eleqtromagnetizmi

Sesavali
bunebaSi arsebobs nawilakebi, romlebic an ar Sedgebian sxva nawilakebisgan an ar
iyofian Semadgenel nawilakebad. maT elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben. maTgan
im nawilakebs, romlebic ar Sedgebian sxva nawilakebisgan, WeSmaritad
elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben. elementaruli nawilakebia atomis
Semadgeneli nawilakebi _ protonebi, neitronebi da eleqtronebi. eleqtronebi
WeSmaritad elementaruli nawilakebia. protonebi da neitronebi,
Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT, Sedgeba ufro mcire nawilakebisgan _
kvarkebisgan, magram ar iyofa kvarkebad. Tavisufal kvarkebs aravin
dakvirvebia. arsebobs sxva elementaruli nawilakebic.
elementarul nawilakebs Soris aris iseTi nawilakebi, romlebic urTierTqmedeben
erTmaneTs Soris manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciuli ZaliT, romelic bevrer metia maT
Soris gravitaciul mizidvaze. amasTan zogierTi nawilaki miizidavs erTmaneTs, zogi ki
ganizidavs. am axal urTierTqmedebas eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba ewodeba.
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis unaris mqone nawilakebs damuxtul nawilakebs
uwodeben. atomis Semadgeneli nawilakebidan damuxtulebia eleqtroni da
protoni. neitroni daumuxtavia. erTidaigive damuxtuli elementaruli nawilakebi
ganizidavs erTmaneTs, xolo sxvadasxva damuxtuli elementaruli nawilakebi
an miizidaven an ganizidaven erTmaneTs. am gansxvavebis asawerad
nawilakebs, romlebic miizidaven erTmaneTs, Tvlian sawinaamdego niSniT
damuxtul nawilakebad. eleqtroni da protoni miizidavs erTmaneTs, amitom
isini sxvadasxva niSniT damuxtuli nawilakebia. pirobiTad protoni mii!nies
dadebiTad damuxtul nawilakad, xolo eleqtroni _ uaryofiTad damuxtulad.
fizikur sidides, romelic axasiaTebs nawilakis an sxeulis eleqtromagnituri
urTierTqmedebis unars, eleqtruli muxti ewodeba.
yvela damuxtul elementarul nawilaks, romelic Tavisufali saxiT arsebobs,
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis erTnairi unari aqvs anu maTi muxtis
moduli erTmaneTis tolia. am muxts
e
elementaruli muxti ewodeba. atomSi
protonebis da eleqtronebis ricxvi erTmaneTis tolia da emTxveva atomis
nomers mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. atomis muxti nulis tolia anu is
eleqtrulad neitraluria. molekulac eleqtrulad neitraluria. atomebs da
molekulebs Soris ar imoqmedebs maT Soris man"ilis kvadratis
ukuproporciuli eleqtromagnituri "ala, magram maT SigniT damuxtuli
nawilakebis arsebobis gamo isini mainc urTierTqmedeben eleqtromagnituri
"aliT, oond es "ala ar aris man"ilis kvadratis ukuproporciuli da
Sesam!nevia mxolod axlo man"ilebze. atomma an molekulam Sei"leba
miierTos erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni, maSin miieba uaryofiTad damuxtuli
ioni. atomma an molekulam Sei"leba dakargos erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni,
maSin miieba dadebiTad damuxtuli ioni. !veulebriv mdgomareobaSi
sxeulebi neitraluria. isini imuxtebian, rodesac i"enen an kargaven
eleqtronebs. ori aragamtari daumuxtavi sxeulis Sexebisas, Sesa"loa erTma
maTganma meores waarTvas eleqtronebi Sexebis adgilebSi. Tu amis
Semdeg sxeulebs davaSorebT erTmaneTs, erTi maTgani amo!ndeba
dadebiTad damuxtuli, meore ki _ moduliT igive muxtiT uaryofiTad damuxtuli.
efeqts gaa"lierebs da Sesam!nevs gaxdis sxeulebis gaxaxuneba
erTmaneTze, radgan Sexebis farTobi mkveTrad moimatebs. swored am
movlenis Sedegs daakvirdnen "veli ber"nebi. maT amoa!ines, rom qarva
1
#u"velesi wiwvovani xeebis gaqvavebuli fisi$ Salze xaxunis Semdeg i"enda
mcire namcecebis mizidvis unars. aq swored eleqtromagnituri "alis
gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. damuxtuli sxeuli miizidavs daumuxtavi
liTonis da dieleqtrikis nacecebs. liTonis SemTxvevaSi, damuxtuli sxeuli
gadaadgilebs liTonis Tavisufal eleqtronebs, ris Sedegadac masTan axlos
amo!ndeba sawinaamdego niSnis muxtis siWarbe, xolo daSorebiT
Tanasaxeliani muxtis siWarbe. amis Sedegad namceci miizideba sxeulisken.
dieleqtrikis SemTxvevaSi damuxtuli sxeuli waanacvlebs molekulaSi Semaval
muxtebs an moabrunebs molekulebs, ris Sedegadac masTan axlos
amo!ndeba sawinaamdego niSnis muxtis siWarbe, xolo daSorebiT
Tanasaxeliani muxtis siWarbe. amis Sedegad dieleqtrikis namcecic miizideba
sxeulisken. unda ainiSnos, rom garkveuli dieleqtriki Sei"leba dadebiTad
daimuxtos erT dieleqtrikze xaxuniT da uaryofiTad daimuxtos sxva
dieleqtrikze xaxuniT.
sxeulis muxti Sesa"loa mxolod elementaruli muxtis %eradi porciebiT
Seicvalos anu sxeulis
q
muxti mxolod calkeul mniSvnelobebs iebs&
( ) , 2 , 1 . 0 t n e n q
. fizikur sidideebs, romlebsac mxolod calkeuli
mniSvnelobebis mi!eba SeuZlia, dakvantuli ewodeba. elementaruli muxti eleqtruli
muxtis kvantia "umciresi porciaa#. Tanamedrove fizikaSi mia!niaT, rom
protonebis da neitronebis #agreTve bevri sxva elementaruli nawilakis$
Semadgeneli kvarkebidan zogierTs unda 'qondes
3
e
t
da
3
2e
t
muxtebi,
magram es nawilakebi Tavisufali saxiT ar arseboben.
damuxtuli sxeulis muxti masSi Semavali damuxtuli elementaruli nawilakebis
muxtebis %amis tolia.
bunebis erT(erTi fundamentaluri kanonia eqsperimentulad dadgenili eleqtruli
muxtis mudmivobis kanoni& izolirebul sistemaSi nawilakebis muxtebis algebruli ami
mudmivia. izolirebul sistemaSi Sei"leba xdebodes garkveuli nawilakebis
gaqroba da sxva nawilakebis ga!ena. muxtis mudmivobis kanonis
Tanaxmad, magaliTisaTvis, Seu"lebelia gaqres umuxto nawilaki da ga!ndes
erTi damuxtuli nawilaki an ramdenime erTi niSniT damuxtuli nawilaki.
$. kulonis kanoni
u"ravi wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis kanoni amoa!ina frangma
fizikosma Sarl kulonma )*+, wels.
wertilovani muxtebi ewodebaT damuxtul sxeulebs, romelTa Soris manZili bevrer
metia maT zomebze.
2
"alebis gasazomad kuloni iyenebda mis mier damzadebul "alze mgr"nobiare
xelsawyos _ grexiT saswors #sur. ).)$.
kuloni zomavda liTonis damuxtuli burTulebis urTierTqmedebis "alas maT
Soris sxvadasxva man"ilis da maTi sxvadasxva muxtebis SemTxvevaSi.
burTulebs Soris man"ili bevr%er meti iyo maT radiusebTan SedarebiT.
gazomvis idea emyareboda kulonis mixvedras, rom Tu liTonis damuxtul
burTulas SevaxebT iseTive daumuxtav burTulas, maSin muxti Tanabrad
gaiyofa maT Soris. "ala izomeboda kvarcis "afis im dagrexis kuTxis
meSveobiT, romelic iyo saWiro burTulebis erTmaneTisagan garkveul
man"ilze gasa!ereblad.
sur. ).)
kulonis xelsawyo
mravali cdis Sedegad kulonma daadgina Semdegi kanoni&
uZravi wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zala muxtebis modulebis namravlis
pirdapirproporciulia da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kvadratis.

2
2 1
r
q q
k F

erTi niSniT damuxtuli wertlovani muxtebi ganizidaven erTmaneTs, xolo

sxvadasxva niSniT damuxtuli wertilovani muxtebi miizidaven erTmaneTs.
eleqtromagnetizmis nawils, romelic swavlobs uZravi muxtebis urTierTqmedebas,
eleqtrostatika ewodeba. kulonis kanoni eleqtrostatikis "iriTadi kanonia.
kuloni cdebs 'aerSi atarebda, magram misi miebuli kanoni sxva
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli wertilovani muxtebisTvisac
marTebulia. kulonis kanonSi k proporciulobis koeficienti damokidebuli
iqneba dieleqtrikis gvarobaze da erTeulTa sistemaze. dieleqtrikis gavlenas
SemdegSi ganvixilavT. axla !avTvaloT, rom kulonis kanons viyenebT
vakuumSi wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebisTvis. maSin k koeficienti
3
damokidebuli iqneba mxolod erTeulTa sistemaze. saerTaSoriso sistemaSi
muxtis erTeulia kuloni #k$. kuloni muxtia, romelic gadis gamtaris
ganivkveTSi $ wamSi $ amperi denis Zalis dros. denis "alis erTeuli amperi #a$
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi "iriTadi erTeulia sigr"is, drois da masis erTeulebTan
erTad. cdebma a!venes, rom vakuumis SemTxvevaSi
-
-
k
m n
9
10 9 k
. es
niSnavs, rom vakuumSi erTi metriT daSorebuli erTi kuloni wertilovani
muxtebi urTierTqmedeben n
9
10 9 "aliT. xSirad k koeficients vakuumSi SI
(Si !aweren rogorc
0
4
1

k
, sadac
-
-
m n
k

12
0
10 85 . 8 mudmivas eleqtrul
mudmivas uwodeben.
eqsperimentulad dadgenilia elementaruli muxtis mniSvneloba

k
19
10 6 . 1

e
SevniSnoT, rom 'aerSi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis "ala didi sizustiT
emTxveva vakuumSi urTierTqmedebis "alas.
cdebi a!venebs, rom u"ravi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis "ala emor!ileba
superpoziciis princips.
Tu damuxtuli sxeuli erTdroulad urTierTqmedebs ramdenime damuxtul sxeulTan,
maSin mocemul sxeulze moqmedi Zala tolia yvela sxva sxeulidan moqmedi Zalebis
veqtoruli amis.
suraT ).-(ze axsnilia superpoziciis principi sami damuxtuli sxeulis
eleqtrostatikuri urTierTqmedebis magaliTze.
superpoziciis principi bunebis fundamenturi kanonia, magram misi
gamoyeneba garkveul sifrTxiles moiTxovs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
urTierTqmedeben sasruli zomebis sxeulebi. magaliTad, Tu or damuxtul
gamtar sxeulsTan mivuaxloebT mesame damuxtul sxeuls, maSin sxeulkebze
moxdeba muxtebis gadanawileba #ganlagebis Secvla$ da pirvel or sxeuls
Soris "ala Seicvleba. superpoziciis principis gamoyenebisas, or sxeuls Soris
"ala unda gamovTvaloT muxtebis gadanawilebis Semdeg da ara manamde.
superpoziciis principi amtkicebs, rom sxeulebze muxtebis fiqsirebuli
gadanawilebis dros nebismier or maTgans Soris eleqtrostatikuri "ala araa
damokidebuli maxloblad sxva damuxtuli sxeulis arsebobaze.
4
sur. ).-
eleqtrostatikuri "alebis superpoziciis principi

