Control Systems

CHAPTER 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
YEAR 2012 MCQ 6.1
TWO MARKS
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(C) a1 = 0, a 3 ! 0, a 3 = 0 (D) a1 ! 0, a2 ! 0, a 3 = 0
MCQ 6.2
The state variable description of an LTI system is given by Jx o1N J 0 a1 0NJx1N J0N K O K OK O K O o2O = K 0 0 a2OKx2O + K0O u Kx Kx o3O Ka 3 0 0OKx 3O K 1O L P L Jx1NPL P L P K O y = _1 0 0iKx2O Kx 3O L P where y is the output and u is the input. The system is controllable for (B) a1 = 0, a2 ! 0, a 3 ! 0 (A) a1 ! 0, a2 = 0, a 3 ! 0
The feedback system shown below oscillates at 2 rad/s when
(A) K = 2 and a = 0.75 (C) K = 4 and a = 0.5
(B) K = 3 and a = 0.75 (D) K = 2 and a = 0.5
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 3 and 4 :

The transfer function of a compensator is given as Gc (s) = s + a s+b Gc (s) is a lead compensator if (A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 3, b = 2 (C) a = 3, b = 1
MCQ 6.4
MCQ 6.3
(D) a = 3, b = 1
The phase of the above lead compensator is maximum at (A) 2 rad/s (B) 3 rad/s (C) 6 rad/s (D) 1/ 3 rad/s
PAGE 314
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
YEAR 2011 MCQ 6.5
ONE MARK
The frequency response of a linear system G (j) is provided in the tubular form below G (j) 1.3 1.2 140c 1.0 150c 0.8 160c 0.5 180c 0.3 200c +G (j) 130c (A) 6 dB and 30c (C) 6 dB and 30c
(B) 6 dB and 30c (D) 6 dB and 30c
MCQ 6.6
The steady state error of a unity feedback linear system for a unit step input is 0.1. The steady state error of the same system, for a pulse input r (t) having a magnitude of 10 and a duration of one second, as shown in the figure is

(A) 0 (C) 1
MCQ 6.7
(B) 0.1 (D) 10
An open loop system represented by the transfer function (s 1) is G (s) = (s + 2) (s + 3) (A) Stable and of the minimum phase type (B) Stable and of the nonminimum phase type (C) Unstable and of the minimum phase type (D) Unstable and of nonminimum phase type
YEAR 2011 MCQ 6.8
TWO MARKS
The open loop transfer function G (s) of a unity feedback control system is given as K bs + 2 l 3 G (s) = 2 s (s + 2) From the root locus, at can be inferred that when K tends to positive infinity, (A) Three roots with nearly equal real parts exist on the left half of the s
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 315
-plane (B) One real root is found on the right half of the s -plane (C) The root loci cross the j axis for a finite value of K; K ! 0 (D) Three real roots are found on the right half of the s -plane
MCQ 6.9
A two loop position control system is shown below
The gain K of the Tacho-generator influences mainly the (A) Peak overshoot (B) Natural frequency of oscillation (C) Phase shift of the closed loop transfer function at very low frequencies ( " 0)

(D) Phase shift of the closed loop transfer function at very high frequencies ( " 3)
YEAR 2010 MCQ 6.10 TWO MARKS
1 The frequency response of G (s) = plotted in the complex s (s + 1) (s + 2) G (j) plane (for 0 < < 3) is
PAGE 316
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
MCQ 6.11
o = AX + Bu with A = > 1 2H, B = >0H is The system X 0 2 1 (A) Stable and controllable (C) Unstable but controllable (B) Stable but uncontrollable (D) Unstable and uncontrollable
MCQ 6.12
The characteristic equation of a closed-loop system is s (s + 1) (s + 3) k (s + 2) = 0, k > 0 .Which of the following statements is true ? (A) Its root are always real (B) It cannot have a breakaway point in the range 1 < Re [s] < 0 (C) Two of its roots tend to infinity along the asymptotes Re [s] = 1 (D) It may have complex roots in the right half plane.
YEAR 2009 MCQ 6.13
ONE MARK

(A) 1 + 2 + 1 3 (C) 1 + 2 3
MCQ 6.14
The measurement system shown in the figure uses three sub-systems in cascade whose gains are specified as G1, G2, 1/G3 . The relative small errors associated with each respective subsystem G1, G2 and G3 are 1, 2 and 3 . The error associated with the output is :
(B) 1 2 3 (D) 1 + 2 + 3
The polar plot of an open loop stable system is shown below. The closed loop system is
(A) always stable (B) marginally stable (C) un-stable with one pole on the RH s -plane (D) un-stable with two poles on the RH s -plane
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 317
MCQ 6.15
The first two rows of Rouths tabulation of a third order equation are as follows. s3 2 2 s2 4 4 This means there are (A) Two roots at s = ! j and one root in right half s -plane (B) Two roots at s = ! j2 and one root in left half s -plane (C) Two roots at s = ! j2 and one root in right half s -plane (D) Two roots at s = ! j and one root in left half s -plane
MCQ 6.16
The asymptotic approximation of the log-magnitude v/s frequency plot of a system containing only real poles and zeros is shown. Its transfer function is

(A) (C) 10 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25) 100 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25) 1000 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25) 80 (s + 5) (D) 2 s (s + 2) (s + 25) (B)
2
YEAR 2009 MCQ 6.17
TWO MARKS
The unit-step response of a unity feed back system with open loop transfer function G (s) = K/ ((s + 1) (s + 2)) is shown in the figure. The value of K is
(A) 0.5 (C) 4
(B) 2 (D) 6
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
MCQ 6.18
The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back system is given by G (s) = (e - 0.1s) /s . The gain margin of the is system is (A) 11.95 dB (B) 17.67 dB (C) 21.33 dB (D) 23.9 dB
Common Data for Question 19 and 20 :

