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Calcul Hidraulic
Calcul Hidraulic
2908
- 2002 .
..
. . 2002 .,
26 .
,
________________
. 50 .
;
: 300/400 /;
: 0.2 ; 0.8 ;
1.2 , 3 ; - 3 .
5.6 .
Q, 3/
Nx,
N,
1
300
200
100
2
200
150
80
3
150
100
50
1.4, %
40, 80.
1. , / 40; 2. , / 3200; 3. ,
960; 4. , - 400; 5. ,
600; 6. , 60.
%:
25; 25;
20; 30.
.
. 1.1.
: 1 400*200; 2 - 100*300
,
.
1.
:
;
,
,
;
( );
,
;
.
,
( ).
.
.
().
.
1[1].
1.2.
,
,
.
1.2.1.
,
.
().
- 4 200*400 ,
:
F1 = fi = 8+8+8+8 = 32
4 3 (100*300 )
F2 = fi = 3+3+3+3 = 12
,
(20-50 ).
N :
N=*F
- , / ( ).
-300, 400 / (
).
N1 = 300*32 = 9600
N2 = 400*12 = 4800
100 .
:
Q1 = 1.05*200*9600/1000= 2016 3/
Q2= 1.05*150*4800/1000=756 3/
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 2016+756 = 2772 3/
Q = Q/24 = 115.5 3/
q = Q/3.6 = 32.08 /
1.2.2.
:
Q = n*qn/1000, 3/
:
qp = Q*/(t*3.6)
n
; qn /;
; t , .
1.1.
( )
: 3 . 1 , 1 3 ,
n = t`*3*3*m, m .
t` t.
[3].
1.1.
400
qn,
Q,
t,
180
72
10
3200
100
320
16
8.9
960
12
11.52
12
0.32
600
300
180
24
2.5
12.5
4320
16
69.12
12
2.5
4.8
400
300
120
24
2.5
8.33
/, 1.1.
n 40*10 /.
. t` 8 , n = 8*3*3*60 = 4320
/.
1.2.3.
.
:
q = q + q + q
q ,
/; q , /; q-
, /; q , /.
q = Q*/(t*3.6)
q = (25*N*3 + 45*N*2.5)/(t*3600)
Q ,
();
();
t , , t = 8 .
25, 45
, /*; N ,N
( ); 3, 2.5
.
q = 9*1000/(45*60) = 3.33 /
q = q + q + q = 24.61 + 0.911 + 3.33 = 28.85 /
Q =
N*qn/1000 , 1.2.
1.2.
N,
q,
Q ,
N,
m
Q,
/ 3/
3/
1
200
25
5
80
8
3
100
45
4.5
80
16
6
150
80
100
50
25
45
25
45
3.75
3.6
2.5
2.25
10
60
64
40
40
6
13
5
8
2.25
4.875
1.875
3
1.2.4.
:
q = (q)*Ko + q
q = qo*f, qo , /*, f
, . ,
.
, ,
. . 1.1
,
,
. 1.3.
( )
:
Q Q
q0 =
24 * 3.6 * F
Q ,
3/;
( ,
, ). F , .
2016 572
= 0.52 /( * )
24 * 3.6 * 32
756 80.64
= 0.65 /( * )
qo 2 =
24 * 3.6 *12
qo1 =
11
, ,
.
1.3.
,
q, /
, qo1 = 0.52 /(*)
2*2/2 = 2
8 - 2*2 = 4
2*1/2=1
(8-2*1)/2=3
, qo2 = 0.65 /(*)
I , II ,
0.5
III , IV ,
0.5
I , II , III , IV
2
1 , I , II, II
I, II
III , , IV ,
III , , IV ,
1.04
2.08
0.52
1.56
0.325
0.325
1.3
:
1.
( )
1.4.;
2. . 2 [1]
,
= 1.61+4.44/q, ,
. 2[1];
3. ,
qf (
);
4.
.
,
;
12
5. ( 10)
.
(qoi*Fi), i .
,
.
.
2
1.5.
1 - 1.7.
.
:
, .26[1];
, 26[1].
( . 40 .
).
,
,
(
). ( d, J,
h/d, ,
) 1.6 1.8.
1.3.
,
.
13
. :
= hmin + J*L + Z1- Z2 + ,
hmin , hmin = h. 0.3(0.5) ; h.
, .
J L
,
150 ,
[1] J = 0.008;
Z1 Z2
;
.
( )
.
,
,
.
2 .
100*300 . 20 .