+
31 21 1
F F F
,

+
32 12 2
F F F
,

+
23 13 3
F F F

amocanebi
). gamoTvaleT vakuumSi ) km(iT daSorebuli ) k wertilovani muxtebis
urTierTqmedebis "ala.
-. gamoTvaleT vakuumSi ).
(+
sm(iT daSorebuli ori eleqtronis ganzidvis
"ala.
/. gansazvreT ramden%er metia vakuumSi ori eleqtronis eleqtruli
urTierTqmedebis "ala gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebis "alaze. eleqtronis
masaa
kg
31
10 1 . 9

.
0. gamoTvaleT ) kg wylis yvela eleqtronis %amuri muxti.
,. gamoTvaleT ra muxts Sei"enda ) sm
/
moculobis rkina, Tu
Sev"lebdiT misgan eleqtronebis ) 1(is moSorebas.
2. gansazvreT ra "ala moqmedebs , 3.
*
k wertilovan muxtze,
romelic moTavsebulia ).
(2
k da 4/ ).
(2
k wertilovani muxtebis
SemaerTebeli -. sm sigr"is monakveTis SuaSi 'aerSi.
*. 'aerSi "afze dakidebulia ).. mg masis da ). nk muxtis burTula.
qvemodan ra man"ilze unda mivuaxlovoT mas aseTive muxtis mqone
burTula, rom "afis daWimulobis "ala -(%er Semcirdes5
+. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia erTniSna
q
da
q 4
muxtebiT.
maT Soris man"ilia R . Sexebis Semdeg ra man"ilze unda davaciloT
burTulebi erTmaneTs, rom urTierTqmedebis "ala ar Seicvalos5 burTulebs
Soris man"ili bevrad metia maT zomebze.
6. liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia moduliT ,(%er gansxvavebuli
muxtebiT. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg daabrunes sawyis
mdebareobaSi. ramden%er Seicvala maTi urTierTqmedebis "ala5
burTulebs Soris man"ili bevrad metia maT zomebze. ganixileT ori
SemTxveva& a$ muxtebi erTniSniania7 b$ muxtebi sxvadasxvaniSniania.
).. ori mcire zomis burTula - m man"ilze erTmaneTs ganizidavs ) n
"aliT. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli burTulas muxti, Tu maTi %amia , ).
(,
k.
)). ori mcire zomis burTula - m man"ilze erTmaneTs miizidavs ) n
"aliT. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli burTulas muxti, Tu maTi %amia , ).
(,
k.
)-. 'aerSi moTavsebuli ori erTnairi neitraluri burTulidan erT(erTs
moscilda eleqtroni da gadavida meoreze. amis Sedegad burTulebis
mizidvis "ala gaorkecda. gamoTvaleT burTulas masa. burTulebs Soris
man"ili bevrad metia maT zomebze.
)/. erTmaneTisgan garkveul man"ilze damagrebuli erTnairad damuxtuli
liTonis ori erTnairi burTula urTierTqmedebs
0
F
"aliT. gansazvreT ra
"ala imoqmedebs mesame Tavdapirvelad daumuxtav iseTive burTulaze,
Tu mas SevaxebT %er erT burTulas, Semdeg meores da amis Semdeg
movaTavsebT pirvel or burTulas Soris SuaSi. burTulebis zomebi bevrad
naklebia maT Soris man"ilze.
)0. 'aerSi erT wertilSi dakidebul ). sm sigr"is aragamtar "afebze
mimagrebulia .,/ g masis ori burTula. roca isini erTnairad damuxtes
burTulebs Soris man"ili 2 sm gaxda. gansazvreT burTulas muxti.
burTulebis zomebi bevrad naklebia maT Soris man"ilze.
5
),. 'aerSi erTmaneTisgan ). sm(iT daSorebul -. sm sigr"is aragamtar
"afebze erT doneze kidia , mg masis ori burTula. roca es burTulebi
moduliT toli sxvadasxva niSnis muxtebiT damuxtes, maT Soris man"ili -
sm gaxda. gamoTvaleT TiToeuli8burTulas muxtis moduli.
)2. gakveTilis dasawyisSi, erT wertilSi gr"el aragamtar "afebze
dakidebuli staniolis ori erTnairi 'ilza damuxtes toli muxtebiT. amis
Sedegad 'ilzebi erTmaneTs daSordnen "afis sigr"eze gacilebiT naklebi
man"iliT. gakveTilis bolosTvis man"ili 'ilzebs Soris 0(%er Semcirda.
muxtis ra nawili moscilda TiToeul 'ilzas5 !aTvaleT, rom maT erTnairi
muxti dakarges. 'ilzebi wertilovan sxeulebad mii!nieT.
)*. moduliT 0(%er gansxvavebuli wertilovani muxtebi damagrebulia
erTmaneTisgan a man"ilze 'aerSi. sad unda movaTavsoT mesame
wertilovani muxti, rom is wonasworobaSi amo!ndes5 mdgradia Tu ara
es wonasworoba5 ganixileT ori SemTxveva& a$ muxtebi erTniSniania7 b$
muxtebi sxvadasxvaniSniania.
)+. kvadratis wveroebSi moTavsebulia erTnairi
q
wertilovani muxtebi.
ra muxti unda movaTavsoT kvadratis centrSi, rom TiToeuli muxti
wonasworobaSi amo!ndes5 mdgradia Tu ara es wonasworoba5
)6.
q
da
q 4
wertilovani muxtebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia
a

man"iliT. rogori unda iyos mesame wertilovani muxti da sad unda
movaTavsoT is, rom TiToeuli muxti wonasworobaSi amo!ndes5
mdgradia Tu ara es wonasworoba5
-.. ra
Q
muxti unda davamagroT R radiusiani sferos qveda wertilSi,
rom sferos zeda wertilSi mdgrad wonasworobaSi iyos
m
masisa da
q

muxtis mqone patara burTula #sur. )./$5
-). gluv 'orizontalur magidaze moTavsebuli Svidi erTnairi
q
wertilovani
muxti erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia erTnairi "afebiT #sur. ).0$.
wonasworobaSi "afis sigr"ea L . gansazvreT TiToeuli "afis daWimulobis
"ala.
--. eleqtrulma "alebma liTonis rgoli gawyvites, rodesac is
Q
muxtiT
davmuxteT. igive zomis rgoli daamzades nivTierebisagan, romlis simtkice
).(%er metia. ra muxti gawyvets axal rgols5 ra muxti gawyvets rgols,
romelic damzadebulia pirveli nivTierebisagan, magram misi yvela zoma
/(%er metia5
%. eleqtruli veli
6
g
Q
m, q
sur. )./
sur. ).0
ingliselma fizikosma maikl faradeim gamoTqva mosazreba, rom eleqtruli
muxtebi erTmaneTze ar moqmedeben uSualod. yoveli damuxtuli sxeuli
garemomcvel sivrceSi qmnis eleqtrul vels. es veli moqmedebs sxva
damuxtul sxeulebze. eleqtrul veli araa nivTiereba. is ar Sedgeba atomebisa
da molekulebisagan. is arsebobs nivTierebisagan Tavisufal sivrceSic _
vakuumSi. mas ver Sevigr"nobT gr"nobaTa organoebiT. eleqtruli velis
arseboba m9avndeba muxtze moqmedebiT. is, rom eleqtruli muxtebi
erTmaneTze ar moqmedeben uSualod, aramed garkveuli substanciis
meSveobiT mtkicdeba Semdegi faqtiT& vTqvaT vakuumSi erTmaneTisgan
garkveul man"ilze moTavsebulia ori damuxtuli sxeuli. erTi maTgani
avamo"raoT. meoreze moqmedi "alis moduli an mimarTuleba an orive erTad
unda Seicvalos. Tu muxtebi uSualod moqmedeben erTmaneTze, maSin es
cvlileba myisierad unda moxdes. cda a!venebs, rom sinamdvileSi meore
muxtze moqmedi "ala Secvlas daagvianebs. e. i. erTi muxtis amo"ravebis
Semdeg muxtebs Soris sivrceSi mimdinareobs garkveuli xangr"livobis
procesi. rodesac es procesi miawevs meore muxtamde, mxolod maSin
iwyeba masze moqmedi "alis Secvla. is substancia, romelSic mimdinareobs
aniSnuli procesi aris swored eleqtruli veli.
uZravi da droSi ucvleli muxtebis Seqmnil eleqtrul vels eleqtrostatikuri veli ewodeba.
eleqtruli veli Sei"leba SeviswavloT sasin%i muxtiT. sasini muxti aris imdenad
mcire wertilovani muxti, rom ar iwvevs muxtebis Sesam&nev gadanawilebas
garemomcvel sxeulebze da, maSasadame, ar cvlis Sesam&nevad gamosakvlev
eleqtrul vels.
eleqtruli velis Zaluri maxasiaTebelia eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba sivrcis romelime wertilSi ewodeba fizikur sidides, romelic
tolia am wertilSi moTavsebul sasin muxtze moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa am muxtTan.

q
F
E

#-.)$
eleqtruli velis da"abuloba veqtoruli fizikuri sididea. misi mimarTuleba sivrcis
yovel wertilSi emTxveva am wertilSi moTavsebul dadebiT sasin% muxtze
moqmedi "alis mimarTulebas.
SI (Si da"abulobis erTeulia
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] k
n
1
q
F
E
.
eleqtrostatikuri "alebis superpoziciis principidan gamomdinareobs velebis
superpoziciis principi' muxtebis sistemis mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba sivrcis
mocemul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi TiToeuli muxtiT Seqmnili velebis daZabulobebis
veqtoruli amis.