A system is described by the following state and output equations dx1 (t) = 3x1 (t) + x2 (t) + 2u (t) dt dx2 (t) = 2x2 (t) + u (t) dt y (t) = x1 (t) when u (t) is the input and y (t) is the output
MCQ 6.19

MCQ 6.20
The system transfer function is (B) 2 s + 3 (A) 2 s + 2 s + 5s + 6 s + 5s 6 (C) 2 2s + 5 (D) 2 2s 5 s + 5s + 6 s + 5s 6 The state-transition matrix of the above system is e - 3t e - 2t e - 3t 0 e - 3t (B) = (A) = - 2t G G 0 e - 2t e + e - 3t e - 2t e - 3t e - 2t + e - 3t (C) = G 0 e - 2t
YEAR 2008
e3t e - 2t e - 3t (D) = G 0 e - 2t
ONE MARK
MCQ 6.21
A function y (t) satisfies the following differential equation : dy (t) + y (t) = (t) dt where (t) is the delta function. Assuming zero initial condition, and denoting the unit step function by u (t), y (t) can be of the form (A) et (B) e - t (C) et u (t) (D) e - t u (t)
YEAR 2008 MCQ 6.22
TWO MARK
The transfer function of a linear time invariant system is given as G (s) = 2 1 s + 3s + 2
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 319
The steady state value of the output of the system for a unit impulse input applied at time instant t = 1 will be (B) 0.5 (A) 0 (C) 1
MCQ 6.23
(D) 2
The transfer functions of two compensators are given below : 10 (s + 1) C1 = , C2 = s + 10 10 (s + 1) (s + 10) Which one of the following statements is correct ? (A) C1 is lead compensator and C2 is a lag compensator (B) C1 is a lag compensator and C2 is a lead compensator (C) Both C1 and C2 are lead compensator (D) Both C1 and C2 are lag compensator
MCQ 6.24
The asymptotic Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase transfer function is shown in the figure :

This transfer function has (A) Three poles and one zero (C) Two poles and two zero
MCQ 6.25
(B) Two poles and one zero (D) One pole and two zeros
Figure shows a feedback system where K > 0
The range of K for which the system is stable will be given by (A) 0 < K < 30 (B) 0 < K < 39 (C) 0 < K < 390
MCQ 6.26
(D) K > 390
The transfer function of a system is given as 100 2 s + 20s + 100
PAGE 320
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
The system is (A) An over damped system (C) A critically damped system
(B) An under damped system (D) An unstable system
Statement for Linked Answer Question 27 and 28.

o = AX + Bu,Y = CX The state space equation of a system is described by X where X is state vector, u is input, Y is output and 0 1 0 A == , B = = G, C = [1 0] G 0 2 1 The transfer function G(s) of this system will be s (B) s + 1 (A) s (s 2) (s + 2) (C)
MCQ 6.28
MCQ 6.27
s (s 2)
(D)
1 s (s + 2)
A unity feedback is provided to the above system G (s) to make it a closed loop system as shown in figure.

For a unit step input r (t), the steady state error in the input will be (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
YEAR 2007 MCQ 6.29
ONE MARK
The system shown in the figure is
(A) Stable (B) Unstable (C) Conditionally stable (D) Stable for input u1 , but unstable for input u2
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 321
YEAR 2007 MCQ 6.30
TWO MARKS
If x = Re [G (j)], and y = Im [G (j)] then for " 0+ , the Nyquist plot for G (s) = 1/s (s + 1) (s + 2) is (A) x = 0 (B) x = 3/4 (C) x = y 1/6 (D) x = y/ 3 The system 900/s (s + 1) (s + 9) is to be such that its gain-crossover frequency becomes same as its uncompensated phase crossover frequency and provides a 45c phase margin. To achieve this, one may use (A) a lag compensator that provides an attenuation of 20 dB and a phase lag of 45c at the frequency of 3 3 rad/s (B) a lead compensator that provides an amplification of 20 dB and a phase lead of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s (C) a lag-lead compensator that provides an amplification of 20 dB and a phase lag of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s
MCQ 6.31
MCQ 6.32

If the loop gain K of a negative feed back system having a loop transfer function K (s + 3) / (s + 8) 2 is to be adjusted to induce a sustained oscillation then (A) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 3 rad/s (B) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 rad/s (C) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 or 4 3 rad/s (D) Such a K does not exist
(D) a lag-lead compensator that provides an attenuation of 20 dB and phase lead of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s
MCQ 6.33
The system shown in figure below
can be reduced to the form
PAGE 322
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
with (A) X = c0 s + c1, Y = 1/ (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1 (B) X = 1, Y = (c0 s + c1) / (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1 (C) X = c1 s + c0, Y = (b1 s + b0) / (s2 + a1 s + a0), Z = 1 (D) X = c1 s + c0, Y = 1/ (s2 + a1 s + a), Z = b1 s + b0
MCQ 6.34
Consider the feedback system shown below which is subjected to a unit step input. The system is stable and has following parameters Kp = 4, Ki = 10, = 500 and = 0.7 .The steady state value of Z is

(A) 1 (B) 0.25 (D) 0 (C) 0.1
Data for Q.35 and Q.36 are given below. Solve the problems and choose the correct answers.
R-L-C circuit shown in figure
MCQ 6.35
For a step-input ei , the overshoot in the output e0 will be (A) 0, since the system is not under damped (B) 5 % (C) 16 % (D) 48 %
MCQ 6.36
If the above step response is to be observed on a non-storage CRO, then it would be best have the ei as a (A) Step function
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 323
(B) Square wave of 50 Hz (C) Square wave of 300 Hz (D) Square wave of 2.0 KHz
YEAR 2006 MCQ 6.37
ONE MARK

