Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
CONTENTS
1 CONTENTS 2
2 INTRODUCTION 3
3 OBJECTIVE 4
4 HAZARD 5-13
5 CONCLUSION 14
6 REFERENCES 15
INTRODUCTION
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
OBJECTIVE
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
• Types of hazard:
-Physical
-Chemical
-Biological
-Ergonomics
• Symbols of hazard
HAZARD
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
Types of hazard
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
• Physical
We've talked about one of the two classifications of confined space hazards,
atmospheric hazards. The other major type of hazard found in confined spaces is
physical hazards. Physical hazards can be considered as hazards that cause the body
to become physically stressed. Unlike atmospheric hazards, physical hazards can be
detected through your senses of (touch, sight). Some examples of physical hazards are:
2. Other hazards: Other hazards that must be considered are: moving and rotating
equipment, electrical energy, hot or cold conditions, wet or slick surfaces, and
excessive noise.
• Chemical
Health hazards can arise from exposure to a large variety of chemical substances.
Their toxic properties can harm the body. Chemical hazards take the form of solids,
liquids, vapors, gases, dusts, fumes or mists. They can be inhaled, ingested or
absorbed into the body.
In order to prevent harm, we need to understand the toxic properties of chemicals. A
toxic property means the ability of the chemical to produce adverse health effects. We
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
also need to know the physical states chemical agents can take during the work
process. This can help to determine how they might contact or enter the body and how
exposure may be controlled.
Chemicals serve many purposes in the workplace. Some are the raw materials used
to make a product. Sometimes the product itself is a chemical. Other chemicals are
fuels used to provide energy. Still others are byproducts of a process or are used for
other purposes, such as lubrication and cleaning.
Chemicals that may cause an adverse health effect are called toxic. Some
chemicals, such as corrosives, can harm the body without being toxic. Hazardous
chemicals may also be referred to as hazardous substances or hazardous materials.
A very large number of chemicals are used in workplaces. There are many
whose health effects are not entirely known. The problem is all the more difficult
because the health effects of some chemicals can be subtle, or may take years to
develop. The best policy, therefore, is to regard chemicals as potentially hazardous until
their effects are fully known.
The employer, as well as members of joint committees, must know how to
recognize, assess and control chemical hazards.
• Biological
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
Biohazard Level 4: Viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in
humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such
as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, H5N1(bird flu), dengue
fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, Y. pestis, and other hemorrhagic diseases. When dealing
with biological hazards at this level the use of a Hazmat suit and a self-contained
oxygen supply is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will
contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomous
detection system, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of
the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to
prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to
and coming from a Biosafety Level 4 lab will undergo similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release.
• Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. When there is a mismatch
between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker,
work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) can result. Ergonomics is the practice of
designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker, it
provides a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to prevent
injuries before they occur. Health care facilities especially nursing homes have been
identified as an environment where ergonomic stressors exist.
Symbols of hazard
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
Hazard symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous
materials or locations. The use of hazard symbols is often regulated by law and directed
by standards organizations. Hazard symbols may appear with different colors,
backgrounds, borders and supplemental information in order to signify the type of
hazard.
Radioactive sign
The international radiation symbol (also known as trefoil) first appeared in 1946, at the
University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as
magenta, and was set on a blue background. (See right.) The modern version is black
against a yellow background, and it is drawn with a central circle of radius R, an internal
radius of 1.5R and an external radius of 5R for the blades, which are separated from
each other by 60°.
On February 15, 2007, the IAEA and the ISO announced this new ionizing radiation
symbol to supplement the traditional trefoil symbol. The new symbol is aimed at alerting
anyone, anywhere to the potential dangers of being close to a large source of ionizing
radiation. Experts have felt that the trefoil symbol had little intuitive value and was less
likely to be recognized by those not educated in its significance. According to the IAEA,
in a survey conducted at an international school, many children mistook the trefoil for a
non-threatening propeller. Hence, the Agency, along with the International Organization
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
for Standardization has devised this symbol for sealed radiation sources. It depicts, on a
red background, a black colored trefoil radiating waves, skull and crossbones, and a
person running away from the scene. The radiating trefoil suggests the presence of
radiation and the red background and skull and crossbones warn of the danger. More
important, the person running away from the scene suggests the action of avoiding the
labeled material. The symbol had been tested in countries with different population of
varying groups, ages, and educational backgrounds to ensure that it clearly conveys the
message “Danger- Stay away”. The new symbol is to be displayed prominently on the
device that actually houses the radiation sources so that if, even by mistake, someone
attempts to disassemble the device it provides an explicit warning not to proceed any
further.
Biohazard sign
Developed by the Dow Chemical company in 1966 for their containment products.
According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its
development:
All parts of the Biohazard sign can be drawn with a compass and straightedge. The
basic outline of the symbol is a plain trefoil, which are three circles overlapping each
other equally like in a triple Venn diagram with the overlapping parts erased. The
diameter of the overlapping part is equal to half the radius of the three circles. Then
three inner circles are drawn in with 2/3 radius of the original circles so that it is tangent
to the outside three overlapping circles. A tiny circle in center has a diameter 1/2 of the
radius of the three inner circles, and arcs are erased at 90°, 210°, and 330°. The arcs of
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
the inner circles and the tiny circle are connected by a line. Finally, the ring under is
drawn from the distance to the perimeter of the equilateral triangle that forms between
the centers of the three intersecting circles. An outer circle of the ring under is drawn
and finally enclosed with the arcs from the center of the inner circles with a shorter
radius from the inner circles.
Toxic sign
The skull-and-crossbones symbol, consisting of a human skull and two bones crossed
together under the skull, is today generally used as a warning of danger, particularly in
regard to poisonous substances.
The symbol, or some variation thereof, was also featured on the Jolly Roger, the
traditional flag of European and American pirates. It is also used by Skull and Bones, a
secret society at Yale University, and is part of the WHMIS home symbols placed on
containers to confirm that the substance inside is dangerous in a way.
In the United States, due to concerns that the skull and bones symbol's association with
pirates encourages children to play with toxic materials, the Mr. Yuk symbol is also used
to denote poison.
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
CONCLUSION
Hazard and risk are fundamental parts of the world around us. Societies can only
mitigate, or adapt to, hazards and risks when they can be understood and anticipated.
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
Uncertainty surrounds all aspects of natural hazards however, in the absence of perfect
knowledge about how the environment operates. Thus, the assessment and
management of environmental risk are areas of growing importance. Likewise, societal
hazards and risks, such as those associated with crime, terrorism, and emergent
technologies, often have origins that are obscure and effects which are far-reaching and
difficult to predict. What is needed are new ways of engaging with populations at risk
and new tools for measuring and mitigating hazards and risks, both today and in the
future.
REFERENCES
http://www.scribd.com/
1
POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH
OSMAN BIN ESA
08DKA08F1024
http://www.wikipedia.org/
http://www.osha.gov/