Java-Объектно-ориентированнное программирование

32.972.
2-0187
004.43(075)
19
19
. .
Java. - : .
.: , 2011. 400 .
ISBN 978-5-49807-948-6
-
, Java.
, Java,
, ,
Java, , .
.
Java. . , , . , , Java.
.
3-
,
,
.
32.972.2-0187
004.43(075)
. .
, , ,
. , ,

, .
ISBN 978-5-49807-948-6
, 2011

. ..................................9
I. Java........................................... 15
1. Java............................................................................................................. 16
2. Java....................................................................... 49
3. .................................................................................................................... 80
4. ................................................................................................110
5. ...................................................................................153
6. ................................................198
II. Java............... 229

7. ........................................................................................230
8. ..................................................................................................242
9. ........................................................262
10. ..............................................................282
11. -.......................................................................................299
12. ..................................318
................................................................................................................................376
.................................................................................................................................377
. ................. 379
.......................................... 396

. ..................................9
- Java.......................................... 10
Java ++.............................................................................................. 11
.................................................................................................. 12
........................................................................................................................ 12
............................................................................................................... 12
......................................................................................................................... 13
I. Java........................................... 15
1. Java................................................................................ 16
.............................................................................................................. 16
........................................................................................................................... 18
................................................................................. 19
.................................................................................................................. 23
Java.................................................................................................. 25
............................................................................................................... 32
........................................................................................................................................ 48
2. Java.................................................... 49
if().................................................................................................... 49
switch().......................................................................................... 53
for()...................................................................................................... 56
while()................................................................................................. 59
do-while()........................................................................................................ 60
break() continue()................................................................... 61
............................................................................................................... 63
........................................................................................................................................ 78
3. ..................................................................................... 80
........................................................................................ 80
........................................................................... 83
........................................................................................................... 87
............................................................................. 89
............................................................................................................... 92
......................................................................................................................................108
4. ..................................................................... 110
..............................................................................................................110
..........................................................................................114
.......................................................................................................118
.....................................................................................................121
this............................................................................................................124
.............................................................................................................126
...........................................................................................................128
.............................................................................................................129
......................................................................................................................................151
5. ............................................................ 153
.............................................................................................................153
........................................................................................................................156
...................................................................159
........................................................................................164
.............................................................................................................166
......................................................................................................................................197
6. ................................. 198
.............................................................................................................198
...................................................................................200
........................................................................................202
.....................................................................................204
...........................................................208
.......................................................................................212

......................................................................................................215
...........................................................................................................218
.............................................................................................................220
......................................................................................................................................227
II. Java............... 229

7. ................................................................ 230
Java........................................................................................................................230
...........................................................................................................................232
.......................................................................................................235
.................................................................................................239
......................................................................................................................................240
8. ....................................................................... 242
String.......................................................................................................242
toString()...................................................................................................................246
...................................................................................248
...................................................................................................................251
.............................................................................................253
............................................................................................254
StringBuffer................................................................................................................256
........................................................................................259
......................................................................................................................................260
9. ........................................ 262
..............................................................................................262
............................................................................................................264
..........................................................................267
catch{}..........................................................................................268
try.........................................................................................................270
..............................................................273
.........................................................................275
.............................................277
.............................................................................278
......................................................................................................................................280
10. ........................................... 282
Java........................................................................................................282
...................................................................................................................285
........................................................................................290
....................................................................................................293
......................................................................................................................................298
11. -............................................................. 299
.....................................................................................300
System.in.......................................301
Scanner...........................................................305
..................................................................................307
.................................................................................................................310
......................................................................................................................................316
12. ...................... 318
....................................................................................................319
.............................................................................................................323
......................................................................................................326
......................................................................................332
.............................................................................................339
...........................................................................................................................355
..............................................................................................363
......................................................................................................................................375
........................................................................................... 376
............................................................................................ 377
. ................. 379
.......................................... 396
.
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www.
vasilev.kiev.ua. ,
vasilev@univ.kiev.ua alex@vasilev.kiev.ua.

www.piter.com www.vasilev.kiev.ua.
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public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(" Java!");
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1.2.
class VarDemo{
// :
byte age=34;
char sex='';
double weight=103.6;
int height=182;
// :
System.out.println(" :");
System.out.println(": "+age+" ");
System.out.println(" (/): "+sex+".");
System.out.println(": "+weight+" ");
System.out.println(": "+height+" ");
}
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float x=2.7;
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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32
1. Java
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// :
a+=20;
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33

, . , m,
V, a, .
, , ,
.
g .

. , ( ) :
Vm cos()
x(t ) =
(1 exp(t /m)) .
( ) :
y(t ) =
m(V sin() + mg )
(1 exp(t /m))
mgt
.
g .
. 1.3.
1.3.
class BodyPosition{
public static void main(String args[]){
// :
double g=9.8;
// "":
double pi=3.141592;
// ( ):
double alpha=30;
// ( ):
double m=0.1;
// ( */):
double gamma=0.1;
// ( /):
double V=100.0;
// ( ):
double t=1.0;
// ( ):
double x,y;
// :
alpha/=180/pi;
34
1. Java
1.3 ()
// :
x=V*m*Math.cos(alpha)/gamma*(1-Math.exp(-gamma*t/m));
y=m*(V*Math.sin(alpha)*gamma+m*gamma)/gamma/gamma*(1-Math.exp(-gamma*t/m))-m*g*t/
gamma;
// :
System.out.println(" t="+t+" :\nx="+x+" \ny="+y+" ");
System.out.println(":");
System.out.println(" alpha="+alpha/pi*180+" ");
System.out.println(" V="+V+" /");
System.out.println(" gamma="+gamma+" */");
System.out.println(" m="+m+" ");
}}
:
t=1.0 :
x=54.743249662890555
y=21.86923403403938
:
alpha=30.0
V=100.0 /
gamma=0.1 */
m=0.1

, . Math. Java
, , , , .
, Math.cos(). , Math.sin() Math.exp()
. (), , .
: ,
(
g, V, alpha, , gamma, m). ,
t, , . x y
.

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, , , .
35
(
) , . ,

( ).
S1,
S2,
V1 V2, V,
V2 :
V2 =
S2
.
(S1 + S 2 ) V S1 V1
, , ,
. , , . , ,
,
. .
.
, . , T = (S1 + S 2 ) V ,
t = S1 V1. :
V2 =
S2
.
T t
1.4
.
1.4.
class FindV{
// ():
double S1=100;
double S2=200;
// (/):
double V1=80;
// (/):
double V=48;
/* ,
:*/
double V2,T,t;
// ():
T=(S1+S2)/V;
36
1. Java
1.4 ()
// ():
t=S1/V1;
// (/):
V2=T>t?(S1+S2)/(T-t):-1;
// :
System.out.println(V2<0?" !":V2+" /");}
}
:
:
60.0 /
( V) 240
( ), :
:
!

:
V2=T>t?(S1+S2)/(T-t):-1
: , T t
. ,
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, V2,
, " !".
:
System.out.println(V2<0?" !":V2+"/")
println() V2<0?" !":V2+"/",

.
V2 " !",
, (
) "/".

.
,
37
, .
, ,
.
:
G 6, 672 10 11 2/2.
:
M 5, 96 10 24 .
:
R = 6, 37 10 6 .
T ( ), H
:
H=
GMT 2
4 2
R.
1.5.
1.5.
class FindH{
// (^2/^2):
double G=6.672E-11;
// ():
double M=5.96e24;
// :
double R=6.37E6;
// ():
double T=1.5;
// :
double H;
// :
T*=3600;
// :
H=Math.pow(G*M*T*T/4/Math.PI/Math.PI,(double)1/3)-R;
// :
H=(double)(Math.round(H))/1000;
// :
System.out.println(" : "+H+" ");}
}
:
: 277.271
38
1. Java
,
,
E ( e) . ( T) ,
T*=3600. :
H=Math.pow(G*M*T*T/4/Math.PI/Math.PI,(double)1/3)-R
pow()
. ,
. pow()
Math, . PI ( Math.PI) . , - ,
.
, (double).
H
. Math.round() 1000 .
Math.round() , 1000 .
(double), H ,
.

, . , z= x+ iy,
x y , i2= 1. Re(z)= x
, Im(z)= y
.
r = x 2 + y 2 . z= rexp(ij)= rcos( j)+ irsin( j), r j x y
x= rcos( j) y= rsin( j).
z= x+ iy n, zn= rnexp(inj)= rncos(nj)+
+irnsin(nj).
. 1.6.
1.6.
class ComplNums{
39
double x=1.0,y=-1.0;
int n=5;
double r,phi;
double Re,Im;
r=Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y);
phi=Math.atan2(y,x);
Re=Math.pow(r,n)*Math.cos(n*phi);
Im=Math.pow(r,n)*Math.sin(n*phi);
System.out.println("Re="+Re);
System.out.println("Im="+Im);}
}
.
, .
x y
. n , . Re Im .
r phi double .
Math.sqrt().
Math.atan2().
atan2() ,
. , , , , .
Math.
pow().
, , .

- . :
Re=-4.000000000000003
Im=4.000000000000001
,
.

. ( )
. ,
40
1. Java
, . , () .
,
( t= 0) V, a,
:
x(t) = tV cos(a).
, , :
y(t ) = (t T )V sin() g (t T ) 2 2 .
T .
T0 = 2V sin() g , :
t
T = T0 .
T0
. 1.7.
1.7.
class FindCoords{
// , /^2:
double g=9.8;
// , /:
double V=10;
// :
double alpha=30;
// :
double t=5;
// :
double T0,T,x,y;
//
alpha=Math.toRadians(alpha);
// :
T0=2*V*Math.sin(alpha)/g;
// :
T=T0*Math.floor(t/T0);
// :
x=V*Math.cos(alpha)*t;
41
// :
y=V*Math.sin(alpha)*(t-T)-g*(t-T)*(t-T)/2;
// :
x=Math.round(100*x)/100.0;
y=Math.round(100*y)/100.0;
// :
System.out.println("x("+t+")="+x+" ");
System.out.println("y("+t+")="+y+" ");}
}
:
x(5.0)=43.3
y(5.0)=0.46
( g), ( V), , ( alpha), , ( t).

T0 T
. x y
( ).
, . alpha=Math.toRadians(alpha),
toRadians(),
.

T0=2*V*Math.sin(alpha)/g.
T=T0*Math.floor(t/T0). floor(), , .
:
x=V*Math.cos(alpha)*t
y=V*Math.sin(alpha)*(t-T)-g*(t-T)*(t-T)/2
:
x=Math.round(100*x)/100.0
y=Math.round(100*y)/100.0
,
. round(),
. .
42
1. Java

:
a cos( x) + b sin( x) = c .
, , :
sin( x + ) =
sin() =
c
a 2 + b2
.
a 2 + b2
n :
a
x = arcsin
2
2
a +b
c
+ (1) n arcsin
2
2
a +b
+ n .
, 1.8, a, b c
n= 0 , (, ):
c
x = arcsin
2
2
a +b
a
arcsin
2
2
a +b
a2+ b2= c2.

, . ,
a = b = c = 0 (
x) .
1.8.
class FindRoot{
// :
double a=5;
double b=3;
double c=1;
// :
double alpha;
// - :
boolean state;
// :
alpha=Math.asin(a/Math.sqrt(a*a+b*b));
// :
state=a*a+b*b>=c*c;
// :
System.out.println(" a*cos(x)+b*sin(x)=c");
43
System.out.println(":");
System.out.println("a="+a);
System.out.println("b="+b);
System.out.println("c="+c);
System.out.print(" x: ");
// :
System.out.println(state?Math.asin(c/Math.sqrt(a*a+b*b))-alpha:" !");
}}
.
.
println() :
state?Math.asin(c/Math.sqrt(a*a+b*b))-alpha:" !"
, state. state=a*a+b*b>=c*c. true

, , false .
state true, Math.asin(c/Math.sqrt(a*a+b*b))-alpha,
alpha alpha=Math.asin(a/Math.
sqrt(a*a+b*b)) . asin() sqrt() .
,
.
( state) false, " !".
, println() ,
.
:
a*cos(x)+b*sin(x)=c
:
a=5.0
b=3.0
c=1.0
x: -0.8580262366249893
, :
a*cos(x)+b*sin(x)=c
:
a=5.0
b=3.0
c=10.0
x: !
44
1. Java
, ,
.

,
( char) (int).
, int Java
32 , Unicode 16 . , ,
int, , , ( char).
:
16 , 16
. , ,
1.9.
1.9.
class CharsAndInts{
// :
int number;
// :
char symbA='',symbB='';
// :
char SymbA,SymbB;
// :
number=((int)symbB<<16)+((int)symbA);
// :
System.out.println(" : \'"+symbA+"\' \'"+symbB+"\'.");
System.out.println(" : "+number);
// :
SymbB=(char)(number>>>16);
SymbA=(char)(number^((int)SymbB<<16));
// :
System.out.println(" \'"+SymbA+"\' \'"+SymbB+"\'.");}
}
number
, symbA symbB
char. number, : number
, SymbA SymbB
char.
45
number :
number=((int)symbB<<16)+((int)symbA)
.
((int)symbB<<16)
16 () , symbB.
(int) . , (int)symbB ,
<< 16
16 . , symbA.
((int)symbA) .
.

. SymbB=(char)(number>>>16) SymbB. , number>>>16 16 number
( ), (,
symbB). .
, :
SymbA=(char)(number^((int)SymbB<<16))
(int)SymbB<<16)
, 16. , number, , 16 , number .
16 . ^ ( ). ,
, . , ,
, 16, .
(char) . .
:
: '' ''.
: 72025104
:
'' ''.
, ,
.
, .
46
1. Java

. , ,
.
. ,
, , . ,
,
.
R1, R2
R3, R, ,
, ,
:
R1R 2
RR 3
.
r=
+
R1 + R 2 R + R 3
,
, ,
. 1.10.
1.10.
class Resistors{
// ():
double R1=3,R2=5,R3=2,R=1;
// ():
double r1,r2,r3;
// :
boolean A,B;
// :
r1=R2*R3/(R2+R3)+R1*R/(R1+R);
r2=R1*R3/(R1+R3)+R2*R/(R2+R);
r3=R2*R1/(R2+R1)+R3*R/(R3+R);
// :
A=(r1<=r2)&&(r1<=r3);
B=(r2<=r1)&&(r2<=r3);
// :
System.out.println(" R1="+R1+" ");
System.out.println(" R="+R3+" ");
47
// :
System.out.print(" ");
System.out.print(A?"":B?"":"");
System.out.println(" !");}
}
:
:
R1=3.0
R2=5.0
R3=2.0
R=2.0
!
R1, R2, R3, R

double, . r1, r2 r3 double
.
A B ( boolean). A=(r1<=r2)&&(r1<=r3) B=(r2<=r1)&&(r2<=r3).
A true , ( )

. B true
, ( ) . ,
false,
.
A B .
, . . (
) println()
A?"":B?"":"",
. A (
) true, "".
. B?"":"". , B true, "", "".
( ) ,
.
48
1. Java
1. Java -.
,
, . main().
.
2. main() .
. ( ).
.
3. .
.
Java , .
,
.
4. Java , ,
.
, , , .
, , , .
, , ( ) .
( ). ()
,
.
5. Java ,

, . , x=xopy
xop=y, op
.
6. Java ,
.
. .
2. Java
! !

. Java , .
.
if()
, .
, .
. -
, Java , . if().
:
if(){_1}
elase{_2}
if() . , if. ( true),

, if()
( _1). ,
if false, , else (
_2). . .
-, , .
50
2. Java
,
,
.
-, else . if() :
if(){}
,
if. , if . ,
.
if().
Java : else
..
:
if(_1){_1}
else if(_2){_2}
else if(_3){_3}
...
else if(_N){_N}
elase{}
. _1. ,
_1. _1 , _2. _2. _3 ..
_N ,
else.
, C++,
, , if(), ,
( boolean). ++,
if() .
Java
!
Java.
2.1 , .
2.1. if()
class UsingIf{
int x=3,y=6,z;
if()
51
// :
if(x!=0){
z=y/x;
System.out.println(" z="+z);}
else System.out.println(" !");
}
}
x, y z.
.
x
( x!=0). , z y x.
z.
( x ),
" !". 2.1
z=2.
if() 2.2.
2.2. if()
class UsingIf2{
int x=3,y=6,z;
// :
if(x!=0){
z=y/x;
System.out.println(" z="+z);
// :
return;}
System.out.println(" !");
}
}
, ,
. . , else
.
, x , z=y/x z, "z=" .
return.
x ,
, System.out.println(" !"),
52
2. Java
. ,
! ,
.
, 2.2, z=2.
if() 2.3.
2.3. if()
class UsingIf3{
int a=0;
// a 0:
if(a==0){System.out.println(" !");}
// a 1:
else if(a==1){System.out.println(" !");}
// a ( 2 0):
else if(a%2==0){System.out.println(" !");}
// :
else {System.out.println(" !");}
}
}
main() a.
. !.
a 1, !. ! ,
a .
a a 2 (
0).
!.
. ,
. , System.out.println(" !") else
.
if() ,
if()
switch().
switch()
53
switch()
. .
: ?
! !
switch() ,
, .
. switch() :
switch(){
case _1:
//_1
brake;
case _2:
//_2
brake;
...
case _N:
//_N
brake;
default:
//
}
switch
, (). ,
, case.
case. case break. switch() , .
default(). , break
. , case default, ,
.
switch().
switch() .
, . ,
case,
default ( default ,
switch()). ,
case.
switch() break(). , break case
, -
54
2. Java
switch(). case.
, , . ,
case(), .
switch 2.4.
2.4. switch()
class UsingSwitch{
char s='';
System.out.print(" : ");
// :
switch(s){
case '':
System.out.println("");
break;
case '':
break;
case '':
break;
default:
System.out.println(" ");
}
}
}
main() UsingSwitch s char. . : , .

System.out.print(":") , print() println(). switch()
s. ,
. ,
System.out.println(" ") .
. s='' :
:
!
switch()
55
, , -, s , -,
s '', :
:
!
,
. 2.5.
2.5. switch
class UsingSwitch2{
char s='';
System.out.print(" : ");
// :
switch(s){
case '':
case '':
break;
case '':
case '':
break;
case '':
case '':
break;
default:
}
}
}
case. :
case '':
case '':
...
, ( s) '', break, , , s
''.
56
2. Java
for()
.
. Java . for().
for() :
for(;;){
//
}
for , , . . . ,
( ), . ,
. , .
. .
, for
, .
, .
.
: .
. ( true),
( ). .
, , ( ), .. ,
false.
. ,
.
2.6.
2.6. for()
class UsingFor{
for()
57
// :
int i;
// :
int sum=0;
// :
for(i=1;i<=100;i++){
sum+=i;}
System.out.println(" 1 100: "+sum);}
}
1 100. sum,
. . i.
. ( ) 1. i<=100,
, 100. sum
i.
i++ .
. :
1100: 5050
, i++ i+=2. ,
. 2.7.
2.7.
class UsingFor2{
// :
int sum=0;
// :
for(int i=1;i<=100;i+=2){
sum+=i;}
}
:
1 100: 2500
,
. 2.8
58
2. Java
,

.
2.8.
class UsingFor3{
int sum,i;
// :
for(sum=0,i=1;i<=100;sum+=i,i+=2);
}
i sum .
. . :
sum+=i, sum
i, i+=2, . ,
. , . .
sum i ,
. i
, ,
sum, .
.
sum+=i i+=2 , ,
sum. 1, 3.
,
. ,
:
System.out.println(" 1 100: "+sum)

.
, ,
sum.
. 2.9 ,

. , .
2.9.
class UsingFor4{
while()
59
int sum=0,i=1;
// :
for(;i<=100;){
sum+=i;
i+=2;}
}
i sum . , (
).
. . i+=2, , .
, , , , .
2.10.
2.10.
class UsingFor5{
int sum=0,i=1;
// :
for(;;){
sum+=i;
i+=2;
// :
if(i>100) break;}
}
, . .
if(i>100)break
. ,
, break .
while()
,
.
for() while() ( do-while(), -
60
2. Java
).
while():
while(){
//
}
while .
. , .
..
for() while() ,
, , ,
. while()
. , for(),
while(). ,
2.11
while().
2.11. while()
class UsingWhile{
int sum=0,i=1;
// :
while(i<=100){
sum+=i;
i+=2;}
}
, .
do-while()
? !
? !
/ -
do-while() while().
:
do{
//
}while();
break() continue()
61
, do. , while. ,
. . ,
do-while() while(). 2.12
do-while() .
2.12. do-while()
class UsingDoWhile{
int sum=0,i=1;
// :
do{
sum+=i;
i+=2;}while(i<=100);
}
,
1 100.
break() continue()
.
Java, ++, goto().

Java .
break() continue().
break() . . break()
, ,
, (,
).
continue() . continue() ,
. , continue()
, .
62
2. Java
, , ,
. .
2.13.
2.13.
class LabelsDemo{
MyLabel:
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=100;j++){
if(i!=j) continue;
if((j%3==0)||(i%2==0)) break;
if(i+j>20) break MyLabel;
System.out.println(i+":"+j);}
}}}
.
1 100 .
MyLabel.

System.out.println(i+":"+j), i j . i!=j. , continue
. , .
. , (j%3==0)||(i%2==0). , j 3 i 2.
break
. ,
. , i+j>20
( ), break MyLabel
, MyLabel,
. :
1:1
5:5
7:7
, 3 2
20.
63

, .

Java Math.exp(),
x ex,
e= 2,718281828 . ,
:
ex =
xk
x2 x3
=1+ x +
+
+ ...
2! 3!
k =0 k !
, ,

, . 2.14 , . .
2.14.
class MyExp{
// :
int N=100,k;
// ,
// :
double x=1,s=0,q=1;
// :
for(k=0;k<=N;k++){
s+=q;
q*=x/(k+1);}
// :
System.out.println("exp("+x+")="+s);}
}
,
( ):
exp(1.0)=2.7182818284590455
, .
0 N (
100). .
s+=q s ( )
. s
64
2. Java
q, q*=x/(k+1)
-. q x (k+1). - ,
. , N
xk
exp( x)
, k- k =0 k !
k
x
x k +1
q k =
. (k+ 1)- q k +1 =
.
k!
(k + 1)!
q k +1
x
=

k-
qk
(k + 1)
x (k+ 1).

, , . 2.15
,
. ,
.
2.15.
class Fibonacci{
// :
int N=15,a=1,b=1;
// :
int i;
// :
System.out.print(a+" "+b);
// :
for(i=3;i<=N;i++){
b=a+b;
a=b-a;
System.out.print(" "+b);}}
}
:
:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610
N ( ), a b,

.
. .
65

. , ,
(b) (a) , b=a+b .
a ,
b. b b a,
b a a.
a=b-a. b
System.out.print(" "+b).

-
. , .
. , ,
. 1/2, /4. ,
. ,
. , .
, /4. ,
,
. , .
= 3,14159265 ( )
- ( ), , ,
, 4 , , .
, 0 1. ,
.
,
. , . 2.16 , .
2.16.
class FindPi{
// :
int N=100000;
// :
int i,j;
66
2. Java
2.16 ()
// :
long count=0;
// "":
double x,y,Pi;
// :
for(i=0;i<=N;i++){
for(j=0;j<=N;j++){
x=(double)i/N;
y=(double)j/N;
if((x-0.5)*(x-0.5)+(y-0.5)*(y-0.5)<=0.25) count++;
}
}
// "":
Pi=(double)4*count/(N+1)/(N+1);
// :
System.out.println(" "+(long)(N+1)*(N+1)+" :");
System.out.println(Pi);}
}
,
:
10000200001 :
3.141529585494137
N, . (N+1)*(N+1).
. ,
. count,
, long. i j, x y Pi .
x=(double)i/N y=(double)j/N , i- j- . , (double)
.
(0,5, 0,5), 0,5, , (x,y)
( ) ( x 0, 5) 2 + ( y 0, 5) 2 0, 5 2 .
, , count .
Pi=(double)4*count/(N+1)/(N+1). . (N+1)*(N+1),
67
, (long). , N
int,
(N+1)*(N+1).
,
. , - ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
0 2 :
(1) n +1
nx
sin .
n
2
n =1
x = 4
(1) k
. k = 0 2k + 1
, 2.17,
.
x= , = 4
2.17.
class FindPi2{
// :
int N=5000000,k;
// :
double Pi=0,q=4;
// "":
for(k=0;k<=N;k++){
Pi+=q/(2*k+1);
q*=(-1);
}
// :
System.out.println(" "+N+" :");
}
:
5000000 :
3.1415928535897395
, , ,
.
68
2. Java
.
, :
= 2
2
2
2
2+ 2
...
2+ 2+ 2
2.18 ,
.
2.18.
class FindPi3{
// :
int N=20,k;
// :
double Pi=2,q=Math.sqrt(2);
// "":
for(k=1;k<=N;k++){
Pi*=2/q;
q=Math.sqrt(2+q);}
// :
System.out.println(" "+N+" :");
}
:
20 :
3.1415926535886207
,
.
, , ,
. Pi,
2. ,
. ,
, 2
.
q 2 .
. Pi*=2/q - Pi, q=Math.sqrt(2+q) .
69

. x= f(x),
x,
. x
x 0, x= x 0. . n-
x n, x n + 1 x n + 1= f(x n).