YEAR 2006 TWO MARKS MCQ 6.38
For a system with the transfer function 3 (s 2) , H (s) = 2 4s 2s + 1 o = AX + Bu is equal to the matrix A in the state space form X V R V R S1 0 0 W S0 1 0 W (A) S 0 1 0 W (B) S 0 0 1 W W S S S 1 2 4 W W S 1 2 4 W X T X T V R V R 0 1 1 0 0 0 W W S S (C) S3 2 1 W (D) S 0 0 1 W S S W S1 2 4 W W S 1 2 4 W X X T T
Consider the following Nyquist plots of loop transfer functions over = 0 to = 3 . Which of these plots represent a stable closed loop system ?
PAGE 324
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
(A) (1) only (C) all, except (3)
(B) all, except (1) (D) (1) and (2) only
MCQ 6.39
10 4 (1 + j) The Bode magnitude plot H (j) = is (10 + j) (100 + j) 2
MCQ 6.40
A closed-loop system has the characteristic 2 (s 4) (s + 1) + K (s 1) = 0 . Its root locus plot against K is
function
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 325
YEAR 2005 MCQ 6.41
ONE MARK
MCQ 6.42

(C) 2 rad/sec (D) 4 rad/sec Figure shows the root locus plot (location of poles not given) of a third order system whose open loop transfer function is
A system with zero initial conditions has the closed loop transfer function. s2 + 4 T (s) = (s + 1) (s + 4) The system output is zero at the frequency (A) 0.5 rad/sec (B) 1 rad/sec
MCQ 6.43
K s2 (s + 1) K K (C) (D) s (s2 + 1) s (s2 1) The gain margin of a unity feed back control system with the open loop (s + 1) transfer function G (s) = is s2 (A) 0 (B) 1 2 (C) 2 (D) 3 (B)
(A) K s3
PAGE 326
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
YEAR 2005 MCQ 6.44
TWO MARKS
A unity feedback system, having an open loop gain K (1 s) , G (s) H (s) = (1 + s) becomes stable when (A) K > 1 (C) K < 1 (B) K > 1 (D) K < 1
MCQ 6.45
When subject to a unit step input, the closed loop control system shown in the figure will have a steady state error of
(A) 1.0 (C) 0
(B) 0.5 (D) 0.5

MCQ 6.46
In the G (s) H (s)-plane, the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function G (s) H (s) = es passes through the negative real axis at the point (A) ( 0.25, j0) (B) ( 0.5, j0)
-0.25s
(C) 0
MCQ 6.47
(D) 0.5
If the compensated system shown in the figure has a phase margin of 60c at the crossover frequency of 1 rad/sec, then value of the gain K is
(A) 0.366 (C) 1.366
(B) 0.732 (D) 2.738
Data for Q.48 and Q.49 are given below. Solve the problem and choose the correct answer.
0 1 1 X (t) + = Gu (t) with the initial G 0 3 0 T condition X (0) = [ 1, 3] and the unit step input u (t) has o (t) = = A state variable system X
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 327
MCQ 6.48
The state transition matrix 3t 1 1 ) 3 (1 e (A) = G 3t 0 e 1 (C) > 0

1 3
1 (B) > 0 1 (D) > 0
1 3
(e t e 3t) H e t
(e3 t e 3t) H e 3t
(1 e t) H e t
MCQ 6.49
The state transition equation t e-t (A) X (t) = = - t G e t e 3t (C) X (t) = = - 3t G 3e

YEAR 2004
1 e-t (B) X (t) = = - 3t G 3e t e - 3t (D) X (t) = = - t G e

ONE MARK
MCQ 6.50
The Nyquist plot of loop transfer function G (s) H (s) of a closed loop control system passes through the point ( 1, j 0) in the G (s) H (s)plane. The phase margin of the system is (A) 0c (B) 45c (C) 90c (D) 180c
MCQ 6.51

Consider the function, 5 F (s) = 2 s (s + 3s + 2) where F (s) is the Laplace transform of the of the function f (t). The initial value of f (t) is equal to 5 (A) 5 (B) 2 (C)
5 3
(D) 0
MCQ 6.52
For a tachometer, if (t) is the rotor displacement in radians, e (t) is the output voltage and Kt is the tachometer constant in V/rad/sec, then the E (s) transfer function, will be Q (s) (B) Kt s (A) Kt s2 (C) Kt s
YEAR 2004
(D) Kt
TWO MARKS
MCQ 6.53
For the equation, s3 4s2 + s + 6 = 0 the number of roots in the left half of s -plane will be (A) Zero (B) One (C) Two (D) Three
PAGE 328
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
MCQ 6.54
For the block diagram shown, the transfer function
C (s) is equal to R (s)
2 1 (A) s + 2 s 2 (C) s + s + 1 s
2 +1 (B) s + s 2 s
MCQ 6.55
1 s +s+1 o = AX The state variable description of a linear autonomous system is, X where X is the two dimensional state vector and A is the system matrix 0 2 . The roots of the characteristic equation are given by A = = 2 0G (A) 2 and + 2 (B) j2 and + j2 (D)
2
(C) 2 and 2
MCQ 6.56
(D) + 2 and + 2

(A) 20 and 0.3 (C) 25 and 0.3
MCQ 6.57
The block diagram of a closed loop control system is given by figure. The values of K and P such that the system has a damping ratio of 0.7 and an undamped natural frequency n of 5 rad/sec, are respectively equal to
(B) 20 and 0.2 (D) 25 and 0.2
The unit impulse response of a second order under-damped system starting from rest is given by c (t) = 12.5e - 6t sin 8t, t $ 0 . The steady-state value of the unit step response of the system is equal to (A) 0 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.5 (D) 1.0
MCQ 6.58
In the system shown in figure, the input x (t) = sin t . In the steady-state, the response y (t) will be
(A)
1 sin (t 45c) 2
(B)
1 sin (t + 45c) 2
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 329
(C) sin (t 45c)