2 ., hmin= 2 - 0.3 = 1.7
.
1-2: = 1.7 + 0.008*110 + 23 - 23 + 0.1 = 2.7
4-5: = 1.7 + 0.008*110 + 22.8 23 + 0.05 = 2.45
7-5: = 1.7 + 0.008*110 + 22 23 + 0.05 = 2.63 1 = 1.63 <
1.7 = 1.7 .
, 3 4 2
1.7 (
, )
3-8: = 1.7 + 0.008*110 + 21 21.9 + 0.15 = 1.83 1.85
2-3: = 1.7 + 0.008*110 + 22.1 21.9 + 0.1= 1.88 1.9
14
.
1-2 (23-22.1)/85 = 0.0108,
1-3 10 .
1-3
300,
250 . [ ]
h/d V.
1.5.
h J*L.
. 1-2 , = - = 23 - 1.7
= 21.3; = J*L = 21.3 0.85 = 20.45.
= , 1= 23 21.3 = 1.7; 2 =
22.1 20.45 = 1.65. ,
,
15
( 2), ,
, .
2-3 ,
1-2.
1-3 20.45 (0.14-0.13) = 20.44, .. =1.9
= 22.1 1.9 = 20.2.
4-5 1.7 ,
4 = 21.6 1.7 =19.9, = 19.9 0.6 = 19.3.
1 = 21.6 - 19.9 = 1.7, 2 = 21 - 19.3 = 1.7
6-5:
= 1.7. = 22.1 1.7 = 20.4; = 20.4 1.75 = 18.65; 1 =
22.1- 20.4 = 1.7; 2 = 21 18.65 = 2.35
7-5:
= 1.7. = 22.1 1.7 = 20.4; = 20.4 1.75 = 18.65; 1 =
22.1- 20.4 = 1.7; 2 = 21 18.65 = 2.35
5-8:
,
, 6 5
( 7 5 ), 5 8
6-5. 5-8 6-5 ,
h2 - h1 = 0.09 - 0.05 = 0.04 ,
..
0.15
d = 19 0.05 = 18.95
=
= J * L = 18.95 1.085 = 17.87
=
16
1.4.
(2 )
, /
, /
qf, /
q, /
.
.
.
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1-3
1-2
0.325
0
0.33
2.5
0.813
28.85
0
28.85
29.66
2-3
0.325
0.325
0.65
2.5
1.625
0
28.85
28.85
30.48
4-8
4-5
0.65
0
0.65
2.5
1.625
0
0
0
1.625
7-5
1.3
0
1.3
2.5
3.25
0
0
0
3.25
6-5
1.3
0
1.3
2.5
3.25
0
0
0
3.25
5-8
0.65
3.25
3.9
2.5
9.75
0
0
0
9.75
9-11
9-10
0.325
0
0.325
2.5
0.813
0
0
0
0.813
10-11
0.325
0.325
0.65
2.5
1.625
0
0
0
1.625
3-
3-8
1.3
0.65
1.95
2.5
4.875
0.32
28.85
29.17
34.05
8-11
1.3
5.85
7.15
2.32
16.59
4.8
29.17
33.97
50.56
11-`
0
7.8
7.8
2.27
17.71
0
33.97
33.97
51.68
: 0.65*12 = 7.8 / (0.65 , 12 2 )
17
18
1.5.
(2 )
L,
q,
/
D,
V,
/
h/d
h,
,
J*L,
1-3
1-2
85
29.66
0.25
10
1.15
0.52
0.13
0.85
23
22.1
21.3
20.45
1.7
1.65
2-3
120
30.48
0.25
10
1.16
0.53
0.14
1.2
22.1
21.2
20.2
19.00
1.9
2.2
4-8
4-5
85
1.625
0.2
0.17
0.03
0.60
21.6
21
19.9
19.3
1.7
1.7
7-5
250
3.25
0.2
0.23
0.05
1.75
22.1
21
20.4
18.65
1.7
2.35
6-5
250
3.25
0.2
0.23
0.05
1.75
22.1
21
20.4
18.65
1.7
2.35
5-8
120
9.75
0.2
0.43
0.09
0.84
21
20.2
18.61
17.77
2.39
2.43
9-10
85
0.813
0.2
11
0.11
0.02
0.935
23.1
22.1
21.4
20.46
1.7
1.64
10-11
120
1.625
0.2
11
0.16
0.03
1.32
22.1
21.3
20.2
18.78
1.9
2.52
3-8
320
34.05
0.3
3.5
0.8
0.58
17.86
2.25
2.34
8-11
320
50.56
0.4
2.8
0.81
11-`
80
51.68
0.4
2.8
0.82
9-11
3-
0.17
1.085
21.2
20.2
18.95
0.49
0.2
0.87
20.2
21.3
17.57
16.7
2.63
4.6
0.51
0.21
0.23
21.3
20
16.69
16.46
4.61
3.54
19
1.3.
