CHAPTER 2 (CONT)

THEOREMS
2.10 Superposition
2.11 Thevenin
2.12 Norton
2.13 Maximum Power Transfer
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2.10 SUPERPOSITION
Used to find the
solution to networks
with TWO or MORE
sources.
Source need to be
remove and replaced
without affecting the
final result.
Voltage source short
circuit
Current source open
circuit
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Example 2.1c (pp4.3): Find V
O
using
superposition
Answer: V
O
= 12V
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Example 2.2c (pp 4.4): Find V
X
using
superposition
Answer: V
X
= 12.5V
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2.11 THEVENINS THEOREM
Linear circuit can be transform with
equivalent circuit consist of voltage
source, V
TH
and series impedance, Z
TH
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THEVENINS THEOREM (cont..)
Independent Source
Finding Z
TH
Remove all (OFF)
independent source and
load
Z
TH
is looking at
terminal a-b
Finding V
TH
Remove the load at
terminal a-b
V
TH
is voltage across
open circuit terminal
Dependent Source
Finding V
TH
Remove the load at
terminal a-b
Finding Z
TH
Find the I
SC
by short
circuit the a-b terminal
SC
TH
TH
I
V
Z =
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Example 2.3c (4.8): Find the Thevenin
Eq Curcuit
Finding R
TH
Remove R
L
& OFF all source
Find the R
equivalent
(R
TH
)at the
a-b terminal
( ) | |
O =
+ =
4
12 // 4 1
TH
TH
R
R
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( )
V V
I I V
A I
A I
I I
I I
TH
TH
30
12
5 . 0
) 2 ( 2
) 1 ( 32 12 16
0 12 16 32
2 1
1
2
2 1
2 1
=
=
=
=
=
= +
Finding V
TH
Remove R
L
Find the V
O
at terminal a-b
KVL at loop 1
KVL at loop 2
TEC
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Exercise 2.1c: Find the TEC
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Exercise 2.2c: Find the TEC
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2.12 NORTONS THEOREM
Linear circuit can be transform into an
equivalent circuit consist of current
source, I
N
in parallel with impedance,
Z
N
.
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NORTONS THEOREM (cont)
Independent Source
Finding Z
N
Turn off all independent
source
Z
N
= Z
TH
Finding I
SC
Short circuit at terminal
a-b
Dependent Source
Finding Z
N
Turn off all independent
source
Connect v/s (1V) or c/s
(1A) at terminal
Finding I
SC
Short circuit at terminal
a-b
TH
TH
N SC
Z
V
I I = =
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Example 2.4c (4.11): Find NEC
Finding R
N
Remove R
L
& OFF all source
Find the R
N
the a-b terminal
| |
O =
+ + =
4
5 // 8 8 4
N
N
R
R
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Finding V
OC
Remove R
L
Find voltage across terminal
a-b
KVL Loop 1 & 2
A I
I I
A I
8 . 0
) 2 ( 0 4 25 12
) 1 ( 2
4
3 4
3
=
= +
=
Constraint Equation
( )
V V
I V
I I V
TH
TH
TH
4
) 3 ( 5
0 5
4
5 4
=
=
= +
Substitutes 1 into 2
Substitutes I
4
into 3
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Finding I
SC
Remove R
L
Short circuit terminal a-b
I
SC
flow at short terminal
KVL Loop 1 & 2
A I
I I
A I
1
) 2 ( 0 4 20 12
) 1 ( 2
2
1 2
1
=
= +
=
Constraint Equation
A I I
I I
SC
SC
1
) 3 (
2
2
= =
=
Substitutes 1 into 2
Substitutes I
2
into 3
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Exercise 2.3c: Find NEC
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Exercise 2.4b : Find NEC
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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Occur when R
L
equals to R
TH
(R
L
=R
TH
)
Use to analyze the power transfer from
source to a load.
The efficiency of the power transfer
Amount of the power transfer.
2
2
2
4
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
L
TH
L
L TH
TH
L
R
V
P
R
R R
V
P
R i P
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Exercise 2.5c : Find the value of R
L
and
maximum power transfer
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Exercise 2.6c : Find the value of R
L
and
maximum power transfer