MCQ 6.59
(D) sin (t + 45c)
The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given as 1. G (s) = as + 2 s The value of a to give a phase margin of 45c is equal to (A) 0.141 (B) 0.441 (C) 0.841 (D) 1.141
YEAR 2003 MCQ 6.60
ONE MARK
A control system is defined by the following mathematical relationship d2 x + 6 dx + 5x = 12 (1 e - 2t) dt dt2 The response of the system as t " 3 is (A) x = 6 (B) x = 2 (C) x = 2.4 (D) x = 2
MCQ 6.61

A lead compensator used for a closed loop controller has the following transfer function s K (1 + a ) s (1 + b ) For such a lead compensator (A) a < b (B) b < a (C) a > Kb (D) a < Kb
MCQ 6.62
2 A second order system starts with an initial condition of = G without any 3 e - 2t 0 external input. The state transition matrix for the system is given by = G 0 e-t . The state of the system at the end of 1 second is given by 0.135 0.271 (B) = (A) = G 1.100 0.368G 0.271 (C) = 0.736G
YEAR 2003
0.135 (D) = 1.100 G

TWO MARKS
MCQ 6.63
A control system with certain excitation is governed by the following mathematical equation d2 x + 1 dx + 1 x = 10 + 5e 4t + 2e 5t 2 dt 18 dt2
PAGE 330
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
The natural time constant of the response of the system are (A) 2 sec and 5 sec (B) 3 sec and 6 sec (C) 4 sec and 5 sec
MCQ 6.64
(D) 1/3 sec and 1/6 sec
The block diagram shown in figure gives a unity feedback closed loop control system. The steady state error in the response of the above system to unit step input is
(A) 25% (C) 6%

MCQ 6.65
(B) 0.75 % (D) 33%
The roots of the closed loop characteristic equation of the system shown above (Q-5.55)

(A) 1 and 15 (C) 4 and 15
MCQ 6.66
(B) 6 and 10 (D) 6 and 10
The following equation defines a separately excited dc motor in the form of a differential equation d2 + B d + K2 = K V dt J dt LJ LJ a The above equation may be organized in the state-space form as follows R 2 V Sd W d S dt2 W = P dt + QV > H a S d W S dt W X matrix is given by Where Tthe P K K B LJ B J LJ J (B) = (A) = G G 0 1 1 0
2 2
0 1 (C) = K B G LJ J
2
1 0 (D) = B K G J LJ
2
MCQ 6.67
The loop gain GH of a closed loop system is given by the following expression K s (s + 2) (s + 4) The value of K for which the system just becomes unstable is
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 331
(A) K = 6 (C) K = 48
MCQ 6.68
(B) K = 8 (D) K = 96
The asymptotic Bode plot of the transfer function K/ [1 + (s/a)] is given in figure. The error in phase angle and dB gain at a frequency of = 0.5a are respectively

(A) 4.9c, 0.97 dB (C) 4.9c, 3 dB
MCQ 6.69
(B) 5.7c, 3 dB
(D) 5.7c, 0.97 dB
The block diagram of a control system is shown in figure. The transfer function G (s) = Y (s) /U (s) of the system is
1 18`1 + s j`1 + s j 12 3 1 (C) s 27`1 + j`1 + s j 12 9 (A)

YEAR 2002 MCQ 6.70
1 27`1 + s j`1 + s j 6 9 1 (D) s 27`1 + j`1 + s j 9 3 (B)

ONE MARK
o = AX with initial state X (0) The state transition matrix for the system X is (A) (sI A) - 1
PAGE 332
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
(B) eAt X (0) (C) Laplace inverse of [(sI A) - 1] (D) Laplace inverse of [(sI A) - 1 X (0)]
YEAR 2002 MCQ 6.71 TWO MARKS
2 3 1 o == For the system X X + = Gu , which of the following statements is true G 0 5 0 ? (A) The system is controllable but unstable (B) The system is uncontrollable and unstable (C) The system is controllable and stable (D) The system is uncontrollable and stable
MCQ 6.72
A unity feedback system has an open loop transfer function, G (s) = K . The s2 root locus plot is
MCQ 6.73
MCQ 6.74
The transfer function of the system described by d2 y dy + = du + 2u dt dt dt2 with u as input and y as output is (s + 2) (s + 1) (A) 2 (B) 2 (s + s) (s + s) (C) 2 2 (D) 22s (s + s) (s + s) For the system 2 0 1 o == X X + = Gu ; Y = 84 0B X, G 0 4 1 with u as unit impulse and with zero initial state, the output y , becomes (B) 4e2t (A) 2e2t
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 333
(C) 2e 4t
MCQ 6.75
(D) 4e 4t
The eigen values of the system represented by R0 1 0 0 V W S 0 0 1 0W S o =S X X are 0 0 0 1W W S (B) 1, 1, 1, 1 (A) 0, 0, 0, 0 S0 0 0 1 W X T 1 (C) 0, 0, 0, (D) 1, 0, 0, 0 *A single input single output system with y as output and u as input, is described by d2 y dy du 2 + 2 dt + 10y = 5 dt 3u dt for an input u (t) with zero initial conditions the above system produces the same output as with no input and with initial conditions dy (0) = 4 , y (0) = 1 dt input u (t) is (A) 1 (t) 7 e(3/5) t u (t) (B) 1 (t) 7 e 3t u (t) 5 25 5 25 (C) 7 e (3/5) t u (t) 25 (D) None of these
MCQ 6.76

MCQ 6.77
*A system is described by the following differential equation d2 y dy + - 2y = u (t) e t dt dt2 dy the state variables are given as x1 = y and x2 = b y l et , the state dt varibale representation of the system is o1 1 x 1 e t x 1 (A) > o H = > tH> H + > H u (t) 0 x2 0 e x2 o1 1 1 x1 1 x (B) > o H = > H> H + > H u (t) 0 1 x2 0 x2 o1 1 x 1 e t x 1 (C) > o H = > >x H + >0H u (t) H x2 0 1 2 (D) none of these
Common Data Question Q.78-80*.