, q =
51.68 ( 1.6.). 2 ,
q1 = 51.68/2 = 25.84 /. :
4*q
=
* V
d=
4 * 0.02584
= 0.184 .
3.14 * 1
d = 150 , :
V=
4*q
4 * 0.02584
=
= 1.46 /
3.14 * d 2 3.14 * 0.152
C= R
0.167
0.167
0.0375
0.013
= 44.45
V
1.46
J=
=
= 0.0288
2
2
R C 0.0375 * 44.45
h = J*L = 0.0288*65 = 1.87 .
20 % ,
= 1.2*h = 1.2*1.87 = 2.24 . = =
16.46 - 2.24 = 14.22 = 20 14.2
= 5.28 . ,
2 , 2
, 4. = 4*2.24 =
8.96 . = + h =
16.51+0.21 = 16.72 .
= + = 16.72 + 8.96 = 25.21 .,
, .. ,
-
1 ,
= 2 .
.
20
,
, 1 , - .
.
-
.
21
22
. ()
1. 11-`; 2- ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 - 1
; 6 .
, /
.
.
2
3
1-2
4-2
2-3
1.04
3.64
0.52
0
0
4.68
5-6
6-7
2.08
1.04
0
2.08
8-10
9-10
10-11
1.04
3.64
0.52
0
0
4.68
3-7
7-11
11-
1.56
1.56
0
5.2
9.88
24.44
23
1.6.
(1 )
, /
qf, /
q, /
.
.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1-3
1.04
2.5
2.6
2
0
2
4.6
3.64
2.5
9.1
0
0
0
9.1
5.2
2.46
12.81
0
2
2
14.81
5-7
2.08
2.5
5.2
0
0
0
5.2
3.12
2.5
7.8
0
0
0
7.8
9-11
1.04
2.5
2.6
12.5
0
12.5
15.1
3.64
2.5
9.1
8.9
0
8.9
18
5.2
2.46
12.79
0
21.4
21.4
34.19
3-
6.76
2.27
15.32
8.33
2
10.33
25.65
11.44
1.98
22.86
0
10.33
10.33
33.19
24.44
1.79
43.79
0
65.7
65.7
109.49
24
1.8.
L,
q ,
/
(1 )
,
D,
J,
V,
J*L,
h,
/ h/d
3.19
5.15
5.2
4.58
3.49
3.51
4.86
2.78
2.95
3
4.05
4
3.62
1-3
1-2
170
4.6
0.2
0.61
0.28
0.06
1.19
22.8
21.8
19.8
4-2
350
9.1
0.2
0.75
0.42
0.08
2.45
22.1
21.8
19.1
2-3
220
14.81
0.25
0.7
0.46
0.12
0.88
21.8
20.3
16.6
18.6
1
16.6
5
15.7
2
5-7
5-6
170
5.2
0.2
0.65
0.31
0.06
1.19
22.8
22.1
19.8
6-7
350
7.8
0.2
0.72
0.38
0.08
2.45
22.1
21
18.5
9
18.6
1
16.1
4
8-11
8-10
170
15.1
0.25
0.7
0.46
0.12
0.68
22.6
21.7
19.6
8-10
170
15.1
0.25
0.75
0.43
0.11
0.85
22.6
21.7
19.6
9-10
10-11
350
220
18
34.39
0.25
0.3
4
3.5
0.73
0.8
0.51
0.58
0.13
0.17
1.4
0.77
22.1
21.7
21.7
20.6
19.1
17.6
18.9
2
18.7
5
17.7
16.8
25
5
3-
15.6
7
18.7
7-11
420 33.19
0.3
3.5
0.8
0.57
0.17 1.47
21
20.6
5
109.4
16.6
11-
20
0.5
2.5
0.96 0.57
0.29 0.05
20.6 20.6
9
8
2 3- ( 11 7 11-7)
16.7
11-7
420 84.5
0.4
2.8
0.9
0.68
0.31 1.18
20.6 21
3
109.4
13.7
7-
20
0.5
2.5
0.96 0.57
0.29 0.05
21
20.8
9
9
*
-
3-7
420
25.65
0.3
0.79
0.47
0.14
1.68
20.3
21
13.9
9
17.2
8
16.6
3
15.5
5
13.7
4
4.63
7.01*
2.25
3.32
3.42
3.51
3.47
5.45
7.21
7.06
26
27
1.4.