, , :
df ( x)
< 1.
dx
2.19 , x 2 + 10
x =
7
.
x = 2 x = 5. x = f(x),
x 2 + 10
df ( x) 2 x
=
.
,
f ( x) =
7
dx
7
, 2,5< x< 2,5, x= 2.
2.19.
class MyEquation{
// :
double x0=0;
// :
double x,f;
// :
double epsilon=1E-10;
// :
int Nmax=1000;
// :
int n=0;
// :
f=x0;
do{
// :
n++;
70
2. Java
2.19 ()
// :
x=f;
// ():
f=(x*x+10)/7;}
// :
while((n<=Nmax)&&(Math.abs(x-f)>epsilon));
// "" :
x=f;
// :
System.out.println("x="+x);
System.out.println(" : "+(n+1));}
}
,
.
Nmax.
epsilon. ,
.
| x n +1 x n | . , , ( ).
, :
( x) ( f). x
x=f, , f, f=(x*x+10)/7. (n<=Nmax)&&(Math.
abs(x-f)>epsilon). true,
n Nmax x-f
epsilon.
:
:
x=1.9999999999205635
: 42
- ,
epsilon.

, , a x 2+ b x+ c= 0. x =
b b 2 4ac
,
2a
71
. ,
a, b c .
,
.
a= 0. x 2. bx+ c= 0.
,
.
b ( , a= 0), x= c/b. b= 0, :
c 0 , c= 0.
a 0, ,
D = b 2 4ac . D< 0
. D= 0,
b
x =
. , D> 0
2a
b D
x =
.
2a
, 2.20.
2.20.
class SqEquation{
// :
double a=2,b=-3,c=1;
// :
double x1,x2,D;
// :
System.out.println(" ax^2+bx+c=0. :");
System.out.println("a="+a+"\nb="+b+"\nc="+c);
// a 0:
if(a==0){System.out.println(" !");
// a 0 b 0:
if(b!=0){System.out.println(" x="+(-c/b)+".");}
// a, b, c :
else{if(c==0){System.out.println(" - .");}
// a b , c - :
else{System.out.println(" !");}
}
}
// a 0:
else{System.out.println(" !");
// ():
D=b*b-4*a*c;
72
2. Java
2.20 ()
// :
if(D<0){System.out.println(" !");}
// :
else{if(D==0){System.out.println(" x="+(-b/2/a));}
// :
else{x1=(-b-Math.sqrt(D))/2/a;
x2=(-b+Math.sqrt(D))/2/a;
System.out.println(" : x="+x1+" x="+x2+".");
}
}
}
// :
}
, .
:
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=2.0
b=-3.0
c=1.0
!
: x=0.5 x=1.0.
!
,
:
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=1.0
b=-2.0
c=1.0
!
x=1.0
!
, :
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=2.0
b=-3.0
c=6.0
!
!
!
73
a , :
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=0.0
b=-3.0
c=6.0
!
x=2.0.
!
:
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=0.0
b=0.0
c=1.0
!
!
!
:
ax^2+bx+c=0. :
a=0.0
b=0.0
c=0.0
!
- .
!
, , .

, ,
, , ,
. , : ( ),
, ,
, , , .
V, , , m, H1 (
), H2 ( ), g, 1 2
74
2. Java
. Hmax, Smax
Tmax.
.
( ),
( ). , , mx = F x ( x , y )
= mg F y ( x , y ). , x y my
, F x ( x , y ) F y ( x , y )
, , ,
, y.
,
t .
. n- t n = nt
x n y n , Vn
U n . , n- (n+ 1)- . , :
x n +1 = x n + Vn t ,
y n +1 = y n + U n t ,
Vn +1 = Vn
F x ( x , y )
t ,
m
U n +1 = U n g t
F y ( x , y )
m
t .
, n = 0 , x 0 = 0 , y 0 = 0 , V0 = V cos()
U 0 = V sin() , V , , .
,
( , y < H 1 ) :
F x = 1Vn Vn2 + U n2 ,
F y = 1U n Vn2 + U n2 .
( H 1 y < H 2 ) F x = 2Vn
75
F y = 2U n . , (
H 2 y ) F x = 0 F y = 0 . . 2.21.
2.21.
class BodyFlight{
// (/^2):
double g=9.8;
// ():
double m=0.1;
// (/):
double V=100;
// :
double alpha=60;
// ():
double H1=100,H2=300;
// (/ Hc^2/^2):
double gamma1=0.0001,gamma2=0.0001;
// ():
double dt=1E-6;
// ( /)
double Xn=0,Yn=0,Vn,Un;
// ():
double Fx,Fy;
// (), () ():
double Tmax,Smax,Hmax=0;
// ( ):
int height;
// :
alpha=Math.toRadians(alpha);
// :
Vn=V*Math.cos(alpha);
Un=V*Math.sin(alpha);
for(int n=1;true;n++){
// :
Yn+=Un*dt;
// :
if(Yn<0){
Tmax=Math.round((n-1)*dt*100)/100.0;
Smax=Math.round(Xn*100)/100.0;
Hmax=Math.round(Hmax*100)/100.0;
break;}
// :
Xn+=Vn*dt;
76
2. Java
2.21 ()
// :
if(Yn>Hmax) Hmax=Yn;
// :
height=Yn<H1?1:Yn<H2?2:3;
// :
switch(height){
// :
case 1:
Fx=gamma1*Vn*Math.sqrt(Vn*Vn+Un*Un);
Fy=gamma1*Un*Math.sqrt(Vn*Vn+Un*Un);
break;
// :
case 2:
Fx=gamma2*Vn;
Fy=gamma2*Un;
break;
// :
default:
Fx=0;
Fy=0;
}
// :
Vn+=-Fx*dt/m;
// :
Un+=-g*dt-Fy*dt/m;}
// :
System.out.println(" Tmax="+Tmax+" .");
System.out.println(" Smax="+Smax+" .");
System.out.println(" Hmax="+Hmax+" .");}
}
:
Tmax=15.97 .
Smax=705.95 .
Hmax=312.31 .
, ,
.2.1.
2.1.

g
()
alpha
77

H1
, .

H2
, .
( ) .
gamma1
gamma2
dt
. , . ,

Xn
. , .

Yn
. ,
. . ( ,
)
Vn
Un
Fx
Fy
height
,
,
Tmax
Hmax
Smax
, , . , , . ,
. ,
.
78
2. Java
, .
, . , ,
,

.
.
, .
,
true.

. .
. , break
. , Tmax
, . Xn ( Yn). Hmax.
: 100,
round(), 100.0 ( double, ).
Yn , .
,
Hmax. height=Yn<H1?1:Yn<H2?2:3 , . switch() . ,
, .

.
1.
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do-while(). Java: if() switch().
.
79
2. if() : if
(,
boolean). ( true), , .
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.
3. ( ) switch()
switch ,
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break.
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4. for() .
for .
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. , .
.
, . . .
.
: ,
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5. while() . , while.
( true),
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false), .
6. do-while() .
do
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3.
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[] =new [];
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new,
81
( ). , int nums=new int[20]

nums 20 .
,
: int[]nums nums
nums=new int[20]
nums. , :
int[] nums;
nums=new int[20];
,
. , int[] nums intnums[].

.
. ,
nums nums[0]. 20 , 19, nums[19].
length. ,
,
.
length, . , , ,
, length. , nums, nums.length. nums[nums.length-1],
.
, ++, Java, ++,
.
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, . .
.
.

( )
. :
int[] data={3,8,1,7};
82
3.
, .
data data[0]=3, data[1]=8, data[2]=1 data[3]=7. , :
int[] data;
data=new int[]{3,8,1,7};
int[] data . new

int[]{3,8,1,7} , data data=new int[]
{3,8,1,7}.
, 3.1.
3.1.
class MyArray{
// :
int i,n;
// :
int[] data;
// :
data=new int[]{3,8,1,7};
// :
n=data.length;
// :
int[] nums=new int[n];
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
nums[i]=2*data[i]-3;
System.out.println("nums["+i+"]="+nums[i]);}
}
}
data . , data.length, n ( n=data.length).

int[] nums=new int[n] nums. n, data. nums
. nums
data ( nums[i]=2*data[i]-3). System.out.println("nums["+i
+"]="+nums[i]).
83
:
nums[0]=3
nums[1]=13
nums[2]=-1
nums[3]=11
,
. i , (i<n)
.
, nums
n, . , Java .

, ?
. !
Java . . , .
Java
, .

, .
, ,
, (
,
). . :
[][] =new [_1][_2];
,
:
[][] ;
=new [_1][_2];
. _1 _2,
84
3.
. , double[][] data=new double[3][4]

data. double.
3, 4.
double[][] data;
data=new double[3][4];
: ,
. . , data[0][3] data 0 3.

, .
.
:
double data[][]={{0.1,0.2,0.3},{0.4,0.5,0.6}};
int nums[][]={{1,2,3},{4,5}};
data 2 3 ( 2, 3).
, data , ,
, . , data[0][0] 0.1, data[0][2] 0.3, data[1][0] 0.4, data[1][2] 0.6.
.
nums, -. 3, 2! , Java
,
. nums[0][0]
1, nums[0][1] 2, nums[0][2] 3,
nums[1][0] 4, nums[1][1] 5.
nums[1][2] !
3.2 ,
.
3.2.
class MyDArray{
// :
int i,j,n=3;
85
// :
int[][] nums=new int[n-1][n];
// :
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
// :
nums[i][j]=10*(i+1)+j+1;
// :
System.out.print(nums[i][j]+" ");}
//
System.out.println();}
}
}
int[][] nums=new int[n-1][n] nums

n-1 n . n 3.
( nums[i][j]=10*(i+1)+j+1). . :
11 12 13
21 22 23
3.3 , .
3.3.
class ArrayDemo{
// :
int i,j,n;
// ( ):
int[][] nums=new int[5][];
// :
n=nums.length;
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
nums[i]=new int[i+1];}
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<nums[i].length;j++){
// :
nums[i][j]=10*(i+1)+j+1;
// :
System.out.print(nums[i][j]+" ");}
86
3.
3.3 ()
// :
System.out.println();}
}
}
int[][]nums=newint[5][],
nums.
, .
! -
, n n=nums.length
. , .
nums.length nums, 5
.
i 0
n-1. nums[i]=new int[i+1] nums. , nums , nums[i] i- nums. new int[i+1]
, i+1,
nums[i]. : ,
.., .
. i 0 n-1
nums. j, nums, i.
nums[i] nums[i].length.
j 0 nums[i].length-1. nums[i][j]=10*(i+1)+j+1.
:
11
21
31
41
51
22
32 33
42 43 44
52 53 54 55
( ) . 3.4
, .
,
. 0, 1 2 . ,
, 1.
87
1. , 1, .
3.4.
class MyTArray{
// :
int i,j,k;
// :
byte[][][] epsilon=new byte[3][3][3];
// :
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
epsilon[i][j][k]=0;
// :
epsilon[0][1][2]=epsilon[1][2][0]=epsilon[2][0][1]=1;
// -1:
epsilon[1][0][2]=epsilon[0][2][1]=epsilon[2][1][0]=-1;
}
}
epsilon byte[][][] epsilon=new

byte[3][3][3].
, . epsilon[0][1][2]=epsilon[1][2][0]=epsilon[2][0][1]=1
-1 ( epsilon[1][0][2]=epsilon[0][2][1]=epsilon[2][1][0]=-1).

?
? !

.
++ ,

. Java , , , . , Java
.
88
3.
char,
. 3.5 .
3.5.
class CharArray{
char[] words=new char[]
{'','','','','','','','','','',' ','','','','','',''};
System.out.println(words);
}
}
: words
. System.out.println(words)
. , println()
( words). (
) . 8,
( String StringBuffer).

3.6.
3.6.
class CharArray2{
char[] words=new char[]{'','','','',''};
char[] code=new char[words.length];
for(int i=0;i<words.length;i++)
code[i]=(char)(words[i]+i+1);
System.out.println(words);
System.out.println(code);
}
}
, words.
, .
code. words.
code .
code[i]=(char)(words[i]+i+1).
words[i]+i+1 words[i]
( ) i+1.
89
. code.
.
:
. .
,
, . . ,

. ,
, Java.
, Java.
, ( ), . , .
( )
. :
int[]nums;
nums=newint[]{1,2,3,4};
int[]nums , nums. . () - ,
.
new
, . new int[]{1,2,3,4}
,
.
( ). new . . -
90
3.
nums. ,
:
int[]nums,data;
nums=newint[]{1,2,3,4};
data=nums;
. int[]nums,data nums data. nums=new int[]{1,2,3,4}

, nums.
data=nums nums
data. nums .
data ! ,
data[1] , nums[1] ( 2). ,
. , - data (, data[3]=-1),
nums. ,
.
== != (, nums==data nums!=data) ,
. nums==data true, nums data
.
, ,
3.7.
3.7.
class MyArrayDemo{
int i;
int[] nums=new int[10];
int[] data=new int[20];
for(i=0;i<10;i++){
nums[i]=2*i+1;
data[i]=2*i;
data[i+10]=2*(i+10);}
data=nums;
for(i=0;i<data.length;i++)
System.out.print(data[i]+" ");}
}
: nums 10 data 20 . : nums , data

. data=nums data
nums. ,
91
, . data (
print()). :
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
, nums.
, , data,
length data. 20, 10! . data=nums data
, nums.
() 3.8.
3.8.
class MyArrayDemo2{
// :
int[] nums=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
int[] data=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
// :
// data=nums;
// :
if(data==nums){
return;}
// :
if(data.length!=nums.length){
return;}
// :
for(int i=0;i<data.length;i++){
if(data[i]!=nums[i]){
return;}}
}}
. nums data .
. .
nums data. , , ,
().
92
3.
if() data==nums.
!.
, return.
, . , . , .
if(), data.length!=nums.length.
, .
!, .
, . if() data[i]!=nums[i] (i ).
, !, .
, , , , ,
!.
, 3.8,
!. data=nums.
, !.
, , , .

,
. . , , () , .

. , ,
. , a b
, :
3

a b = a k bk .
k =1
93
a k bk ( k = 1, 2, 3 ) .
a b :

i j k

c = [a b ] = a1 a 2 a 3 = i (a 2 b3 a 3b2 ) + j (a 3 b1 a1b3 ) + k (a1b2 a 2 b1 ) .
b1 b2 b3

i , j k .
, .
.
. c k a k bk :
c k = a k +1bk + 2 a k + 2 bk +1 .
: , . ,
1 3, a 4 a1 a 5 a 2.
0 2, 3 0, 4 1.
3.9 ,
.
3.9.
class VectProduct{
// :
double[] a,b,c;
// :
a=new double[]{1,2,-1};
b=new double[]{3,-1,2};
c=new double[3];
// :
int k;
// :
double s=0;
System.out.print(" :\n[a.b]=<");
// :
for(k=0;k<3;k++){
s+=a[k]*b[k];
c[k]=a[(k+1)%3]*b[(k+2)%3]-a[(k+2)%3]*b[(k+1)%3];
94
3.
3.9 ()
System.out.print(c[k]+(k!=2?";":">\n"));}
System.out.println("a.b="+s);}
}
double[] a,b,c .
a=new double[]{1,2,-1} b=new double[]{3,-1,2} . c=new double[3] . .
k , s
double, .
. s+=a[k]*b[k] , ,
, c[k]=a[(k+1)%3]*b[(k+2)%3]-a[(k+2)%3]*b[(k+1)%3]
- . , 3
, .
System.out.print(" :\
n[a.b]=<")
. print()
\n , .
System.out.
print(c[k]+(k!=2?";":">\n")). print()
, . 2 (
), . ( 2),
. ,
2. ,
,
.
System.out.println
("a. b="+s) .
:
:
[a.b]=<3.0;-5.0;-7.0>
a.b=-1.0
95
, , ,
.

,
. ,
. 3.10.
3.10.
class FibonacciArray{
// :
int k,n=20;
// :
int[] Fib=new int[n];
// :
Fib[0]=1;
Fib[1]=1;
// :
System.out.print(Fib[0]+" "+Fib[1]);
// :
for(k=2;k<n;k++){
// :
Fib[k]=Fib[k-1]+Fib[k-2];
// :
System.out.print(" "+Fib[k]);}}
}
:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765
, , . , , .
( ).
.
( ). ,
, .
,
.
96
3.

. , n :
Pn ( x) =
a k x k.
k =0
x,
.
a k , k = 0,1, ..., n . , x, a k .
,
. :
Pn ( x) =
n 1
(k + 1)a k +1 x k.
k =0
n 1 , - . bk = (k + 1)a k +1 k = 0,1, ..., n 1 bn = 0 . 3.11

,
.
3.11.
class Polynom{
// :
double[] a=new double[]{1,-3,2,4,1,-1};
// :
double[] b=new double[a.length-1];
// :
double x=2.0,q=1;
// :
int k;
// :
double P=0,Q=0;
// :
for(k=0;k<b.length;k++){
// :
P+=a[k]*q;
// :
b[k]=(k+1)*a[k+1];
97
// :
Q+=b[k]*q;
// :
q*=x;}
// :
P+=a[a.length-1]*q;
// :
System.out.println(" P(x)="+P);
System.out.println(" P'(x)="+Q);}
}
double[]a=newdouble[]{1,-3,2,4,1,-1} , .
double[] b=new double[a.length-1] -.
. , , . a.length.
x double , q ,
. 1. k , P Q
double
.
k 0 b.length-1, b
-. .
P+=a[k]*q . a[k],
.
q, , , . b[k]=(k+1)*a[k+1] -. Q+=b[k]*q,
-, , , q. ,
q*=x (
).
,
. P+=a[a.length-1]*q .
q, .
98
3.

:
P(x)=19.0
P'(x)=5.0
, .

. , , . . , .
,
.
. ..
. ,
,
.
3.12 , .
3.12.
class Bubble{
// :
int m,k,s,n=15;
// :
int[] nums=new int[n];
// :
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
// - :
nums[k]=(int)(5*n*Math.random());
System.out.print(nums[k]+" ");}
// :
for(m=1;m<n;m++){
for(k=0;k<n-m;k++){
if(nums[k]>nums[k+1]){
s=nums[k];
nums[k]=nums[k+1];
nums[k+1]=s;}
}}
99
// :
System.out.println("\n :");
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
System.out.print(nums[k]+" ");}
}}
nums,
. Math.random(),
0 1.
5 ( n), (int)
.
. .
. m . ,
, .
, , .
.
k . 0 n-m-1. , -, ,
k k k+1,
, k. -, -
, .
,
. :
:
63 18 5 30 70 13 21 42 47 38 52 43 51 44 34
:
5 13 18 21 30 34 38 42 43 44 47 51 52 63 70
, ( ) . .

.
, . .
100
3.
A n a ij ,
+
i, j = 1, 2, ..., n, A
a ij+ = a ji . , , .
3.13 , .
3.13.
class MatrTrans{
// :
int n=4;
// :
int[][] A=new int[n][n];
// "" :
int i,j,tmp;
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
A[i][j]=(int)(10*Math.random());
System.out.print(A[i][j]+(j!=n-1?" ":"\n"));}}
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++){
tmp=A[i][j];
A[i][j]=A[j][i];
A[j][i]=tmp;}}
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
System.out.print(A[i][j]+(j!=n-1?" ":"\n"));}}
}}
:
:
0 8 6 5
8 2 2 4
6 2 0 3
8 1 9 0
:
0 8 6 8
8 2 2 1
6 2 0 9
5 4 3 0
101
int[][] A=new int[n][n] A, . ()

. ,
, (int)(10*Math.random()).
0 9 .
System.out.print(A[i][j]+(j!=n-1?" ":"\n")). print() , . ,
n-1 (
). . , .
.
.
, ,
. i,
, 0 n-1, , , i+1 n-1.
, ,
( ).

.

A B n a ij bij ( i, j = 1, 2, ..., n ), C = AB :
n
c ij = a ik bkj .
k =1
3.14 , .
3.14.
class MatrProd{
// :
int n=4;
// :
int[][] A,B,C;
A=new int[n][n];
102
3.
3.14 ()
B=new int[n][n];
C=new int[n][n];
// :
int i,j,k;
// :
System.out.println(" A:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
A[i][j]=(int)(20*Math.random()-9);
System.out.print(A[i][j]+(j!=n-1?"\t":"\n"));}}
// :
System.out.println(" B:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
B[i][j]=(int)(20*Math.random()-9);
System.out.print(B[i][j]+(j!=n-1?"\t":"\n"));}}
// - :
System.out.println(" C=AB:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
C[i][j]+=A[i][k]*B[k][j];}
System.out.print(C[i][j]+(j!=n-1?"\t":"\n"));}}
}}
:
A:
4
-2
8
-2
2
-1
4
-8
7
0
1
-5
-5
2
0
-3
B:
9
-6
-4
-6
-6
8
0
7
-1
7
3
-8
0
-6
0
-1
C=AB:
40
28
8
-100
20
56
4
-43
62
-5
-25 -45
-57 64
20
47
. . . Java, ,

103
. \t , .

. . . ,
, . - ,
. , ,
, .
.
( ), , .
. : 0
, 1 . . , 0 1.
p, 1.
0. , p
, .
.
, , 2.
, 0, 2.
, .
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), , 0
( ), 2.
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.
, , .
2, .
,
. . , , ,
( p).
: p
104
3.
( )
, , .
, 3.15 p ( ), . .
.
3.15.
class Percolation{
// :
int N=100;
// :
int M=5;
// :
int n=200;
// -:
int count;
// :
double q=0.57,dq=0.01;
// :
int[][] A=new int[n][n];
// :
double[][] P=new double[2][M+1];
// :
int i,j,k,m;
// :
for(m=0;m<=M;m++) P[0][m]=q+dq*m;
// :
for(m=0;m<=M;m++){
// :
P[1][m]=0;
for(k=1;k<=N;k++){
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
// :
if(Math.random()>P[0][m]) A[i][j]=1;
else A[i][j]=0;}}
// "" ( ):
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if(A[i][0]==0) A[i][0]=2;}
105
// :
do{
// :
count=0;
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
if(A[i][j]==2){
if(i>0&&A[i-1][j]==0) {A[i-1][j]=2; count++;}
if(i<n-1&&A[i+1][j]==0) {A[i+1][j]=2; count++;}
if(j<n-1&&A[i][j+1]==0) {A[i][j+1]=2; count++;}
if(j>0&&A[i][j-1]==0) {A[i][j-1]=2; count++;}
}}}
}while(count>0);
// :
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if(A[i][n-1]==2){
P[1][m]+=(double)1/N;
break;}
}}}
// :
System.out.print(" \t");
for(m=0;m<=M;m++){
System.out.print(Math.round(P[0][m]*100)/100.0+(m!=M?"\t":"\n"));}
System.out.print(" \t");
for(m=0;m<=M;m++){
System.out.print(Math.round(P[1][m]*100)/100.0+(m!=M?"\t":"\n"));}
}}
, , .3.1.
3.1.

, ,

. ,

, (M+1)
,

,
, , A,
106
3.
3.1 ()

count
-. A,
2.
, count ,
A. count .
count , A ..
,
count ( )
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. q, q+M*dq
dq
, . () A 0
( ) 1 ( ). , 0,
2. ,
2 M+1 double.
P[0]
, . P[1] , P[0]
,
P[0][m]=q+dq*m ( m
0 M ) P[0] P
,
.
( m
) P[1].
P[1][m]=0 ( ,

107
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k 1 N ),

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A . .
A ,
0, 2 , . . , do-while().
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count>0. do-while() A. 2,
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A. , ,
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A 2, count . , do-while() , A
.
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2. .
2 , P[1][m] 1/N,
( break).
, . . , :
0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62
0.0 0.07 0.4 0.78 0.95 1.0
108
3.
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1. ,
( ). Java

.
2. . -, ,
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3.
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( ).
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new).
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5. : . .
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6. Java
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).
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_ _(){
//
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115
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116
4.
, :
class MyClass{
double x;
int m;
void set(double z, int n){
x=z;
m=n;}
}
MyClass ( x double m
int), set(). ,

void. : double
int. x, m.
, .
, , , .
MyClass :
MyClass obj; //
obj=new MyClass(); //
:
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:
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117
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4.1 ; , ,
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, .
4.1.
class Coords{
// :
double x;
double y;
double z;
// :
void set(double a,double b,double c){
x=a;
y=b;
z=c;
}
// :
double getDistance(){
return Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z);}
}
class CoordsDemo{
// :
Coords obj=new Coords();
// :
obj.set(5.0,0,2.5);
// :
obj.y=-4.3;
// :
System.out.println(" : "+obj.getDistance());
}
}
Coords, x, y z
double. . , . set() ( void)
. , x,
y z .
getDistance()
double,
118
4.
(, x, y z
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ). sqrt() Java- Math.
,
Math.sqrt().
main() CoordsDemo Coords obj=new Coords()
obj Coords. obj.set(5.0,0,2.5) set(), .
obj.y=-4.3 y . ,
getDistance() obj.getDistance() println(). , . :
: 7.052659073002181
. Java
.
.class,
. ,
, , main().