The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given by 2 (s + ) G (s) = s (s + 2) (s + 10)
PAGE 334
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
MCQ 6.78
Angles of asymptotes are (A) 60c, 120c, 300c (C) 90c, 270c, 360c
(B) 60c, 180c, 300c (D) 90c, 180c, 270c (B) 10 3 (D) 8 (B) 2.112, 6.9433 (D) 1.056, 6.9433
ONE MARK
MCQ 6.79
Intercepts of asymptotes at the real axis is (A) 6 (C) 4
MCQ 6.80
Break away points are (A) 1.056 , 3.471 (C) 1.056, 6.9433
YEAR 2001
MCQ 6.81
The polar plot of a type-1, 3-pole, open-loop system is shown in Figure The closed-loop system is

(A) always stable (B) marginally stable (C) unstable with one pole on the right half s -plane (D) unstable with two poles on the right half s -plane.
MCQ 6.82
value of xss = lim x (t), given the initial state value of x (0) = 810 10B
t"3
3 1 Given the homogeneous state-space equation xo = = x the steady state 0 2G

T
is
0 (A) xss = = G 0 10 (C) xss = = 10 G

YEAR 2001 MCQ 6.83
3 (B) xss = = G 2 3 (D) xss = = G 3

TWO MARKS
The asymptotic approximation of the log-magnitude versus frequency plot
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 335
of a minimum phase system with real poles and one zero is shown in Figure. Its transfer functions is
(A) (C)
20 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25) 20 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25)
2
10 (s + 5) (s + 2) 2 (s + 25) 50 (s + 5) (D) 2 s (s + 2) (s + 25) (B)
Common Data Question Q.84-87*.

MCQ 6.84
A unity feedback system has an open-loop transfer function of G (s) = 10000 2 s (s + 10) Determine the magnitude of G (j) in dB at an angular frequency of = 20 rad/sec. (A) 1 dB (B) 0 dB (C) 2 dB (D) 10 dB
MCQ 6.85
The phase margin in degrees is (A) 90c (C) 36.86c
(B) 36.86c (D) 90c (B) 6.02 dB (D) None of these
MCQ 6.86
The gain margin in dB is (A) 13.97 dB (C) 13.97 dB
MCQ 6.87
The system is (A) Stable (C) Marginally stable
(B) Un-stable (D) can not determined
MCQ 6.88
*For the given characteristic equation s3 + s2 + Ks + K = 0 The root locus of the system as K varies from zero to infinity is
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
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CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
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SOLUTION
SOL 6.1
Option (D) is correct. General form of state equations are given as o = Ax + Bu x o = Cx + Du y For the given problem R 0 a 0V R0V 1 S W S W A = S 0 0 a2W, B = S0W S S Sa 3 0 0W W S1W W T X T X R 0 a 0VR0V R 0V 1 S WS W S W AB = S 0 0 a2WS0W = Sa2W S Sa 3 0 0W WS S1W S 0W W S W R V R V Ra a V T 0 X T X T 0 a1 a2WS0X S W S 1 2W 2 0 0WS0W = S 0W A B = Sa2 a 3 S S 0 a 3 a1 WS S1W S 0W W S W 0W T XT X T X For controllability it is necessary that following matrix has a tank of n = 3 . R0 0 a a V 1 2W S 0W U = 6B : AB : A2 B@ = S0 a2 S S1 0 W 0W T X So, a2 ! 0 a1 a 2 ! 0 & a1 ! 0 a 3 may be zero or not. Option (A) is correct. K (s + 1) [R (s) Y (s)] Y (s) = 3 s + as2 + 2s + 1 K (s + 1) K (s + 1) R (s) = 3 Y (s) ;1 + 3 E 2 s + as2 + 2s + 1 s + as + 2s + 1 Y (s) [s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k)] = K (s + 1) R (s) Y (s) K (s + 1) Transfer Function, H (s) = = R (s) s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k) Routh Table :
SOL 6.2
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6

SOL 6.3
For oscillation, a (2 + K) (1 + K) =0 a a = K+1 K+2 Auxiliary equation A (s) = as2 + (k + 1) = 0 s2 = k + 1 a k + 1 (k + 2) = (k + 2) s2 = (k + 1) s = j k+2 j = j k + 2 = k+2 = 2 (Oscillation frequency) k =2 and a = 2 + 1 = 3 = 0.75 2+2 4 Option (A) is correct.
j + a GC (s) = s + a = s+b j + b Phase lead angle, = tan1 a k tan1 a k a b J N 1 K a b O = tan1 (b a) = tan c ab + 2 m 2 K O K1 + O ab P L For phase-lead compensation > 0 ba > 0 b >a Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to pole, so option (C) can not be true.
SOL 6.4
Option (A) is correct. = tan1 a k tan1 a k a b
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
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1/a 1/b d = =0 2 2 d 1 +a k 1 +ak a b 2 2 1 + = 1+1 a ab2 b b a2 1 1 = 2 1 1 a b ab b a b l = ab = 1 # 2 =