Q = 2772
3/,
1.1.
Q = 652.64 / ( )
3
Q = %*(2772-652/64)/100
.
, ,
%, [], [].
, 4
. : Qmax =
Q*/8, 7 : Q =
(Q Qmax )/7.
8- 17, 17 22.
% ( %,
) .
:
q = 259.2 3/. = 259.2/3.6 = 72 /
2 , q1 = 72/2 = 36 /.
:
d=
4 * q1
3.14 * V
4 * 0.036
=0.214
3.14 * 1
d = 200 , :
4 * q1
4 * 0.036
v=
=
= 1.15 /
2
2
3.14 * d 3.14 * 0.2
28
,
R = d/4 = 0.2/4 = 0.05 ,
:
29
4.1.
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
3/
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
3,5
4,8
6,1
7,1
7,1
7,1
5,4
3,5
3,5
3,5
4,8
6
6
6
4,3
2,9
2,3
0
2,3
98
48,7
48,7
48,7
48,7
48,7
74,2
101,7
129,3
150,5
150,5
150,5
114,4
74,2
74,2
74,2
101,7
127,2
127,2
127,2
91,1
61,5
48,7
0,0
48,7
2119
3/
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
72
3/
3/
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
320
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,5
0,6
3
5
8
10
6
10
10
6
5
8,5
5,5
5
5
5
2
0,7
3
0,5
100
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,6
0,72
3,6
6
9,6
12
7,2
12
12
7,2
6
10,2
6,6
6
6
6
2,4
0,84
3,6
0,6
120
3/
12
3
1
18
18
2
2
2
4
4
4
6
3
5
6
10
8,29
2,07
0,69
12,44
12,44
1,38
1,38
1,38
2,76
2,76
2,76
4,15
2,07
3,46
4,15
6,91
100
69
3/
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,5
0,6
3
5
8
10
6
10
10
6
5
8,5
5,5
5
5
5
2
0,7
3
0,5
100
0,36
0,36
0,36
0,36
0,9
1,08
5,4
9
14,4
18
10,8
18
18
10,8
9
15,3
9,9
9
9
9
3,6
1,26
5,4
0,9
180
3/ .
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
0,46
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,46
0,46
100
12
18,8
18,8
18,8
18,8
18,8
18,8
18,8
18,8
37,5
37,5
37,5
37,5
37,5
37,5
37,5
37,5
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
25,0
650
12,50
0,31 12,50 0,28
6,25
0,16
8,12 0,18
6,25
0,16
8,12 0,18
6,25
0,16
8,12 0,18
18,75
0,47 15,65 0,35
37,50
0,94 31,25 0,70
6,25
0,16
8,12 0,18
6,25
0,16
8,12 0,18
12,50
0,63 12,50 0,56
6,25
0,31
8,12 0,37
6,25
0,31
8,12 0,37
6,25
0,31
8,12 0,37
18,75
0,94 15,65 0,70
37,50
1,88 31,25 1,41
6,25
0,31
8,12 0,37
6,25
0,31
8,12 0,37
12,50
0,47 12,50 0,45
6,25
0,23
8,12 0,29
6,25
0,23
8,12 0,29
6,25
0,23
8,12 0,29
18,75
0,70 15,65 0,56
37,50
1,41 31,25 1,13
6,25
0,23
8,12 0,29
6,25
0,23
8,12 0,29
300
11
300
10
3/
7,13
2,14
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,97
2,73
3,91
4,69
6,78
7,33
6,99
6,00
4,89
4,59
4,47
5,55
5,92
5,65
5,60
4,40
3,35
2,98
1,54
2,71
100
75,8
68,4
68,4
68,4
69,8
96,4
138,1
165,9
239,6
259,2
247,2
212,1
172,8
162,5
158,2
196,3
209,5
200,0
197,9
155,6
118,3
105,3
54,5
95,8
3536,2
4,88
9,00
21
30
275,0
250,0
225,0
200,0
150,0
125,0
100,0
75,0
50,0
23-24
22-23
21-22
20-21
19-20
18-19
17-18
16-17
15-16
14-15
13-14
12-13
11-12
10-11
9-10
8-9
7-8
6-7
5-6
4-5
3-4
2-3
0,0
1-2
25,0
0-1
175,0
C= R
31
0.167
. n = 0.013.