- , ?
, !
, , . , . ,
, . , .
++, . ,
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, , static. :
static _ _;
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119
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//

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//
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, ,
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.
4.2.
class UsingStatic{
// :
static int a=3;
static int b;
// :
static void meth(int x){
System.out.println("x="+x);
System.out.println("b="+b);}
// :
static{
b=a*4;}
120
4.
4.2 ()
// :
meth(123);
}}
UsingStatic a b int meth(). a 3.

b . b=a*4,
.
meth() . .
.
UsingStatic main(),
meth() 123. ,
, , .
:
:
x=123
a=3
b=12

, meth() b .
4.3.
4.3.
class MyStatic{
// :
static int a=50;
static int b=120;
// :
static void callme(){
}}
// :
class StaticDemo{
// :
MyStatic.callme();
// :
MyStatic obj1=new MyStatic();
MyStatic obj2=new MyStatic();
121
// :
obj1.a=-25;
// :
System.out.println("a="+obj2.a);
// :
System.out.println("b="+MyStatic.b);
}}
:
a=50
a=-25
b=120
. MyStatic
a b 50 120 . , callme().
,
a. StaticDemo
obj1 obj2 MyStatic. MyStatic.callme() callme(). ,
,
. obj1.a=-25 a .
obj1,
, . , System.out.println("a="+obj2.a). ,

System.out.println("b="+MyStatic.b).
. ,
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122
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Java
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. , . , ++: .
4.4
.
4.4.
class MyClass{
// :
private int a;
private int b;
// :
private void showab(){
// :
123
System.out.println("b="+b);}
// :
public void setab(int x,int y){
// :
a=x;
b=y;
// :
void getab(){
// :
showab();}
}
class PrivateDemo{
// :
// :
obj.setab(3,5);
obj.getab();
}}
MyClass a b.
, . setab().
, a b. , setab()
, , , . setab()
public. getab() ,
( ). showab(),
a b.
PrivateDemo obj
MyClass. obj.setab(3,5) obj 3 5 . obj.getab()
. :
!
:
a=3
b=5
, main() , , obj.a, obj.b obj.showab(),

MyClass (private).
:
124
4.
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.

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this
125
4.5. this
class MyClass{
// :
double Re,Im;
void set(double Re,double Im){
// this:
this.Re=Re;
this.Im=Im;}
void get(){
// \n:
System.out.println(" :\nRe="+this.Re+" Im="+this.Im);}
}
class ThisDemo{
obj.set(1,5);
obj.get();}
}
MyClass Re Im double. , , ,
, . ,
( Re) ( Im) .
, : set()
get() . set()
double,
. , ,
, , . set() Re Im,
, ,
( , ).
, this. , this.Re
this.Im Re Im this,
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Re=Re : Re this (, set()) Re, ,
set() . this, ,
.
126
4.
this get(),
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Re Im
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this (
this). Java .
this
.
\n println() get(). ,

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:
:
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, this. .

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/ -66
, .
. , , . , , . ,
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. -,
( ). -,
. ,
. 4.6.
127
4.6.
class MyOuter{
// :
int number=123;
// :
void show(){
// :
MyInner InnerObj=new MyInner();
// :
InnerObj.display();}
// :
class MyInner{
// :
void display(){
System.out.println(" number="+number);}
}
}
class InnerDemo{
// :
MyOuter OuterObj=new MyOuter();
// :
OuterObj.show();}
}
: MyOuter, MyInner, InnerDemo. InnerDemo

main(), MyOuter
show().
: MyOuter
number, show() MyInner.
display(),
show(). display() show() InnerObj. , display()
.
display()
number. , number
.
:
number=123
,
,
.
128
4.

, !
. .
, new . ,
. . , , ,
, .
, .

, . 4.7.
4.7.
class MyClass{
void show(String msg){
System.out.println(msg);}
}
class NamelessDemo{
// :
new MyClass().show(" ");}
}
MyClass show() . Java- String.

, , .
main() NamelessDemo , :
new MyClass().show(" ")
. new MyClass()
MyClass,
. , . MyClass,
show(). " ".
new MyClass() .
.
.
129

,
(, main())
.

,
. ,
: p
n . q = 1 p
.
( ), . M = np , D = npq . ,

. .
4.8 , .
4.8.
class Bernoulli{
// () :
private int n;
// :
private double p;
// :
private boolean[] test;
// :
public void setAll(int n,double p){
if(n>=0) this.n=n;
else n=0;
if(p>=0&&p<=1) this.p=p;
else this.p=0;
test=new boolean[n];
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
if(Math.random()<=p) test[i]=true;
else test[i]=false;}
}
// :
private int getVal(){
130
4.
4.8 ()
int count,i;
for(i=0,count=0;i<n;i++) if(test[i]) count++;
return count;}
// :
public void show(){
System.out.println(": "+n);
System.out.println(" : "+p);
System.out.println(": "+getVal());
System.out.println(": "+(n-getVal()));
System.out.println(". : "+n*p);
System.out.println(". : "+Math.sqrt(n*p*(1-p)));}
}
class BernoulliTest{
// :
Bernoulli obj=new Bernoulli();
// :
obj.setAll(10000,0.36);
// :
obj.show();
}}
Bernoulli . n . p double
. ,
, .
,
. test.
boolean ( true , false).
. n. p.
,
test: p test,
n . setAll(), :
n, double p. ,
.
,
. ,
.
131
n p , test=new boolean[n]
,
test. Java , , , ,
, Java. .
Math.random(), 0 1. :
p, true,
false. Math.random() 0 1, test true
p false 1-p, .
getVal()
. test.
count. test, true, count . count
.
getVal() show().
show() . , ,
,
, ,
.
Bernoulli obj=new Bernoulli()
obj Bernoulli. obj.setAll(10000,0.36)
, obj.show() .
:

: 10000
: 0.36
: 3667
: 6333
. : 3600.0
. : 48.0
,
Bernoulli setAll().
.

Java ,
,
132
4.
. 4.9.
4.9.
// :
class MyMath{
// :
static double L=Math.PI;
// :
static double Exp(double x,int N){
int i;
double s=0,q=1;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=q;
q*=x/(i+1);}
return s+q;}
// :
static double Sin(double x,int N){
int i;
double s=0,q=x;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=q;
q*=(-1)*x*x/(2*i+2)/(2*i+3);}
return s+q;}
// :
static double Cos(double x,int N){
int i;
double s=0,q=1;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=q;
q*=(-1)*x*x/(2*i+1)/(2*i+2);}
return s+q;}
// :
static double BesselJ(double x,int N){
int i;
double s=0,q=1;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=q;
q*=(-1)*x*x/4/(i+1)/(i+1);}
return s+q;}
// :
static double FourSin(double x,double[] a){
int i,N=a.length;
double s=0;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=a[i]*Math.sin(Math.PI*x*(i+1)/L);}
133
return s;}
// :
static double FourCos(double x,double[] a){
int i,N=a.length;
double s=0;
for(i=0;i<N;i++){
s+=a[i]*Math.cos(Math.PI*x*i/L);}
return s;}
}
class MathDemo{
// :
System.out.println("exp(1)="+MyMath.Exp(1,30));
// :
System.out.println("sin(pi)="+MyMath.Sin(Math.PI,100));
// :
System.out.println("cos(pi/2)="+MyMath.Cos(Math.PI/2,100));
// :
System.out.println("J0(mu1)="+MyMath.BesselJ(2.404825558,100));
// y(x)=x:
int m=1000;
double[] a=new double[m];
double[] b=new double[m+1];
b[0]=MyMath.L/2;
for(int i=1;i<=m;i++){
a[i-1]=(2*(i%2)-1)*2*MyMath.L/Math.PI/i;
b[i]=-4*(i%2)*MyMath.L/Math.pow(Math.PI*i,2);}
// y(x)=x - :
System.out.println("2.0->"+MyMath.FourSin(2.0,a));
// y(x)=x - :
System.out.println("2.0->"+MyMath.FourCos(2.0,b));
}}
MyMath, . , ,
, .
.
: double , ,
. :
exp( x)
xk
.
k =0 k !
N
134
4.
:
sin( x)
(1) k x 2k +1
,
k =0 (2k + 1)!
N
sin( x)
(1) k x 2k
(2k)! .
k =0
N
J 0 ( x)
x
(1) k
2
2k
(k !)2
k =0
, MyMath nx
nx
sin
( FourSin()) cos L
L
( FourCos()). , FourSin() :
x double, a double. :
N
nx
.
L
a n1 sin
n =1
an a, N ( N=a.length),
(,
) 0 L
, a. L MyMath
Math.PI.
, y( x) 0 L :
y( x ) =
nx
.
L
y n sin
n =1
:
L
yn =
2
nx
y( x) sin
dx .
L 0
L
y( x) 0 < x < L . ,
y( x) 0 L :
nx
y( x) = y 0 + y n cos
.
L
n =1
135
:
L
yn =
2
1
nx
y( x) cos
dx n> 0 y 0 = y( x)dx n= 0.
L0
L0
L
y( x) 0 < x < L. ,
.
. , ,
(, ).
MathDemo MyMath . , :
:
exp(1)=2.7182818284590455
sin(pi)=2.4790606536130346E-16
cos(pi/2)=4.590388303752165E-17
J0(mu1)=-1.5793881580131606E-10
2.0->1.9996438367829905
2.0->1.999999349096476
, e 2, 7182818284590452 (
).
Math.PI,

Math.PI/2. , .
( ).
1 2.404825558 . , n
( n = 1, 2, ... ) J 0 ( x) J 0 ( n ) = 0. ( )
.
, FourSin() FourCos()
y( x) = x x = 2. a b y( x) = x
.
. ,
136
4.
2L
, n
n
L
2L((1) 1)
y n =
n > 0 y 0 = .
2 2
2
n
a b .
MyMath.FourSin(2.0,a) MyMath.FourCos(2.0,b)
y( x) = x x = 2 , 2.
( a b),
.
- y n = (1) n +1

.
, , , .
, ,
, , . 4.10.
4.10.
class MyClass{
// :
int number=0;
// ;
MyClass next=this;
void create(int n){
int i;
MyClass objA=this;
MyClass objB;
// :
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
objB=new MyClass();
objA.next=objB;
objB.number=objA.number+1;
objA=objB;}
// :
objA.next=this;
}
// :
int getNumber(int k){
int i;
MyClass obj=this;
for(i=1;i<=k;i++) obj=obj.next;
return obj.number;}
}
137
class ObjList{
// :
// 4- ( + 3 ):
obj.create(3);
// :
System.out.println(" number :");
System.out.println("2- -> "+obj.getNumber(2));
System.out.println("4- -> "+obj.getNumber(4));
System.out.println("2- 1- -> "+obj.next.getNumber(2));
}}
MyClass, :
number next
MyClass. . this,
, .
create(). ,
, .
i, objA ( ) MyClass
this , create(), objB ( ) MyClass.
,
1 n ( create()) . objB=new MyClass() MyClass,
objB.
objA.next=objB next objA objB.
next
. objB.number=objA.number+1 number ,
number . , objA=objB
objA . objB. objA objB . number
( ).
next (
- ).
objA.next=this. this
, create(), . .
getNumber()
number ,
138
4.
. ( ), getNumber()
, . : ,
obj=obj.next (,
- next). obj
. number .
ObjList MyClass obj=new MyClass()
. obj.create(3)
( ). number 0,
number 1, 2 3.
. :
number :
2- -> 2
4- -> 0
2- 1- -> 3
, obj.getNumber(2) number , , 2. obj.getNumber(4) number ,

4 . 3
. . obj.getNumber(4) number
, 0. , obj.next.getNumber(2)
number , , next obj ( ).
.
3.

4.11 ,
. , (), , ()
, ,
.
4.11.
class SMatrix{
// :
private int n;
139
// :
private int[][] Matrix;
// :
void setBase(int n){
this.n=n;
Matrix=new int[n][n];}
// :
void setRND(){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
Matrix[i][j]=(int)(Math.random()*10);
}
// :
void setVal(int a){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
Matrix[i][j]=a;
}
// :
void setNums(){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
Matrix[i][j]=(i*n+j)%9+1;
}
// :
void setE(){
int i;
setVal(0);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
Matrix[i][i]=1;
}
// :
void show(){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
System.out.print(Matrix[i][j]+(j==n-1?"\n":" "));}
}
}
// :
int Sp(){
int i,s=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++) s+=Matrix[i][i];
140
4.
4.11 ()
return s;}
// :
int det(){
int D=0;
switch(n){
// 1 1:
case 1:
D=Matrix[0][0];
break;
// 2 2:
case 2:
D=Matrix[0][0]*Matrix[1][1]-Matrix[0][1]*Matrix[1][0];
break;
case 3:
// 3 3:
int i,j,A,B;
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
A=1;
B=1;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
A*=Matrix[i][(j+i)%n];
B*=Matrix[n-i-1][(j+i)%n];}
D+=A-B;}
break;
// :
default:
int k,sign=1;
SMatrix m;
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
m=new SMatrix();
m.setBase(n-1);
for(i=1;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<k;j++) m.Matrix[i-1][j]=Matrix[i][j];
for(j=k+1;j<n;j++) m.Matrix[i-1][j-1]=Matrix[i][j];
}
D+=sign*Matrix[0][k]*m.det();
sign*=(-1);
}
}
return D;}
// :
void trans(){
int i,j,s;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++){
s=Matrix[i][j];
141
Matrix[i][j]=Matrix[j][i];
Matrix[j][i]=s;}
}
}
class MatrixDemo{
// :
SMatrix obj=new SMatrix();
// :
obj.setBase(3);
// :
obj.setRND();
// :
//obj.setE();
// :
//obj.setVal(1);
// :
//obj.setNums();
obj.show();
// :
obj.trans();
obj.show();
// :
System.out.println(" : "+obj.Sp());
// :
System.out.println(" : "+obj.det());
}}
SMatrix.
, ( Matrix)
. , .
n , , ,
. n , Matrix, , , .
.

. , setRND()
. Math.random(). ,
. (int)(Math.
random()*10) random()
142
4.
10, (
).
setNums() , 1 9, 1 ..
Matrix Matrix[i]
[j]=(i*n+j)%9+1.
setVal() .
Matrix . setE(). Matrix :
, .
:
( setVal() ),
. , ,
Java .
( ,
Matrix) setBase(). , Matrix .
n, this.n=n
this. Matrix=new int[n][n] ,
Matrix. ,
setBase() Matrix .
show() ,
Matrix .
. System.out.print(Matrix[i]
[j]+(j==n-1?"\n":"")) print() ,

, n-1, .
Sp() , .
( ).
trans() .
, Matrix.
Matrix, ( ).
,
( ).
143
det()
, Matrix.
switch() n
, . :
n 1, 2, 3 . D .
n 1, , , .
.
D Matrix[0][0] Matrix.
2, D=Matrix[0][0]*Matrix[1][1]-Matrix[0][1]*Matrix[1][0].
, A 2 2 a ij
( i, j = 1, 2 ) det( A) = a11a 22 a12 a 21 ,
.
3 3 ,

: , . , 4 1,
5 2 ..

3 3 switch() , n 3.
j. A B , ()
( i) :
A , , B , .
.
. , (
). , .
,
, (),
.
A*=Matrix[i][(j+i)%n] B*=Matrix[n-i-1][(j+i)%n].
D D+=A-B , A B.
3.
. ,
A n i, j = 1, 2, ..., n ,
144
4.
:
n
det( A) = (1) i + j a ij det(M ( ij ) ) .

j =1
M ( ij ) A i- j-
. M ( ij ) n 1 . , n
n n 1 .

M ( ij ) n 2 . .
3.
default switch().
,
i 1. Matrix .
default k sign 1. sign ( 1 1),
( ). m SMatrix. (),
. default . k 0 n-1. m=new SMatrix()
SMatrix, m. m.setBase(n-1)
, ,
. . m (
m.Matrix) Matrix,
k (
).
i 1 n-1 Matrix ( this.Matrix),
m.Matrix.
: 1 Matrix
0 m.Matrix, 2 Matrix 1 m.Matrix . .
, k- : j-
Matrix j- m.Matrix. ,
k- Matrix , (k+1)-
j- Matrix (j-1)-
145
m.Matrix. ( i)
: j 0
k-1, k+1 n-1.
m.Matrix D+=sign*Matrix[0][k]*m.det() D. ,
det(), m, .
, det() ,
. , . ,
sign*=(-1)
sign.
MatrixDemo SMatrix obj=new
SMatrix() SMatrix. - obj.setBase(3) (- 3). obj ,
obj.setRND(). , -
obj , .
obj.show() . obj.trans(),
obj.show()
. obj.Sp(),
obj.det(). . :
:
3 0 5
8 3 3
9 8 4
:
3 8 9
0 3 8
5 3 4
: 10
: 149
obj.setBase(5),
setNums(), :
:
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 1
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 1 2
3 4 5 6 7
146
4.
:
1 6 2 7 3
2 7 3 8 4
3 8 4 9 5
4 9 5 1 6
5 1 6 2 7
: 20
: 0

, , . , (
). x y
( t ), :
d 2x
dt 2
d 2y
dt 2
= Fx m ;
= Fy m .
m , F x F y . F x = V x F y = mg V y , g
dx
, , V x =
dt
dy
V y =
.
dt

. , - x
y, , V x
V y. ,
dt ( ,
), x V x dt, y V y dt. F x dt m F y dt m V x V y .
(
t dt , dt
t n dt = t n),
t .
,
4.12.
147
4.12.
class BodyFlight{
// :
private final static double g=9.8;
// :
private final static double gamma=0.005;
// :
private final static int n=1000;
// :
private double t;
// :
private Body body;
// :
private void calculate(){
// , :
double x,y,dx,dy,Vx,Vy,dVx,dVy,dt;
// :
int i;
// :
Force F=new Force();
// :
x=body.x;
y=body.y;
Vx=body.Vx;
Vy=body.Vy;
// :
dt=t/n;
// :
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
dx=Vx*dt;
dy=Vy*dt;
dVx=F.x(body)*dt/body.m;
dVy=F.y(body)*dt/body.m;
x+=dx;
y+=dy;
Vx+=dVx;
Vy+=dVy;
body.set(x,y,Vx,Vy);}
}
// :
BodyFlight(double[] params){
// ( ):
double m=params[0]/1000;
// :
double x=params[1];
double y=params[2];
148
4.12 ()
// :
double alpha=Math.toRadians(params[4]);
// :
double Vx=params[3]*Math.cos(alpha);
double Vy=params[3]*Math.sin(alpha);
// "":
body=new Body(m,x,y,Vx,Vy);
// :
this.t=params[5];
// t:
calculate();
// :
body.show();
}
// "":
class Body{
// :
double m;
// :
double x;
double y;
// :
double Vx;
double Vy;
// :
double V(){
return Math.sqrt(Vx*Vx+Vy*Vy);}
// :
double phi(){
return Math.atan2(Vy,Vx);}
// :
Body(double m,double x,double y,double Vx,double Vy){
this.m=m;
set(x,y,Vx,Vy);
}
//
// ( ):
void set(double x,double y,double Vx,double Vy){
this.x=x;
this.y=y;
this.Vx=Vx;
this.Vy=Vy;}
// :
void show(){
4.
149
double alpha=Math.round(Math.toDegrees(phi())*100)/100.0;
System.out.println(" t="+t+" .");
System.out.println(": "+Math.round(y*100)/100.0+" .");
System.out.println(" : "+Math.round(x*100)/100.0+"
.");
System.out.println(": "+Math.round(V()*100)/100.0+" .");
System.out.println(" : "+alpha+" .");}
}
// "":
class Force{
// :
double x(Body obj){
return -gamma*obj.Vx;}
// :
double y(Body obj){
return -g*obj.m-gamma*obj.Vy;}
}}
class BodyFlightDemo{
// ( ( ), ( ),
// ( /)), ( ) ( )):
double[] params={100,0,0,150,30,5};
// :
new BodyFlight(params);
}}

BodyFlight, : Body
Force .
Body double: m,
x y, Vx Vy. V() (
V = V x2 + V y2 ). phi() ,
. atan2(), ( ) , (
, ). set() ,
( ).
, , .
.
show() Body
, , .
150
4.
, . .
Force x() y()
. ,
, .
, BodyFlight :
g ( ), gamma ( ), n ( ) final ( ) static (). t
, .
body Body.
, . calculate()
, BodyFlight
.
. , ,
Force,
.
BodyFlight
. :
( ), ( ), ( ), , ( ),
( ), . ,
,
1000.
Math.toRadians(), ( )
Math.toDegrees(). V ( ) V x = V cos()
V y = V sin() .
:
t=5.0 .
: 219.03 .
: 574.76 .
: 102.28 .
: 8.46 .
, , params
,
BodyFlight. ,
, .
151
1. - : , .
,
. .
( ) .
, . , ,
.
() .
2. class,
.
() (), .
. , ,
.
3. , . ,
.
: ,
, . static. ,
: public ( ), private ( ) protected ( ).
, .
4. Java ( ) .
main(). main(). public static.
5. new. , ,
( ). (
),
.
, .

.
( )
.
, .
6. Java .
. ,
(-
152
4.
). , .
7. this ,
. .
8. : , ,
. . , ,
.
5.
! .
!
, . .
, . ,
, , , , . .
. ,
, . . ,
, .
, .
, , , .
,
. .
,
. , , , . ,
154
5.
() . ,
, .
, , ,

(
). ,
, , , .
.
5.1 .
5.1.
// :
class OverloadDemo{
// :
void test(){
}
// :
void test(int a){
System.out.println(" int: "+a);
}
// double double:
double test(double a){
System.out.println(" double: "+a);
return a;
}}
// main():
class Overload{
OverloadDemo obj=new OverloadDemo();
double result;
// :
obj.test();
obj.test(10);
result=obj.test(12.5);
System.out.println(": "+result);
}}
OverloadDemo, test(). ,
!.
.
int .
155
int: . , double double. double: ,

.
Overload main(),
test(). :
!
int: 10
double: 12.5
: 12.5
, ,
. , . 5.2.
5.2.
class OverloadDemo2{
// :
void test(){
// :
void test(int a,int b){
System.out.println(" int: "+a+" "+b);}
// double:
void test(double a){
System.out.println(" double: "+a);}
}
class Overload2{
OverloadDemo2 obj=new OverloadDemo2();
int i=88;
obj.test();
obj.test(10,20);
obj.test(i); // !
obj.test(12.5);
}}
OverloadDemo2 test(): ,
int double.
. main() Overload2
: , int,
156
5.
int double. ,
int OverloadDemo2 .
:
!
int: 10 20
double: 88.0
double: 12.5
. , test()
, , int
double, double.
OverloadDemo2 test()
int, .
,
.
. .
, . , , , , , :
;
, ;
,
.
, .
, , . ,

. .
5.3 , .
5.3.
class MyClass{
// :
double Re,Im;
157
// :
void show(){
System.out.println(" :\nRe="+Re+" Im="+Im);}
// :
MyClass(){
// :
// :
Re=0;
Im=0;
// :
show();}
}
class ConstrDemo{
// :
}
}
MyClass Re Im double, show()

. , , . :
MyClass(){
Re=0;
Im=0;
show();}
MyClass() MyClass.
. .
.

. Re Im . , show() , .
:
!
:
Re=0.0 Im=0.0
, main()
MyClass MyClass obj=new MyClass(). ,
.
158
5.
, .
, .
.
. , . ,
.
5.4.
5.4.
class MyClass{
// :
double Re,Im;
// :
void show(){
System.out.println(" :\nRe="+Re+" Im="+Im);}
// :
MyClass(){
// :
// :
Re=0;
Im=0;
// :
show();}
// :
MyClass(double x){
// :
// :
Re=x;
Im=x;
// :
show();}
// :
MyClass(double x,double y){
// :
// :
Re=x;
Im=y;
// :
show();}
}
class ConstrDemo2{
159
// :
MyClass obj1=new MyClass();
// :
MyClass obj2=new MyClass(10);
// :
MyClass obj3=new MyClass(100,200);
}
}
, , .

.
.
MyClass obj1=new MyClass() .
MyClass obj2=new MyClass(10) . MyClass obj3=new MyClass(100,200).
:
!
:
Re=0.0 Im=0.0
!
:
Re=10.0 Im=10.0
!
:
Re=100.0 Im=200.0
(
). (
), ( )
.
, Java.

