Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis Danish American social reformer. He was a muckraker.

He also documented social problems with photographs. Ida Tarbell She was an American teacher. Also she was one of the leading muckrackers. She is best known for exposing the Standard Oil Company. Robert M. LaFollete He is known best as a Progressive. He was a vocal opponent of railroad trusts. La Follette is known as one of the greatest senators. Charles Evans Hughes He was an American statesman from New York. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson. Upton Sinclair He was an American author who wrote close to one hundred books in many genres. He wrote the muckraking book the Jungle. Initiative This is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote. Referendum This is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept of reject a particular proposal. Recall This is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official form office through a direct vote before his or her term ends. Muckrakers Muckraker refers to reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines and continued a tradition of investigative journalism. Elkins Act Passed in 1903, this federal law amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. Railroads that offered rebates were imposed heavy fines. Hepburn Act Passed in 1906, the ICC was given the power to set maximum railroad rates and to discontinue free passes. Northern Securities Case The Northern Securities Company threatened to control railroad traffic in the western United States. TR ordered the federal prosecution. Meat Inspection Act Passed in 1906, this US Congress Act worked to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat. Pure Food and Drug Act The Pure Food and Drug Act was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic

in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products. Newlands Act A United States federal law that funded projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West. Dollar diplomacy The effort of the United States, by Taft, to further its aims in Latin American and East Asia through use of its economic power. Payne-Aldrich Act A bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Dispute between US Forest Service Chief Pinchot and US Secretary of the Interior Ballinger. Pinchot was dismissed by Taft which pissed off Roosevelt.

Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? The groundswell of the new reformist wave went back to the Greenback Labor party and the Populists. They did not want unbridled Laissez-Faire. Jacob Riis was an important muckraker. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Child labor was addressed. Trusts were addressed. The corruption of the stock market was addressed. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. Direct Primary Elections allowed the people to directly vote for Senators. The Initiative allows people to petition for bills. The Referendum allowed the people to block laws fro passing. The Recall allows the public to recall an elected official. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?

La Follette was governor and cracked down on trusts. The Wisconsin Idea was an influential idea from Wisconsin. Charles Evans Hughes later runs for president. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? The Triangle Shirtwaist Company caused reformers to enforce standards for sweatshop labor. The Womans Temperance Union was the biggest female organization. Wet areas allowed consumption of alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? Control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation were the three Cs. These represent Roosevelts main goals. The Department of Commerce and Labor was used to combat trusts. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." Roosevelt was not a strict trustbuster. Taft was a strict trustbuster. However he did control trusts with the Elkins Act and Hepburn Act. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? New laws were made to package food. Meaat was looked down upon. People wanted factories to reform to cleaner sanctions. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Conservation was opposition to pollution from industrialization. The Newlands Act caused land to be irrigated in the west. The Sierra Club helped. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? Many businesses shut down. People got mad. Some blamed Roosevelt from controlling trusts. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs

11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? Teddy Roosevelt became known as a powerful president. For the first time, conservation became a goal of the government. He was the first progressive. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain Taft was smart. However he did not like the power of the presidency. He hardly made any new laws and just let Congress decide. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? Diplomacy by investing in countries. East Asia and Latin America was most targeted. Corporations were encouraged to invest in foreigners as to improve diplomatic relations. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft was the bigger trustbuster. He broke down all the trusts. Roosevelt was selective. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? Payne-Aldrich Tariff was a compromise Tariff that lowered and raised the tariff. Taft left out demands but simply allowed Congress to do anything they wanted. Taft later dismissed Pinchot for disobeying his orders, which pissed off Roosevelt. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? The Republican party split between Taft and Roosevelt. Roosevelt left to run for the Bull-Moose Progressive Party. Taft was more moderate. Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.

4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being. Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs He was an American union leader. He ran for president for the Socialist Party many times. Pancho Villa He was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals. Villa and his supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. John J. Pershing A general officer in the US Army, he led an expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa. They failed to capture him though they wounded him. Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria allied to be the Central Powers. Allies The members of the Triple Entente were the French Republic, the British Empire, and the Russian Empire. Lusitania In 1915, this British ocean liner was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew. Sussex Pledge The Sussex pledge was a promise made by Germany that only armed merchant ships, not passenger ships, could be torpedoed without warning. Federal Reserve Act Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. New Nationalism Roosevelts Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election. New Freedom Comprises the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign. Underwood Tariff Re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%. Federal Trade Commission An independent agency of the United States government which had the primary mission of promoting consumer protection and eliminating and preventing anticompetitive business practices. Clayton Antitrust Act Enacted in the US to add further substance to the US antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices.

Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Roosevelt had the platform of New Nationalism. Wilson had New Freedom. Roosevelt ran with the Bull Moose. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. The Republican votes were now split. Wilson gained the presidency, though the combined Republican votes were higher. Wilson was a minority president. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Wilson was a professor. He also came from the South and learned Jeffersonian ideals. He was racist against blacks. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" Wilson declared trusts, tariffs, and banking to be the triple wall of privilege. He quickly passed reforms. All three parts of the wall were demolished. Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? The Federal Reserve System allowed 12 regional sectors. One currency was created. The US reformed its banks. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Wilson created the Clayton Anti-Trust Act. This made labor unions exempt from being corporations. Human labor was declared as not a commodity. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis

7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. The Federal Farm Loan Act allowed farmers to get cheap federal loans. The Warehouse Act allowed farmers to get warehouses for storage. The Workingmens Compensation Act gave federal workers compensation when disabled. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. Wilson did not want to deal with foreign policies. He hated imperialism. He promised independence to the Philippines. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? Mexico caused problems because of their revolution. Americans had invested a billion dollars in Mexico. Victoriano Huerta, an Indian, was placed in the presidents chair. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? Europe had been setting up for war. Many were part of an alliance. When the Serbian Prince was assassinated Europe plunged into war. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? German u-boats were sinking passenger liners. In Lusitania more than a hundred Americans died. Americans were populously outraged. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? German submarines attacked ships without warning. Many innocent passengers were killed. The Lusitania had nearly 1200 people die. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? Wilson was reelected. He was seen as a good president. He also kept the US out of the Great War.

Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? I think the Progressives were those who wanted good social reform for the most common person of the United States. Some call themselves the New Left. However progressives were not part of the left-right spectrum.