SOL 6.5
2 rad/ sec
Option (A) is correct. Gain margin is simply equal to the gain at phase cross over frequency ( p ). Phase cross over frequency is the frequency at which phase angle is equal to 180c. From the table we can see that +G (jp) = 180c, at which gain is 0.5. 1 = 20 log b 1 l = 6 dB GM = 20 log 10 e 0.5 G (jp) o Phase Margin is equal to 180c plus the phase angle g at the gain cross over frequency ( g ). Gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which gain is unity. From the table it is clear that G (jg) = 1, at which phase angle is 150c PM = 180c + +G (jg) = 180 150 = 30c

SOL 6.6
Option (A) is correct. We know that steady state error is given by sR (s) ess = lim s " 0 1 + G (s) where R (s) " input G (s) " open loop transfer function For unit step input R (s) = 1 s sb 1 l s So = 0.1 ess = lim s " 0 1 + G (s) 1 + G (0) = 10 G (0) = 9 Given input r (t) = 10 [ (t) (t 1)] s or R (s) = 10 :1 1 esD = 10 :1 e D s s s So steady state error
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
(1 es) s # 10 10 (1 e0) s l = lim ess = =0 1+9 s"0 1 + G (s)

SOL 6.7
Option (B) is correct. Transfer function having at least one zero or pole in RHS of s -plane is called non-minimum phase transfer function. s1 G (s) = (s + 2) (s + 3) In the given transfer function one zero is located at s = 1 (RHS), so this is a non-minimum phase system. Poles 2, 3 , are in left side of the complex plane, So the system is stable Option (A) is correct. K bs + 2 l 3 G (s) = 2 s (s + 2) Steps for plotting the root-locus (1) Root loci starts at s = 0, s = 0 and s = 2 (2) n > m , therefore, number of branches of root locus b = 3 (3) Angle of asymptotes is given by (2q + 1) 180c , q = 0, 1 nm (2 # 0 + 1) 180c (I) = 90c (3 1) (2 # 1 + 1) 180c (II) = 270c (3 1) (4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at centroid 2 b 2 l 3 Poles / Zeroes / = = 2 x = 3 nm 31 (5) Between two open-loop poles s = 0 and s = 2 there exist a break away point. s2 (s + 2) K = 2 bs + 3 l dK = 0 ds s =0 Root locus is shown in the figure
SOL 6.8
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 341
Three roots with nearly equal parts exist on the left half of s -plane.
SOL 6.9
Option (A) is correct. The system may be reduced as shown below

1 s (s + 1 + K ) Y (s) 1 = 2 = 1 R (s) 1 + s + s (1 + K ) + 1 s (s + 1 + K ) This is a second order system transfer function, characteristic equation is s2 + s (1 + K) + 1 = 0 Comparing with standard form
2 s2 + 2n s + n =0 We get = 1+K 2
Peak overshoot M p = e /
1 2
So the Peak overshoot is effected by K .

SOL 6.10
Option (A) is correct. Given 1 s (s + 1) (s + 2) 1 G (j) = j (j + 1) (j + 2) G (s) =
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
1 2 + 1 2 + 4 +G (j) = 90c tan 1 () tan 1 (/2) In nyquist plot For = 0, G (j) = 3 G (j) = +G (j) = 90c For = 3, G (j) = 0 +G (j) = 90c 90c 90c = 270c Intersection at real axis 1 1 G (j) = = 2 j (j + 1) (j + 2) j ( + j3 + 2) 32 j (2 2) 1 2 # 3 + j (2 ) 32 j (2 2) 32 j (2 2) = 94 + 2 (2 2) 2 2 j (2 2) = 4 23 9 + (2 2) 2 94 + 2 (2 2) 2 =
2

At real axis Im [G (j)] = 0 (2 2) So, =0 94 + 2 (2 2) 2 2 = 0 & = 2 rad/sec At = 2 rad/sec, magnitude response is 1 G (j) at = 2 = =1<3 6 4 2 2+1 2+4 Option (C) is correct. Stability : Eigen value of the system are calculated as A I = 0 1 2 1 2 0 => A I = > > H H 0 2 H 0 2 0 A I = ( 1 ) (2 ) 2 # 0 = 0 & 1, 2 = 1, 2 Since eigen values of the system are of opposite signs, so it is unstable Controllability : 0 1 2 , B=> H A => H 1 0 2 2 AB = > H
SOL 6.11
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
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0 2 [B: AB] = > H 1 2 Y 0 6B: AB@ = So it is controllable.

SOL 6.12
Option (C) is correct. Given characteristic equation s (s + 1) (s + 3) + K (s + 2) = 0 ; s (s2 + 4s + 3) + K (s + 2) = 0 s3 + 4s2 + (3 + K) s + 2K = 0 From Rouths tabulation method s3 s2 s1 s0 1 4 4 (3 + K) 2K (1) 12 + 2K = >0 4 4 3+K 2K K>0