, , ,
!
. .
( , ,
- ).
160
5.
. ,
return
. ,
. 5.5 , (
) , .
5.5.
class MyObjs{
// :
double Re,Im;
// :
void set(double Re,double Im){
this.Re=Re;
this.Im=Im;
show();}
// :
void show(){
System.out.println("Re="+Re+" "+"Im="+Im);}
// :
MyObjs(){
set(0,0);}
// :
MyObjs(double x){
set(x,x);}
// :
MyObjs(double x,double y){
set(x,y);}
// :
MyObjs(MyObjs obj){
set(obj.Re,obj.Im);}
// - :
MyObjs getSum(MyObjs obj){
// :
MyObjs tmp=new MyObjs();
// :
tmp.Re=Re+obj.Re;
tmp.Im=Im+obj.Im;
// :
return tmp;}
// "" :
void add(MyObjs obj){
Re+=obj.Re;
161
Im+=obj.Im;}
}
class ObjsDemo{
// :
MyObjs a=new MyObjs(1);
MyObjs b=new MyObjs(-3,5);
MyObjs c=new MyObjs(b);
// "" :
c=a.getSum(b);
// :
c.show();
// :
a.add(c);
// :
a.show();
}
}
MyObjs Re Im, set() , show() , getSum(),

. ,
, , , .
, add() , ,
add() . add() ,
, , - .
getSum() MyObjs tmp=new MyObjs() ( ) tmp MyObjs. , tmp
, . tmp.Re=Re+obj.Re tmp.Im=Im+obj.Im tmp.Re tmp.Im
,
( Re Im), obj,
( obj.Re obj.Im). tmp , return tmp
.
. , ,
.
( ) .
,
, , ,
162
5.
. , , (, , c=a.
getSum(b) main()).
add() Re+=obj.Re Im+=obj.Im Re Im
, . , , , .
, , ,
, . .
. .
, . , ,
set(),
. , . , , set() .
set() . , set(). set()
- .
. ,
,
, .
:
Re=1.0 Im=1.0
Re=-3.0 Im=5.0
Re=-3.0 Im=5.0
Re=0.0 Im=0.0
Re=-2.0 Im=6.0
Re=-1.0 Im=7.0

. , ,
. , .
tmp getSum().
, . 5.6.
163
5.6.
class MyClass{
int n,m;
// :
MyClass(int a,int b){
n=a;
m=b;
// "":
MyClass(MyClass obj){
n=obj.n+1;
m=obj.m-1;
// :
void show(){
System.out.println(" : "+n+" "+m);}
}
class Nameless2{
// - :
MyClass obj=new MyClass(new MyClass(10,100));
// :
obj.show();}
}
MyClass a b, show() . a b,
, . ,
. ,
.
MyClass obj=new MyClass(new MyClass(10,100))
obj MyClass. ,
, , new MyClass(10,100).
a b 10 100 .

obj. a b
11 99. :
!
!
: 11 99
:
( ),
164
5.
( obj).
obj.show(),
obj.
. .
Java :
.
. , ,
,
,
.
, .
,
.

, .
Java () , . , ,

. ,
.
, ( ) . , , .
new . , ,
. , ,
.
.5.1.
,
, . ,
, . , . , , - .
165
, . , ,
.
. 5.1.
Java ++ , Java . , ++
.
5.7 ,
.
5.7.
class Base{
int a,b;
void show(){
System.out.println(a+":"+b);}
}
class Test{
void f(int x,int y){
x*=2;
y/=2;
System.out.println(x+":"+y);}
void f(Base obj){
obj.a*=2;
obj.b/=2;
System.out.println(obj.a+":"+obj.b);}
}
class TestDemo{
Base obj=new Base();
Test tstFunc=new Test();
obj.a=10;
obj.b=200;
tstFunc.f(obj.a,obj.b);
obj.show();
166
5.
5.7 ()
tstFunc.f(obj);
obj.show();}
}
Base a b, show(), .
Test f(). :
int - Base. f() ,
.
( ).
, :
, , .
TestDemo : obj
Base tstFunc Test. obj.a=10 obj.b=200
obj , tstFunc.f(obj.a,obj.b)
f(),
obj. , , 20:100. obj obj.show(),
10:200, , . , , ,
. f()
, .
tstFunc.f(obj) 20:100.
obj.show(). , . : , ,
.

,
, .

, ,
,
. ,

- .
167
, , ,

. ,
, (5.8).
5.8.
class InterpAndApprox{
// :
private int n;
// :
private double a,b;
// :
double[][] data;
// :
private double psi(int k,double x){
int i;
double s=1;
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
s*=(x-data[0][i])/(data[0][k]-data[0][i]);
for(i=k+1;i<=n;i++)
s*=(x-data[0][i])/(data[0][k]-data[0][i]);
return s;}
// :
private void setab(){
double Sxy=0,Sx=0,Sy=0,Sxx=0;
for(int i=0;i<=n;i++){
Sx+=data[0][i];
Sy+=data[1][i];
Sxx+=data[0][i]*data[0][i];
Sxy+=data[0][i]*data[1][i];}
a=((n+1)*Sxy-Sx*Sy)/((n+1)*Sxx-Sx*Sx);
b=Sy/(n+1)-a/(n+1)*Sx;
}
// :
double approx(double x){
return a*x+b;}
// :
double interp(double x){
double s=0;
for(int i=0;i<=n;i++)
s+=data[1][i]*psi(i,x);
return s;}
// :
InterpAndApprox(int n){
168
5.
5.8 ()
this.n=n;
data=new double[2][n+1];
for(int i=0;i<=n;i++){
data[0][i]=Math.PI*i/n/2;
data[1][i]=Math.sin(data[0][i]);}
setab();
}}
class InterpAndApproxDemo{
double x;
int i,n=4,N=2*n;
InterpAndApprox obj=new InterpAndApprox(n);
System.out.printf("%60s"," :\n");
System.out.printf("%25s"," x");
System.out.printf("%25s"," y=sin(x)");
System.out.printf("%25s",". L(x)");
System.out.printf("%25s",". f(x)\n");
for(i=0;i<=N;i++){
x=i*Math.PI/N/2;
System.out.printf("%25s",x);
System.out.printf("%25s",Math.sin(x));
System.out.printf("%25s",obj.interp(x));
System.out.printf("%25s",obj.approx(x)+"\n");}
}}
InterpAndApprox, ,
,
.
InterpAndApprox ,
data . 2 ( 0 , 1 ),
n ( n+1 ).
. InterpAndApprox n. n
, data=new double[2][n+1] ,
data. . , i
0 n+1 , data[0][i]=Math.PI*i/n/2 data[1]
[i]=Math.sin(data[0][i]) . , y( x) = sin( x)
0 x 2 .
setab(). ,
data
169
. a b.
, .
,
{ x k } { y k } ( k = 0,1, 2, ..., n ), x y( x)
( y( x k ) = y k ) . ,
a b , f ( x) = ax + b ( ) .

, ,
y k f ( x k ) . ,
a b, :
n
k =0
k =0
( y k f ( x k )) 2 = ( y k ax k b) 2 .
, a b
:
n
a=
(n + 1) x k y k x k y k
k =0
k =0
k =0
2
(n + 1) x k2 x k
k =0
k =0
n
b=
1 n
a n
yk
xk .
n + 1 k =0
n + 1 k =0
Sx),
yk
k =0
( Sy),
xk yk
k =0
( Sxy)
k =0
x k (
k =0
x k2 ( Sxx),
setab()
. approx(), , . interp().

psi(). , .
.
170
5.
{ x k }
{ y k } ( k = 0,1, 2, ..., n ) () L( x) n x ,
,
L( x k ) = y k k = 0,1, 2, ..., n .
:
L( x) =
y k k ( x) .
k =0
:
k ( x) =
x xk
.
m xk
m =0,
m k
, k ( x m ) = km ,
km .
. psi(), interp().
,
InterpAndApprox, : , , .
. ,
printf(), . ,
. ,
"%25s" , ( ) 25 .
:
x
0.0
0.1963495408493
0.3926990816987
0.5890486225481
0.7853981633974
0.9817477042468
1.1780972450961
1.3744467859455
1.5707963267948
:
y=sin(x) . L(x)
0.0
0.0
0.1950903220161
0.1948971309247
0.3826834323651
0.3826834323650
0.5555702330196
0.5556486374881
0.7071067811865
0.7071067811865
0.8314696123025
0.8313962000794
0.9238795325112
0.9238795325112
0.9807852804032
0.9809437185526
1.0
1.0
. f(x)
0.0944947291833
0.2215545341906
0.3486143391979
0.4756741442052
0.6027339492125
0.7297937542198
0.8568535592272
0.9839133642345
1.1109731692418
171
,
, , , .
. , .

5.9 ,
. , , . (
), .
Figures n . , ,
. Figures Point. ( char)
name ( ). x y double
.

() , . dist() ,
.
. , show() , .
.
Math.round().
, , .
. : .
, .
. Point.
points Figures. points
, -
Point ( Point[] points).
n. n points
.
perimeter()
square() . dist(),
172
5.
Figures, Point, (
).
. ( p Point). Point p=newPoint('A',x,y). A, Figures.
this.n=n n ,
. points=new Point[n]
. phi0 r phi0=Math.atan2(y,x)
r=p.dist(). , Math.atan2(y,x)
x y. phi=2*Math.PI/n.
. show()
. ( )
p.
- points. ( p.name) .
p.name . char.
, p.name.
, , r
, x = r cos() y = r sin().
k- ( , ) = 0 + (k 1) , 0 ,
2
=
. n
.

.
5.9.
class Figures{
// :
private int n;
// ():
private Point[] points;
// :
Figures(int n,double x,double y){
// ,
// :
double phi0,phi,r;
173
// :
Point p=new Point('A',x,y);
// :
int i;
// :
this.n=n;
// - "":
points=new Point[n];
// - :
phi0=Math.atan2(y,x);
// - :
phi=2*Math.PI/n;
// :
r=p.dist();
System.out.print(" "+n+"- ");
// "" :
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
p.show();
System.out.print(i==n-2?" ":", ");
points[i]=p;
// "" :
p=new Point((char)(p.name+1),r*Math.cos(phi0+(i+1)*phi),r*Math.
sin(phi0+(i+1)*phi));
}
// "" :
points[n-1]=p;
p.show();
System.out.println(".");
// :
System.out.println(":\t"+perimeter()+".");
// :
System.out.println(":\t"+square()+".");
}
// :
double dist(Point A,Point B){
return Math.sqrt((A.x-B.x)*(A.x-B.x)+(A.y-B.y)*(A.y-B.y));}
// :
double perimeter(){
double P=0;
int i;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
P+=dist(points[i],points[i+1]);
P+=dist(points[n-1],points[0]);
return P;
}
174
5.
5.9 ()
// :
double square(){
double r=points[0].dist();
double phi=2*Math.PI/n;
double s=r*r*Math.sin(phi)/2;
return s*n;
}
// "":
class Point{
// :
char name;
// :
double x,y;
// :
Point(char name,double x,double y){
// :
this.name=name;
// :
this.x=x;
this.y=y;}
// :
double dist(){
return Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y);}
// :
void show(){
System.out.print(name+"("+Math.round(x*100)/100.0+","+Math.
round(y*100)/100.0+")");}
}
}
class FiguresDemo{
// :
new Figures(4,1,1);}
}
, Figures,
main() FiguresDemo .
:
4- A(1.0,1.0), B(-1.0,1.0), C(-1.0,-1.0)
D(1.0,-1.0).
: 8.0.
: 4.000000000000001.
,

.
175
, , . , , ,
.
( , ),
( ).

, . , x :
exp( x) =
xk
.
k =0 k !
,
. , A , exp( A) ,
:
exp( A) =
Ak
.
k =0 k !
, A
E ( , 0
), A = E .
, ,
, . ,
: , .
( ) .

MatrixExp (5.10). matrix , . , MatrixExp. ,
, , .
5.10.
class MatrixExp{
// :
private final static int N=100;
// :
private int n;
176
5.
5.10 ()
// :
private double[][] matrix;
// ( ):
MatrixExp(int n,double Xmin,double Xmax){
double x=Math.abs(Xmax-Xmin);
int i,j;
this.n=n;
matrix=new double[n][n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
matrix[i][j]=x*Math.random()+Xmin;}
}}
// ( ):
MatrixExp(double[][] matrix){
this.n=matrix[0].length;
this.matrix=new double[n][n];
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
this.matrix[i][j]=matrix[i][j];}}
}
// ( ):
MatrixExp(int n){
this.n=n;
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<i;j++){
matrix[i][j]=0;}
matrix[i][i]=1;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++){
matrix[i][j]=0;}}
}
// ( ):
MatrixExp(int n,double a){
this.n=n;
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
matrix[i][j]=a;}
}}
// :
void show(){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
177
for(j=0;j<n-1;j++){
System.out.print(Math.round(1000*matrix[i][j])/1000.0+"\t");}
System.out.print(Math.round(1000*matrix[i][n-1])/1000.0+"\n");
}}
// :
MatrixExp sum(MatrixExp B){
MatrixExp t=new MatrixExp(n,0);
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
t.matrix[i][j]=matrix[i][j]+B.matrix[i][j];}}
return t;}
// :
MatrixExp prod(double x){
MatrixExp t=new MatrixExp(matrix);
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
t.matrix[i][j]*=x;}}
return t;}
// :
MatrixExp prod(MatrixExp B){
MatrixExp t=new MatrixExp(n,0);
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
for(k=0;k<n;k++){
t.matrix[i][j]+=matrix[i][k]*B.matrix[k][j];}
}}
return t;}
// :
MatrixExp mExp(){
MatrixExp t,q;
// - :
t=new MatrixExp(n);
// :
q=new MatrixExp(matrix);
int i;
// :
for(i=1;i<=N;i++){
t=t.sum(q);
q=q.prod(this).prod(1.0/(i+1));}
return t;}
}
class MatrixExpDemo{
178
5.
5.10 ()
// ( ):
MatrixExp A=new MatrixExp(3,-1,1);
// :
A.show();
System.out.println(" exp(A):");
// :
A.mExp().show();
}}
, show() matrix,
sum() , prod() , mExp()
. , :
;
, ;
;
, .
MatrixExp. matrix, : (final) N , n - .
, , matrix, . : ,
- .

.
( , ,
). -
.
,
. ,
.
show() - .
.
matrix ,
.
, . .
179
sum() . MatrixExp. - matrix matrix , . MatrixExp. matrix

, .
.
prod() ,
MatrixExp. , - matrix
, . .
prod() MatrixExp . matrix
, , matrix ,
. ( ).
MatrixExp matrix, . MatrixExp,
( ), -
( ).
- . -,
-.
mExp() t q MatrixExp. t=new MatrixExp(n) q=new MatrixExp(matrix) .
,
t. .
( matrix), q.
, . ( -
matrix) . , k- Ak
q k q k =
, A k!
A
, . , q k +1 q k =
k +1
,
- ,
q, ( )
180
5.
1
, k k +1
.
- , q, (
) , t, t.
t=t.sum(q) ( mExp()).
- ,
q, q=q.prod(this).prod(1.0/
(i+1)). .
. q.prod(this)
(, q, , ,
mExp()), -. , . prod()
( q.prod(this).prod(1.0/(i+1))).
, , prod().
q. , prod()
.

mExp() , t.
MatrixExpDemo MatrixExp A=new
MatrixExp(3,-1,1) MatrixExp -
3, 1 1.
A.
A.show(). A.mExp().show()
, . A.mExp().
mExp() , MatrixExp -,
( A.mExp()) show(), .
:
,
0.844
0.891
-0.549
2.931
1.532
-1.131
A:
0.797 0.095
-0.407 -0.528
0.168 0.63
exp(A):
1.18 -0.111
1.068 -0.621
-0.121 1.825
181
, , ,
A .
, (
2,718). ,
, , ..

. 5.11.
5.11.
class Vector{
// - ():
private double[] vect=new double[3];
// :
void set(double x,double y,double z){
vect[0]=x;
vect[1]=y;
vect[2]=z;}
// :
void set(double[] params){
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
vect[i]=params[i];}
void set(){
set(0,0,0);}
// :
void show(){
double[] x=new double[3];
x[i]=Math.round(vect[i]*100)/100.0;
System.out.print("<"+x[0]+";"+x[1]+";"+x[2]+">");}
// :
void show(char s){
show();
System.out.print(s);}
// :
Vector plus(Vector b){
Vector t=new Vector();
t.vect[i]=vect[i]+b.vect[i];
return t;}
// :
Vector minus(Vector b){
182
5.
5.11 ()
t.vect[i]=vect[i]-b.vect[i];
return t;}
// :
Vector prod(double x){
t.vect[i]=vect[i]*x;
return t;}
// :
double prod(Vector b){
double x=0;
x+=vect[i]*b.vect[i];
return x;}
// :
Vector vprod(Vector b){
t.vect[i]=vect[(i+1)%3]*b.vect[(i+2)%3]-vect[(i+2)%3]*b.vect[(i+1)%3];
return t;}
// :
double mprod(Vector b,Vector c){
return vprod(b).prod(c);}
// :
Vector div(double x){
t.vect[i]=vect[i]/x;
return t;}
// :
double module(){
return Math.sqrt(prod(this));}
// ( ):
double ang(Vector b){
double z;
z=prod(b)/module()/b.module();
return Math.acos(z);}
// ( ):
double angDeg(Vector b){
return Math.toDegrees(ang(b));}
// :
double square(Vector b){
Vector t;
t=vprod(b);
return t.module();}
183
// :
Vector(double[] params){
set(params);}
// :
Vector(double x,double y,double z){
set(x,y,z);}
// :
Vector(){
set();}
}
class VectorDemo{
Vector a=new Vector(1,0,0);
Vector b=new Vector(new double[]{0,1,0});
Vector c;
(c=a.vprod(b)).show('\n');
System.out.println(" : "+a.mprod(b,c));
a.prod(3).plus(b.div(2)).minus(c).show('\n');
a.set(4,0,-3);
b.set(0,10,0);
System.out.println(" ( ): "+a.angDeg(b));
System.out.println(" : "+a.square(b));}
}
Vector. vect. , .
set() vect.
double (
vect) ,
( -). , set()
set() .
set() . , set(),
set().
show(), ,
( char),
. ( )
. ,
, show() '\n'.
184
5.
. ,
plus() .
Vector, vect
vect . minus(), .
prod() ,
, . Vector, prod() (
vect ).
div(). vect .
,
c a b ( c = a b),
c a b
c k = a k +1bk + 2 a k + 2 bk +1 ,

..
vprod() % .
mprod().
( double). a b , c . b c Vector mprod().
vprod(). vprod(b).
prod(c), b c . ,
vprod(b) Vector, vect , mprod(), vect b.
vprod(b) prod(c) c (
mprod()).
module()
.
this.
ang() angDeg() ( ). ,
. , square()
. ,
, .
185
VectorDemo .
:
:
<0.0;0.0;1.0>
: 1.0
:
<3.0;0.5;-1.0>
( ): 90.0
: 50.0
:
(c=a.vprod(b)).show('\n');
a.prod(3).plus(b.div(2)).minus(c).show('\n');
c a.vprod(b), ,
- show() ( ). , a, b c,
3a + b 2 c .

.
Polynom, , , ,
. , 5.12.
5.12.
class Polynom{
// n-1:
private int n;
// :
private double[] a;
// :
void set(double[] a){
this.n=a.length;
this.a=new double[n];
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
this.a[i]=a[i];
}
//
// ( - ):
void set(int n,double z){
186
5.
5.12 ()
this.n=n;
this.a=new double[n];
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
this.a[i]=z;
}
//
// ( - , ):
void set(int n){
set(n,0);}
// :
double value(double x){
double z=0,q=1;
z+=a[i]*q;
q*=x;}
return z;}
// :
void show(){
int i;
System.out.print(" x:\t");
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
System.out.print(" "+i+"\t");}
System.out.println(" "+(n-1));
System.out.print(":\t");
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++){
System.out.print(a[i]+"\t");}
System.out.println(a[n-1]);
}
// :
void show(double x){
System.out.println("
x="+x);
System.out.println(" P(x)="+value(x));
}
// :
Polynom diff(){
Polynom t=new Polynom(n-1);
for(int i=0;i<n-1;i++)
t.a[i]=a[i+1]*(i+1);
return t;}
// k:
Polynom diff(int k){
if(k>=n) return new Polynom(1);
if(k>0) return diff().diff(k-1);
else return new Polynom(a);
}
187
// :
Polynom plus(Polynom Q){
Polynom t;
int i;
if(n>=Q.n){
t=new Polynom(a);
for(i=0;i<Q.n;i++)
t.a[i]+=Q.a[i];}
else{
t=new Polynom(Q.a);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
t.a[i]+=a[i];
}
return t;}
// :
Polynom minus(Polynom Q){
return plus(Q.prod(-1));}
Polynom div(double z){
return prod(1/z);}
// :
Polynom prod(double z){
Polynom t=new Polynom(a);
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
a[i]*=z;
return t;}
// :
Polynom prod(Polynom Q){
int N=n+Q.n-1;
Polynom t=new Polynom(N);
for(int j=0;j<Q.n;j++){
t.a[i+j]+=a[i]*Q.a[j];}
}
return t;}
// :
Polynom(double[] a){
set(a);
}
Polynom(int n,double z){
set(n,z);}
Polynom(int n){
set(n);}
}
class PolynomDemo{
188
5.
5.12 ()
// :
double[] coefs=new double[]{3,-2,-1,0,1};
// :
Polynom P=new Polynom(coefs);
System.out.println("\t :");
// :
P.show();
// :
P.show(1);
// :
Polynom Q=P.diff(2);
// ():
Q.show();
// ():
Q.plus(P).show();
// ():
Q.prod(P).show();
}}
Polynom n
( n-1,
n ), - a ( double)
.
a set().
, , ,
, (
). set()
, .
value() double , , .
show() : double. . show()
( double),
.
Polynom , .
189
. ,
, -. y = x n
dy
dy
= nx n 1,

dx
dx
n
, P ( x) = a k x k
k =0
-:
n
n 1
n 1
k =1
k =0
k =0
P ( x) = ka k x k 1 =
(k + 1)a k +1 x k bk x k.
- bk a k bk = (k + 1)a k +1 k = 0,1, ..., n 1 ,

bn = 0. , , , , . ,
- diff(),
Polynom.
, , .
Polynom t=new Polynom(n-1) t, , , . ( ),
a ( ). i t.a[i]=a[i+1]*(i+1) -. t
.
diff() . , .
k ( )
( n-1), if(k>=n) return new Polynom(1)
, ( ),
. , , .
( ) diff().diff(k-1).
, new Polynom(a).
. , ,
.
diff().diff(k-1).
diff()
. , diff().diff(k-1)
190
5.
, k k 1 . . ( ),
-. diff(k-1) ,
.
plus() Polynom, ,
.
, , .
,
, , - a
. ,
-. . (,
- ), .
.
minus(). prod()
, - minus(),
1, plus() ,
minus(). -
plus(Q.prod(-1)) Q
Polynom, minus(). prod(),
( Polynom)
. prod() double.
. prod() Polynom,
( ,
- ).
Polynom. ( - ) . -, n m, n + m.
, ,
- - , . int N=n+Q.n-1,
Q Polynom, prod(). N - -
prod(). ,
, Polynom t=new Polynom(N).
- t .
191
, - , .
- t.a[i+j]+=a[i]*Q.a[j].
, a . , i j -,
i+j , i+j.
,
n
P ( x) = a i x i Q( x) =
i =0
b j x j,
j =0
:
n
i =0
j =0
R( x) P ( x)Q( x) = a i x i b j x j =
0 i n,
0 j m
a i b j x i + j.
, -
k, a i b j
i + j =k
, k. .
Polynom
set(), , , .
PolynomDemo, , Polynom.
. , Polynom
Q=P.diff(2) P
, Q. , Q.plus(P).show() ( Q.plus(P)),
show().
:
:
x:
0
1
2
:
3.0
-2.0
-1.0
:

x=1.0
P(x)=1.0
:
x:
0
1
2
:
-2.0
0.0
12.0
:
x:
0
1
2
:
1.0
-2.0
11.0
3
0.0
3
0.0
4
1.0
4
1.0
192
:
x:
0
1
:
-6.0
4.0
2
38.0
3
-24.0
5.
4
-14.0
5
0.0
6
12.0
,
. ,
show() Polynom.
, . toString().
, , toString()
8.

,

. , . , , . ( char) Level
: ,
A, B, , ,
C .. , Number. . , A 1. B 1 2.
C 1 4 ..
.5.2.
. 5.2.
,
.
(
IDnum).
193
, , ID ObjectTree ( 5.13). . ()
getID(). ID[i]=(int)(Math.random()*10)
( (int)(Math.
random()*10)) ID.
showID(). ID,
. show(), , ,
: ,
.
FirstRef SecondRef
ObjectTree .
. 5.13.
5.13.
class ObjectTree{
// ID- :
private static int IDnum=8;
// ():
private char Level;
// :
private int Number;
// ( ):
private int[] ID;
// :
ObjectTree FirstRef;
// :
ObjectTree SecondRef;
// ID- :
private void getID(){
ID=new int[IDnum];
for(int i=0;i<IDnum;i++)
ID[i]=(int)(Math.random()*10);
}
// ID- :
private void showID(){
for(int i=0;i<IDnum;i++)
System.out.print("|"+ID[i]);
System.out.print("|\n");
}
194
5.
5.13 ()
// :
void show(){
System.out.println(" : \t"+Level);
System.out.println(" : \t"+Number);
System.out.print("ID- : \t");
showID();
}
// :
ObjectTree(int k,char L,int n){
System.out.println("\t !");
Level=L;
Number=n;
getID();
show();
if(k==1){
FirstRef=null;
SecondRef=null;
}
else{
// :
FirstRef=new ObjectTree(k-1,(char)((int)L+1),2*n-1);
SecondRef=new ObjectTree(k-1,(char)((int)L+1),2*n);}
}}
class ObjectTreeDemo{
// :
ObjectTree tree=new ObjectTree(4,'A',1);
System.out.println("\t !");
// :
tree.FirstRef.SecondRef.FirstRef.show();
}}
: , , .
,
.
,

Level Number. getID() show() . .