0.167
0.05
C=
0.013
2
=46.64
V
1.15
J= 2 =
= 0.012
2
R
*
0
.
05
C
46.64
h = 0.012*1050 =12.6 .
:
= + 1.1*h + h + 1
, = , =
+ 8 > + 4 = 12+8 = 20 < 23+4, = 23 + 4 = 27 .
=
1(2),
( ).
= 13.74 1 = 12.74. = 27 13.74 = 13.26 .
= 13.26+ 1.1* 12.6 + 2.5 + 1 = 30.62
32
.
2.
. 2
. 25 % , 20 % , 30
, 25 % . . 1.1.
2.1.
,
.
.
.
.
33
2.2.
. 1 [1] q20, q20=60 /(*).
4 [1] n, , m. n=0.58, =1.54,
m=80.
0.5.
:
Q = A/tn
4 [1] .
A = q2020n(1+lgp/lgm) = 60200.58(1 + lg(0.5)/lg(80))1.54=608.64
(1- 0.3/1.9)1.54 =261.57
t
.
.
2 [1].
34
. 2.1.
35
Zmid , tcon -
. 2.16 [1],
7 ., tcan -
, tcan=1.
tcan=0, tp
,
, tp
.
1.1.
2.1.
Zmid
f
z
fz
0.25
0.32
0.08
0.25
0.125
0.03
0.20
0.038
0.01
0.30
0.064
0.02
1
0.14
f ( ) ,
z
9, z
10.
q = A`/(t`+tp)n`
A` = Zmid A
1.2
0
22.3
5
16.7
10
13.74
20
10.6
30
8.8
40
7.66
36
, . 2.2.
22,00
20,00
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
10
15
20
25
t,
. 2.2. q = f(t)
30
35
37
2.3.
2.3.
2.1*2.2/2=2.31
I, II, III, IV
4.2*2.2/2=4.62
2.3.
1. ,
,
.
.
2. , V >= 0.7,
V > V., V.
.
, V V, V = f(d).
3. ,
.
. 2.1.
q.
4. ,
qcol = q*F.
5.
(d
4 * qcol
*V
);
, , 0.52,
V = 0.75, .5
0.9.
6. dc
:
38
V
J= 2
C *R
R
:
C= R
= d/4.
0.167
n .
7.
.
1-2 1.3. (
1-2 1) 2.31 .
,
0. , 1- 2
2.31 .
1-2 150 (
), V = 0.7 /,
:
t=
L
= 150/(60*0.7) = 3.57
60 * V
. 2.1. q = 18 /,
: qcol =
18*2.31=41.7 /.
d=
4 * 0.041
3.14 * 0.7
= 0.27
dc = 0.25 9.2 %,
5 %. ( )
0.8 /.
t =
39
L
= 150/(60*0.8) = 3.13 ,
60 * V
C = 0.0625
0.013
= 54.36,
V
J= 2
C *R
0.8
2
54.36 * 0.0625
= 0.0047
:
1 = 1 - = 22.3 2 = 20.3; 2 = 1- JL = 20.3-0.66 = 19.64;
1 = 1 - 1 = 22.3 - 20.3 = 2; 2 = 2 - 2 = 21.6 19.64 = 1.96
[4], [5].
,
44 [4],
,
40
q -
, ,
.
41
2.4.
. .
1-2
4-2
2-3
2,31 0,00
4,62 0,00
2,31 6,93
5-6
6-7
4,62 0,00
4,62 4,62
3-7
7-11
11-
q qcol d
/
dc
J JL
1-3
3,13 0,00 3,13 18,1 41,9
5,00 0,00 5,00 16,5 76,3
3,33 5,00
8,3 14,4 133,1
5-7
2,17 0,00 2,17 19,1 88,44
2,93 2,17 5,10 16,4 152,0
8-11
3,13 0,00 3,13 18,1 41,91
5,00 0,00 5,00 16,5 76,34
3,7
5,0
8,7 14,2 131,5
(3- )
5,6
8,3 13,9 12,1 167,5
6,7 13,9 20,6 10,3 286,0
0,5 20,6 21,1 10,2 377,2
(3- ) -
22,3
22,1
21,6
2,00
2,00
3,21
1,96
3,11
2,78
22,8
22,1
2,00
2,46
2,36
2,61
22,3
22,1
21,6
2,00
2,00
3,21
1,96
3,11
2,71
20,2
21,0
20,3
2,78
6,20
6,48
5,97
6,48
6,35
3-7
0,8
8,8
8,3
0,50
20,2
2,90
4,43
7-11
0,9
7,8
17,1
24,9
9,5 262,9
0,61
21,0
4,55
4,57
1,2
0,6
24,9
25,5
9,4 346,7
0,61
20,3
20 15,73 15,61
4,57
4,39
11-
37
37
40
42
43
44
3.