2K There is no sign change in the first column of routh table, so no root is lying in right half of s -plane. For plotting root locus, the equation can be written as K (s + 2) 1+ =0 s (s + 1) (s + 3) Open loop transfer function G (s) = K (s + 2) s (s + 1) (s + 3)
Root locus is obtained in following steps: 1. No. of poles n = 3 , at s = 0, s = 1 and s = 3 2. 3. 4. 5. No. of Zeroes m = 1, at s = 2 The root locus on real axis lies between s = 0 and s = 1, between s = 3 and s = 2 . Breakaway point lies between open loop poles of the system. Here breakaway point lies in the range 1 < Re [s] < 0 . Asymptotes meet on real axis at a point C , given by C = nm (0 1 3) ( 2) = 31
/ real part of poles / real parts of zeroes
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
= 1 As no. of poles is 3, so two root loci branches terminates at infinity along asymptotes Re (s) = 1
SOL 6.13
Option (D) is correct. Overall gain of the system is written as G = G1 G 2 1 G3 We know that for a quantity that is product of two or more quantities total percentage error is some of the percentage error in each quantity. so error in overall gain G is 3 G = 1 + 2 + 1 3 Option (D) is correct. From Nyquist stability criteria, no. of closed loop poles in right half of s -plane is given as Z = PN P " No. of open loop poles in right half s -plane N " No. of encirclement of ( 1, j0)
SOL 6.14
Here N = 2 (` encirclement is in clockwise direction) P = 0 (` system is stable) So, Z = 0 ( 2) Z = 2 , System is unstable with 2-poles on RH of s -plane.
SOL 6.15
Option (D) is correct. Given Rouths tabulation. s3 s2 s1 2 4 0 2 4 0 4s2 + 4 = 0
So the auxiliary equation is given by,
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
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s2 = 1 s =! j From table we have characteristic equation as 2s3 + 2s + 4s2 + 4 = 0 s3 + s + 2s2 + 2 = 0 s (s2 + 1) + 2 (s2 + 1) = 0 (s + 2) (s2 + 1) = 0 s = 2 , s = ! j
SOL 6.16
Option (B) is correct. Since initial slope of the bode plot is 40 dB/decade, so no. of poles at origin is 2. Transfer function can be written in following steps: 1. Slope changes from 40 dB/dec. to 60 dB/dec. at 1 = 2 rad/sec., so at 1 there is a pole in the transfer function. 2. 3. Slope changes from 60 dB/dec to 40 dB/dec at 2 = 5 rad/sec., so at this frequency there is a zero lying in the system function.

The slope changes from 40 dB/dec to 60 dB/dec at 3 = 25 rad/sec, so there is a pole in the system at this frequency. T (s) = Transfer function K (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25) Constant term can be obtained as.
2
T (j) at = 0.1 = 80 So, 80 = 20 log
K (5) (0.1) 2 # 50
K = 1000 therefore, the transfer function is 1000 (s + 5) T (s) = 2 s (s + 2) (s + 25)

SOL 6.17
Option (D) is correct. From the figure we can see that steady state error for given system is ess = 1 0.75 = 0.25 Steady state error for unity feed back system is given by sR (s) ess = lim = G s " 0 1 + G (s) s^ 1 sh ; R (s) = 1 (unit step input) = lim s s"0> K H 1+
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
So,
1 = 2 2+K 1+ K 2 ess = 2 = 0.25 2+K = 2 = 0.5 + 0.25K K = 1 .5 = 6 0.25
SOL 6.18
Option (D) is correct. Open loop transfer function of the figure is given by, 0.1s G (s) = e s G (j) = e
j0.1
Phase cross over frequency can be calculated as,

0.1p # 180c = 90c 0.1p = 90c # 180c p = 15.7 rad/sec 1 So the gain margin (dB) = 20 log = 20 log e G (jp) o > = 20 log 15.7 = 23.9 dB
SOL 6.19
+G (jp) = 180c 180 b 0.1p # l 90c = 180c
1 1 b 15.7 l H
Option (C) is correct. Given system equations dx1 (t) = 3x1 (t) + x2 (t) + 2u (t) dt dx2 (t) = 2x2 (t) + u (t) dt y (t) = x1 (t) Taking Laplace transform on both sides of equations. sX1 (s) (s + 3) X1 (s) sX2 (s) (s + 2) X2 (s) = 3X1 (s) + X2 (s) + 2U (s) = X2 (s) + 2U (s) = 2X2 (s) + U (s) = U (s) ...(1) ...(2)
Similarly
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 347
From equation (1) & (2) U (s) + 2U (s) s+2 (2s + 5) U (s) 1 + 2 (s + 2) = U (s) X1 (s) = ; E s+3 s+2 (s + 2) (s + 3) From output equation, (s + 3) X1 (s) = Y (s) = X1 (s) So, Y (s) = U (s) (2s + 5) (s + 2) (s + 3)
System transfer function Y (s) (2s + 5) (2s + 5) T.F = = = 2 U (s) (s + 2) (s + 3) s + 5s + 6

SOL 6.20
Option (B) is correct. Given state equations in matrix form can be written as, o1 3 1 x1 2 x > o H = > 0 2H>x H + >1H u (t) x2 2 dX (t) = AX (t) + Bu (t) dt

State transition matrix is given by (t) = L 1 6 (s)@ (s) = (sI A) 1 s 0 3 1 (sI A) = > H > 0 s 0 2H s + 3 1 (sI A) = > 0 s + 2H s+2 1 1 > 0 s + 3H (s + 3) (s + 2) V R 1 W S 1 (s + 3) (s + 3) (s + 2)W S 1 So (s) = (sI A) = S W 1 S 0 (s + 2) W X T 3t 2t e e e 3t 1 (t) = L [ (s)] = > H 0 e 2t (sI A) 1 =
SOL 6.21
Option (D) is correct. Given differential equation for the function dy (t) + y (t) = (t) dt
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
Taking Laplace on both the sides we have, sY (s) + Y (s) = 1 (s + 1) Y (s) = 1 Y (s) = 1 s+1
Taking inverse Laplace of Y (s) y (t) = e t u (t), t > 0

SOL 6.22
Option (A) is correct. Given transfer function G (s) = Input 1 s + 3s + 2