. ( ,
), - FirstRef SecondRef
( null), ,
195
. ,
,
, FirstRef SecondRef :
FirstRef=new ObjectTree(k-1,(char)((int)L+1),2*n-1);
SecondRef=new ObjectTree(k-1,(char)((int)L+1),2*n);

. L (char)
((int)L+1). (int)L L, , , ( (char)).
n 2*n-1. 2*n. ,
1,
. , : , . ,
,
, ()
.
ObjectTree tree=new ObjectTree(4,'A',1)
,
: show()
( tree.FirstRef.SecondRef.FirstRef.show()). :
!
:
A
:
1
ID- :
|3|5|1|1|1|1|5|0|
!
:
B
:
1
ID- :
|3|6|4|8|2|2|2|9|
!
:
C
:
1
ID- :
|7|6|7|8|9|1|5|7|
!
:
D
:
1
ID- :
|5|6|6|1|6|6|5|4|
196
!
: D
: 2
ID- :
|3|6|5|0|2|1|6|7|
!
: C
: 2
ID- :
|7|6|0|9|6|1|0|2|
!
: D
: 3
ID- :
|9|2|6|2|5|5|9|9|
!
: D
: 4
ID- :
|8|7|7|0|1|2|1|4|
!
: B
: 2
ID- :
|1|7|3|8|8|1|9|2|
!
: C
: 3
ID- :
|9|3|2|4|7|9|4|7|
!
: D
: 5
ID- :
|7|9|6|4|9|4|4|4|
!
: D
: 6
ID- :
|0|9|5|4|5|5|7|4|
!
: C
: 4
ID- :
|4|1|6|6|9|7|8|1|
!
: D
: 7
ID- :
|6|4|7|5|0|0|0|3|
!
: D
: 8
ID- :
|3|9|9|6|7|3|6|3|
5.
197
!
:
D
:
3
ID- :
|9|2|6|2|5|5|9|9|
(..5.2) , 1.
2. 2, 3, 4 .. tree.FirstRef.SecondRef.FirstRef.
show() show() D 3.
.
1. Java . . ,
, () .
,
.
2. ,
. .
,
. . ,
, new _().
3. , . , ,
.
4. :
. ,
,
. . Java
, .
6.

,
.
, , Java, .
. , , .
. -,
. -,
. , .
, , : , , .
.
() .
. ,
, , . , . , ,
, .
.

- ,
- . !
, .
,
199
, .
extends .
( ,
). :
class A extends B{
//
}
A B. A () B.
, Java, ++, , Java
. Java, ++,
: , , .
. 6.1 .
6.1.
class A{ //
int i,j;
void showij(){
System.out.println(" i j: "+i+" "+j);}
}
class B extends A{ //
int k;
void showk(){
System.out.println(" k: "+k);}
void sum(){
// :
System.out.println(" i+j+k="+(i+j+k));}
}
class AB{
public static void main(String arg[]){
// :
A SuperObj=new A();
// :
B SubObj=new B();
SuperObj.i=10;
SuperObj.j=20;
SuperObj.showij();
SubObj.i=7;
SubObj.j=8;
200
6.
6.1 ()
SubObj.k=9;
SubObj.showij();
SubObj.showk();
SubObj.sum();}
}
A,
i j, showij() .
A B ( A).
B k, showk() sum() k i, j k. ,
i j B , B
, ( B
i j) .
main() AB : SuperObj A
SubObj B. i j SuperObj 10 20 , showij()
.
i, j k SubObj 7, 8 9.
showij() i j, k showk(). ,
sum(). :
i j: 10 20
i j: 7 8
k: 9
i+j+k=24
, , i j,
showij() B.
.

,
.
. .
. . , . ,
private, , , . ,
, , .
201
, , , 6.2.
6.2.
class MySuperClass{ //
// :
private int a;
// :
private void showa(){
System.out.println(" a: "+a);}
// :
void seta(int n){
a=n;
showa();}
}
class MySubClass extends MySuperClass{ //
int b;
void setall(int i,int j){
seta(i);
b=j;
System.out.println(" b: "+b);}
}
class PrivateSuperDemo{
public static void main(String arg[]){
// :
MySubClass obj=new MySubClass();
obj.setall(1,5);}
}
:
a: 1
b: 5
. MySuperClass, ( private)
a . showa()
a. seta() a seta()
showa(). , seta()
a, ,
showa().
MySubClass b
setall(). , MySubClass MySuperClass seta(). a showa()
MySubClass .
202
6.
. MySubClass setall() , ,
MySuperClass seta(), , ,
a showa(). ,
, , , setall() obj MySubClass
a, obj . .
, . , ,
. , , ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
.
. ,
, . ,
. .
. .
(
, ),
,
. , . : , - ,
.
. ,
(, ).
,
, . super, ,
203
. .
, :
_(1){
super(2); //
//
}
super , ( ).
6.3.
6.3.
// :
class MySuperClass{
int a;
void showa(){
System.out.println(" a="+a);}
// :
MySuperClass(){
a=0;
showa();}
MySuperClass(int i){
a=i;
showa();}
}
// :
class MySubClass extends MySuperClass{
double x;
void showx(){
System.out.println(" x="+x);}
// :
MySubClass(){
super(); //
x=0;
showx();}
MySubClass(int i,double z){
super(i); //
x=z;
showx();}
}
class SuperConstrDemo{
204
6.
6.3 ()
MySubClass obj1=new MySubClass();
MySubClass obj2=new MySubClass(5,3.2);}
}
:

:

a=0
x=0.0
a=5
x=3.2
. MySuperClass a, showa() ,
: . a .
. showa() a .
MySuperClass MySubClass.
x double showx() .
: . super
.
super() .
( int
double), int
( super(i) ).
MySubClass. ,
.

.
!
205
, .
,
: , . .
.
, ,
, .
, 6.4.
6.4.
// :
class MyClassA{
// :
int number;
// :
MyClassA(){
number=0;
System.out.println(" "+number);}
// :
void showA(){
System.out.println(" number: "+number);}
}
// :
class MyClassB extends MyClassA{
// :
int number;
// :
MyClassB(){
super(); //
number=100;
// :
void showB(){
}
class TwoFieldsDemo{
// :
MyClassB obj=new MyClassB();
// :
obj.number=50;
// :
obj.showA();
obj.showB();
}}
206
6.
:
0
100
number: 0
number: 50
MyClassA number, showA() ,

number .
MyClassB, MyClassA,
number. showB()
number,
number,
100. , MyClassB
: number. ,
showB(), number , .
main() TwoFieldsDemo obj
MyClassB. new MyClassB() :
0
100

.
number 0 . .
number ( ) 100 . , number obj 0 100.
number obj.number=50 , . ,
number, 100, 50.
number obj.showA()
, : showA() , , . obj.showB() number, .
, , super, ,
. .
, ( ), super._. , showB()
207
number ,
super.number. 6.5 ,
,
number.
6.5.
// :
class MyClassA{
// :
int number;
// :
MyClassA(int a){
number=a;
// :
void showA(){
}
// :
class MyClassB extends MyClassA{
// :
int number;
// :
MyClassB(int a){
super(a-1); //
number=a;
//
// :
System.out.println(" : "+super.number+" "+number);}
// :
void showB(){
// :
System.out.println(" "+super.number+" "+number);}
}
class TwoFieldsDemo2{
// :
MyClassB obj=new MyClassB(5);
// :
obj.number=10;
// :
obj.showA();
obj.showB();
}}
208
6.
,
, number. ,
showA().
.
number, .
, .
.

, , ,
number, , ,
super.number. showB().
, number, ( obj.number=10), showA() showB().
:
4
: 4 5
number: 4
4 10
, , .
, , .
.

.
, !
, ,
, , . ,
, , . ,
super.

. ,
. ,
209
( , ). . . ,
,
, .
- , .
. ,
, ,
. : , , , .
,
, .
6.6 .
6.6.
class ClassA{
static int count=0;
private int code;
int number;
ClassA(int n){
set(n);
count++;
code=count;
System.out.println(" "+code+" !");}
void set(int n){
number=n;}
void show(){
System.out.println(" "+code+":");
}
class ClassB extends ClassA{
char symbol;
ClassB(int n,char s){
super(n);
symbol=s;}
void set(int n,char s){
number=n;
symbol=s;}
void show(){
super.show();
System.out.println(" symbol: "+symbol);}
}
class MyMethDemo{
210
6.
6.6 ()
ClassA objA=new ClassA(10);
ClassB objB=new ClassB(-20,'a');
objA.show();
objB.show();
objB.set(100);
objB.show();
objB.set(0,'z');
objB.show();}
}
:
1 !
2 !
1:
number: 10
2:
number: -20
symbol: a
2:
number: 100
symbol: a
2:
number: 0
symbol: z
. ClassA (), ClassB.

ClassA number,
count ( )
code. , ( number), set() number, show() number.
count .

. ClassA count++.
set()
number ( ),
code=count code. code
, .
count ,
. code count code
.
211
code ( ) . ( code) show(), ,

number.
ClassB ClassA. ClassB count number. code . , ClassB
symbol. :
int number char symbol.
ClassB :
super(n) symbol=s (n s ).
. . -, number . -, count . , ,
, . -, code ,

. ,
code.
show() ClassB .
ClassB show() show(),
ClassA. ClassA show()
number, ClassB show()
symbol. show() () ClassA.
super.show(). ,
, ( )
code .
set() ClassB . ClassA
, .
set() , : . ClassB
set() . ClassA,
ClassB.
ClassA objA=new ClassA(10) ClassB
objB=new ClassB(-20,'a') : objA objB . 1 ! 2 !
.
objA.show() objB.show(). show() ,
212
6.
show(), ClassA,
show(), ClassB. objA ( ) , objB .
objB.set(100) set() objB. , , ClassA. number objB,
symbol .
objB.show() (. ). objB.set(0,'z'),
set(), ClassB.
objB.show() , objB.

,
.
( )
Java , . .
6.7.
6.7.
class A{
int a;
A(int i){
a=i;
System.out.println(" a: "+a);}
}
class B extends A{
int b;
B(int i,int j){
super(i);
b=j;
System.out.println(" b: "+b);}
}
class C extends B{
int c;
C(int i,int j,int k){
super(i,j);
c=k;
System.out.println(" c: "+c);}
}
213
class MultiCall{
C obj=new C(1,2,3);}
}
: A B.
B, , C. , . A
a .
. ,
.
B a A b. , .
( A), b. ,
a .
a b C. c.
( B),
c. C
.
a b .
C obj=new C(1,2,3)
C. :
a: 1
b: 2
c: 3

. . ,
6.8.
6.8. ,

class A{
void show(){
System.out.println(" ");}
}
class B extends A{
void show(String msg){
System.out.println(msg);}
}
class C extends B{
void show(){
214
6.
6.8 ()
System.out.println(" C");}
}
class MultiOverride{
A obj1=new A();
B obj2=new B();
C obj3=new C();
obj1.show();
obj2.show();
obj2.show(" ");
obj3.show();
obj3.show(" ");}
}
, : A, B,
C.
, A
show(). .6.1.
. 6.1. show()

, show() A
. B . , B show() , ,
. , ,
String. , , .
C show() ,
B.

. show() (
, ). :

215
A . B ( A)
( , B). C C, B.
,
.
!
, ,
, , . , , ,
.
new . , (, )
(
).
, ,
. 6.9.
6.9.
class ClassA{
double Re;
void set(double x){
Re=x;}
void show(){
System.out.println(" Re: "+Re);}
}
class ClassB extends ClassA{
double Im;
216
6.
6.9 ()
void set(double x,double y){
Re=x;
Im=y;}
void show(){
System.out.println(" B:");
System.out.println(" Re: "+Re);
System.out.println(" Im: "+Im);}
}
class SuperRefs{
ClassA objA;
ClassB objB=new ClassB();
objA=objB;
objB.set(1,5);
objB.show();
objA.set(-10);
objA.show();}
}
ClassA,
ClassB. ClassA doubleRe set()
show(). show()
(- ) Re. set()
, Re.
Re ClassB.
doubleIm. set() ,
Re Im. show(),
.
ClassAobjA objA ClassA. ClassB objB=new ClassB()
ClassB, objB ClassB. objA=objB
objA.
, objA, objB
. , .
objA
ClassB.
objB.set(1,5) Re Im 1 5
. objB.show()
. show(), ClassB.
objA.set(-10) Re.
set(), ClassA ClassB.
objA set()
ClassB, . objA.
217
show() ClassB show().

:
B:
Re:
Im:
B:
Re:
Im:
1.0
5.0
-10.0
5.0
, objA
Re , Im.

,
, .
, , ,
, . , show()
objA ClassA ClassB, ,
, . ,
6.10.
6.10.
class A{
void show(){
}
class B extends A{
void show(){
}
class C extends A{
void show(){
System.out.println(" C");}
}
class Dispatch{
A a=new A();
B b=new B();
C c=new C();
A ref;
ref=a;
218
6.
6.10 ()
ref.show();
ref=b;
ref.show();
ref=c;
ref.show();}
}
A, : B C. .6.2 .
. 6.2.
A show(),
A. B C .
show() B B,
C C.
a, b c
A, B C, ref A.
a, b c ( ref=a, ref=b ref=c). A
B, C, .
ref
ref.show() show(). :

C
,
show() ( ref.show()),
, ref.
Java , .
,
, ( , ). abstract,
219

.
, , . abstract.

.
. ( ). 6.11.
6.11.
// :
abstract class A{
// :
abstract void callme();
// :
void callmetoo(){
}
// :
class B extends A{
// :
void callme(){
}
class AbstDemo{
// :
B obj=new B();
obj.callme();
obj.callmetoo();}
}
: A,
B. A
call() () callmetoo().
B. call() , B.
call() , callmetoo() .
. :

,
.
220
6.
, ,
, , . . , ,
, , . , , .
, .
.
final. ,
.
final (). ,
.

,
.

6.12 ,
:
,
. ,
.
6.12.
// :
class Compl{
// :
double Re,Im;
// :
Compl sum(Compl obj){
Compl tmp=new Compl();
tmp.Re=Re+obj.Re;
tmp.Im=Im+obj.Im;
return tmp;}
// :
Compl prod(Compl obj){
221
tmp.Re=Re*obj.Re-Im*obj.Im;
tmp.Im=Im*obj.Re+Re*obj.Im;
return tmp;}
//
// :
Compl prod(double x){
tmp.Re=Re*x;
tmp.Im=Im*x;
return tmp;}
// :
void show(){
System.out.println(" Re="+Re);
System.out.println(" Im="+Im);}
// :
Compl(){
Re=0;
Im=0;}
// :
Compl(double x){
Re=x;
Im=0;}
// :
Compl(double x,double y){
Re=x;
Im=y;}
// :
Compl(Compl obj){
Re=obj.Re;
Im=obj.Im;}
}
// :
class ComplNums extends Compl{
// :
private int n;
// :
ComplNums CExp(){
// - :
Compl tmp=new Compl(1);
// - :
Compl q=new Compl(this);
// :
int i;
// :
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
tmp=tmp.sum(q);
222
6.
6.12 ()
q=q.prod(this).prod(1.0/(i+1));}
// - :
return new ComplNums(tmp);}
// :
ComplNums(){
super();
n=100;}
// :
ComplNums(double x){
super(x);
n=100;}
// :
ComplNums(double x,double y){
super(x,y);
n=100;}
// :
ComplNums(double x,double y,int m){
super(x,y);
n=m;}
//
// :
ComplNums(Compl obj){
super(obj);
n=100;}
// :
ComplNums(ComplNums obj){
super(obj);
n=obj.n;}
}
class ComplExtendsDemo{
ComplNums z=new ComplNums(2,3);
// :
z.CExp().show();}
}
Compl Re Im double. ,
sum() , Compl.
prod() ,
. Compl , , , .

.
223
Compl ComplNums.
, n,
. z ,
, :
exp( z)
zk
z2
zn
k ! = 1 + z + 2! + ... + n ! .
k =0
.
.
, .
CExp().
, .
. Compl tmp=new Compl(1)
tmp .
.
q. Compl q=new Compl(this). .
, .
, .
, , .
. . tmp=tmp.sum(q)
. q=q.prod(this).prod(1.0/(i+1)) (
i, ). this.
newComplNums(tmp) , .
:
Re=-7.315110094901102
Im=1.042743656235904
, , , . . ,
. .
224
6.

(
).
. 6.13. ,
, , .
6.13.
// :
class PolyBase{
// :
double[] a;
// :
double value(double x){
double s=0,q=1;
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
s+=a[i]*q;
q*=x;}
return s;}
// :
int power(){
for(int i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){
if(a[i]!=0) return i;}
return 0;}
// :
void show(){
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.print(a[i]+" ");
System.out.print("\n : ");
System.out.println(power()+".\n");}
}
// :
class PolyDerive extends PolyBase{
// :
PolyBase prod(PolyBase Q){
int i,j,n;
n=power()+Q.power()+1;
PolyBase tmp=new PolyBase();
tmp.a=new double[n];
for(i=0;i<=power();i++){
for(j=0;j<=Q.power();j++){
tmp.a[i+j]+=a[i]*Q.a[j];}
225
}
return tmp;}
// :
void show(double x){
System.out.println(" : "+x);
System.out.println(" : "+value(x));
show();}
PolyDerive(PolyBase obj){
a=new double[obj.a.length];
a[i]=obj.a[i];}
}
// :
class Taylor extends PolyDerive{
void show(){
super.show();
}
Taylor(PolyBase P,PolyBase Q){
super(P);
PolyBase tmp=prod(Q);
a[i]=tmp.a[i];}
}
class PolyExtendsDemo{
// :
PolyBase P=new PolyBase();
PolyBase Q=new PolyBase();
PolyBase R;
P.a=new double[]{1,-2,4,1,-3};
Q.a=new double[]{2,-1,3,0,4};
// :
R=new PolyDerive(P).prod(Q);
R.show();
new PolyDerive(P).show(-1);
// :
new Taylor(P,Q).show();
}}
PolyBase, ,
a double. (,
2
n
a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x + ... + a n x ). , value() ( ). power() .
226
6.
. ,
,
, . power() , , .
.
show() , - a. .
PolyDerive PolyBase.
prod(), . , , PolyBase. ,
. show() ,
, , ,
, .
. . ,
. ,
a , .
PolyDerive Taylor, .
.
, n, n, - ( 2n ) n.
Taylor show() ,
,
. show()
, super.show().
show(), PolyDerive PolyBase.
Taylor
PolyBase.
. ,
, Taylor, .
( Taylor PolyDerive)
227
( PolyBase). tmp
. tmp
a Taylor.
, ,
Taylor - , -
.
PolyExtendsDemo . :
:
2.0 -5.0 13.0 -8.0 9.0
: 8.
-2.0
7.0
4.0
-12.0
: -1.0
: 3.0
:
1.0 -2.0 4.0 1.0 -3.0
: 4.
!
:
2.0 -5.0 13.0 -8.0 9.0
: 4.
, (P, Q R) PolyBase.
(P Q) a ,
( R) . new PolyDerive(P) P
PolyBase PolyDerive,
prod() . PolyDerive show().

new Taylor(P,Q).show().
.
1. Java . . ,
, ,
. .
2. extends , .
228
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
6.
,

(
. ).
,
.
super. , .
.
super ( ).
. . ()
super.
.
Java ( ) , . .
.
,
.
Java .
, .
. . abstract.
.
,
final.
II.
Java
7.
.
. ,
, .
,
.
Java
, !
, .
, , . , .
, , .
, , .
. ,
. , . .
,
, package , :
package mypack;
mypack . , ( ) .
, . ,
Java
231
package .
package .
.
, , (
), ( ). (, ) , . Java :
. , ,
package java.awt.image, ,
image java/awt/image.

, , . .7.1 .
7.1.
private
protected
public
(+) , , (-) .
, . ,
.
public ,
: , .
private , , .
, .
, protected,
.
232
7.
,
,
, .
. , public ( ). public, . public ,
.
,
, : , . ,
MyClass subpack mypack, :
mypack.subpack.MyClass
,
. import
( ). .
() . , import
( ), :
import mypack.subpack.MyClass
(*), :
import mypack.subpack.*
, .
.
java.lang ( )
.
,
.
, .
, , , ,
.
. -
, Java
.
233
, .
.
.
. , ,
- (, ).
,
class interface. , .
(
final) ( static). ,
.
.
. . , , .
.
, .

implements(). , ,
, , :
class [extends ] implements 1,2,...{
//
}
,
extends ,
implements. implements ,
. ,
class public,
.
7.1 , .
7.1.
// :
interface MyMath{
234
7.
7.1 ()
// :
double Sinus(double x);
// :
double PI=3.14159265358979;
}
// :
class MyClass implements MyMath{
// ( ):
public double Sinus(double x){
int i,n=1000;
double z=0,q=x;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
z+=q;
q*=(-1)*x*x/(2*i)/(2*i+1);}
return z;}
}
class MyMathDemo{
// :
double z=MyClass.PI/6;
// :
System.out.println("sin("+z+")="+obj.Sinus(z));}
}
MyMath, MyClass MyMathDemo.

MyClass MyMath. MyMathDemo
.
MyMath ( ) Sinus().
double .
, PI double. . , final, static ,
. , .
MyClass, , MyMath. , MyClass. :
sin( x) = x
x3 x5 x7
+
+ ...
3! 5! 7!
obj MyClass
z double. /6.
PI, MyMath.
MyClass,
235
MyClass.PI.
, PI. z .
:
sin(0.5235987755982984)=0.4999999999999995
1/2.
, ++, ,
. .
, Java (, ). ,
, , . ,
.
, ,

.
. -

. ,
, ,
. , , . ,
.
, . ,
, , .
7.2 , .
236
7.
7.2.
// :
interface Base{
int F(int n);
}
// A Base:
class A implements Base{
// :
public int F(int n){
if(n==1||n==2) return n;
else return n*F(n-2);}
}
// B Base:
class B implements Base{
// :
public int F(int n){
if(n<1) return 1;
else return n*F(n-1);}
}
class ImplDemo{
// :
Base refA=new A();
Base refB=new B();
// :
A objA=new A();
B objB=new B();
// :
System.out.println("1: "+refA.F(5));
System.out.println("2: "+refB.F(5));
System.out.println("3: "+objA.F(5));
System.out.println("4: "+objB.F(5));
// :
refA=objB;
refB=objA;
// :
System.out.println("5: "+refA.F(5));
System.out.println("6: "+refB.F(5));}
}
Base F(),
. A B
Base, -. A F() , (, n ,
237
n !! = n(n 2)(n 4)...). B F() ( 1 n , n ! = n(n 1)(n 2)...1). F()

.
Base refA=new A() Base refB=new B()
A B, refA refB.
Base,
.
A B,
objA objB .
AobjA=newA() BobjB=newB().

F() 5. , 5!!=15 5!=120.
, A,
15, , B, 120.
, objA refA , A, objB
refB , B.
refA=objB refB=objA : refA B, refB A. refA.F(5)
F() B, refB.F(5) F(),
A. :
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
15
120
15
120
120
15
7.3 , .
7.3.
// :
interface One{
void setOne(int n);
}
// :
interface Two{
void setTwo(int n);
}
238
7.
7.3 ()
// :
class ClassA{
int number;
void show(){
}
// :
class ClassB extends ClassA implements One,Two{
int value;
// :
public void setOne(int n){
number=n;}
// :
public void setTwo(int n){
value=n;}
// :
void show(){
super.show();
System.out.println(" value: "+value);}
}
class MoreImplDemo{
// :
One ref1;
Two ref2;
// :
ClassB obj=new ClassB();
// :
ref1=obj;
ref2=obj;
// :
ref1.setOne(10);
ref2.setTwo(-50);
// :
obj.show();}
}
:
number: 10
value: -50
. ,
One Two, ClassB. ,
ClassB ClassA.
: One setOne(), Two setTwo().
.
239
ClassA intnumber show(),

. ClassB
, : number int value, .
ClassB setOne() setTwo() ,
number, value.
: ref1 One ref2 Two. ,
obj ClassB. obj. , ClassB
One Two. ref1 setOne(),
ref2 setTwo(). ref1.setOne(10) ref2.setTwo(-50)
obj , obj.show() .
. -
, .
. ,
extends.
, :
interface 1 extends 2{
//
}
7.4 .
7.4.
// :
interface BaseA{
int FunA(int n);
}
// :
interface BaseB extends BaseA{
int FunB(int n);
}
240
7.
7.4 ()
// :
class MyClass implements BaseB{
public int FunA(int n){
if(n<1) return 1;
else return n*FunA(n-1);}
public int FunB(int n){
if(n==1||n==2) return n;
else return n*FunB(n-2);}
}
class ImplExtDemo{
System.out.println("1: "+obj.FunA(5));
System.out.println("2: "+obj.FunB(5));}
}
:
1: 120
2: 15
, .
BaseA FunA().
. BaseB ()
BaseA. BaseB FunB()
. BaseA FunA(), BaseB FunA() FunB(). MyClass,
BaseB, . FunA() - ,
FunB()
. obj MyClass FunA() FunB(). , .
1. Java .
, , package,
.
2.
.
3. , (
), - ( ).
241
, , interface.
4. . ,
(public). .
implements.
5. , ,
.
,
.
6. ,
. ,
extends.
8.
.
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. .
. , , . Java .
Java-: String StringBuffer.
. . , , .
, String ,
StringBuffer . , String StringBuffer.
,
.
String StringBuffer java.lang, , String StringBuffer
.
(final), .
String
, ,
.