+ +

2 1
E E E
#-.-$
kulonis kanonis gamoyenebiT mivioT
Q
wertilovani muxtis mier misgan r
man"ilze vakuumSi Seqmnili velis da"abulobis modulis ganmsazvreli
7
formula. Tu im wertilSi, sadac ve"ebT velis da"abulobas, movaTavsebdiT
q

sasin% muxts, masze moqmedi "alis moduli iqneboda
2
0
4 r
q Q
F

.
da"abulobis ganmartebis Tanaxmad
q
F
E
. am ori formulidan miieba

2
0
4 r
Q
E

#-./$
wertilovani muxtis vels kulonur vels uwodeben. dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis
velis da"abuloba mimarTulia radiusis gaswvriv muxtidan, xolo uaryofiTi velis
da"abuloba mimarTulia radiusis gaswvriv muxtisken. Tu SemovitanT muxtis
dakvirvebis wertilTan SemaerTebel

r
radius(veqtors, maSin #-./$ formula
!aiwereba veqtoruli formiT


r
r
Q
E
3
0
4
#-.0$
eleqtruli velis Tvalsa!ino warmodgenisaTvis iyeneben eleqtruli velis Zalwirebs.
es iseTi wirebia, romelTa yovel wertilSi daZabuloba mimarTulia maTi mxebis
gaswvriv, Tu romel mxares, amas miuTiTeben Zalwirebze isrebiT #sur. -.)$.
"alwirebs ise avleben, rom ufro xSiri iyos iq, sadac metia da"abulobis
moduli.
sur. -.)
eleqtruli velis "alwirebi
suraT -.-(ze gamosaxulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi wertilovani muxtebis
eleqtruli velebis "alwirebi. muxtebis nebismieri sistemis eleqtruli veli
Sei"leba ganvixiloT, rogorc wertilovani muxtebis kulonuri velebis
superpozicia.
8
sur. -.-
kulonuri velebis "alwirebi
suraT -./(ze gamosaxulia eleqtruli dipolis velis "alwirebi. eleqtruli dipoli aris
erTmaneTisgan garkveul manZilze moTavsebuli moduliT toli da niSniT
sxvadasxva,
q
da
( ) q , wertilovani muxtis sistema.
eleqtruli dipolis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia misi

p
dipoluri momenti


q p
#-.,$
sadac

aris uaryofiTi muxtis dadebiT muxtTan SemaerTebeli veqtori.

sur. -./
eleqtruli dipolis velis "alwirebi
9
dipoluri momenti SemoyavT sxvadasxva molekulebisaTvisac, romelic
ramdenime #ara ori$ muxtis neitraluri sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi
q
aris
%amuri dadebiTi muxti molekulaSi, xolo

aris uaryofiTi muxtebis centris

dadebiTi muxtebis centrTan SemaerTebeli veqtori. suraT -.0(ze gamosaxulia
wylis molekulis eleqtruli dipoluri momenti.
sur. -.0
wylis molekulis dipoluri
momenti
vels, romlis yovel wertilSi daZabulobis moduli da mimarTuleba erTnairia,
erTgvarovani veli ewodeba. aseTi velis "alwirebi iqneba erTmaneTisagan tolad
daSorebuli paraleluri wrfeebi.
Tu sistemaSi muxtebis ganawileba uwyvetia, maSin raime wertilSi velis
da"abulobis gansazvrisaTvis sistema unda davyoT imdenad mcire
nawilebad, rom TiToeuli maTgani wertilovan muxtad !aiTvalos. #-.0$
formuliT vipovoT TiToeuli maTganis Seqmnili velis da"abuloba da maTi
veqtoruli SekrebiT #ufro zustad integrebiT$ ganvsazvroT sistemis mier
Seqmnili velis da"abuloba. es procedura moiTxovs gr"el maTematikur
gamoTvlebs. rig SemTxvevebSi Sesa"lebelia uwyvetad ganawilebuli
muxtebis sistemis velis da"abulobis gacilebiT martivad gansazvra gausis
Teoremis gamoyenebiT.
amocanebi
). gansazvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis Txeli rgolis eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba mis er"ze centridan h man"ilze. rgolis muxtia
Q
.
-. gansazvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli sigr"is "afis eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba wertilSi, romelic moTavsebulia "afis gagr"elebaze da "afis
uaxloesi bolodan daSorebulia
x
man"iliT. "afis erTeuli sigr"is muxtia .
/. Tanabrad damuxtuli kubi wveroSi qmnis
0
E

da"abulobis eleqtrul vels.
kubi waxnagis paralelurad gaWres Suaze. gansazvreT kubis naxevris
mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis da"abuloba didi waxnagis centrSi.
0. Tavdapirvelad u"rav Tavisufal eleqtronze 0 t momentSi moqmedeba
daiwyo
( ) + t E E sin
0
cvladi da"abulobis eleqtrulma velma.
gansazvreT eleqtronis maqsimaluri da saSualo si!qareebi.
10
(. gausis Teorema
SemovitanoT axali fizikuri sidide _ eleqtruli velis nakadi raime zedapirSi.
ganvixiloT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli brtyeli zedapiri. am
zedapiris farTobi iyos
S
, velis da"abuloba

E
, xolo kuTxe da"abulobis
veqtorsa da zedapiris marTob

n
erTeulovan veqtors #normals$ Soris

#sur.
/.)$.
eleqtruli velis nakadi brtyel zedapirSi tolia da"abulobis modulis, zedapiris
farTobis da da"abulobasa da zedapiris normals Soris kuTxis kosinusis
namravlis.

S E S E
n
cos
#/.)$
sadac
n
E
da"abulobis veqtoris gegmilia normalze.
sur. 3.1
eleqtruli nakadi erTgvarovan velSi
moTavsebul brtyel zedapirSi
11
nebismier zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadis sapovnelad es zedapiri unda davyoT
imdenad mcire elementarul nawilebad, rom TiToeuli maTgani brtylad
!aiTvalos da veli maT farglebSi erTgvarovnad. TiToeul elementarul zedapirSi
elementarul nakads vipoviT #/.)$ formulis gamoyenebiT. maTi SekrebiT
miviebT nakads mTel zedapirSi.


i i i
S E cos
#/.-$
sadac
( ) , 2 , 1 i S
i
elementaruli zedapirebis farTobebia,
( ) , 2 , 1 i E
i

elementebis farglebSi velis da"abulobis modulebia, xolo
( ) , 2 , 1 i
i

elementebis farglebSi velis da"abulobasa da elementis normals Soris
kuTxebia.
ufro zustad, unda moxdes ara mcire, elementebSi nakadebis a%amva,
aramed usasrulod mcire elementebSi nakadebis integreba


S d E S d E
n
cos
#/./$
!aketil zedapirebSi eleqtruli nakadis gamoTvlisas yoveli elementisaTvis
iyeneben gare normals.
gausis Teorema amtkicebs, rom eleqtruli velis nakadi nebismier &aketil zedapirSi
tolia am zedapiris SigniT moTavsebuli muxtebis algebruli amis fardobisa eleqtrul
mudmivasTan.

0
i

Siga
q
(3.4)
dasamtkiceblad Tavdapirvelad SemovitanoT sxeulovani kuTxis cneba. sxeulovani
kuTxe ewodeba konusuri zedapiriT SemosazRvrul sivrcis nawils. davxazoT sfero,
romlis centri konusis centrs emTxveva. sxeulovani kuTxe masze amoWris garkveuli
farTobis zedapirs. es farTobi Semoxazuli sferos radiusis kvadratis proporciulia.
sxeulovani kuTxis wverodan, rogorc centridan, Semoxazul sferoze am kuTxiT
amoWrili farTobis fardoba sferos radiusis kvadratTan mocemuli sxeulovani
kuTxisaTvis ar aris damokidebuli sferos radiusze da SeiZleba mivinioT sxeulovani
kuTxis zomad!
2
R
S

. sxeulovani kuTxe erTeulis tolia, rodesac
2
R S . am
erTeuls steradiani ewodeba. sruli sxeulovani kuTxe
4
steradiania!

4
4
2
2

R
R
sr
.
axla ganvixiloT
q
wertilovani muxtis garemomcveli nebismieri aketili zedapiri
"sur. #.$%. garkveulobisaTvis muxti dadebiTad mivinioT.
12
sur. 3.2
eleqtruli nakadis daTvlisaTvis wertilovani
muxtis garemomcvel nebismier zedapirSi
mcire

sxeulovani kuTxe, wveroTi wertilovan muxtSi, am zedapirze amoWris
S

farTobis mcire elements. am elementis wertilebidan wertilovan muxtamde daaxloebiT
toli manZilebia. aRvniSnoT es manZili R &iT. wertilovani muxtidan, rogorc
centridan, Semoxazul R radiusis sferoze sxeulovani kuTxe amoWris
cos S S

farTobis elements, sadac kuTxea zedapiris elementis gare normalsa da am
elementis areSi daZabulobas Soris.
elementaruli eleqtruli nakadi elementSi iqneba




0
2
0
2
0
4 4 4
cos

q
R
S q
S
R
q
S E S E
sruli nakadi !aketil zedapirSi iqneba



0 0 0
4
4 4

q q q
Tu wertilovani muxti !aketili zedapiris gareTaa, maSin mcire sxeulovani
kuTxe zedapirze amoWris or mcire elements. TiToeul maTganSi nakadi
moduliT toli da niSniT sxvadasxva iqneba #radganac erT maTganisaTvis
da"abuloba gare normalTan maxvil kuTxes Seqmnis, meoresTvis ki blagv
kuTxes$. zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadis gamoTvlisas, yoveli aseTi wyvili %amSi
nuls mogvcems da saerTo nakadic nulis toli gamova.
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, ramdenime wertilovani muxtiT Seqmnili
nakadi raime !aketil zedapirSi toli iqneba TiToeuli muxtiT Seqmnili
nakadebis %amis. zedapiris SigniT myofi yoveli i
q
Siga muxti saerTo nakadSi
Seitans
0

i
q
Siga
4is tol wvlils, xolo yoveli gare muxti nulis tol wvlils. amitomac
0 0

i i
q q
Siga Siga
. amrigad, gausis Teorema damtkicebulia.
gausis Teoremis gamoyenebiT advilad Sei"leba muxtebis zogierTi simetriuli
sistemis velis da"abulobis povna.
13
amocana $
mii!eT Tanabrad damuxtuli Txelkedliani usasrulod grZeli R radiusis cilindris velis
daZabulobis formula. muxtis wiriTi simkvrive anu muxti cilindris erTeul sigrZeze
iyos .
amoxsna'
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba radiusis gaswvrivaa mimarTuli da moduliT erTnairia cilindris
er"idan toli man"ilebiT daSorebul wertilebSi. avir!ioT !aketil zedapirad r
radiusis da sigr"is im cilindris sruli zedapiri, romlis er"i emTxveva
damuxtuli cilindruli zedapiris er"s #sur. /./$. gamoviyenoT misTvis gausis
Teorema. garkveulobisaTvis muxti dadebiTad mivi!nioT. ar!euli cilindris
fu"eebis yvela elementisaTvis

90
i

, amitom maTSi eleqtruli nakadi nulis

tolia. gverdiT zedapiris yvela elementisaTvis

0
i

, xolo da"abulobis
moduli erTnairia. ar!eul !aketil zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadi iqneba
r E 2
.
gausis Teoremis Tanaxmad gveqneba
0
2

Siga
q
r E
. Tu R r > , maSin

Siga
q
da miviebT,

sur. /./
Tanabrad damuxtuli cilindris
velis gansazvrisaTvis
rom
0
2

r E
, saidanac
14

( ) R r
r
E >
0
2

#/.,$
miebuli Sedegi ara aris damokidebuli damuxtuli cilindris radiusze, amitom
marTebulia Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulod gr"eli mavTulis velisTvisac.
#/.,$ formula gamodgeba sasruli sigr"is cilindris velis gansazvrisaTvis im
wertilebSi, romelTa daSoreba er"idan bevrad naklebia cilindris sigr"eze da
Tu es wertilebi ar arian cilindris kidesTan axlos.
Tu cilindris muxti uaryofiTi niSnisaa, maSin #/.,$ formulaSi unda i%des

.
Tu R r < , maSin
0
Siga
q
da velis da"abuloba nulis toli iqneba.

