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BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Transients Analysis
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Solution to First Order Differential Equation
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
Consider the general Equation
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
The complete solution consists of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)
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The Natural Response
t
o
t
t t
t
/
) ( ,
) (
) (
) (
) (
,
) ( ) (
0 ) (
) (
t
N
N
N
N
N N N
N
N
e t x
dt
t x
t dx
dt
t x
t dx t x
dt
t dx
or t x
dt
t dx

= =
= = = +
} }
Consider the general Equation
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
It is called the natural response.
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The Forced Response
0 ) (
) (
) (
> =
= +
t for F K t x
F K t x
dt
t dx
S F
S F
F
t
Consider the general Equation
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t >0
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
It is called the forced response.
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BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
The Complete Response
) (
) ( ) (
/
/
+ =
+ =
+ =

x e
F K e
t x t x x
t
S
t
F N
t
t
o
o
Consider the general Equation
The complete response is:
the natural response +
the forced response
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
Solve for o,
) ( ) 0 (
) ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
=
+ = = =
=
x x
x x t x
t f or
o
o
The Complete solution:
) ( )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) (
/
+ =

x e x x t x
t t
t /
)] ( ) 0 ( [
t
e x x


called transient response
) ( x
called steady state response
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WHAT IS TRANSIENT RESPONSE
Figure 5.1
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Figu
re
5.2,
5.3
Circuit with switched DC
excitation
A general model of the
transient analysis problem
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In general, any circuit containing energy storage element
Figure 5.5, 5.6
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Figure 5.9,
5.10
(a) Circuit at t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time after the switch is closed
The capacitor acts as open circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
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(a) Circuit for t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time before the switch is opened
The inductor acts as short circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
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Why there is a transient response?
The voltage across a capacitor cannot be
changed instantaneously.

) 0 ( ) 0 (
+
=
C C
V V
The current across an inductor cannot be
changed instantaneously.

) 0 ( ) 0 (
+
=
L L
I I
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BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Figure 5.12,
5.13
5-6
Example
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Transients Analysis
1. Solve first-order RC or RL circuits.

2. Understand the concepts of transient
response and steady-state response.

3. Relate the transient response of first-order
circuits to the time constant.


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BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Transients
The solution of the differential equation
represents are response of the circuit. It is
called natural response.

The response must eventually die out, and
therefore referred to as transient response.
(source free response)
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Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance
i
c
i
R

0 , 0 = + =

R C
i i i
( ) ( )
0 = +
R
t v
dt
t dv
C
C C
Solving the above equation
with the initial condition
V
c
(0) = V
i
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Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance
( ) ( )
0 = +
R
t v
dt
t dv
C
C C
( )
( ) 0 = + t v
dt
t dv
RC
C
C
( )
st
C
Ke t v =
0 = +
st st
Ke RCKse
RC
s
1
=
( )
RC t
C
Ke t v

=
K
Ke
V v
RC
i C
=
=
=
+
/ 0
) 0 (
( )
RC t
i C
e V t v

=
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( )
RC t
i C
e V t v

=
Exponential decay waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is 36.8%
of the initial voltage.
( ) ) 1 (
RC t
i C
e V t v

=
Exponential rising waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is
63.2% of the initial voltage.
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RC CIRCUIT
for t = 0
-
, i(t) = 0
u(t) is voltage-step function
Vu(t)
R
C
+
V
C
-
i(t) t = 0
+
_
V
R
C
+
V
C
-
i(t) t = 0
+
_
Vu(t)
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RC CIRCUIT
Vu(t)
0 ) ( ,
,
) (
> = = +
=

=
=
t f or V t u v V v
dt
dv
RC
dt
dv
C i
R
v t vu
i
i i
C
C
C
C
C
R
C R
Solving the differential equation
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Complete Response
Complete response
= natural response + forced response
Natural response (source free response) is due
to the initial condition
Forced response is the due to the external
excitation.
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Figure
5.17,
5.18
5-8
a). Complete, transient and steady
state response
b). Complete, natural, and forced
responses of the circuit

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Circuit Analysis for RC Circuit
Vs
+
Vc
-
+ V
R
-
R
C
i
R
i
C
s R
C
C
C
R s
R
C R
v
RC
v
RC dt
dv
dt
dv
C i
R
v v
i
i i
1 1
,
= +
=

=
=
Apply KCL
v
s
is the source applied.