String. , , ,
, . String,
.
String
243
.
. String
:
String s=new String();
.
.
, .
:
char symbols[]={'a','b','c'};
String s=new String(symbols);
, ,
, ,
. , :
char symbols={'a','b','c','d','e','f'};
String s=new String(symbols,2,3); // s="cde"
.
,
.
, . :
String obj=new String(" ");
String s=new String(obj);
. , , byte
, , .
, , .
8.1
, .
8.1.
class MakeString{
char symbs[]={'J','a','v','a'};
String strA=new String(symbs);
String strB=new String(strA);
System.out.println(strA);
System.out.println(strB);}
}

Java. : symbs,
244
8.
strA,
strB ( Java), strA.
, strA strB
String , .
- , , srtA,
(
strA=strB).
. .
8.2.
. byte ASCII.
8.2.
class SubStringConstr{
byte ascii[]={65,66,67,68,69,70};
String strBig=new String(ascii);
System.out.println(strBig);
String strSmall=new String(ascii,2,3);
System.out.println(strSmall);}
}
, ascii. String. : ,
2 ( , ). :
ABCDEF
CDE
, String .
. ,
, . , ,
.
( ).
, , length().
, . , str String, , str,
str.length(). , Java String. , length()
String
245
. , ,
( 12):
" !".length()
,
( +), () . :
String str=" "+18+" .";
"18.".
(, ),
( String). . :
String str=" : "+1+2;
,
String, str, : " :12".
" :"+1+2. 1 2
" :", , , " :" ( )
"1",
"2". , :
String str=" : "+(1+2);
: , . str " :3".

, , , .
toString(). ,
.

Stringstr="";
str
String, "". ,
. , , Java String.
246
8.
, :
Stringstr;
str="";
str String.
, . , .
. "" String, str="" str. ,
, .
toString()
, .
toString() Object,
Java ( Java).
. , , .
.
toString(), , .
String . , . :
println().
toString() . 8.3.
8.3. toString()
class ComplNums{
// :
double Re;
double Im;
// :
ComplNums(double x,double y){
Re=x;
Im=y;}
// toString():
public String toString(){
String result="",sign="",ImPart="",RePart="";
toString()
247
if(Re!=0||(Re==0&&Im==0)) RePart+=Re;
if((Im>0)&&(Re!=0)) sign+="+";
if(Im!=0) ImPart+=Im+"i";
result=RePart+sign+ImPart;
return result;}
}
class toStringDemo{
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=5;j+=2){
ComplNums z=new ComplNums(i-2,j-3);
// toString():
System.out.println(z);
}
}
}
}
. ComplNums Re Im double.
. Re Im. , toString(). , public, String
. toString()
. .
, , .
, ,
() .
, ,
.
,
.
toString() . , result String. result,
, : RePart
( ), ImPart
(
i) sign (
). .
if(Re!=0||(Re==0&&Im==0)) RePart+=Re , , . ,
, .
248
8.
if((Im>0)&&(Re!=0)) sign+="+"
. , ,
.
sign ,
Im.
if(Im!=0)
ImPart+=Im+"i". , , "i". , .
z ComplNums. :
, .
:
-1.0-2.0i
-1.0
-1.0+2.0i
-2.0i
0.0
2.0i
1.0-2.0i
1.0
1.0+2.0i
z. System.out.println(z),
println(). toString()
z ( String).
toString() ,

, .

, .
?
, !
String ,
. . , 8.4.
249
8.4.
class getCharsDemo{
// :
String s=" Java";
// :
char buf[]=new char[9];
s.getChars(s.length()-9,s.length(),buf,0);
System.out.println(buf);
// :
char symbol;
symbol=s.charAt(21);
System.out.println(symbol);
// :
System.out.println("--------------------------");
// :
byte nums[];
nums=s.getBytes();
for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
System.out.print(nums[i]+" ");
if((i+1)%6==0) System.out.println();}
// :
System.out.println("\n--------------------------");
char chars[]=new char[s.length()];
chars =s.toCharArray();
for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
if(s.charAt(i)==' ') System.out.println("-->");
else System.out.print(chars[i]+" * ");}
}
}
s . buf
9 . s.
getChars() ( s.getChars(s.length()-9,s.
length(),buf,0)). :
, , , , ,
.
s.length()-9 s.length()-1 , buf, buf[0].
System.out.println(buf)

println().
250
8.
charAt().
( , , ).
.
.
nums ( byte[]). getBytes() , nums.
, , .
nums . nums s.
chars. , ,
toCharArray().
,
.
chars ,
, .
:
Java
--------------------------49 -16 -24 -20 -27 -16

32 -14 -27 -22 -15 -14
-18 -30 -18 -23 32 -15
-14 -16 -18 -22 -24 32
-106 32 -1 -25 -5 -22
32 74 97 118 97
------------------------- * * * * * * -->
* * * * * * * * * -->
* * * * * * -->
* -->
* * * * -->
J * a * v * a *
, ,
. .
251

!
,
.
. equals()
equalsIgnoreCase(). ,
, . equals() true,
, .
.
,
false. equalsIgnoreCase()
.
, . ,
.
, (==) (!=), ,
. , ,
.
, strA strB.
String strA String strB,
. strA==strB strA!=strB,
strA strB, , . strA strB () . , strA==strB
true, strA strB
. , false. .
8.5 ,
.
8.5.
class equalStringsDemo{
String strA=" ";
252
8.5 ()
String strB=new String("
String strC=" ";
String strD=" ";
System.out.println(strA+"
equalsIgnoreCase(strD));
}}
8.
");
,
,
,
,
"+strB+"
"+strC+"
"+strD+"
"+strD+"
-->
-->
-->
-->
"+strA.equals(strB));
"+strA.equals(strC));
"+strA.equals(strD));
"+strA.
, "+strB+" --> "+(strA==strB));
,
,
,
,
,
-->
-->
-->
-->
-->
true
false
false
true
false
. strA,
strB, strC strD .
, strA strB, .
, strD,
. , strC, , .

equals(), equalsIgnoreCase() ==. .
strA strB
equals() .
strA strC false .
strA strD. strA strD equalsIgnoreCase(), . . ,
strA strB
( strA==strB), false, .
, String strB=new String(" ")
String strB=" " ( ,
strA), strA==strB true. : strA strB
, String.
( ) ,
.
253

, !
,
, . indexOf() lastIndexOf(). ( char) ( String). .
( , ). indexOf()
, lastIndexOf()
.
.
, 1. 8.6 , .
8.6.
class indexOfDemo{
String s=" -\n"+
" , .\n"+
" , - \n"+
" !";
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println("1: "+s.indexOf(''));
System.out.println("2: "+s.lastIndexOf(''));
System.out.println("3: "+s.indexOf(""));
System.out.println("4: "+s.indexOf('',10));
System.out.println("5: "+s.indexOf("",10));}
}
s String,
. , , .
. indexOf()
lastIndexOf() '' "",
, (
) . :
-
, .
, -
254
8.
!
1: 5
2: 53
3: 27
4: 11
5: 27
\n .

.

,
.
, String .
. , - ( String), , -, String , -, ,
.
. StringBuffer,
.
.8.1 ,
.
8.1.
substring()
substring() ( String) , .

.
concat()
concat() :
, ,
, .
String
replace()
replace() (char) .
,

255
trim()
trim() ,

.
toLowerCase()
toLowerCase()
( String),
(
).
toUpperCase()
toUpperCase()
( String),
(
).

8.7.
8.7.
class StringReplace{
String str=" ++";
String s,s1,s2,s3,s4;
// :
s=str.substring(3,21);
System.out.println(s);
// :
s1=str.concat(" Java");
System.out.println(s1);
// :
s2=s1.replace(' ','_');
// :
s3=s1.toLowerCase();
// :
s4=s1.toUpperCase();
}}

:

++ Java
___++__Java
++ java
++ JAVA
256
8.
. str :
"++"
, String. s=str.substring(3,21) str 4- 21-

, ( "")
s. .
s1 str "Java"
:
s1=str.concat("Java")
s1 :
++Java
s2=s1.replace(' ','_') , s2 s1
. s2
:
___++__Java
s3=s1.toLowerCase() s3,
s1. s4=s1.toUpperCase()
, s1. s3 s4
:
++java
++JAVA
StringBuffer
,
.
String,
StringBuffer.
, StringBuffer . , StringBuffer, , . ,
StringBuffer
.
StringBuffer.
StringBuffer
257
StringBuffer ,
StringBuffer(),
( String StringBuffer).

StringBuffer ,
16- ( ).
StringBuffer,
. .
StringBuffer
.8.2.
8.2. StringBuffer
length()
capacity()

( ,
, )
ensureCapacity()
setLength()
(
)
charAt()

( )
setCharAt()
: .
, .
getChars()
. :

, , , ,

append()
insert()
, .

reverse()
258
8.
delete()
.
,
deleteCharAt()
replace()

. ,
.
,
,
String. 8.8.
8.8. StringBuffer
class StringBufferDemo{
// - StringBuffer:
StringBuffer str=new StringBuffer(" ++");
// :
System.out.println(str.length());
// ( ):
System.out.println(str.capacity());
// :
str.insert(20,"Java ");
// :
System.out.println(str);
// :
str.replace(27,30,"Pascal");
// :
System.out.println(str);
// :
str.reverse();
// :
System.out.println(str);}
}
StringBuffer str=new StringBuffer("

++") StringBuffer ++, str.
System.out.println(str.length()) ( )
. ( ) System.out.println(str.capacity()). ,
259
++ 23 . 16 39 .
StringBuffer 16 .
str.insert(20,"Java ") str, 20- (
21- ), "Java". :
Java++
str str.
replace(27,30,"Pascal"). , 27-
29- ( ++),
Pascal. str :
JavaPascal
, str.reverse() str
. :
23
39
Java ++
Java Pascal
lacsaP avaJ
, StringBuffer, . , ( ), .
.
: length() capacity().
String . .

,
, .
. .
,
.

.
260
8.
Java
(
) main(). 8.9
, .
8.9.
class CommandLine{
for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
System.out.println("args["+i+"]: "+args[i]);
}}
args,
main(). i 0 args.
length-1 (, length , Java ).
args ( String). ,
System.out.println("args["+i+"]:"+args[i]) .
:
java CommandLine : 100 -1
, :
args[0]=
args[1]=
args[2]=
args[3]=:
args[4]=100
args[5]=
args[6]=-1

, , , , , main(),
, String .
1. Java String StringBuffer.

2. ,
String StringBuffer, , , .
,
261
. String ,
.
StringBuffer
,
.
3. ( String StringBuffer) Java
,
.
4. String (,
println()) toString().

.
5.
main(). , main(),
.
9.
, , ,
, . , .
.
, , ,
.
.

, . , Java, ,
.
.

,
.
, . Java , ().
, . , . , .

( ).
263
, (,
) ,
, . ,
, . , , ,
, , , , , .
,
. -, , . -,
, , , .
Java try-catchfinally. try ,
, . , catch.
, ,
, . , , catch, catch , ,
.
try ,
catch. catch ,

catch.
try catch finally , ,
.
try-catch-finally :
try{
// ,
}
catch(__1 ){
//
}
catch(__2 ){
//
}
...
264
9.
finally{
// ,
}
try{} ,
finally ( ), try-catch-finally .
try
catch. , ,
finally ( ).
, try-catch-finally.
, try ,
catch . . Java, ,
,
throws. . , .
.
, , . , .
, , , . throw.

.
.
Java ,
.
Throwable. : Exception Error.
Error ,
, . Exception RuntimeException. RuntimeException , .
265
RuntimeException .
, , , (
).
9.1 ,
, .
9.1.
class ExceptionDemo{
int a,b;
// :
try{
b=0;
// :
a=100/b;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){
// :
}
}
, , . a b. b , a
a=100/b. ,
! ,
. ,
a=100/b , , ,
,
.
ArithmeticException, RuntimeException. ,
, try,
try catch. catch e
ArithmeticException ( ).
e ,
.
, ,
:
System.out.println("!")
!.
.
266
9.
catch
System.out.println(" !"). :
!
!
, ,
.
9.2.
9.2.
// Random:
import java.util.Random;
class ArithExcepionDemo{
int a=0,b=0,c=0;
// :
Random r=new Random();
for(int i=0;i<32000;i++){
try{
b=r.nextInt(200);
c=r.nextInt(100);
// :
a=10000/b/c;
// :
a=0;}
System.out.println("a="+a);}
}
}
, . . Random.
, ,
import java.util.Random java.util.
a, b c
. Random r=new Random() r
Random. nextInt(), r. . .
. b=r.nextInt(200), c=r.
nextInt(100) a=10000/b/c. b c , ,
267
a=10000/b/c . try.
catch{},
, System.out.println(" !")
a=0.
, a .
. , a .
, , , :
...
a=1
!
a=0
a=18
a=2
...
, catch ( ) . , .

, .
Throwable toString(), , ,
Object, ,
,
. , toString() , ,
println() . 9.3.
9.3.
class MoreExceptionDemo{
int a,b;
try{
b=0;
// :
a=100/b;
268
9.
9.3 ()
// :
System.out.println(": "+e);}
}

, System.out.println(": "+e)
println() e.
:
: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
!
, , :
e .
catch{}
,

, catch .
( ) . 9.4
, .
9.4. catch
class MultiCatchDemo{
int MyArray[]={0,2};
int a,b;
for(int i=1;i<10;i++){
try{
a=r.nextInt(3);
b=10/MyArray[a];
System.out.println(b);
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
catch{}
269
finally{System.out.println("**************");}}
System.out.println(" for !");}
}
, , import java.util.Random
Random, Random r=new Random() r
. , MyArray ( 0 2),
a b.
a=r.nextInt(3) a 0 2 . a,
, 0, 1 2. b=10/MyArray[a]
b.
. -, a 0, , MyArray[0] . -, a 2, , MyArray[2] .
a 1, b
5 System.out.println(b).
catch
ArithmeticException. , .
,
, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. catch.
, .
, finally , , -
. :
!
**************
!
**************
!
**************
5
**************
!
**************
5
**************
!
270
9.
**************
5
**************
!
**************
for !
, .
try
, .
try try. ,
try try
catch , try catch
.
, , , try, try. try
, ,
try, .

try , try .
(
).
9.5 try.
9.5. try
class NestTryDemo{
int a,b;
int c[]={-1,1};
try{
a=r.nextInt(3);
// 0,1 2
b=100/a;
//
try
271
try{
if(a==1) a=a/(a-1);
//
else c[a]=200;
//
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println(" : "+e);}
System.out.println("*******************************");}
}}
, ( r
Random), a b, c, ( 1 1).
try a=r.nextInt(3)
b=100/a , a , , ,
. catch
try. :
System.out.println(":"+e)
e ArithmeticException catch.
, b ( : 100 a 1 50
a 2), ,
try. , , ( ArrayIndexOutOfB
oundsException).
:
System.out.println(":"+e)
try,
. , a .
, a=a/(a-1) . ( a
) c[a]=200. ,
try , a 1
2, 0,
, catch try. try a
, , a 2.
c[a]=200
, c , c[2]
.
272
9.
, try . try
, catch try. :
b=50
: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:
*******************************
b=100
*******************************
b=50
*******************************
*******************************
b=50
*******************************
b=50
*******************************
b=100
*******************************
b=100
*******************************
*******************************
try 9.6.
try , try.
9.6. try
class MethWithTryDemo{
static void nesttry(int a){
int c[]={-1,1};
try{
if(a==1) a=a/(a-1); //
else c[a]=200;
//
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
}
273
int a,b;
try{
a=r.nextInt(3);
// 0, 1 2
b=100/a;
//
nesttry(a);
System.out.println("*******************************");}
}}
, , ,
try nesttry(), try. , try,
nesttry(). , ,
try. .
, ,
, . throw. :
throw _;
throw , ,
. . , Throwable . . -, catch,
-, new.
.
( RuntimeException)
.
, ,
, (, print() println()).
throw , .
catch.
274
9.
, .
9.7.
9.7.
class ThrowDemo{
static void demoproc(){
try{
// :
NullPointerException ExObj=new NullPointerException("!");
throw ExObj; //
}catch(NullPointerException e){
System.out.println(" demoproc!");
throw e;
//
}}
try{
demoproc();
}catch(NullPointerException e){
}
:
demoproc!
: java.lang.NullPointerException: !
!
ThrowDemo, main(), demoproc(), . :

NullPointerExceptionExObj= newNullPointerException("!")
, ExObj NullPointerException ( ). NullPointerException

"!".
. throw ExObj . try, catch . catch
, , .
, demoproc().
System.out.println(" demoproc!")
throwe .
, try
catch .
demoproc() try NullPointerException
275
( System.out.println(" : "+e)), demoproc()

.
. -,
demoproc() ExObj
,
:
thrownewNullPointerException("!")
, ,
. -, : java.
lang.NullPointerException: !
demoproc(), ! . , , .
demoproc() (
ExObj) catch.
e, . .
ExObj. catch throwe, , catch.
ExObj. demoproc()
, try catch , catch
ExObj, !.
println() . ( java.lang.
NullPointerException:).

, .
, , , . throws
, . , ,
.
throws, . ,
276
9.
. ,
Error, RuntimeException . RuntimeException.
, (
), :
_ _() throws 1,2,...{
//
}
, . , , 9.8.
9.8.
class ThrowsDemo{
// :
static void throwOne() throws IllegalAccessException{
System.out.println(" throwOne!");
// :
throw new IllegalAccessException(" !");}
try{
throwOne(); //
}catch(IllegalAccessException e){ //
}}
:
throwOne!
: java.lang.IllegalAccessException: !
,
throwOne() , IllegalAccessException ( ).
throwOne() , :
thrownewIllegalAccessException("!")
IllegalAccess
Exception, . ,
throws IllegalAccessException. , ,
throws ( ) .
277
throwOne(), . () catch.
Java . , , . .9.1
Java.
9.1. Java
ArithmeticException
(,
)
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
ArrayStoreException
ClassCastException
IllegalArgumentException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
NegativeArraySizeException
NullPointerException
NumberFormatException
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
UnsupportedOperationException
Java .9.2.
9.2. Java
ClassNotFoundException
IllegalAccessException
278
9.
9.2 ()
InstantiationException
InterruptedException
NoSuchFieldException
NoSuchMethodException
, , . ,
.

?
!
Java
, . Java .

Exception, , , Throwable.
.
Exception, ,
Throwable. Throwable .9.3.
9.3. Throwable
fillInStackTrace()
Throwable, .
(
getLocalizesMessage() String) .
getMessage()
( String) .
printStackTrace()
toString()
String, .
279
9.9 , .
9.9.
// :
class MyException extends Exception{
private double min;
private double max;
private String error;
// :
MyException(double x,double y,String str){
min=x;
max=y;
error=str;}
// toString():
public String toString(){
return " ("+error+"): ["+min+","+max+"]";}
}
class MyExceptionDemo{
// :
static double MyLog(double x) throws MyException{
if(x<0||x>1) return Math.log(x*(x-1));
else throw new MyException(0,1," ");
}
double x=-1.2,y=1.2,z=0.5;
try{
System.out.println("ln("+x+")="+MyLog(x));
System.out.println("ln("+y+")="+MyLog(y));
System.out.println("ln("+z+")="+MyLog(z));
}catch(MyException e){//
System.out.println(e);}
}
}
:
ln(-1.2)=0.9707789171582248
ln(1.2)=-1.427116355640146
( ): [0.0,1.0]
MyException,
Exception. :
min max double error, String. toString().
280
9.
,
.
MyLog() double.
double. MyException.
x
:
ln( x ( x 1)) .
, MyLog(), [0,1] ,
Math.log(x*(x-1)) (
log(),
Math). MyLog() [0,1] , , . MyLog()
MyException.
[0,1]
( ).
MyLog() . MyException.
, , , . println()
catch, toString() MyException.
1. Java
, , . () , , .
() .
2.
. throw,
.
3. try-catch-finally. try , catch
( ), finally , .
4. Java ,
Throwable. -
281
.
,
throws
.
5. , .
Exception ( Throwable).
10.
Java . , . .
. , , , . .
, . , .
.
.
, .
, .
Java
, . , .
!

,
, . .
,
,
Java
283
. , .
Java.
Java, ,
. Thread Runnable. Thread,
Runnable. Thread .
Java- . , . .

.
.
.
.
Thread.
.10.1.
10.1. Thread
currentThread()
getName()
(
)
getPriority()

( )
isAlive()
join()
run()
sleep()

( , )
start()
run()
, currentThread(), Thread public static.

public static Thread currenThread(). currentThread() 10.1.
284
10.
10.1.
class CurrentThreadDemo{
// t Thread:
Thread t;
// t :
t=Thread.currentThread();
// :
System.out.println(" : "+t);
// () :
t.setName(" ");
// :
try{
for(int n=5;n>0;n--){
System.out.println(n);
// :
Thread.sleep(1000);}
}catch(InterruptedException e){ // " "
System.out.println(" !");}}
}
Thread t
t Thread. , , t=Thread.currentThread() (, : Thread t=Thread.currentThread()). currentThread()
, , , , ,
, .
, .
. t
. ,
, t.
: .
, t .
, , ,
.
System.out.println(" :"+t) . t, println(), ( Thread
toString()). :
:Thread[main,5,main]
Thread[main,5,main]
.
Thread : , .
main, 5,
285
main.
. . , , .
,
, . .
. .
t.setName(" ") . "" setName(),
.
System.out.println(" : "+t)
:
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// , Runnable:
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// - :
Thread t;
// :
NewThread(){
// :
t=new Thread(this," ");
// :
t.start();
//
}
// run():
public void run(){
try{
for(int i=5;i>0;i--){
System.out.println(" : "+i);
// :
Thread.sleep(500);}
}
//
catch(InterruptedException e){
}
}
class ThreadDemo{
// NewThread:
new NewThread();
//
try{
System.out.println(" : "+i*100);
// :
}
// :
}
288
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// NewThread Thread:
class NewThread extends Thread{
// :
NewThread(){
// Thread:
super(" ");
// :
System.out.println(" : "+this);
// :
start();
}
// run():
public void run(){
try{
System.out.println(" : "+i);
// :
Thread.sleep(500);}
}
// :
}
class ExtendsThreadDemo{
new NewThread();
290
10.
10.3 ()
try{
System.out.println(" : "+i*100);
}catch(InterruptedException e){
}}
:
: Thread[ ,5,main]
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.
291
10.4.
// Date:
import java.util.Date;
// NewThread Thread:
class NewThread extends Thread{
// (, , ):
private String name;
private int time;
private int count;
// :
NewThread(String name,int time,int count){
super(name);
this.name=name;
System.out.print(" : "+name+". ");
// :
System.out.println(": "+new Date()+".");
this.time=time;
this.count=count;
// :
start();}
// run():
public void run(){
try{
for(int i=1;i<=count;i++){
System.out.print(": "+name+". "+i+" "+count+". ");
// :
// :
Thread.sleep(time);}
}catch(InterruptedException e){
System.out.println(" "+name);}
finally{
System.out.print(" \""+name+"\" ! ");
// :
System.out.println(": "+new Date()+".");}
}}
class MultiThreadDemo{
// InterruptedException main() :
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException{
System.out.print(" ! ");
// :
// :
new NewThread("",5000,5);
292
10.
10.4 ()
// :
Thread.sleep(30000);
System.out.print(" ! ");
// :
}}

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293
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295
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class MySource{
// :
synchronized void showName(String msg1,String msg2,int time){
try{
// , :
Thread.sleep(time);
// msg1:
System.out.print(" : "+msg1);
// :
Thread.sleep(2*time);
// msg2:
System.out.println(" : "+msg2);
}catch(InterruptedException e){//
}}
// , Runnable:
class MakeThread implements Runnable{
// :
Thread t;
// - MySource:
MySource src;
// :
String name;
String surname;
int time;
// :
MakeThread(String s1,String s2,int time, MySource obj){
surname=s1;
name=s2;
src=obj;
this.time=time;
// :
t=new Thread(this);
// :
t.start();}
// run():
public void run(){
src.showName(surname,name,time);}
}
class SynchThreads{
// "":
MySource obj=new MySource();
296
10.
10.5 ()
// :
MakeThread fellow1=new MakeThread("","",1000,obj);
try{
//
fellow1.t.join();
fellow2.t.join();
fellow3.t.join();
}catch(InterruptedException e){ //
}}
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time. src
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src . t=newThread(this) ,
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297
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src.showName(surname,name,time);
}
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synchronized src.
298
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DataInputStream

Java
DataOutputStream

Java
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print() println()
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write()
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Reader
Writer
System.in
301

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FilterWriter
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StringWriter
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FileWriter
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( import java.io.* ). BufferedReader
Reader.
302
11. -
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read() BufferedReader.
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11.1.
// :
import java.io.*;
class MySymbInput{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException{
// :
char symb;
// :
// :
System.in
303
System.out.println(" <Enter>:");
do{
// ( ):
symb=(char)br.read();
// :
System.out.println(" : "+symb);
}while(symb!='');
}}
import java.io.* java.io, -. MySymbInput

IOException. main() read() main()
. main() throws
IOException.
mian() symb char, . br
(.) :
BufferedReaderbr= newBufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in))
do-while. .
symb=(char)br.read() symb. read(),
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,

(char).
System.out.println(" :"+symb) . , .
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304
11. -
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10.
11.2.
11.2.
import java.io.*;
class MyStringInput{
String str=" : ";
String s;
int count=0;
System.out.println("- ?");
s=br.readLine();
while(!s.equalsIgnoreCase("")){
count++;
str=str+"\n"+count+": "+s.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(str+"\n -?");
s=br.readLine();}
System.out.println("! !");
}}
.
:
System.out.println("-?")
. s=br.readLine()
s String. br . , ,
BufferedReaderbr=new BufferedReader(newInputStreamReader(System.in))
while !s.equalsIgnoreCase(""). , ( ),
count, ,
str . , str=str+"\
n"+count+": "+s.toLowerCase() str
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305
s=br.readLine() .
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.