( ) R r E < 0
#/.2$
amocana %
mii!eT Tanabrad damuxtuli usasrulo sibrtyis velis daZabulobis formula. muxtis
zedapiruli simkvrive anu muxti zedapiris erTeul farTobze iyos .
amoxsna'
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba mimarTulia sibrtyis marTobulad da misi moduli erTnairia
sibrtyidan tolad daSorebul wertilebSi. garkveulobisaTvis sibrtyis muxti
dadebiTad mivi!nioT. avir!ioT !aketil zedapirad cilindri, romlis er"i sibrtyis
marTobulia, xolo fu"eebi misgan toladaa daSorebuli #sur. /.0$. gamoviyenoT
misTvis
sur. /.0
Tanabrad damuxtuli sibrtyis
velis gansazvrisaTvis
gausis Teorema. am SemTxvevaSi eleqtruli nakadi cilindris gverdiT zedapirSi
nulia, TiToeul fu"eSi ki _
S E
. gausis Teoremis Tanaxmad
0
2

S
S E


, saidanac
15

0
2

E
#/.*$
miebuli formula gamogdgeba Tanabrad damuxtuli sasruli zomis brtyeli
firfitebis velis da"abulobis gansazvrisaTvis im wertilebSi, romelTa daSoreba
firfitidan bevrad naklebia firfitis zomebze da Tu es wertilebi ar arian firfitis
kidesTan axlos.
Tu sibrtyis muxti uaryofiTi niSnisaa, maSin #/.*$ formulaSi unda i%des

.
amocana (
mii!eT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis birTvis velis daZabulobis formula. birTvis
muxti iyos
Q
.
amoxsna'
muxtis ganawilebis simetriidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba mimarTulia radiusis gaswvriv da misi moduli erTnairia birTvis
centridan tolad daSorebul wertilebSi. avir!ioT !aketil zedapirad birTvis
koncentruli sfero. am zedapirSi eleqtruli nakadis moduli iqneba
2
4 r E
.
gausis Teoremis Tanaxmad
0
2
4

Siga
q
r E
. Tu R r > , maSin
Q q
Siga , amitom gveqneba
0
2
4

Q
r E
,
saidanac

( ) R r
r
Q
E >
2
0
4
#/.+$
rogorc vxedavT, Tanabrad damuxtuli birTvis veli mis gareT iseTia, TiTqos
birTvis muxti mis centrSia moTavsebuli.
Tu R r < , maSin
3
3
R
r Q
q
Siga
, amitom gveqneba
3
0
3
2
4
R
r Q
r E

, saidanac

( ) R r
R
r Q
E <
3
0
4
#/.6$
am formulis !awera um%obesia birTvis muxtis

moculobiTi simkvrivis anu

birTvis erTeul moculobaSi muxtis gamoyenebiT &
3
3
4
R Q
, amitom

( ) R r
r
E <
0
3

#/.).$
es formula veqtoruli saxiT ase !aiwereba
( ) R r
r
E <

0
3

#/.))$
Q
muxtiT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferuli zedapiris velis da"abuloba
vakuumSi ganisazvreba formuliT #daamtkiceT$
16

( )
( )

'

<
>

R r
R r
r
Q
E
, 0
,
4
2
0

#/.)-$
amocanebi
0. gansazvreT Tanabrad damuxtuli h sisqis usasrulo firfitis eleqtruli
velis da"abuloba firfitis centraluri sibrtyidan
x
man"ilze. firfitaSi
muxtis moculobiTi simkvrivea

.
,. kubis waxnagebi Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea

, kubis wibos sigr"ea . gansazvreT TiToeul waxnagze moqmedi

"ala.
2. tetraedris waxnagebi Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivea

, tetraedris wibos sigr"ea . gansazvreT TiToeul

waxnagze moqmedi "ala.
*. Tanabrad damuxtul R radiusis birTvSi amoWres
r
radiusis siruve,
romlis centri birTvis centridan man"iliTaa daSorebuli. muxtis
moculobiTi simkvrivea

. daamtkiceT, rom siruveSi eleqtruli veli

erTgvarovania. gansazvreT am velis da"abulobis moduli da
mimarTuleba.
17
). eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. potenciali.
erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi
q
muxtis wrfis gaswvriv gadaadgilebisas
veli asrulebs muSaobas, romelic ganisazvreba formuliT

S E q S E q S E q S F A
S E
cos cos
, #0.)$
sadac E velis da"abulobis modulia, S _ gadadgilebis moduli,

_
kuTxe da"abulobisa da gadaadgilebis mimarTulebebs Soris,
E
S _
gadaadgilebis gegmili da"abulobis mimarTulebaze,
S
E
_
da"abulobis gegmili gadaadgilebis mimarTulebaze. Tu veli
araerTgvarovania, an muxtis traeqtoria mrudwirulia an orive erTad,
maSin dawerili formula gamodgeba traeqtoriis imdenad mcire ubanze,
rom veli mis farglebSi !aiTvalos erTgvarovnad da traeqtoria _ wrfivad.
Tu muxti erTgvarovan velSi gadaadgilda erTi wertilidan meoreSi mrudwiruli
traeqtoriiT, maSin muSaobas vipoviT mcire ubnebze muSaobebis
SekrebiT #ufro zustad, usasrulod mcire ubnebze muSaobebis integrebiT$
( ) ( )


E i E i
S E q S E q A
. radganac ( )

S S
i
, amitom
( )

E E i
S S

da
E
S E q A . amrigad, erTgvarovani velis muSaoba erTi wertilidan
meoreSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas ar aris damokidebuli traeqtoriis
formaze da ganisazvreba #0.)$ formulebiT. igive Tviseba aqvs
nebismier eleqtrostatikur vels& eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba erTi
wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas ar aris damokidebuli traeqtoriis
formaze. is ganisaz!vreba mxolod sawyisi da saboloo mdebareobebiT da
muxtiT. amis Sedegia Semdegi debuleba& eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba
&aketil gzaze muxtis gadaadgilebisas nulis tolia. am Tvisebebis mqone
velebs potencialurs an konservatuls uwodeben.
davamtkicoT eleqtrostatikuri velis es Tviseba. ganvixiloT
Q
wertilovani
muxtis velSi
q
muxtis gadaadgileba sawyisi #)$ wertilidan saboloo #-$
wertilSi nebismier traeqtoriiT #sur. 0.)$. garkveulobisaTvis orive muxti
mi!neulia dadebiTad, Tumca muxtebis niSnebi gavlenas ar axdens
miebul formulaze.

l
mcire gadaadgilebisas velis muSaobaa
r
r
q Q
r q E l F A
2
0
4
1
cos

, sadac r muxtebs Soris man"ilia,

xolo
r
_ muxtebs Soris man"ilis cvlileba mcire ubanze. velis muSaoba
mTel gzaze iqneba

r
r
q Q
A A
2
0
2 1
4
1

. ufro zustad muSaoba
iqneba ara mcire ubnebze muSaobebis %ami, aramed usasrulod mcire
ubnebze muSaobebis integrali

,
_

2 1 0
2
0
2 1
1 1
4 4
2
1
r r
q Q
r
r d q Q
A
r
r
#0.-$
18
sur. 0.)
kulonuri "alebis muSaobis gamoTvlisaTvis
miebuli Sedegi araa damokidebuli traeqtoriis formaze. sur. 0.)(ze
gamosaxul : da :: traeqtoriebze kulonuri "alebis muSaoba erTnairia.
nebismieri eleqtrostatikuri veli Sei"leba ganvixiloT rogorc wertilovani
muxtebis velebis superpozicia. velis muSaoba muxtis gadaadgilebisas iqneba
wertilovani muxtebis velebis muSaobaTa %ami. radganac TiToeuli Sesakrebi
araa damokidebuli traeqtoriis formaze, amitom mTeli muSaobac ar iqneba
masze damokidebuli. is ganisazvreba mxolod sawyisi da saboloo
mdebareobebiT.
potencialuri velis muSaoba muxtis gadaadgilebisas Sei"leba !aiweros rogorc
mdebareobaze damokidebuli garkveuli sididis cvlileba minus niSniT. am
sidides potenciuri energia ewodeba. maSasadame, eleqtrostatikuri velis
muSaobisaTvis gveqneba

( )
2 1 1 2 2 1 p p p p
W W W W A
#0./$
sadac 1 p
W
da 2 p
W
muxtis potenciuri energiaa velSi, Sesabamisad sawyis da
saboloo wertilebSi. potenciuri energia ganisazvreba mudmivi Sesakrebis
sizustiT. es Sesakrebi damokidebulia im wertilis ar!evaze, sadac potenciur
energias nulis tolad vTvliT. Tu potenciur energias nulis tolad vTvliT velis
garkveul
( ) 0
wertilSi, maSin, #0./$ formulis Tanaxmad gvaqvs
1 0 1 0 1 p p p
W W W A
. e.i. #.$ fiqsirebuli wertilis mimarT
q
muxtis potenciuri
energia velis nebismier #)$ wertilSi tolia #)$ wertilidan #.$ wertilSi
q
muxtis
gadatanisas eleqtrostatikuri velis Sesrulebuli 0 1
A
muSaobis.
erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi "alwirebis marTobuli sibrtyis wertilebs Soris
muxtis gadatanisas velis muSaoba nulis toli iqneba. e.i. aseTi sibrtyis
nebismier wertilSi
q
muxtis potenciuri energia erTidaigivea. erT(erT aseT
sibrtyeze muxtis potenciuri energia nulis tolad !avTvaloT #nulovani done$.
am sibrtyidan da"abulobis mimarTulebis sawinaamdego mxares myof velis
19
wertilebamde man"ilebi dadebiTad mivi!nioT. maSin erTgvarovani velis
muSaoba #)$ wertilidan #-$ wertilSi
q
muxtis gadatanisas ase !aiwereba
#sur. 0.-$

( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
E q E q E q S E q A
E

,
sadac
1
aris man"ili nulovani donidan sawyis wertilamde, xolo
2
_
saboloo wertilamde.

#0.-$ da #0./$ formulebis Tanaxmad,
q
wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia
erTgvarovan velSi ganisazvreba formuliT

E q W
p

#0.0$
#0.-$ da #0./$ formulebis Tanaxmad,
q
wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia
Q
wertilovani muxtis velSi, igive
Q
wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia
q
wertilovani muxtis velSi, igive
q
da
Q
wertilovani muxtebis
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ganisazvreba formuliT
C
r
q Q
W
p
+
0
4
,
sadac C mudmiva damokidebulia imaze, Tu muxtebs Soris ra man"ilze
vTvliT potenciur energias nulis tolad. !veulebriv nulis tolad Tvlian usasrulod
daSorebuli muxtebis potenciur energias. am SemTxvevaSi, wertilovani
muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ganisazvreba formuliT

r
q Q
W
p
0
4

#0.,$
rogorc vxedavT,
q
wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia
Q
wertilovani
muxtis velSi
q
muxtis proporciulia. superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad,
q

wertilovani muxtis potenciuri energia nebismier eleqtrostatikur velSi
q

muxtis proporciuli iqneba. fizikuri sidide, romelic tolia eleqtrostatikuri velis
romelime wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri energiis fardobisa am muxtTan, ar
iqneba damokidebuli am muxtze da mas ewodeba velis

potenciali mocemul
wertilSi.

q
W
p

#0.2$
potenciali eleqtrostatikuri velis energetikuli maxasiaTebelia.
20
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba,
q
muxtis #)$ wertilidan #-$ wertilSi
gadatanisas, potencialis gamoyenebiT Semdegnairad !aiwereba

( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
q q q W W A
p p
#0.*$
muxtis "$# wertilidan "%# wertilSi gadatanisas eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba tolia
am muxtis namravlisa sawyis da saboloo wertilebs Soris velis potencialTa
sxvaobaze.
or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobas am wertilebs Soris "abvas uwodeben.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemaSi potencialis da potencialTa sxvaobis #"abvis$
erTeuls volti #v$ ewodeba,
k
%
) v )
.
velis potenciali, iseve rogorc potenciuri energia, mudmivi Sesakrebis sizustiT
ganisazvreba. am Sesakrebis mniSvneloba damokidebulia nulovani donis
ar!evaze. potenciali nulia igive wertilSi, sadac nulia potenciuri energia.
#0.,$ da #0.2$ formulebidan gamodis, rom
Q
wertilovani muxtis velis
potenciali misgan r man"ilze, ridesac potenciali nulad iTvleba muxtisgan
usasrulod Sors, ganisazvreba formuliT

r
Q
0
4

#0.*$
igive formuliT ganisazvreba Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferos da
birTvis velis potenciali maT gareT # R r $, radganac maTi velis da"abuloba
am areSi emTxveva maT centrSi moTavsebuli
Q
wertilovani muxtis velis
da"abulobas.
eleqtrostatikuri velis Tvalsa!inod gamosaxvisaTvis "alwirebTan erTad
iyeneben ekvipotencialur zedapirebs. zedapirs, romlis yvela wertilSi velis
potencials erTidaigive mniSvneloba aqvs, ekvipotencialuri zedapiri ewodeba.
"alwirebi yovelTvis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebis marTobulia. wertilovani
muxtis velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi koncentruli sferoebia. erTgvarovani
velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi paraleluri sibrtyeebia. sur. 0./(ze
gamosaxulia zogierTi velis "alwirebi da ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi.
sur. 0./
zogierTi eleqtruli velis ekvipotencialuri zedapirebi #lur%i wirebi$ da
"alwirebi #wiTeli wirebi$& a _ wertilovani muxti7 b _ eleqtruli dipoli7 c _ ori
toli dadebiTi muxti.
erTgvarovan velSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas gvaqvs
( )
2 1 2 1
q S E q A
S
,
saidanac
21

S
E
S
2 1

#0.+$
Tu gadaadgileba xdeba velis mimarTulebiT, maSin
E E
S

da gveqneba

S
E
2 1

#0.6$
araerTgvarovan velSi #0.+$ da #0.6$ formulebi gamodgeba imdenad mcire
areSi, rom mis farglebSi veli erTgvarovnad !aiTvalos. am SemTxvevaSi
gveqneba

( ) 0

S
S
E

an, ufro zustad,
S d
d
E


#0.).$
aq S velis "alwiris gaswvriv aTvlili koordinatia. maSasadame, velis
da"abulobis moduli tolia velis "alwiris gaswvriv potencialis warmoebulis
minus niSniT.
velebis da"abulobebis superpoziciis principidan gamomdinareobs
potencialebis superpoziciis principi& ramdenime wertilovani muxtiT Seqmnili velis
potenciali garkveul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi calkeuli muxtebiT Seqmnili velebis
potencialebis amis.

+ + +
3 2 1

#0.))$
#0.6$ formulidan !ans, rom da"abulobis erTeuli SI 4Si aris
m
v
)
. va!venoT,
rom es emTxveva adre Semoebul erTeuls
k
n
1
(s&

k
n
)
m k
m n
)
m k
%
)
m
v
)
amocanebi
). ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan "alian Sorsaa. sawyis momentSi maT
aqvs erTmaneTisken mimarTuli
0

si!qare. gansazvreT umciresi

man"ili eleqtronebs Soris. eleqtronis muxtia
( ) e
, xolo masa _
e
m
.
sim"imis "alis moqmedeba ugulebelyaviT.
-. ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan "alian Sorsaa. sawyis momentSi erT(
erT maTgans aqvs meorisken mimarTuli
0

si!qare. meore am momentSi

u"ravia. gansazvreT umciresi man"ili eleqtronebs Soris. eleqtronis
muxtia
( ) e
, xolo masa _
e
m
. sim"imis "alis moqmedeba ugulebelyaviT.
/. gluv 'orizontalur zedapirze tolgverda samkuTxedis wveroebSi
moTavsebulia
m
masisa da
q
muxtis sami patara burTula. samkuTxedis
gverdis sigr"ea L . burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia gaWimuli
"afebiT. yvela "afi erTdroulad gadawves. gansazvreT burTulebis
maqsimaluri si!qareebi Semdgomi mo"raobisas.
0. rva patara burTula moTavsebulia L sigr"is wibos mqone kubis
wveroebSi uwonobis mdgomareobaSi. TiToeuli maTganis masaa
m
da
muxtia
q
. burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia wiboebis gaswvrivi
daWimuli "afebiT. "afebi erTdroulad gadawves. gansazvreT burTulebis
si!qareebi didi drois Semdeg da im momentSi, rodesac kubis wibo
gaormagdeba.
22
,. gluv 'orizontalur zedapirze tolgverda samkuTxedis wveroebSi
moTavsebulia
m
masisa da
q
muxtis sami patara burTula. samkuTxedis
gverdis sigr"ea L . burTulebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia gaWimuli
"afebiT. erT(erTi "afi gadawves. gansazvreT burTulebis maqsimaluri
si!qareebi Semdgomi mo"raobisas.
2. M masisa da L sigr"is 'antelis boloebi damuxtulia. marcxena
bolos muxtia
Q
, xolo mar%venasi _
( ) Q 4
. 'antelis marcxniv, mis
boloebze gamaval wrfeze, did man"ilze imyofeba
m
masisa da
Q
muxtis
mqone burTula. mcire bi"gis Sedegad burTula mo"raobas iwyebs
'antelisken. gansazvreT mo"raobis procesSi burTulas maqsimaluri
si!qare da minimaluri daSoreba 'antelamde. 'anteli araa damagrebuli.
sim"imis "ala ar moqmedebs. 'anteli ar brunavs da mo"raoba naxseneb
wrfeze xdeba.
*. sami patara burTula, masebiT
m
, M da
m
, damuxtulia toli
Q

muxtebiT #sur. 0.0$. Sua burTula danar!enebTan mibmulia msubuqi
uWimvadi L sigr"is "afebiT. sistems devs gluv 'orizontalur zedapirze.
Sua burTulas "afis marTobad bi"giT mianiWes
0

si!qare. risi toli iqneba

mo"raobis procesSi kidura burTulebs Soris minimaluri man"ili5 risi toli
Sei"leba iyos Sua burTulas si!qare im momentebSi, rodesac burTulebi erT
wrfeze iqnebian5
+.
m
,
m 2
da
m 5
masis mqone sami patara burTula, romelTa
muxtebia Sesabamisad
q
,
q
da
q 2
, ganlagebulia erT wrfeze gluv
'orizontalur zedapirze #sur. 0.,$. Tavdapirvelad mezobel burTulebs Soris
man"ilia L , xolo burTulebi u"ravadaa damagrebuli. Semdeg burTulebs
aTavisufleben. ipoveT burTulebis %amuri kinetikuri energia da maTi
si!qareebi erTmaneTisgan did man"ilze daSorebis Semdeg. burTulebi
mo"raobis procesSi erT wrfeze r!ebian.
6. R radiusis sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli
Q
muxtiT. gansazvreT
eleqtruli wneva sferos zedapirze anu sferos zedapiris erTeul farTobze
moqmedi "ala.
).. gansazvreT, ra muxti Sei"leba movaTavsoT R radiusis gr"eli
cilindruli garsis erTeul sigr"eze, Tu airiT Sevsebisas is u"lebs
p
wnevas.
)). naxevarsfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli. muxtis zedapiruli simkvrivea

. centrSi moaTavses
q
wertilovani muxti. gansazvreT naxevarsferosa
da wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis "ala. gansazvreT
urTierTqmedebis "ala sferos meoTxedsa da centrSi moTavsebul
wertilovan muxts Soris. gansazvreT urTierTqmedebis "ala sferos
mervedsa da centrSi moTavsebul wertilovan muxts Soris.
)-. R radiusis sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli
Q
muxtiT. is or nawilad
gaWres centridan h man"iliT daSorebuli sibrtyis gaswvriv. gansazvreT
"ala, romliTac ganizideba erTmaneTisagan sferos es ori nawili. ra
wertilovani muxti unda movaTavsoT sferos centrSi, rom misi ori nawili
erTmaneTs ar daSordes5
)/. R radiusis or sfero Tanabradaa damuxtuli toli dadebiTi
Q
muxtiT.
sferoebis centrebs Soris man"ilia . gansazvreT, ra minimaluri
kinetikuri energia unda mivaniWoT eleqtrons erTi sferos zedapirTan, rom
man meore sferos zedapirs miawios.
)0. R radiusis da M masis Txelkedlian aragamtar Tanabrad damuxtul
sferos aqvs diametralurad mopirdapire ori patara xvreli. sferos muxtia
Q
. Tavdapirvelad is u"ravia. xvrelebis SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv
usasrulobidan sferosken mo"raobs

si!qaris,
m
masis da sferos muxtis
23
niSnis
q
muxtis mqone nawilaki. gansazvreT ra drois ganmavlobaSi
imo"ravebs nawilaki sferos SigniT. gravitacia ugulebelyaviT.
),. R radiusis liTonis daumuxtav izolirebul birTvs usasrulobidan ecema
eleqtronebis nakadi. eleqtronebis si!qare usasrulobaSi aris

.
gansazvreT ramdeniT gaizrdeba birTvis temperatura, Tu misi
siTbotevadobaa C . eleqtronebis urTierTqmedeba konaSi ugulebelyaviT.
*. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi eleqtrul velSi
eleqtrul veli mniSvnelovnad Sei"leba Secvalos masSi Setanilma sxeulma. es
imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom nivTiereba damuxtuli nawilakebisgan
Sedgeba. rodesac gareSe veli ar gvaqvs, maSin nivTierebaSi nawilakebi isea
ganawilebuli, rom maTi saSualo veli bevri molekulis #atomis$ Semcvel areSi
nulis tolia. gareSe velis arsebobisas nivTierebaSi xdeba damuxtuli
nawilakebis gadanawileba da !ndeba maTi sakuTari veli. sruli eleqtruli velis
da"abuloba aris gareSe velisa da nivTierebis damuxtuli nawilakebis mier
Seqmnili velis da"abulobebis %ami.
nivTierebebi mravalferovania TavianTi eleqtruli TvisebebiT. nivTierebaTa
farTo klass adgenen gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi.
gamtarebis mTavari Taviseburebaa maTSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis
#eleqtronebi, ionebi$ arseboba. isini monawileoben siTbur mo"raobaSi da
Seu"liaT gamtaris mTel moculobaSi gadaadgileba. tipiuri gamtarebia
liTonebi da eleqtrolitebi #marilebis, m9avebis an tuteebis wyalxsnarebi$.
liTonebSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi eleqtronebia, eleqtrolitebSi _
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebi. rodesac ar gvaqvs gareSe veli, maSin gamtaris
nebismier moculobaSi dadebiTi da uar;ofiTi muxtebi kompensirebulia.
eleqtrul velSi Setanil gamtarSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi
gadanawildebian, ris Sedegadac gamtaris zedapirze !ndeba
arakompensirebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi #sur. ,.)$. am process
eleqtrostatikuri induqcias, xolo gamtaris zedapirze ga!enil muxtebs inducirebul
muxtebs uwodeben. Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebis gadanawileba maSin
mTavrdeba, rodesac inducirebuli muxtebiT Seqmnili eleqtruli veli moadens
gareSe velis kompencirebas gamtaris mTel moculobaSi.
24
v
0
m M m
sur. 0.0
q q
2q
m 2m
5m
sur. 0.,
sur. ,.)
eleqtrostatikuri induqcia
gamtarSi eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba nulis tolia da gamtaris yvela wertilis ,
zedapiris wertilebis &aTvliT, potenciali tolia.
radganac gamtaris zedapiri ekvipotencialuria, amitom zedapirTan, gamtaris
garedan, "alwirebi zedapiris marTobulia.
eleqtrostatikur velSi Setanili gamtaris nebismieri Siga are eleqtroneitraluri
r!eba. Tu moviSorebT gamtaris romelime Siga ares da SevqmniT sirues,
masSi eleqtruli veli ar gveqneba #sur. ,.-$. amas emyareba eleqtrostatikuri
dacva _ eleqtruli velisadmi mgr"nobiare xelsawyoebs, velis gavlenis
asacileblad, liTonis yuTebSi aTavseben.
sur. ,.-
liTonis naWerSi arsebul sirueSi eleqtrostatikuri velis
da"abuloba nulis tolia.
gamtarebisgan gansxvavebiT, dieleqtrikebSi ar aris Tavisufali eleqtruli
muxtebi. isini neitraluri atomebis an molekulebisgan Sedgebian. damuxtuli
nawilakebi bmulia erTmaneTTan da ar Seu"lia dieleqtrikis mTel moculobaSi
gadaadgileba.
25
dieleqtrikebis gareSe eleqtrul velSi Setanisas maTSi xdeba atomebSi an
molekulebSi Semavali muxtebis garkveuli gadanawileba, ris Sedegad
dieleqtrikuli nimuSis zedapirze !ndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi. es
bmuli muxtebi "veleburad Sedian atomebis an molekulebis SemadgenlobaSi.
am process dieleqtrikis polarizacia ewodeba. bmuli muxtebi dieleqtrikis SigniT
qmnis gareSe velis sawinaamdego mimarTulebis vels. eleqtruli velis
da"abulobis moduli dieleqtrikSi
( ) E
naklebia gareSe velis da"abulobis
modulze
0
E
.
fizikur sidides, romelic tolia vakuumSi gareSe velis daZabulobis modulis Sefardebisa
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi velis daZabulobis modulTan, dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli
Se!wevadoba ( ) ewodeba.