, ,
,
, .
. 1 .
4-2 ( 2-3),
16.65 + 5*0.007 = 16.65 + 0.035 = 16.685.
16.685+0.2 =
16.885. 19.210.00441*5 = 19.188.
3-7
6-7 .
= 7+ J6-7*5 = 16.14 + 0.007*5 = 16.14+0.035 = 16.175
= 7 + J3-7*5 = 17.01 + 0.00281*5 =
17.01+ 0.14 = 17.15
8-10 = 10 + J8-10 *5 = 18.75 +
0.005*5 =
d=0.25
9-10
= 10+ J 9-10*5 =
d = 0.35
10-11 = 10 + J10-11 = 16.88 + 0.0035
* 5 d = 0.3
7-11 = 10 + J7-11 * 5 = 15.88 +
0.00234*5 d = 0.6
() .
. ,
, .
,
. / .
.
d = 200, 250
. d = 300, 400, 500, 600
.
45
4. -
( = (1+2)/2). ,
L
.
4.1.
d
h1
h2
*L
200
1,7
1,7
1,7
2,39
1,7
1,9
3
3
3
3,51
1,7
2,35
2,35
2,43
1,64
2,52
3,19
5,15
3,49
4,86
1,7
2,025
2,025
2,41
1,67
2,21
3,095
4,075
3,245
4,185
250
1,7
1,9
5,2
3
3
1,65
2,2
4,58
2,95
4
1,675
2,05
4,89
2,975
3,5
300
2,25
4,05
4,63
2,34
3,62
7,01
2,295
3,835
5,82
350
2,58
4,56
4,55
3,49
3,565
4,025
400
500
3,47
7,21
5,45
7,06
4,46
7,135
85
250
250
120
85
120
170
350
170
350
1950
85
120
220
170
350
945
320
220
420
960
320
80
400
420
20
144,5
506,25
506,25
289,2
141,95
265,2
526,15
1426,25
551,65
1464,75
5822,15
142,375
246
1075,8
505,75
1225
3194,925
734,4
843,7
2444,4
4022,5
1140,8
322
1462,8
1873,2
142,7
L
150
150
300
300
150
300
750
220
220
220
660
420
420
420
40
460
*L
d
250
h1
h2
H
2
2
1,96
1,96
1,98
1,98
350
2
2
2
2,34
1,83
2,34
2,17
1,915
2,17
400
2,39
1,88
2,35
1,96
2,14
1,85
2,175
2,01
2,1
450
2,01
3,99
600
4,14
4,44
4,42
4,31
4,28
4,375
297
297
594
651
287,25
651
1589,25
478,5
442,2
462
1382,7
1260
1260
1797,6
175
1972,6
46
:
H = (L*)/L
3.1. d = 200 = 5622.15/1950 = 2.88
d = 250; = 3194.925/945 = 3.38
d = 300; = 4022.5/960 = 4.19
d = 350; = 1462.8/400 = 3.66
d = 400; = 1873.2/420 = 4.46
d = 500; = 142.7/20 = 7.13
d = 250; = 594/300 = 1.98
d = 350; = 1589.25/750 = 2.2
d = 400; = 1382.7/660 = 2.1
d = 450; =1260/420 = 3
d = 600; = 1972.6/460 = 4.29
1 ()
[][].
1 .
.
4.2.
, L,
1
d,
..,
, .
200 2.88
1950
250 3.38
945
300 4.19
960
400 4.46
420
500 7.13
20
250 1.98
300
350 2.2
750
400 2.1
660
600 4.29
460
, , ,
, . ,
80 ,
.
47
2 ,
6 (), 756 3/,
8.5 , 2772 3/.
6.
7.
48
1. ....5
1.1. ...............................5
1.2. ...................................................6
1.2.1. ........................................6
1.2.2. ....................7
1.2.3. ..........8
1.2.4. ...........10
1.3. ...............12
1.3. .............................................................19
1.4. ...........................27
2. .........................................32
2.1. ............32
2.2. ...............................33
2.3.
....................................................................37
3. .........................44
4. - ............................................45
6. ......................................................47
7. ............................47