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306
11. -
import java.util.*, () java.util.

Scanner : System.in
Scanner, .
Scanner,
:
nextLine() ;
next() ;
nextInt() ;
nextDouble() .
Scanner 11.3.
11.3. Scanner
// :
import java.util.*;
class MyNewScanner{
// Scanner System.in:
Scanner inp=new Scanner(System.in);
// ():
String name;
// ():
int age;
// :
System.out.println(" ?");
// ():
name=inp.nextLine();
// :
System.out.println(" , "+name+"!");
// :
// ():
age=inp.nextInt();
// :
System.out.println(name+", "+age+" !");
}}
importjava.util.* java.util Scanner. Scanner inp=new Scanner(System.

in) System.in inp
Scanner. inp
. , .
307
name
String. age.
System.out.println(" ?")
name=inp.
nextLine(). nextLine(),
inp, name. System.out.println("
, "+name+"!") ,
. System.out.
println(" ?") . age=inp.nextInt(),
age. nextInt() inp. , System.out.println(name+",
"+age+" !")
. ( ):
?

, !
?
35
, 35 !
Scanner , ,
.

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javax.swing.*. JOptionPane.
showInputDialog(), showInputDialog()
JOptionPane , . showInputDialog() ,
.
, ,
System.exit(0).
308
11. -
, showInputDialog()
, , .
. ,
parseInt() - Integer parseDouble()
- Double. . parseInt() ,
parseDouble() .
, ,
11.4.
11.4.
// :
import javax.swing.*;
class MyOptionPane{
// ():
String name;
// ():
int age;
// :
// :
name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" ");
// :
System.out.println(" : "+name);
// :
System.out.println(" , "+name+"!");
// :
// :
age=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" "));
// :
System.out.println(" : "+age+" .");
// :
System.out.println(name+", "+age+" !");
// :
System.exit(0);}
}
, .
, .
309
Swing, import javax.swing.*

.
, name
age . ,

name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("")
,
(.11.1).
. 11.1.
showInputDialog() ""
. (
), OK .

name.

age=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(""))

JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" ")
Integer.parseInt()
, . .11.2.
. 11.2.

, ( System.out.println(" :
310
11. -
"+name)) ( System.out.println(" : "+age+" .")).

:
?
:
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?
: 35 .
, 35 !

. Swing .

,
.
. -,
.
. FileInputStream
( ) FileOutputStream ( ). FileInputStream FileOutputStream
FileNotFoundException ( ). () , ,
.
, close(). ,
, 11.5.
11.5.
// :
import java.io.*;
class WriteToFile{
// :
int a;
try{
// :
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/mydata.txt");
// :
311
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/base.txt");

// :
a=fin.read();
while(a!=-1){
// :
if(a==(int)' ') a=(int)'_';
// :
fout.write(a);
// :
a=fin.read();}
// :
fout.close();
// :
fin.close();
}catch(FileNotFoundException e){ // " ":
// :
}
: base.txt mydata.txt.
.
" !".
.
base.txt:
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
mydata.txt :
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1._
2._
3.__
4.__
, . , - (
), import java.io.* java.io.
a . read(), ,
a int .
312
11. -
fout
FileOutputStreamfout=new FileOutputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/mydata.txt")
fout FileOutputStream. mydata.txt, FileOutputStream

. fout
mydata.txt.
fin
FileInputStreamfin=new FileInputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/base.txt")
fin FileInputStream.
base.txt. FileInputStream
. fin base.txt .
a=fin.read() base.
txt. fin (, ,
base.txt) read(),
. a.
while a!=-1, , , . , if(a==(int)' ') a=(int)'_' , fout.write(a)
mydata.txt.
fout ( mydata.txt) write(), . a=fin.read()
base.txt a.
while
fout.close() fin.close() . main() FileNotFoundException
( ).
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: java.io.FileNotFoundException: F:\Java_2\Files\base.txt
( )
!
mydata.txt , -
. , , .
, mydata.txt
.
313
-, , 11.6.
11.6. -
// :
import java.io.*;
class FindFellow{
// ( ):
String fileName;
// ( ):
String name;
// ( ):
String s;
// :
fileName=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" :");
try{
// :
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/"+fileName);
// ( ):
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fin));
// :
name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" :");
// "" :
while(true){
// :
s=br.readLine();
try{
if(s.equalsIgnoreCase(name)){// " "
: "+name);
: "+br.readLine());
System.out.println(" : "+br.readLine());
: "+br.readLine());
System.out.println(".
: "+br.readLine());
break;}
}catch(NullPointerException e){//
// :
break;}
}
// :
fin.close();
314
11. -
11.6 ()
}catch(FileNotFoundException e){//
// :
System.exit(0);}}
,
. personal.txt, , . personal.txt :
52
526-44-12
46
526-00-13
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522-16-48
, , , .
( )
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java.io ( -) javax.swing (
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String:
fileName , ,
name s ,
.
315

fileName= JOptionPane.showInputDialog(":")
.

FileInputStreamfin=new FileInputStream("F:/Java_2/Files/"+fileName)
fin , , .
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Reader, . ,
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name=JOptionPane.showInputDialog(" :")
name.
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316
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46
526-00-13
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1. Java -.
2. InputStream
OutputStream ( read() write() -
).
3.
Reader Writer ( read() write()).
317
4. - System. , System.in.
Scanner.
5.
( Swing).
6.
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Java
AWT Swing. AWT (Abstract
Window Toolkit). Swing ,
AWT. - , ,
Java.
AWT

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. : . , ,

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Swing.
Netscape, 1996 IFC (Internet Foundation Classes). : (, , ..)
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Swing, , IFC.
Swing AWT, . Swing , AWT.
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Java :
Frame AWT JFrame Swing ( JFrame Frame). ,
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AWT Swing, javax.swing ( Swing), java.awt java.awt.
event ( AWT). , AWT , 12.1.
12.1. AWT
// AWT:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
// :
class MyAdapter extends WindowAdapter{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we){
System.exit(0);}
}
// :
class JustAFrame extends Frame{
// :
JustAFrame(int a,int b){
// - :
super(" ");
// :
MyAdapter adapter=new MyAdapter();
// :
setSize(a,b);
320
12.
12.1 ()
// :
setVisible(true);
// :
addWindowListener(adapter);}
}
class MyAWTFrame{
// :
JustAFrame frame=new JustAFrame(400,300);
}}
AWT,
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MyAdapter, () JustAFrame, MyAWTFrame ,
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super("") , . setSize(a,b) Frame setSize() ( )
.
321
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true .
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addWindowListener(adapter) ,
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public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we){
System.exit(0);
}
});
322
12.
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frame JustAFrame
JustAFrameframe=newJustAFrame(400,300)
,
400 300 , .12.1.
Swing.
12.2.
12.2. Swing
// :
// JFrame:
class JustAFrame extends JFrame{
// :
public JustAFrame(int a,int b){
// - :
super(" ");
// :
setSize(a,b);
// :
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
// :
setVisible(true);}
}
class MyFrame{
// :
JustAFrame frame=new JustAFrame(300,200);
}}
JustAFrame JFrame Swing.

,
.
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setSize() , setVisible()
. .
.
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)
setDefaultCloseOperation(), , EXIT_ON_CLOSE
JFrame, , .
323
JustAFrame
frame=new JustAFrame(300,200), 300 200
( ).
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Java (
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324
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Object. , EventObject
AWTEvent. AWT , , java.awt.
AWT AWTEvent java.awt.event.
AWT . 12.3.
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12.1. AWT

ActionEvent

Button, List

TextField
AdjustmentEvent

Scrollbar
ComponentEvent

, ,
ItemEvent

Checkbox, Choice

List
TextEvent
TextComponent,
TextArea TextField
325
ContainerEvent

Container, Dialog,
FileDialog, Frame, Panel,
ScrollPane Window
FocusEvent
InputEvent
,
KeyEvent MouseEvent.

PaintEvent
WindowEvent
,
, , Dialog, FileDialog,
,
Frame Window

KeyEvent
, ,
MouseEvent

,
, ,

..
, Java,
. ,
, , (, , ),
. . ,
.
.12.1 . . ,
.
, ,
. . , Event
326
12.
Listener. , WindowEvent WindowListener.

InputEvent .
, , .
. , , ,
. .
, , . add,
( Event) , , Listener.
, WindowEvent addWindowListener(). .
. .

, , , . . 12.3.
12.3. Swing
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
class MyFrame extends JFrame{
// :
public static int count=0;
// :
MyFrame(int a,int b){
count++; //
// :
setTitle(" : "+count);
327
// :
MyPanel panel=new MyPanel();
setSize(300,200); //
// :
setLocation(a,b); //
add(panel);
//
setVisible(true); //
}}
// :
class MyPanel extends JPanel{
// :
MyPanel(){
// :
JButton button=new JButton(" ");
add(button);
//
button.addActionListener(listener);} //
// - :
ActionListener listener=new ActionListener(){
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){
Random rnd=new Random();
// :
MyFrame frame=new MyFrame(rnd.nextInt(800),rnd.nextInt(500));}};
}
class FrameAndButton{
// :
MyFrame frame=new MyFrame(100,100);}
}
: :1, .12.4.
. 12.4. ,
.
. . .
328
12.

( ),
. .
, .
.12.5.
. 12.5.
MyFrame JFrame.
count .
.
, .
count ( count++ ), setTitle()
:
count. . ,
, MyPanel panel=new MyPanel()
panel MyPanel ( ).
add(panel),
add(), . ,
add().
329
setSize(300,200),
setLocation(a,b) ( a b
). , ,
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)
setVisible(true).
. . , .
MyPanel JPanel Swing. . button (
JButton Swing)
JButtonbutton=newJButton("")
JButton. add(button). button.

addActionListener(listener)
listener , ActionListener.
actionPerformed(), ,
.
FrameAndButton
MyFrameframe=newMyFrame(100,100)
,
12.4.
12.4. AWT
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
class MyFrame extends Frame{
public static int count=0; //
// :
MyFrame(int a,int b){
count++;
//
setTitle(" : "+count);
setLayout(null);
//
Font f=new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11); //
setFont(f);
//
Button btn=new Button(" ");
btn.setBounds(50,100,200,30); //
add(btn);
//
setBounds(a,b,300,200);
//
330
12.
12.4 ()
// :
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent ve){
System.exit(0);}
//
});
// :
btn.addActionListener(new ButtonPressed());
setVisible(true);
//
}}
// :
class ButtonPressed implements ActionListener{
private Random rnd;
// :
ButtonPressed(){
rnd = new Random();}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){
// :
new MyFrame(rnd.nextInt(800),rnd.nextInt(500));}
}
class FrameAndButtonAWT{
// :
MyFrame frame=new MyFrame(100,100);}
}
AWT. , Frame AWT

, , MyFrame.
count ( ). , .
count++ count,
setTitle(":"+count)
( MyFrame). setLayout(null) : (,
) .
, . Font f=new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11) f, Arial 11 . setFont(f). Button btn=new Button("
") btn ( Button
AWT), btn.setBounds(50,100,200,30)
( 50
100 )
331
(200 30 ).
add(btn).
setBounds(a,b,300,200). a b (
) (
),
300 , 200 .
( )
System.exit(0);}
});
, setVisible(true), .
, ,

btn.addActionListener(newButtonPressed())
ButtonPressed. ButtonPressed ActionListener. rnd

Random ( ), actionPerformed().
Random, rnd.
actionPerformed() new MyFrame(rnd.nextInt(800),rnd.nextInt(500)) MyFrame,
. ( ) 0 800, 0 500.
, . .
FrameAndButtonAWT MyFrame
frame=new MyFrame(100,100) (, ).
.12.6.
. 12.6. ,
332
12.
.12.7 , .
. 12.7.
, (),
. ,
.

, .
, .
.12.8 Java AWT.
333
. 12.8. AWT
.12.2.
12.2. AWT
Button
: Button() , Button()
. : getLabel() ,
setLabel() .
: ComponentEvent ( , ,
), FocusEvent ( ), KeyEvent (
), MouseEvent (
), ActionEvent
( )
Checkbox

( )
( )
: Checkbox() , Checkbox() , Checkbox(,

)
( true false). : getLabel()
()
334
12.
12.2 ()
, setLabel() , getState() , setState()

. : ItemEvent
( ), ComponentEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent
MouseEvent
Checkbox
()
CheckboxGroup
- : CheckboxGroup()
( ). ,
CheckboxGroup, CheckboxGroup(, , )
CheckboxGroup(, , )
.
(), () .
, true.
: getSelectedCheckbox() () ,
setSelectedCheckbox()
( )
Choice
: Choice()
. : add() (

), insert(,)
, select()
select() ,
remove() remove() , removeAll()
, getItem()
, getSelectedIndex()
,
getSelectedItem() , getItemCount()
. : ItemEvent
( ),
ComponentEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent MouseEvent
List
: List() , List()
,
List(,)
List

( true, ).
: add() ,
add(,) ,
remove() remove() , removeAll()
, getItem()
, getSelectedIndex()
,
getSelectedItem() , getSelectedIndexes() () ,
getSelectedItems() ()
, getItemCount() . :
ActionEvent (
), ComponentEvent,
FocusEvent, KeyEvent MouseEvent
()
TextComponent
335
(
). :
getText() ,
setEditable() ,

, isEditable() ,
, getCaretPosition()
, setCaretPosition() ,
select(,) ,
selectAll()
, setSelectionStart() ,
setSelectionEnd()
, getSelectedText()
,
getSelectionStart()
, getSelectionEnd()
.
: TextEvent ( ), ComponentEvent, FocusEvent,
KeyEvent MouseEvent
336
12.
12.2 ()
TextField

( )
TextComponent.
: TextField()
, TextField() ,
TextField() ,
TextField(,) .
: getColumns() , setColumns()
, setEchoChar() , echoCharIsSet() ,
,
getEchoChar() , setEchoChar(0)
. :
ActionEvent (
Enter), TextEvent ( ), ComponentEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent
MouseEvent
TextArea

( )
TextComponent.
: TextArea(,,
,)
(:
SCROLLBARS_NONE, SCROLLBARS_HORIZONTAL_ONLY,
SCROLLBARS_VERTICAL_ONLY, SCROLLBARS_BOTH).
.
: append()
, insert(,)
, replaceRange(,
,)
. : TextEvent (
), ComponentEvent,
FocusEvent, KeyEvent MouseEvent
Scrollbar
: Scrollbar() ( )

0 100
0, Scrollbar()
(HORIZONTAL VERTICAL) (
), Scrollbar(, ,
,,) , ( ),
337
. : getValue() . :
AdjustmentEvent (
), ComponentEvent, FocusEvent,
KeyEvent MouseEvent
Scrollbar
()
Panel
()

: Panel()
FlowLayout, Panel()

ScrollPane
: ScrollPane()
, ScrollPane()

SCROLLBARS_ALWAYS
( ), SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED
( ) SCROLLBARS_NEVER (). : getHAdjustable()
, getVAdjustable()
, getScrollPosition()
Point ,
, setScrollPosition()
setScrollPosition(x,y) x y.
Point
Window
: Window() ,
( Window
Frame). : show() , hide() ,
isShowing() , ,
toFront()
, toBack()
, dispose() . :
WindowEvent ( , ,
KeyEvent MouseEvent
338
12.
12.2 ()
Frame
: Frame()
, Frame() . :
setTitle() ,
setMenuBar()
( MenuBar), setIconImage()
( Image). :
WindowEvent ( ,
,
KeyEvent MouseEvent
Dialog
: Dialog(,
,) false
, (
, ) ( Dialog Frame).
.
: isModal()
, setModal()
. :
WindowEvent ( ,
,
KeyEvent MouseEvent
FileDialog
: FileDialog(,
,)
, ( Frame)
(
FileDialog.LOAD )
(
FileDialog.SAVE) . . :
getDirectory()
, getFile()
, setDirectory()
, setFile()
. : WindowEvent
( ,
,
), ComponentEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent
MouseEvent
Canvas

Canvas() paint().

339
Swing .12.3.
12.3. Swing
AbstractButton
- Swing
ButtonGroup
ImageIcon
().

url-
JApplet
. Applet
JButton
JCheckBox
JComboBox
JLabel
JRadioButton
JScrollPane
JTabbedPane
JTable
JTextField
JTree
AWT
.

, .
,
. x
y( x ) =
1 + sin( x)
.
1+ | x |
, .
340
12.
0 1, .
. , 12.5.
12.5.
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
class PlotFrame extends Frame{
// ( - ):
PlotFrame(int H,int W){
// :
setTitle(" ");
setBounds(100,50,W,H);
//
setBackground(Color.GRAY);
//
setLayout(null);
//
Font f=new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11); //
setFont(f);
//
BPanel BPnl=new BPanel(6,25,W/4,H-30);
//
add(BPnl);
//
// ():
PPanel PPnl=new PPanel(W/4+10,25,3*W/4-15,H-120,BPnl);
// :
add(PPnl);
// :
HPanel HPnl=new HPanel(W/4+10,H-90,3*W/4-15,85);
// :
add(HPnl);
// ( ):
System.exit(0);}
//
});
// :
BPnl.B1.addActionListener(new Button1Pressed(BPnl,PPnl));
// :
BPnl.B2.addActionListener(new Button2Pressed());
// :
BPnl.Cb[3].addItemListener(new cbChanged(BPnl));
// () :
setResizable(false);
// :
setIconImage(getToolkit().getImage("C:/icons/icon.png"));
341
setVisible(true);
//
}}
// :
class BPanel extends Panel{
// :
public Label[] L;
// :
public CheckboxGroup CbG;
// :
public Checkbox[] Cb;
// :
public Choice Ch;
// :
public TextField TF;
// :
public Button B1,B2;
//
// ( - ):
BPanel(int x,int y,int W,int H){
// :
setLayout(null);
setBounds(x,y,W,H);
//
setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
//
// :
L=new Label[3];
// :
L[0]=new Label(" :",Label.CENTER);
// :
L[0].setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,12));
// :
L[0].setBounds(5,5,getWidth()-10,30);
// :
add(L[0]);
// :
CbG=new CheckboxGroup();
Cb=new Checkbox[4];
// :
Cb[0]=new Checkbox(" ",CbG,true); //
Cb[1]=new Checkbox(" ",CbG,false); //
Cb[2]=new Checkbox(" ",CbG,false); //
// :
Cb[3]=new Checkbox(" ",true);
// :
Cb[i].setBounds(5,30+i*25,getWidth()-10,30); //
add(Cb[i]);
342
12.
12.5 ()
}
// :
Ch=new Choice();
// "":
Ch.add("");
// "":
Ch.add("");
// "":
Ch.add("");
// :
Ch.setBounds(20,140,getWidth()-25,30);
// :
add(Ch);
// :
L[1]=new Label(" :",Label.CENTER);
// :
L[1].setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,12));
// :
L[1].setBounds(5,220,getWidth()-10,30);
// :
add(L[1]);
// :
L[2]=new Label(" x=0 x=",Label.LEFT);
// :
L[2].setBounds(5,250,70,20);
// :
add(L[2]);
// :
TF=new TextField("10");
// :
TF.setBounds(75,250,45,20);
// :
add(TF);
// (""):
B1=new Button("");
// (""):
B2=new Button("");
// :
B1.setBounds(5,getHeight()-75,getWidth()-10,30);
// :
B2.setBounds(5,getHeight()-35,getWidth()-10,30);
add(B1);
//
add(B2);
//
}}
// :
class PPanel extends Panel{
343
// :
public Plotter G;
// :
class Plotter{
// :
private double Xmin=0,Xmax,Ymin=0,Ymax=1.0;
// :
private boolean status;
// :
private Color clr;
// :
private Color gclr;
//
// ( - ):
Plotter(BPanel P){
// :
try{
Xmax=Double.valueOf(P.TF.getText());}
catch(NumberFormatException e){
P.TF.setText("10");
Xmax=10;}
status=P.Cb[3].getState();
// :
switch(P.Ch.getSelectedIndex()){
case 0:
gclr=Color.GREEN;
break;
case 1:
gclr=Color.YELLOW;
break;
default:
gclr=Color.GRAY;}
// :
String name=P.CbG.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
if(name.equalsIgnoreCase(" ")) clr=Color.RED;
else if(name.equalsIgnoreCase(" ")) clr=Color.BLUE;
else clr=Color.BLACK;
}
// :
private double f(double x){
return (1+Math.sin(x))/(1+Math.abs(x));}
// :
public Plotter remember(BPanel P){
return new Plotter(P);}
//
// (Fig - ):
344
12.
12.5 ()
public void plot(Graphics Fig){
// :
int H,W,h,w,s=20;
H=getHeight();
W=getWidth();
h=H-2*s;
w=W-2*s;
// :
Fig.clearRect(0,0,W,H);
// :
int k,nums=10;
// - :
Fig.setColor(Color.BLACK);
// :
Fig.drawLine(s,s,s,h+s);
Fig.drawLine(s,s+h,s+w,s+h);
// :
for(k=0;k<=nums;k++){
Fig.drawLine(s+k*w/nums,s+h,s+k*w/nums,s+h+5);
Fig.drawLine(s-5,s+k*h/nums,s,s+k*h/nums);
Fig.drawString(Double.toString(Xmin+k*(Xmax-Xmin)/nums),s+k*w/nums-5,s+h+15);
Fig.drawString(Double.toString(Ymin+k*(Ymax-Ymin)/nums),s-17,s+h-1-k*h/nums);
}
// ( ):
if(status){
Fig.setColor(gclr);
// :
for(k=1;k<=nums;k++){
Fig.drawLine(s+k*w/nums,s,s+k*w/nums,h+s);
Fig.drawLine(s,s+(k-1)*h/nums,s+w,s+(k-1)*h/nums);
}}
// :
Fig.setColor(clr);
//
// :
double dx=(Xmax-Xmin)/w,dy=(Ymax-Ymin)/h;
// :
double x1,x2,y1,y2;
// :
int h1,h2,w1,w2;
// :
x1=Xmin;
y1=f(x1);
w1=s;
h1=h+s-(int)Math.round(y1/dy);
// :
int step=5;
345
// :
for(int i=step;i<=w;i+=step){
x2=i*dx;
y2=f(x2);
w2=s+(int)Math.round(x2/dx);
h2=h+s-(int)Math.round(y2/dy);
// :
Fig.drawLine(w1,h1,w2,h2);
// ():
Fig.drawRect(w1-2,h1-2,4,4);
// :
x1=x2;
y1=y2;
w1=w2;
h1=h2;}
}}
//
// ( - ,
// ):
PPanel(int x,int y,int W,int H,BPanel P){
// :
G=new Plotter(P);
// :
setBackground(Color.WHITE);
// :
setBounds(x,y,W,H);
}
// :
public void paint(Graphics g){
//
// :
G.plot(g);
}}
// :
class HPanel extends Panel{
// :
public Label L;
// :
public TextArea TA;
//
// ( - ):
HPanel(int x,int y,int W,int H){
// :
setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
// :
setBounds(x,y,W,H);
346
12.
12.5 ()
// :
setLayout(null);
// :
L=new Label("",Label.CENTER);
// :
L.setBounds(0,0,W,20);
// :
add(L);
// :
TA=new TextArea(" y(x)=(1+sin(x))/(1+|x|)");
// :
TA.setFont(new Font("Serif",Font.PLAIN,15));
// :
TA.setBounds(5,20,W-10,60);
// :
TA.setEditable(false);
// :
add(TA);
}}
// :
class Button1Pressed implements ActionListener{
// :
private BPanel P1;
// :
private PPanel P2;
// ( - ):
Button1Pressed(BPanel P1,PPanel P2){
this.P1=P1;
this.P2=P2;}
// :
// () :
P2.G=P2.G.remember(P1);
// ( ):
P2.G.plot(P2.getGraphics());
}}
// :
class Button2Pressed implements ActionListener{
// :
// :
System.exit(0);
}}
// :
class cbChanged implements ItemListener{
347
// :
private Choice ch;
// ( - ):
cbChanged(BPanel P){
this.ch=P.Ch;}
// :
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie){
// :
ch.setEnabled(ie.getStateChange()==ie.SELECTED);
}}
// :
class PlotDemo{
// :
new PlotFrame(400,500);}
}
,
.12.9.
. 12.9.
,
, , . ,
, .
. : , (,
348
12.
).
( Panel).
,
( ). , , (, ),
.
,
. , .
, .
. 10.
, .
.12.10
0 30.
. 12.10.
, .
, (.12.5). , . : PlotFrame
,
( : BPanel,
PPanel HPanel), Button1Pressed
, Button2Pressed
349
, cbChanged
, Plotter ( PPanel) ,
PlotDemo .
BPanel Panel .
L, CbG,
Cb Checkbox (
CbG, ), Ch,
TF B1 B2. . (
,
), . , .
, .
BPanel setLayout(null) .
setBounds(x,y,W,H). setBounds() . setBackground(Color.LIGHT_
GRAY). LIGHT_GRAY Color (-).
L=newLabel[3] , L .
, L .
. , , L[0]=new Label("
:",Label.CENTER) . " :", (
CENTER Label). L[0].setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,12)).
setFont() Font, new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,12).
L[0].setBounds(5,5,getWidth()-10,30). getWidth() . , add(L[0]) . ,
.
CbG=new CheckboxGroup().
Cb=new Checkbox[4]
Checkbox.
, .
:
Cb[0]=new Checkbox("",CbG,true)
Cb[1]=new Checkbox("",CbG,false)
Cb[2]=newCheckbox("",CbG,false).
350
12.
Checkbox() , , , (true, ,
false, ). , , . Cb[3]=new Checkbox(" ",true).
,
( ). .
, ,
.
Ch=new Choice(). . Ch.add(""), Ch.add("") Ch.add("").
. ( )
Ch.setBounds(20,140,getWidth()-25,30). 20
140 . 30 , 25 . add(Ch).
L[1] L[2] ( " x"
"x=0 x="). ,
, ,
.
TF=new TextField("10"). TextField "10".
.
TF.setBounds(75,250,45,20) ( 45 20 75 250
),
add(TF).
, ( Button) B1=new
Button("") B2=new Button(""). Button.
setBounds(), add().
HPanel . Panel ( Label L) ( TextArea TA).
. , . ,
TA.setEditable(false) ,
. , ( ) . ,
351
,
. .
PPanel . Panel.
G Plotter. ,
.
, .
double: Xmin ( 0), Xmax, Ymin ( 0) Ymax
( 1.0).
. . Xmax
.
status , . clr gclr Color
.
Plotter BPanel, , . , , .