E
E
0

#,.)$
dieleqtrikis polarizaciis meqanizmebia orientaciuli da drekadi polarizacia.
orientaciuli polarizaciis meqanizmi muSaobs polaruli dieleqtrikebis SemTxvevaSi.
polaruli dieleqtrikebi Sedgebian iseTi molekulebisgan, romlebSic dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. aseTi molekula
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc eleqtruli dipoli + garkveul manZilze moTavsebuli
moduliT toli da niSniT sawinaa!mdego ori muxtis neitraluri sistema. aseTia,
magaliTad, wylis molekulebi. gareSe velis ar arsebobisas molekuluri dipolebi,
siTburi mo"raobis gamo, qaosuradaa orientirebulni. am pirobebSi dieleqtrikis
zedapirze da moculobis nebismier elementSi eleqtruli muxti saSualod nulis
tolia. dieleqtrikis

0
E
gareSe velSi Setanisas xdeba molekuluri dipolebis
nawilobrivi orientacia. amis Sedegad dieleqtrikis zedapirze !ndeba
arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi, romlebic qmnian gareSe velis
sawinaamdegod mimarTul

E
vels #sur. ,./$.
sur. ,./
polaruli dieleqtrikis polarizaciis orientaciuli meqanizmi
polaruli dieleqtrikebis polarizacia da, maSasadame, maTi dieleqtrikuli
Sewevadoba "lieraa damokidebuli temperaturaze, vinaidan molekulebis
siTburi mo"raoba dezorientaciuli faqtoris rols asrulebs.
26
drekadi polarizaciis meqanizmi muSaobs arapolaruli dieleqtrikebis
SemTxvevaSi. arapolaruli dieleqtrikebis molekulebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis centrebi gareSe velis ararsebobisas erTmaneTs emTxveva. gareSe
velSi moTavsebisas arapolaruli dieleqtrikis molekulebi deformirdeba&
molekulis dadebiTi muxtebi wainacvleben velis mimarTulebiT, xolo
uaryofiTebi _ velis sawinaamdegod. amis Sedegad molekulebi eleqtrul
dipolad gardaiqmnebian, romelTa er"ebi gareSe velis gaswvrivia.
dieleqtrikis zedapirze !ndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi #sur. ,.0$.
arapolaruli dieleqtrikis polarizacia ar aris temperaturaze damokidebuli.
arapolaruli molekulis magaliTia meTanis molekula #
4
H C $. am molekulis
oTx%er ionizebuli naxSirbadis ioni ( )
4
C wesieri piramidis centrSia
moTavsebuli, piramidis wveroebSi ki _ wyalbadis ionebia ( )
+
H . gareSe velSi
naxSirbadis ioni piramidis centridan wainacvlebs da molekulas u!ndeba
dipoluri momenti.
sur. ,.0
arapolaruli dieleqtrikis polarizacia
Tu veli "lieri ar aris, maSin, gareSe velSi moTavsebisas, polarul da arapolarul
dieleqtrikebSi wamoqmnili bmuli muxtebis eleqtruli velis
E da"abuloba
gareSe velis
0
E
da"abulobis pirdapirproporciulia. "alian "lier velebSi es
kanonzomiereba irveva. magaliTad, polarul dieleqtrikebSi "lier velebSi
daikvirveba gaerebis efeqti, rodesac yvela molekuluri dipoli "alwirebis
gaswvriv orientirdeba.
mravali arapolaruli molekulis polarizaciis dros deformirdeba eleqtronuli
garsebi. am meqanizms eleqtronuli polarizacia ewodeba. es meqanizmi
universaluria, radganac eleqtronuli garsebis deformacia sdeba nebismieri
dieleqtrikis atomebSi, molekulebSi da ionebSi.
myar kristalur dieleqtrikebSi daikvirveba ionuri polarizacia. am dros kristaluri
mesris Semadgeneli sxvadsxva niSnis ionebi gareSe velis moqmedebiT
wainacvleben urTierTsawinaamdego mimarTulebebiT, ris Sedegadac
kristalis waxnagebze !ndeba arakompensirebuli bmuli muxtebi. ase xdeba
sufris marilis kristalis
( ) NaCl
SemTxvevaSi.
mtkiceba, rom dieleqtrikSi eleqtruli velis da"abulobis moduli

(%er
naklebia gareSe velTan SedarebiT, mkacrad marTebulia mxolod erTgvarovan
dieleqtrikSi, romelic avsebs mTel sivrces, sadac Seqmnilia gareSe veli.
27
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi wertilovani muxtis velis da"abuloba da potenciali
ganisazvreba formulebiT


r
r
Q
E
3
0
4
,
r
Q

0
4

#,.-$
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi

zedapiruli simkvriviT Tanabrad damuxtuli

usasrulo sibrtyis velis da"abulobis moduli ganisazvreba formuliT

0
2
E
#,./$
amocanebi
). R radiusis liTonis birTvi damiwebulia. birTvis centridan R > man"ilze
moaTavses
q
wertilovani muxti. gansazvreT birTvis zedapirze
inducirebuli muxti.
-. R radiusis liTonis daumuxtavi birTvis centridan R > man"ilze
moaTavses
q
wertilovani muxti. gansazvreT birTvis potenciali.
/.
Q
muxtiT damuxtuli R radiusis liTonis birTvis centridan R >
man"ilze moaTavses
q
wertilovani muxti. gansazvreT birTvis potenciali.
0. gvaqvs ori koncentruli liTonis sfero. r radiusis Siga sferos potenciali
nulis tolia #is damiwebulia$, xolo
r 2
radiusis gare sferos potencialia

.
gansazvreT sferoebis muxtebi.
,. liTonis
1
R radiusis mqone birTvi damuxtulia

potencialamde. mas
gars Semoartyes
2
R radiusis koncentruli daumuxtavi gamtari sferuli
garsi. risi toli gaxdeba birTvis potenciali, Tu garss davamiwebT5 Tu birTvs
mavTuliT SevaerTebT garsTan5
2. ori erTnairi damuxtuli burTula toli sigr"is aragamtari "afebiT
dakidebulia erT wertilSi. burTulebi !auSves aragamtar siTxeSi, romlis
dieleqtrikuli Sewevadobaa

, xolo simkvrive _

. "afebs Soris kuTxe

'aerSi da siTxeSi erTnairi amo!nda. gansazvreT burTulebis simkvrive.
28
,. eleqtrotevadoba. kondensatorebi
erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli ori gamtaris moduliT toli da sawinaa!mdego niSnis
muxtebiT damuxtvisas erT-erTi gamtaris muxtis Sefardebas massa da meore
gamtars Soris ZabvasTan ori gamtaris sistemis eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba.

U
q
C
(6.1)
C ori gamtaris sistemis eleqtrotevadobaa,
q
_ erT(erTi gamtaris muxti, U _
am gamtarsa da meore gamtars Soris "abva.
SI (Si eleqtrotevadobis erTeuls faradi #f$ ewodeba.

v
k
)
v )
k )
f )
ori gamtaris sistemis eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia gamtarebis zomebsa
da formaze, maT Soris man"ilze, maTi gamyofi dieleqtrikis Tvisebebze,
agreTve garemomcvel sxeulebis ganlagebaze da maT muxtebze. farTo
gamoyeneba aqvs ori gamtaris iseT sistemebs, romelTa eleqtrotevadoba
araa damokidebuli garemomcvel sxeulebze. maTi eleqtruli veli lokalizebulia
gamtarebs Soris sivrceSi. aseT sistemebs kondensatorebi ewodebaT, xolo
kondensatoris Semqmnel gamtarebs _ Semonafenebi. TiToeuli Semonafenis
muxtis moduls kondensatoris muxts uwodeben.
umartivesi kondensatoria brtyeli kondensatori. is warmoadgens dieleqtrikiT
gancalkevebul or paralelur brtyel gamtar firfitas, romelTa Soris manZili bevrad
naklebis firfitebis zomebze. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtruli veli "iriTadad
lokalizebulia firfitebs Soris, Tumca kideebTan axlos da garemomcvel sivrceSi
aris SedarebiT susti eleqtruli veli _ gabnevis veli #sur. 2.)$. bevr amocanaSi
Sei"leba gabnevis velis ugulebelyofa da kondensatoris velis idealizebulad
warmodgena #sur. 2.-$, magram zogierT amocanaSi gabnevis velis
ugulebelyofam Sesa"loa uxeSi Secdoma gamoiwvios, radganac am dros
irveva eleqtruli velis konservatuloba.
sur. 2.)
brtyeli kondensatoris veli
29
sur. 2.-
brtyeli kondensatoris velis
idealizebuli warmodgena.
aseTi veli ar aris
konservatuli.
brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis formulis gamoyvanisas dasaSvebia
misi velis idealizebulad warmodgena. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis
Seqmnili velis da"abulobis moduli firfitis maxloblobaSi ganisazvreba
formuliT

0
1
2
E
. kondensatoris SigniT firfitebi qmnis erTi mimarTulebis
velebs, gareT ki _ urTierTsawinaamdegod mimarTuls. amis gamo,
kondensatoris gareT velis da"abuloba nulis tolia, xolo SigniT

