het te Ry Alter esc chip the canis quency ftbe rans ISG Au hopped a diferent ii, excep for fw ocasons whea the ship segs Meehe PM sequence ope wl et et bee rcene 7.12. Musentingstfrequency hopping) Varonon of the tranamater regs ‘Bn eran ofthe debopred frequency wih tine, 7.8 Computer Experiments: Masimal-Lengthand Gold Cader 505 Fe 71 epic thin yi oth gency te hopes MES sgl which he same otha in Example 7 Computer Experiments: | Maximal-Length and Gold Codes Code-divsion mouiplexing (CDM) provides an alternative othe traditional methods of frequeney- division multiplexing (FDM) and dime division mokilexing (TDM). Ie docs not equce the bandwidth allocation of FDM (discussed in Chaper 2) ner the time synchro- nization needed in TDM (discussed in Chapter 3). Rather, users ofa common channel ae Permitted access to the channel cough the assignment of “spreading code” to each Individual user under the umbrella of spreadspectrum modulation. The parpose of thie computer experiment i to study a certain dass of spreading codes for CDM systems that provide a satisfactory peformance Tn an ideal CDM system, th crass correlation bowen ay two wsers of the sytem {is zeo. For thi ideal condition wo be realized, we require thatthe crose-corelation function ‘erween the spreading codes assigned to ay two wsers of the system be zero forall eclic shifts: Unfoctanatly ordinary PN sequences do not say this requirement Beene of ‘hie relatively poor cross-corelation propertics ‘Asa remedy for ths shortcoming of ordinary PN sequences, we may use a special

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