Department of Electronic Engineering
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Solution to First Order Differential Equation
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
Consider the general Equation
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
The complete solution consits of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)
Department of Electronic Engineering
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
The Natural Response
t
o
t
t
/
) (
) ( ) (
0 ) (
) (
t
N
N N
N
N
e t x
t x
dt
t dx
or t x
dt
t dx

=
= = +
Consider the general Equation
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
It is called the natural response.
Department of Electronic Engineering
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
The Forced Response
0 ) (
) (
) (
> =
= +
t for F K t x
F K t x
dt
t dx
S F
S F
F
t
Consider the general Equation
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t >0
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
It is called the forced response.
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BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
The Complete Response
) (
) ( ) (
/
/
+ =
+ =
+ =

x e
F K e
t x t x x
t
S
t
F N
t
t
o
o
Consider the general Equation
The complete response is:
the natural response +
the forced response
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
Solve for o,
) ( ) 0 (
) ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0
=
+ = = =
=
x x
x x t x
t f or
o
o
The Complete solution:
) ( )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) (
/
+ =

x e x x t x
t t
t /
)] ( ) 0 ( [
t
e x x


called transient response
) ( x called steady state response
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Example

+
Vc
-
+ V
R
-
100 k
ohms
0.01
microF
i
R
i
C
100V
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
s C
C
C
C
C s
R
C R
v v
dt
dv
RC
dt
dv
C i
R
v v
i
i i
= +
=

=
=
,
100 10
100 10 01 . 0 10
3
6 5
= +
= +

C
C
C
C
v
dt
dv
v
dt
dv
Department of Electronic Engineering
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Example

+
Vc
-
+ V
R
-
100 k
ohms
0.01
microF
i
R
i
C
100V
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
and
3
3
10
10
100 100
100
100 0 , 0 ) 0 (
100

=
=
+ = =
+ =
t
c
c
t
c
e v
A
A v As
Ae v
) ( ) (
) (
t f K t x
dt
t dx
s
= + t
) (
) ( ) (
/
/
+ =
+ =
+ =

x e
F K e
t x t x x
t
S
t
F N
t
t
o
o
100 10
3
= +

C
C
v
dt
dv
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Energy stored in capacitor
| | | | { }
2 2
) ( ) (
2
1
o
t
t
t
t
t
t
t v t v C
vdv C dt
dt
dv
Cv pdt
dt
dv
Cv vi p
o o o
=
} }
=
}
=
= =
If the zero-energy reference is selected at t
o
, implying that the
capacitor voltage is also zero at that instant, then

2
2
1
) ( Cv t w
c
=
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R C
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
p
R
= V
2
/R = (V
o
2
/R)

e
-2 t /RC

2
0
/ 2 2
0
/ 2 2
0
2
1
| )
2
1
(
o
RC t
o
RC t
o
R R
CV
e
RC
R V
R
dt e V
dt p W
=
=
}
=
}
=

RC CIRCUIT
Total energy turned into heat in the resistor
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RL CIRCUITS
L R
-
V
R
+
+
V
L
-
i(t)
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = I
o

equation al dif f erenti the Solving
i
dt
di
R
L
dt
di
L Ri v v
L R
0
0
= +
+ = = +
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RL CIRCUITS
L R
-
V
R
+
+
V
L
-
i(t)
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = I
o

L Rt
o
o
t
o
i
I
t
o
t i
I
e I t i
t
L
R
I i
t
L
R
i
dt
L
R
i
di
dt
L
R
i
di
i
L
R
dt
di
o
o
/
) (
) (
ln ln
| | ln
,
0

=
=
=
= =
= +
} }
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RL CIRCUIT
L R
-
V
R
+
+
V
L
-
i(t)
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
p
R
= i
2
R = I
o
2
e
-2Rt/L
R
Total energy turned into heat in the resistor
2
0
/ 2 2
0
/ 2 2
0
2
1
| )
2
(
o
L Rt
o
L Rt
o R R
LI
e
R
L
R I
dt e R I dt p W
=
=
= =

} }
It is expected as the energy stored in the inductor is
2
2
1
o
LI
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RL CIRCUIT
Vu(t)
R
L
+
V
L
-
i(t)
+
_
Vu(t)
k t Ri V
R
L
sides both g Integratin
dt
Ri V
Ldi
V
dt
di
L Ri
+ =
=

= +
) ln(
,
0 ,
] ln ) [ln(
ln , 0 ) 0 (
/
/
> =
=

=
= =

+
t for e
R
V
R
V
i
or e
V
Ri V
t V Ri V
R
L
V
R
L
k thus i
L Rt
L Rt
where L/R is the time constant
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DC STEADY STATE
The steps in determining the forced response for RL or
RC circuits with dc sources are:
1. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
2. Replace inductances with short circuits.
3. Solve the remaining circuit.