0
E
#2.-$
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitebs Soris "abva iqneba

S
d q d
d E U

0 0

#2./$
sadac
q
TiToeuli firfitis muxtis modulia, d _ firfitebs Soris man"ili, xolo S
_ firfitebis gadamfaravi nawilis farTobi #swored am nawilze lagdeba muxtebi$.
#2.)$ da #2./$ formulebis gamoyenebiT, brtyeli kondensatoris
eleqtrotevadobisaTvis miieba

d
S
C

0

#2.0$
sxva formis kondensatorebia sferuli da cilindruli kondensatorebi. sferuli
kondensatori aris dieleqtrikiT gayofili
1
R da
2
R radiusis koncentruli ori gamtari
sferos sistema. cilindruli kondensatoria dieleqtrikiT gayofili
1
R da
2
R radiusis da
L sigrZis "
2 1
, R R L >> # erTi !erZis mqone ori gamtari cilindris sistema.
erTmaneTTan kondensatorebis SeerTebiT miieba kondensatorebis batarea.
SeerTebebis umartivesi saxeebia& paraleluri da mimdverobiTi. kondensatirTa
paraleluri SeerTebisas #sur. 2./$ kondensatorebze "abvebi erTnairia
U U U
2 1
, xolo muxtebia U C q
1 1
da U C q
2 2
. es sistema Sei"leba
ganvixiloT rogorc C eleqtrotevadobis erTi kondensatori damuxtuli
2 1
q q q +
muxtiT da Semonafenebs Soris U "abviT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
U C U C U C
2 1
+ , saidanac

2 1
C C C + #2.,$
amrigad, kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas eleqtrotevadobebi ikribeba.
30
sur. 2./
paralelurad SeerTebuli ori
kondensatori
sur. 2.0
mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli ori
kondensatori
kondensatorTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas #sur. 2.0$ erTnairia
kondensatorebis muxtebi q q q
2 1
, xolo maTze "abvebia
1
1
C
q
U
da
2
2
C
q
U
. aseTi sistema Sei"leba ganvixiloT rogorc C eleqtrotevadobis erTi
kondensatori damuxtuli
q
muxtiT da
2 1
U U U + "abviT Semonafenebs
Soris. misTvis miieba
2 1
C
q
C
q
C
q
+
, saidanac

2 1
1 1 1
C C C
+
#2.2$
kondensatorTa mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas ikribeba eleqtrotevadobebis Sebrunebuli
sidideebi.
miebuli wesebi "alaSia nebismieri raodenobis kondensatorTa paraleluri da
mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas.
amocanebi
). ramden%er Seicvleba brtyeli kondensatoris tevadoba misi firfitebis
gadamfaravi farTobis -(%er da maT Soris man"ilis /(%er Semcirebisas5
-. ramden%er Seicvleba 'aeriani brtyeli kondensatoris tevadoba, Tu
firfitebs Soris sivrces qarsis firfitiT SevavsebT5
/. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia -.. sm
-
. maT Soris
man"ilia - mm. firfitebs Soris sivrce Sevsebulia qarsis SriT. ra
maqsimaluri muxtiT Sei"leba kondensatoris damuxtva, Tu dasaSvebi
"abvaa /kv5
0. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia ,. sm
-
. firfitebs Soris
sivrce Sevsebulia minis firfitiT. ra maqsimaluri muxtiT Sei"leba
31
kondensatoris damuxtva, Tu ). mgv<m da"abulobis velSi xdeba minis
garveva5
,. 'aeriani brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris man"ili /(%er gazardes.
ramden%er Seicvala kondensatoris muxti, "abva firfitebs Soris da
kondensatorSi velis da"abuloba, Tu a$ man"ilis Secvlis win kondensatori
gamorTes denis wyarosagan7 b$ kondensatori !arTuli datoves denis
wyarosTan.
2. vakuumiani brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebze muxtis zedapiruli
simkvrivis modulia .,/ mkk<m
-
. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia ).. sm
-
.
kondensatoris tevadobaa ).pf. ra si!qares Sei"ens kondensatorSi
uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitasTan myofi eleqtroni5
*. C tevadobis brtyeli kondensatori damuxtes U "abvamde.
gansazvreT firfitebis urTierTmizidvis "ala.
+. 'aeriani brtyeli kondensatoris qveda firfita u"ravadaa damagrebuli,
xolo zeda dakidebulia k sixistis zambaraze. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S .
ramdeniT wagr"eldeba zambara, Tu kondensators
Q
muxtiT
davmuxtavT5
6. 'aeriani brtyeli kondensatori mavTulebiT mierTebulia U "abvis
wyaros. TiToeuli firfita S farTobis kvadratia. firfitebs Soris man"ilia d .
erT(erT firfitas

si!qariT amo"raveben romelime gverdis gaswvriv.

gansazvreT mavTulebSi denis "ala.
).. C tevadobis brtyeli kondensatori damuxtulia ise, rogorc
na!venebia suraTze #sur. 2.,$. gansazvreT "abva Semonafenebs Soris.
)). 'aerian brtyel kondensatorSi Seitanes Semonafenebis farTobis
mqone da d sisqis liTonis firfita. Semonafenebs Soris man"ilia L .
gansazvreT ramden%er Seicvala kondensatoris tevadoba.
)-. 'aerian brtyel kondensatorSi Seitanes Semonafenebis farTobis
mqone da d sisqis dieleqtrikis firfita, romlis dieleqtrikuli Sewevadobaa

. Semonafenebs Soris man"ilia L . gansazvreT ramden%er Seicvala

kondensatoris tevadoba.
)/. 'aeriani brtyeli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris sivrcis naxevari
Seavses

Sewevadobis mqone dieleqtrikiT ise, rogorc na!venebia

suraTze #sur. 2.2$. gansazvreT ramden%er Seicvala kondensatoris
tevadoba.
)0. gansazvreT muxti da "abva TiToeul kondensatorze #sur. 2.*$.
),. gansazvreT "abva
a
da b wertilebs Soris #sur. 2.+$.
)2. erTmaneTisgan Sors moTavsebulia ori gamtari. erT(erTi maTganis
muxtia
1
Q , xolo potencialia
1
. meore gamtaris muxtia
2
Q , xolo
potencialia
2
. Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavi C tevadobis kondensatori
miuerTes gamtarebs wvrili mavTulebiT. gansazvreT ra "abvamde
daimuxta kondensatori.
)*. eleqtrostatikur velSi buzi dafrinavs mxolod eqvipotencialur
zedapirze. is moaTavses damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris Semonafenebs
Soris O O er"ze erT(erTi maTganisgan
d
20000
9999
man"ilze # d (
Semonafenebs Soris man"ilia$. Semonafenebi R radiusis diskoebia #
32
q
5q
sur. 2.,

sur. 2.2
d R >> $ #sur. 2.6$. kondensatoridan ra r man"ilze iqneba buzi, rodesac is
amo!ndeba Sors mis gareT simetriis er"ze5
)+. oTxi erTnairi liTonis firfita moTavsebulia 'aerSi erTmaneTisagan tol
d man"ilebze da SeerTebulebia ise, rogorc na!venebia suraTze #sur.
2.).$. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . firfitebs Soris man"ili bevrad naklebia
maT zomebze. gansazvreT miebuli rTuli kondensatoris tevadoba.
)6. oTxi erTnairi liTonis firfita moTavsebulia 'aerSi erTmaneTisagan tol
d man"ilebze da SeerTebulebia ise, rogorc na!venebia suraTze #sur.
2.))$. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . firfitebs Soris man"ili bevrad naklebia
maT zomebze. gansazvreT Sua firfitebis muxtebi.
-.. S farTobisa da d sisqis daumuxtavi liTonis firfita moTavsebulia
q

wertilovani muxtidan r man"ilze da orientirebulia

r
veqtoris
marTobulad #sur. 2.)-$. gansazvreT wertilovani muxtis da firfitis
urTierTmizidvis "ala. firfitis sisqe bevrad naklebia, xolo r man"ili bevrad
metia firfitis wrfiv zomebTan SedarebiT.
-). S farTobisa da d sisqis dieleqtrikis firfita moTavsebulia
q

wertilovani muxtidan r man"ilze da orientirebulia

r
veqtoris
marTobulad #sur. 2.)-$. dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli Sewevadobaa

. firfitis
sisqe bevrad naklebia, xolo r man"ili bevrad metia firfitis wrfiv
zomebTan SedarebiT. gansazvreT wertilovani muxtis da firfitis
urTierTmizidvis "ala.
--. sferuli kondensatori damuxtulia V "abvamde. Siga zedapiris
radiusia r , xolo gare zedapiris ki _ R . gansazvreT eleqtruli wneva Siga
zedapirze.
33
3C
U
C
2C
sur. 2.*
a
+
b
U
C
C
1
C
C
2
sur. 2.+
+
sur.
2.).
sur.
2.))
U +
sur. 2.6
O O'
.. eleqtruli velis energia
damuxtul kondensators aqvs energia. es aris kondensatoris Semonafenebis muxtebis
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia. cxadia, rom damuxtuli kondensatoris energia
tolia misi damuxtvisas gare ZalTa mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis.
kondensatoris damuxtvis procesi Sei"leba ganvixiloT rogorc muxtis mcire
porciebis Tanamimdevruli gadatana erTi Semonafenidan meoreze. muxtis
yoveli porciis gadatanisas #garda pirveli porciis gadatanisa$ Semonafenebs
Soris ukve aris garkveuli "abva, romelic izrdeba gadatanili muxtis
proporciulad. amis gamo Sesrulebuli muSaoba iseTia, TiTqos erTi
Semonafenidan meoreze gadagvetanos
Q
sruli muxti
2
U
saSualo "abvis
pirobebSi. amitom gvaqvs
2 2
U Q U
Q A W
e

. es formula Sei"leba
gadaiweros sxva ekvivalenturi formiT
34
d
q
r
sur. 2.)-

C
Q U C U Q
W
e
2 2 2
2 2

#*.)$
damuxtuli kondensatoris energiis formulis mkacri miebisaTvis unda
gavaintegroT elementaruli muSaoba Semonafenebs Soris
q d
usasrulod
mcire muxtis gadatanisas kondensatoris muxtis cvlilebisas 0 (dan
Q
(
mde&
q d
C
q
A d
,
C
Q
q d q
C
q d
C
q
A W
Q Q
e
2
1
2
0 0


.
Tanamedrove SexdulebiT, kondensatoris eleqtruli energia misi eleqtruli velis
energiaa da lokalizebulia kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris eleqtrul velSi.
gamovsaxoT brtyeli kondensatoris energia mis SigniT erTgvarovani eleqtruli
velis da"abulobiT
V
E
d
d E S U C
W
e
2 2 2
2
0
2 2
0
2


, sadac
d S V
eleqtruli
velis mier dakavebuli aris moculobaa.
2
2
0
E
V
W

e
e


fizikuri sidide gamodis
erTgvarovani velis erTeuli moculobis energia anu eleqtruli velis energiis
moculobiTi simkvrive.
araerTgvarovani eleqtruli velis SemTxvevaSi igive formula mogvcems
eleqtruli velis energiis moculobiT simkvrives wertilSi.
nebismieri araerTgvarovani velis energiis povna Sei"leba usasrulod mcire
areSi velis energiis integrebiT eleqtruli veliT dakavebul mTel moculobaSi&
V d W d
e e