. ,
( ) .
try. Xmax=Double.
valueOf(P.TF.getText()) Xmax:
getText() TF P , valueOf() - Double double.
( NumberFormatException).
catch. , P.TF.setText("10")
10. Xmax=10 Xmax.
status status=P.Cb[3].getState().
getState() Cb[3] (,
, P). status
true, , false, .
P.Ch.getSelectedIndex()
Ch. switch()
.
. 0 ( Color.GREEN), 1 ( Color.
YELLOW), 2 ( Color.GRAY).
gclr.
352
12.
. String name=P.CbG.
getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel() name . CbG
getSelectedCheckbox(). getLabel(),
. ,
clr (Color.RED, Color.BLUE Color.
BLACK).
Plotter f() double.
, .
remember() BPanel , , . , ,
.

plot() Plotter.
Fig Graphics. ,
. ( )
getGraphics() .
H=getHeight() W=getWidth() , . h=H-2*s w=W-2*s
( s
).
Fig.clearRect(0,0,W,H) . , . ,
.
. Fig.setColor
(Color.BLACK) , Fig.drawLine
(s,s,s,h+s) Fig.drawLine(s,s+h,s+w,s+h) . (, )
drawLine(), -
. . drawString().
.
toString() Double.
nums .
353
( status true),
. Fig.setColor(gclr)
, .
( Fig.
setColor(clr)). . ( ) step.
, .
drawRect(), ( ).
Plotter .
- PPanel , ( ), P BPanel ( ). G=newPlotter(P)
Plotter G.
setBackground(Color.WHITE).
setBounds(), .
PPanel paint().
, . ,
. .
, G.plot(g) ( g paint(), ), .
PlotFrame Frame.
W H . , . , setTitle(" ") ( ). setBounds(100,50,W,H).
setBackground(Color.GRAY),
setLayout(null).
Font f=new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11) ( f Font),
setFont(f). ( ) .
BPanel BPnl=new BPanel(6,25,W/4,H-30).
add(BPnl). PPanel PPnl=new PPanel(W/4+10,25,3*W/4-15,H120,BPnl), add(PPnl).
HPanel HPnl=new HPanel(W/4+10,H-90,3*W/4-15,85), add(HPnl).
354
12.
, :
, ,
. , addWindowListener() ( ).
BPnl.
B1.addAction
Listener(new Button1Pressed(BPnl,PPnl)), BPnl.B2.addActionListener(new Button2Pressed()),
BPnl.Cb[3].addItemListener(new
cbChanged(BPnl)). . .
, setResizable(false).

setIconImage(getToolkit().getImage("C:/icons/icon.png"))
setIconImage() ( Image). getImage().

(), Toolkit, getToolkit().
, setVisible(true).
Button1Pressed ActionListener. -: P1 (
BPanel) P2 ( PPanel).
. .
actionPerformed()
P2.G=P2.G.remember(P1) P2.G.plot(P2.getGraphics()). G, P2.
remember(),
G
.
Button2Pressed
ActionListener.
actionPerformed(), System.exit(0),
(, , ).
,
( ),
. ItemListener cbChanged
. ch Choice
( ) ,
355
. , .
ch.
cbChanged
itemStateChanged().
ch.setEnabled(ie.getStateChange()==ie.SELECTED)
SELECTED ( ). getStateChange() SELECTED, , DESELECTED, . ,

ie ItemEvent.
setEnabled(), ch, ()
, . ,
.
PlotDemo new PlotFrame(400,500)
. PlotFrame() .
,
, ,
. , . , , .
. .
, ,
.
?
.

Swing
. -.
, .
12.6.
356
12.
12.6.
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
class CalculatorFrame extends JFrame{
// :
CalculatorFrame(){
// :
int w=270,h=240;
// :
setTitle("");
// :
setBounds(100,100,w,h);
// :
CPanel panel=new CPanel(w,h);
// :
add(panel);
// :
setResizable(false);
// :
setVisible(true);
// :
}}
// :
class CPanel extends JPanel{
// :
public JTextField TF;
// :
private BtnAction BtnPressed;
// ( - ):
CPanel(int W,int H){
// :
int w=W/5,h=H/8,sx=w/5,sy=h/3;
// :
setLayout(null);
// :
setBounds(0,0,W,H);
// :
JTextField TF=new JTextField();
// :
TF.setHorizontalAlignment(JTextField.RIGHT);
// :
TF.setBounds(sx,sy,2*sx+3*w,h);
// :
357
TF.setEditable(false);
// :
add(TF);
// :
BtnPressed=new BtnAction(TF);
// :
String[] BtnTxt={"1","2","3","+","4","5","6","","7","8","9","/","0",".","=","*"};
// :
for(int i=0;i<BtnTxt.length;i++){
addBtn(sx+(w+sx)*(i%4),(2*sy+h)+(sy+h)*(i/4),w,h,BtnTxt[i],BtnPressed);}
// :
JButton BtnC=new JButton("C");
// :
BtnC.setBounds(4*sx+3*w,sy,w,h);
// :
BtnC.addActionListener(BtnPressed);
// :
BtnC.setFocusPainted(false);
// :
BtnC.setForeground(Color.RED);
// :
add(BtnC);}
//
// ( - , ):
void addBtn(int i,int j,int w,int h,String txt,ActionListener AcList){
// :
JButton b=new JButton(txt);
// :
b.setBounds(i,j,w,h);
// :
b.setFocusPainted(false);
// :
b.addActionListener(AcList);
// :
add(b);}
}
// :
class BtnAction implements ActionListener{
// :
public JTextField TF;
// :
private boolean start;
// :
private boolean point;
// :
358
12.
12.6 ()
private String cmnd;
// :
private double result;
// :
private void onStart(){
start=true;
point=true;
cmnd="C";
result=0;
TF.setText("0.0");}
// :
private void calc(){
// :
double x;
x=Double.parseDouble(TF.getText());
// :
if(cmnd.equals("*")) result*=x;
else if(cmnd.equals("/")) result/=x;
else if(cmnd.equals("-")) result-=x;
else if(cmnd.equals("+")) result+=x;
else result=x;
// :
TF.setText(Double.toString(result));}
// ( - ):
BtnAction(JTextField TF){
this.TF=TF;
onStart();}
// :
// :
String str=ae.getActionCommand();
// :
if(str.equals("C")){//
onStart();
return;}
// :
if(str.equals("+")|str.equals("-")|str.equals("*")|str.equals("/")|str.
equals("=")){
calc();
cmnd=str;
start=true;
point=true;
return;}
// :
if(start){//
if(str.equals(".")){//
359
TF.setText("0.");
point=false;
start=false;
return;}
else{//
TF.setText(str);
start=false;
return;}
}
else{//
if(str.equals(".")){//
str=point?str:"";
point=false;}
// :
// :
if(TF.getText().equals("0")&!str.equals(".")) TF.setText(str);
else TF.setText(TF.getText()+str);}
}}
// :
class MyCalculator{
// :
new CalculatorFrame();
}}
.12.11 .
. 12.11. -
, , , , .

, .
,
.
.
360
12.
CalculatorFrame,
JFrame Swing. , , , setTitle("") . setBounds(). CPanel (,
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CPanel, . ,
JPanel Swing. CPanel
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). , 17 , ,
BtnPressed. BtnAction .
.
setLayout(null) ( ).
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setBounds(), TF.
TF.setEditable(false)
( ). add(TF).
BtnPressed=new
BtnAction(TF).
BtnPressed. BtnAction
TF.

(.).
String[] BtnTxt={"1","2","3","+","4","5","6","-","7","8","9","/","0",
".","=","*"}
( , ). i,
0 BtnTxt.length-1 . addBtn() ( .), , ,
361
, . ,
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-
, .
,
JButton BtnC=new JButton("C"). BtnC ,
. ,
.
BtnC setBounds().
BtnC.addActionListener(BtnPressed). , BtnC.
setFocusPainted(false) . ,

BtnC.setForeground(Color.RED). ,
add(BtnC).
addBtn() CPanel
. JButton b=new
JButton(txt), JButton addBtn(). b.setBounds(i,j,w,h),
addBtn(). b.setFocusPainted(false).
b.addActionListener(AcList) ( addBtn()). , , , , , addBtn().
. add(b).
, , ,
, .
.
BtnAction, ActionListener. , ,
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start, TF, point,
, cmnd, , double result,
.
. onStart(), : start
point true, cmnd "C", result, TF.setText("0.0")
"0.0".
362
12.
calc() .
x=Double.parseDouble(TF.getText()) , double
x. , cmnd, .
, ,
x, . result. , calc()
. , cmnd,
, x.
,
result.
TF.setText(Double.toString(result))
. result
toString(), Double.
BtnAction ,
TF. onStart(),
.
BtnAction actionPerformed(), . String str=ae.
getActionCommand() ,
. ( ) str. . , (
str.equals("C")), onStart()
actionPerformed() ( return).
(
str.equals("+")|str.equals("-")|str.equals("*")|str.equals("/")|str.equals("=")),
calc() ( ),
cmnd=str cmnd, start point true, . true start , , point
.
(
) . start. ,
( start), ,
( str.equals(".")) TF
"0." ( ). point start
false, ( return). ( str.equals(".") ),
TF TF.setText(str), start=false
return.
363
start ( start
actionPerformed() false) , TF.
str str=point?str:"" point=false.
str (
"."), . .
,
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TF. , .
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(, , ). ,
, TF.setText(TF.getText()+str),
.
MyCalculator new
CalculatorFrame(), .
,
main(). Java . Java . , ,
,
.
, , .
main(). . .
init(). . Applet.
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Applet. , init(),
destroy(), , start(),
, stop(),
, .
.
364
12.
-. , ,
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code
( class). HTML- <applet> 12.7.
12.7. HTML-
<html>
<head><title> </title></head>
<body>
:<br>
<applet code="ShowStringApplet.class" width="100%" height="100">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
ShowStringApplet.html, ,
ShowStringApplet.class, Java- ShowString
Applet.java, 12.8.
12.8.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class ShowStringApplet extends Applet{
g.drawString(" !",10,50);
}}
HTML- ,
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<head> </head>. , <title> </title>.
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code="ShowStringApplet.class" ( ), width="100%" ( 100%
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ShowStringApplet.html , , .12.12.
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12.8. import java.applet.* . AWT import java.awt.*.

paint(). . paint() drawString(),
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12.9.
366
12.
12.9.
import java.awt.*;
public class ShowStringApplet extends Applet{
public void init(){
setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,18));
}
g.drawString(" !",10,50);
}}
. 12.13.
init().
setBackground(Color.YELLOW)
. , setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,18)) .
, .

. 12.10 ,
,
.
12.10.
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
367
public class MyApplet extends Applet{

// :
private Label L;
// :
private Button BtnH;
private Button BtnL;
// :
private String txt=" : ";
// :
private int size;
// :
private BtnPressed BP;
// :
public void init(){
// :
setBackground(Color.WHITE);
// :
size=20;
// :
int W,H;
// :
W=getWidth();
// :
H=2*getHeight()/3;
// :
setLayout(null);
// :
L=new Label();
// :
L.setAlignment(Label.CENTER);
// ():
L.setSize(W,H);
// :
L.setLocation(0,0);
// :
L.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
// :
L.setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,size));
// :
L.setText(txt+L.getFont().getSize());
// ():
BtnH=new Button(" >>");
// ():
BtnL=new Button("<< ");
// :
BtnH.setBounds(W/4,H+1,W/4,H/4);
368
12.
12.10 ()
// :
BtnL.setBounds(W/2+1,H+1,W/4,H/4);
// :
BtnH.setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11));
// :
BtnL.setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11));
// :
BP=new BtnPressed();
// :
BtnH.addActionListener(BP);
// :
BtnL.addActionListener(BP);
// :
add(BtnH);
// :
add(BtnL);
// :
add(L);}
// :
class BtnPressed implements ActionListener{
// , :
private void pressed(boolean btn){
if(btn) size++;
else size--;
L.setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,size));
L.setText(txt+L.getFont().getSize());
if(size>15) BtnL.setEnabled(true);
else BtnL.setEnabled(false);
if(size<25) BtnH.setEnabled(true);
else BtnH.setEnabled(false);}
// :
if(ae.getSource()==BtnH) pressed(true);
if(ae.getSource()==BtnL) pressed(false);}
}}
HTML- 12.11.
12.11. HTML-
<html>
<body>
. :<br>
<applet code="MyApplet.class" width="600" height="200">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
369
HTML- .12.14.
. 12.14. ,
20 .
>> ,
<< .
.
25 15. ,
, . 12.15.
. 12.15.
370
12.
.
MyApplet Applet, ,
init()
BtnPressed. ( ): L ( Label),
BtnH BtnL ( Button), txt ( String), ( int) size, , BP
( BtnPressed).
init() setBackground(Color.WHITE)
, size=20 , . W=getWidth() H=2*getHeight()/3
( ).
, HTML (.12.11). , , setLayout(null).
L=newLabel(),
L. , L.setAlignment(Label.CENTER).
L.setSize(W,H) L.setLocation(0,0)
.
L.setBackground(Color.WHITE).
L.setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,size)),
size.
. L.setText(txt+L.getFont().getSize())
L.getFont() (
Font). getSize(),
. , , txt,
. .
BtnH=new Button(" >>"), BtnL=new Button("<< "). BtnH.setBounds(W/4,H+1,W/4,H/4) BtnL.
setBounds(W/2+1,H+1,W/4,H/4). ,
, BtnH.setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11)) BtnL.
setFont(new Font("Arial",Font.BOLD,11)).
BP=new BtnPressed() (
BtnPressed, ),
( BtnH.addAction
Listener(BP) BtnL.addActionListener(BP)).
add(BtnH), add(BtnL) add(L).
BtnPressed ActionListener. .
371
pressed() , , .
true
, false
. , , . size
L.setFont(new Font("Serief",Font.BOLD,size)) L.setText(txt+L.getFont().getSize()) . ,
. , :
15,
(
), 25,
(
). , pressed() , .
BtnPressed actionPerformed(), ,
, . . getSource(), , , (
ActionEvent). BtnH, pressed()
true. BtnL, pressed() false.
JApplet, ,
, Applet. JApplet , Swing. JApplet , Applet.
, , () HTML- <applet>.
<applet> <param> name value.
: name
, , value , . getParameter().
12.12 HTML-, 12.13 Java- .
12.12. HTML-
<html>
<body>
HTML-:<br>
372
12.
12.12 ()
<applet code="ShowText.class" width="600" height="90">
<param name="" value="">
<param name=" " value="">
<param name="" value="Arial">
<param name="" value="">
<param name="" value="28">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
12.13.
// :
import java.awt.*;
// :
public class ShowText extends Applet{
// :
String text;
// :
private Color getColor(String color){
Color clr;
if(color.equals("")) clr=Color.YELLOW;
else if(color.equals("")) clr=Color.BLUE;
else if(color.equals("")) clr=Color.RED;
else clr=Color.WHITE;
return clr;
}
// :
public void init(){
// :
String color=getParameter("");
// :
setBackground(getColor(color));
// :
color=getParameter(" ");
// :
setForeground(getColor(color));
// :
String font=getParameter("");
// ( ):
String style=getParameter("");
// :
int stl;
// :
if(style.equals("")) stl=Font.BOLD;
else if(style.equals("")) stl=Font.ITALIC;
373
else stl=Font.PLAIN;
// :
int size=Integer.parseInt(getParameter(""));
// :
text=" "+font+" "+style+" "+size;
// :
setFont(new Font(font,stl,size));}
// :
g.drawString(text,30,getHeight()-30);}
}
HTML- 12.12 :
<paramname="1"value="2">
1 ,
, 2 . , <param
name=" " value=""> , ,
, .
getParameter()
. . , ,
getParameter() getParameter("
"),
"".
(.12.13), ShowText (getColor(), init() paint())
text. text , . init(),
paint() ( ),
.
text, init()
. String color=getParameter("")
color , HTML-. setBackground(getColor(color)) .
getColor(), color Color (
getColor() ). getColor() setForeground(getColor(color)), .
color=getParameter(" ")
color ,
374
12.
HTML-. String font=getParameter("").

String style=getParameter(""). , style .
( Font.BOLD, Font.ITALIC Font.PLAIN
). stl. ,
, style. , , , PLAIN.
getParameter(""). Integer.parseInt(),
, size.
intsize=Integer.parseInt(getParameter(""))
text=" "+font+" "+style+" "+size, setFont(new Font(font,stl,size))

.
getColor()
. Color.
clr Color. color. clr
( ). clr
.
,
paint()
g.drawString(text,30,getHeight()-30) ( g
) init() , , HTML-. .12.16 , HTML .
, .
HTML- , HTML,
. ,
.
375
. 12.16. HTML-
1. , : AWT Swing.
AWT.
2. .
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3. . Java
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1. ., . Java 2: . .: , 2006.
1072 .
2. . Java. .: , 2008. 720 .
3. .., . Java 2. . .1, .
.:, 2009. 816 .
4. .., . Java 2. . .2,
. .:, 2010. 992 .
5. . Java NetBeans. .: , 2009.
720.
6. . Java: . .: , 2008. 720 .
7. . Java: . .: , 2008.
512.
8. .. Java. . .: , 2008. 224 .
9. . SWING Java: . .:
, 2007. 704 .
10. . Java SE 6. .: , 2010. 1040 .
11. . Java. .: ., 2009. 640 .

,
( ) Java.
, ,
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www.java.com,
Java. Internet Explorer ..1.
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JDK JRE.
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Java . ,
.
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www.eclipse.org (..3).
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. NetBeans, ,
.
. .1. - www.java.com
. .2. - www.netbeans.org
381
382
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383
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385
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390
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, , , .
..31.
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. .25.
. .26.
393
394
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. .27. Eclipse
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. .29.
. .30.
. .31.
395
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Java. - :

.
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.
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.
.
27.08.10. 70100/16. . . . 32,25. 2000. 0000.

, 194044, -, . ., 29.
005-93, 2; 95 3005 .
CtP . . . .
197110, -, ., 15.
397

, ,
,
/ . , . ., . 29
./: (812) 7037373, 7037372; email: sales@piter.com
. , ., . 2/1, . 1, 6
./: (495) 23438-15, 97434-50; e-mail: sales@msk.piter.com
., . 169; ./: (4732) 396170

email: piterctr@omch.ru
. , . 11; ./: (343) 3789841, 3789842
mail: office@ekat.piter.com
. , . 13; .: (8312) 412731

email: office@nnov.piter.com
. , . 36; .: (383) 363-01-14
: (383) 3501979; email: sib@nsk.piter.com
//
. , . 26; .: (863) 2699122, 2699130

mail: piterug@rostov.piter.com
. , . 33; 223; .: (846) 2778979

e-mail: pitvolga@samtel.ru
. , . 12, 10; .: (1038057) 751-10-02

758-41-45; : (1038057) 712-27-05; -mail: piter@kharkov.piter.com
., . 6, . 1, 33; .: (1038044) 4903569

: (1038044) 4903568; mail: office@kiev.piter.com
. , . 34, 2; ./: (1037517) 201-48-79, 201-48-81

mail: gv@minsk.piter.com
, .
: (812) 703/73/73. E/mail: fuganov@piter.com
.
: / (812) 703/73/72, (495) 974/34/50
.: (812) 7037373.
mail: kozin@piter.com
: www.piter.com; .: (812) 703-73-74
ICQ 413763617
!

.

./: (4232) 238212
email: bookbase@mail.primorye.ru
,
.: (3952) 200917, 241777
email: prodalit@irk.ru
http://www.prodalit.irk.ru
, , . , . 1
.: (4212) 360665, 339531
email: dkniga@mail.kht.ru
,
./: (3952) 252590
email: kkcbooks@bk.ru
http://www.kkcbooks.ru
,
.: (4212) 328551, : (4212) 328250
email: postmaster@worldbooks.kht.ru
,
.: (4212) 394960
email: zakaz@booksmirs.ru

, , . , . 3
.: (8182) 654134, 653879
email: marketing@avfkniga.ru
, , . , . 4
.: (4732) 267777
http://www.amital.ru
, ,

./: (4012) 215628, 6 56568
email: nshibkova@vester.ru
http://www.vester.ru
, ,
, .15
.: (846) 3312233
email: chaconne@chaccone.ru
,
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.: (4732) 512893, 470081
email: manager@kmsvrn.ru

, , . , 424
./: (87934) 69309
email: rossy@kmw.ru
,
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./: (3912) 273971
email: bookworld@public.krasnet.ru
,
.: (383) 3361026
: (383) 3361027
email: office@topkniga.ru
http://www.topkniga.ru
, ,

.: (843) 2723455
email: tais@bancorp.ru
,
. , . 12
./: (343) 3581898, 3581484
email: domknigi@k66.ru
,
. , . 1
./: (343) 228-10-70
e-mail: igm@lumna.ru
http://www.lumna.ru
,
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.: (351) 2477403, 2477409,
2477416
email: zakup@intser.ru
http://www.fkniga.ru, www.intser.ru

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( g), ( V), , ( alpha), , ( t).

a2+ b2= c2.

, state. state=a*a+b*b>=c*c. true

R1, R2, R3, R

if() . , if. ( true),

main() UsingSwitch s char. . : , .

for() while() ( do-while(), -

Java, ++, goto().

( ). , int nums=new int[20]

int[] data . new

data . , data.length, n ( n=data.length).

. , double[][] data=new double[3][4]

int[][] nums=new int[n-1][n] nums

epsilon byte[][][] epsilon=new

. int[]nums,data nums data. nums=new int[]{1,2,3,4}

: nums 10 data 20 . : nums , data

n 1 , - . bk = (k + 1)a k +1 k = 0,1, ..., n 1 bn = 0 . 3.11

int[][] A=new int[n][n] A, . ()

UsingStatic a b int meth(). a 3.

, main() , , obj.a, obj.b obj.showab(),

: MyOuter, MyInner, InnerDemo. InnerDemo

MyClass show() . Java- String.

, obj.getNumber(2) number , , 2. obj.getNumber(4) number ,

det( A) = (1) i + j a ij det(M ( ij ) ) .

int: . , double double. double: ,

MyClass Re Im double, show()

MyObjs Re Im, set() , show() , getSum(),

sum() . MatrixExp. - matrix matrix , . MatrixExp. matrix

- bk a k bk = (k + 1)a k +1 k = 0,1, ..., n 1 ,

MyClassA number, showA() ,

. ClassA (), ClassB.

code ( ) . ( code) show(), ,

show() ClassB show().

MyMath, MyClass MyMathDemo.

n !! = n(n 2)(n 4)...). B F() ( 1 n , n ! = n(n 1)(n 2)...1). F()

ClassA intnumber show(),

: , . str " :3".

--------------------------49 -16 -24 -20 -27 -16

, "+strB+" --> "+(strA==strB));

, String. s=str.substring(3,21) str 4- 21-

StringBuffer str=new StringBuffer("

1. Java String StringBuffer.

ThrowDemo, main(), demoproc(), . :

, ExObj NullPointerException ( ). NullPointerException

( System.out.println(" : "+e)), demoproc()

, currentThread(), Thread public static.

NewThread, Runnable. t Thread.

Thread. , Thread Runnable. ,

run() src.showName(surname,name,time) src showName().

, . showName(). synchronized showName().

- Reader Writer. read()

, state. state=aa+bb>=c*c. true

., . 169; ./: (4732) 396170

. , . 13; .: (8312) 412731

. , . 26; .: (863) 2699122, 2699130

. , . 33; 223; .: (846) 2778979

., . 6, . 1, 33; .: (1038044) 4903569