,
V d
E
V d W
V V
e e


2
2
0

.
amocanebi
). -. mkf tevadobis kondensatorze modebuli "abvis -(%er gazrdisas
velis energia .,/ %(iT gaizarda. gansazvreT "abva da velis energiis
sawyisi mniSvnelobani.
-. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia -.. sm
-
, maT Soris
man"ilia ) sm, xolo kondensatorSi velis da"abulobaa ,.. kv<m.
gamoTvaleT velis energia.
/. damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris man"ili -(%er
Seamcires. ramden%er Seicvala velis energia da energiis simkvrive5
ganixileT ori SemTxveva& a$ kondensatori man"ilis Secvlis win gamorTes
denis wyarodan7 b$ kondensatori mierTebuli datoves denis wyarosTan.
0. brtyeli 'aeriani kondensatori Seavses navTiT da damuxtes.
kondensatoris energia gaxda
0
W
. amis Semdeg kondensatori gamorTes
denis wyarosgan, gadmoasxes navTi da ganmuxtes. gansazvreT
ganmuxtvisas gamoyofili energia. navTis dieleqtrikuli Sewevadobaa

.
,. gansazvreT
Q
muxtiT Tanabrad damuxtuli R radiusis sferos da
birTvis eleqtruli velis energiebi.
2. gansazvreT, ra "aliT Seizideba dieleqtrikis firfita
Q
muxtiT
damuxtul brtyel kondensatorSi, rodesac misi kondensatorSi Sesuli nawilis
35
sigr"ea
x
. firfitis dieleqtrikuli Sewevadobaa

. firfitis sisqe sul odnav

naklebia kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris d man"ilze. kondensatoris
Semonafenebis, iseve rogorc dieleqtrikis firfitis, zomebia b a #sur. *.)$.
/. eleqtruli dipoli
eleqtruli dipoli aris erTmaneTisgan garkveul manZilze moTavsebuli moduliT toli
da niSniT sxvadasxva,
q
da ( ) q , wertilovani muxtis sistema.
eleqtruli dipolis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia misi

p
dipoluri momenti


q p
#+.)$
sadac

aris uaryofiTi muxtis dadebiT muxtTan SemaerTebeli veqtori.

mivioT dipolidan did man"ilze velis potencialis da da"abulobis formulebi.
dipolis er"sa da im wertilze, sadac ve"ebT vels, gamaval sibrtyeSi avir!ioT
!O" koordinatTa sistema, romlis saTave emTxveva dipolis centrs #sur. )$.
" er"i mimarTulia dipolis er"is gaswvriv. im wertilis

r
radius(veqtori,
sadac ve"ebT vels, dipolis er"Tan kuTxes adgens. dadebiTi muxtis
wertilTan SemaerTebeli veqtoria

1
r
, xolo uaryofiTi muxtis _

2
r
. vels ve"ebT
Sors anu >> r .
36
a
d
x
a
sur. *.)
sur. +.)
%er mivioT potencialis formula.

2 0 1 0
2 1
4 4 r
q
r
q

+
#+.-$

,
_

,
_

+
r
r
r
r r r r
2
cos
1
cos
1 cos
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
1

,
_

,
_

+ + +
r
r
r
r r r r
2
cos
1
cos
1 cos
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
2

aq !ven Sevinar!uneT
r

mcire wevris pirveli xarisxi da ugulebelvyaviT ufro

maali xarisxebi.
1
r da
2
r (is gamosaxulebebis #-$(Si SetaniT da
r

mcire
wevris pirveli xarisxze maali xarisxebis gadagdebiT miieba

2
0
2
0 0
4
cos
4
cos
2
cos
1
1
2
cos
1
1
4 r
p
r
q
r r
r
q

,
_

#+./$
miebuli formula wertilis
( ) # x,
dekartes koordinatebiT ase !aiwereba&

( )
2
3
2 2
0
4 # x
# p
+

#+.0$
velis da"abulobis gegmilebs er"ebze vipoviT gawarmoebiT&

( )
2
5
2 2
0
4
3
# x
# x p
x
E
x
+

#+.,$
37

( ) [ ]
( )
2
5
2 2
0
2 2 2
4
3
# x
# x # p
#
E
#
+
+

#+.2$
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
cos sin r # r x da
, da"abulobis gegmilebis
formulebs !avwerT polaruli koordinatebiT

3
0
4
cos sin 3
r
p
E
x

#+.*$

( )
3
0
2
4
1 cos 3
r
p
E
#

#+.+$
da"abulobis gegmilebis formulebis mieba Sei"leba pirdapiri gziTac&
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

3
2
3
1
3
2
3
1 0
3
2 0
3
1 0
3
2 0
2
3
1 0
1
2 1
1 1
2
1 1
4 4
2
4
2
4 4 r r r r
r
q
r
r q
r
r q
r
r q
r
r q
E E E



am formulaSi
1
r da
2
r (is miaxloebiTi gamosaxulebebis SetaniT da
r

mcire
wevris pirveli xarisxze maali xarisxebis gadagdebiT miieba #SevniSnoT,
rom kvadratuli fr!xilis meore wevrSi ugulebelvyofT
r

(is pirvel xarisxsac.

misi datovebiT miieba pirvel wevrTan SedarebiT bevrad mcire wevri$

,
_

,
_

p
r
r p
r r
r
r
q
E

cos 3
4
1 cos 3
4
3
0
3
0

#+.6$
aqedan da"abulobis gegmilebisaTvis miieba #*(+$ formulebi #SeamowmeT$.
axla mivioT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul dipolze moqmed "alaTa
momentis formula. velis da"abulobis moduli iyos E , xolo kuTxe
da"abulobasa da dipolur moments Soris _ . muxtebze moqmedi "alebi
na!venebia sur. -(ze.

38
sur. +.-
E q F F
2 1
. dipolsa da da"abulobaze gamavali sibrtyis marTobuli
nebismieri er"is mimarT dipolze moqmed "alTa momenti iqneba erTnairi&
sin sin sin sin
2 1 2 2 1 1
E p E q E q E q d F d F M + + #+.).$
es toloba Sei"leba veqtoruli saxiTac !aiweros&


E p M
#+.))$
rogorc vxedavT momenti araa damokidebuli er"is mdebareobaze.
axla mivioT erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dipolis potenciuri
energiis formula. nulovani done iyos da"abulobis marTobuli nebismieri
sibrtye #sur. /$.
sur. +./
39
erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli wertilovani muxtis energiis formulis
gamoyenebiT miviebT

( ) ( )

+ E p E p E q d d E q d E q d E q W cos cos
1 2 2 1


#+.)-$
rogorc vxedavT dipolis energia araa damokidebuli nulovani donis ar!evaze.
damatebiTi amocanebi
). sami patara damuxtuli sxeuli moTavsebulia
a
gverdis mqone wesieri
samkuTxedis wveroebSi. erTi maTgani damagrebulia, xolo or danar!ens,
romelTa masebia M , xolo muxti _
Q
, akaveben. risi toli unda iyos
damagrebuli sxeulis muxti, rom danar!eni ori sxeulis ganTavisuflebis
momentSi maTi a!qareba minimaluri amo!ndes5 gansazvreT es
a!qareba.
-.
Q
muxtiT damuxtuli mavTulis Txeli R radiusis rgoli da naklebi r
radiusis liTonis sfero moTavsebulia ise, rom maTi centrebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva. sfero damiwebulia "alian wvrili gr"eli gamtariT. gansazvreT
im wertilis potenciali, romelic rgolis er"ze misi sibrtyidan
x
man"ilze.
/. "alian didi man"iliT daSorebuli ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisaken
mo"raobs

si!qariT paraleluri wrfeebis gaswvriv, romelTa Soris

man"ilia

#samizne parametri$. gansazvreT eleqtronebs Soris

minimaluri man"ili. eleqtronis masaa
e
m
, elementaruli muxtia #moduliT$
e
.
0. Tavdapirvelad u"ravi eleqtronisken "alian didi man"ilidan

si!qariT
mo"raobs meore eleqtroni wrfis gaswvriv, romelic u"ravi eleqtronidan

man"iliTaa daSorebuli #samizne parametri$. gansazvreT eleqtronebs
Soris minimaluri man"ili. eleqtronis masaa
e
m
, elementaruli muxtia
#moduliT$
e
.
,. "alian didi man"iliT daSorebuli ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisaken
mo"raobs
1
da
2
si!qareebiT paraleluri wrfeebis gaswvriv, romelTa
Soris man"ilia

#samizne parametri$. gansazvreT eleqtronebs Soris

minimaluri man"ili. eleqtronis masaa
e
m
, elementaruli muxtia #moduliT$
e
.
40
2. rodesac or eleqtrons Soris man"ilia d , maSin maTi si!qareebis
veqtorebi erT sibrtyeSia, eleqtronebis SemaerTebel monakveTTan

kuTxes qmnis da moduliT aris

#sur.)$. gansazvreT eleqtronebs Soris

minimaluri man"ili. eleqtronis masaa
e
m
, elementaruli muxtia #moduliT$
e
.
*. rodesac or erTnair nawilaks Soris man"ilia d , maSin maTi si!qaris
veqtorebi erT sibrtyeSia da nawilakebis SemaerTebel monakveTTan

da

kuTxeebs qmnis #sur. -$. si!qareebis modulebi Sesabamisad aris

$
da

. TiToeuli nawilakis muxtia

Q
. gansazvreT nawilakebis masa, Tu
Semdgomi mo"raobisas maT Soris minimaluri man"ilia r .
+. ori erTnairi
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wertilovani muxti moTavsebulia erTmaneTisagan d
man"ilze. ra potenciali Sei"leba 'qondes orive muxtis momcvel
ekvipotencialur zedapirs5 ra potenciali unda 'qondes aseT zedapirs, rom
is yvelgan amozneqili iyos5
6. kosmosSi yvela sxva sxeulisgan daSorebiT mo"raobs ori patara
damuxtuli burTula. erTi maTganis masaa )g, xolo meoris _ -g. burTulebis
muxtebi moduliT toli da niSniT saperispiroaa. mocemul momentSi
burTulebs Soris manzilia )m. meti masis burTulas si!qarea
wm m 1
da
mimarTulia burTulebis centrebis SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv naklebi
masis burTulisgan. naklebi masis burTulas si!qare moduliT igivea,
magram aniSnuli wrfis marTobulia. gansazvreT, risi toli unda iyos
burTulebis muxtebis moduli, rom Semdgomi mo"raobisas isini or%er
amo!ndnen erTmaneTisgan /m man"ilze. burTulebis gravitaciuli
mizidva ugulebelyaviT.
).. sami paraleluri wvrili aragamtari ero 'orizontalur sibrtyeSia
damagebuli. mezobel eroebs Soris man"ilia d #sur. /$. eroebze
wamocmulia damuxtuli m"ime Saibebi, romelTac xaxunis gareSe
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u"ravad, xolo meoTxe maTgan Sorsaa da mo"raobs Sua eroze
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si!qariT. gansazvreT Saibebis si!qareebi didi drois Semdeg.
)). brtyeli kondensatori Sedgeba mcire d man"iliT daSorebuli ori
firfitisgan. TiToeuli firfitis farTobia S . SeafaseT muSaoba, romelic unda
SevasruloT, rom firfitebi davmuxtoT erTnairi
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muxtebiT. mii!nieT, rom
muxtebi Tanabrad nawildeba firfitebze.
)-. ori aragamtari naxevarsferos centrebi da maTi maqsimaluri kveTis
sibrtyeebi erTmaneTs emTxveva #sur. 0$. maTi radiusebia R da r , xolo
muxtebi Sesabamisad
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