2

SOL 6.23
r (t) = (t 1) R (s) = L [ (t 1)] = e s Output is given by s Y (s) = R (s) G (s) = 2 e s + 3s + 2 Steady state value of output s =0 lim y (t) = lim sY (s) = lim 2 se t"3 s"0 s " 0 s + 3s + 2
Option (A) is correct. For C1 Phase is given by C = tan 1 () tan 1 a k 10 J N 9 1 K 10 O = tan 1 = tan 2 c 10 + 2 m > 0 (Phase lead) O K K1 + O 10 P Similarly for C2 , phase is L C2 = tan 1 a k tan 1 () 10 J N 1 K 10 O = tan 1 9 < 0 (Phase lag) = tan 2 c 10 + 2 m K O K1 + O 10 P L Option (C) is correct. From the given bode plot we can analyze that: 1. Slope 40 dB/decade"2 poles
1
SOL 6.24
2. 3.
Slope 20 dB/decade (Slope changes by + 20 dB/decade)"1 Zero Slope 0 dB/decade (Slope changes by + 20 dB/decade)"1 Zero
So there are 2 poles and 2 zeroes in the transfer function.
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 349
SOL 6.25
Option (C) is correct. Characteristic equation for the system K 1+ =0 s (s + 3)(s + 10) s (s + 3) (s + 10) + K = 0 s3 + 13s2 + 30s + K = 0 Applying Rouths stability criteria s3 s2 s1 1 13 (13 # 30) K 13 K 30 K
SOL 6.26

Option (C) is correct. Given transfer function is H (s)) =
2
s0 For stability there should be no sign change in first column So, 390 K > 0 & K < 390 K >0 0 < K < 90
100 s + 20s + 100 Characteristic equation of the system is given by s2 + 20s + 100 = 0 2 n = 100 & n = 10 rad/sec. 2n = 20 = 20 = 1 2 # 10
or
( = 1) so system is critically damped.

SOL 6.27
Option (D) is correct. State space equation of the system is given by, o = AX + Bu X Y = CX Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the equations. sX (s) = AX (s) + BU (s) (sI A) X (s) = BU (s) X (s) = (sI A) 1 BU (s)
PAGE 350
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
So
` Y (s) = CX (s) Y (s) = C (sI A) 1 BU (s) Y (s) T.F = = C (sI A) 1 B U (s)
s 0 0 1 s 1 (sI A) = > H > => H 0 s 0 2 0 s + 2H V R 1 W S1 1 >s + 2 1H = Ss s (s + 2)W (sI A) 1 = S0 1 W s (s + 2) 0 s S (s + 2) W X T Transfer function V V R R 1 W S1 S 1 W s s (s + 2)W 0 Ss (s + 2)W G (s) = C [sI A] 1 B = 81 0BS S0 1 W>1H = 81 0BS 1 W S (s + 2) W S (s + 2) W X X T T 1 = s (s + 2)

SOL 6.28
Option (A) is correct. Steady state error is given by,
Here
sR (s) ess = lim = G s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s) R (s) = L [r (t)] = 1 (Unit step input) s 1 G (s) = s (s + 2)
SOL 6.29
H (s) = 1 (Unity feed back) R V sb 1 l S W s S W = lim = s (s + 2) G = 0 So, ess = lim 1 s"0S W s " 0 s (s + 2) + 1 S1 + s (s + 2) W T X Option (D) is correct. For input u1 , the system is (u2 = 0)
System response is
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 351
(s 1) (s 1) (s + 2) = H1 (s) = (s 1) 1 (s + 3) 1+ (s + 2) (s 1) Poles of the system is lying at s = 3 (negative s -plane) so this is stable. For input u2 the system is (u1 = 0)
System response is 1 (s 1) (s + 2) = H2 (s) = 1 s ( ) ( s 1) (s + 3) 1+ 1 (s 1) (s + 2)
SOL 6.30

Option (B) is correct. Given function is. G (s) = 1 s (s + 1) (s + 2) 1 G (j) = j (1 + j) (2 + j) By simplifying j 1 j 2 j 1 1 G (j) = c 1 # j j mc 1 + j # 1 j mc 2 + j # 2 j m j (2 2 j3) j 1 j 2 j = 2 mc 1 + 2 mc 4 + 2 m 2 (1 + 2) (4 + 2) j (2 2) 32 = 2 + (1 + 2) (4 + 2) 2 (1 + 2) (4 + 2) G (j) = x + iy x = Re [G (j)] " 0 = 3 = 3 1#4 4 = c
+
One pole of the system is lying in right half of s -plane, so the system is unstable.
SOL 6.31
Option (D) is correct. Let response of the un-compensated system is 900 H UC (s) = s (s + 1) (s + 9)
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
Response of compensated system. 900 HC (s) = G (s) s (s + 1) (s + 9) C Where GC (s) " Response of compensator Given that gain-crossover frequency of compensated system is same as phase crossover frequency of un-compensated system So, (g) compensated = (p) uncompensated 180c = +H UC (jp) 180c = 90c tan 1 (p) tan 1 a J + p N p 9 O 90c = tan K 2 O K K1 p O 9 P L 2 1 p = 0 9
1
p 9k

So, (g) compensated = 3 rad/sec. At this frequency phase margin of compensated system is PM = 180c + +HC (jg) 45c = 180c 90c tan 1 (g) tan 1 (g /9) + +GC (jg) 45c = 180c 90c tan 1 (3) tan 1 (1/3) + +GC (jg) R 1 V + 3 S 3 W + +GC (jg) 45c = 90c tan 1 S 1 W 1 3 S W b 3 lW S T 45c = 90c 90c + +G (j X )
C g
p = 3 rad/sec.
+GC (jg) = 45c The gain cross over frequency of compensated system is lower than uncompensated system, so we may use lag-lead compensator. At gain cross over frequency gain of compensated system is unity so. HC (jg) = 1 900 GC (jg) =1 2 2 g + 1 g + 81 GC (jg) = 3 9 + 1 9 + 81 = 3 # 30 = 1 10 900 900 in dB GC (g) = 20 log b 1 l 10
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 353
= 20 dB (attenuation)
SOL 6.32
Option (B) is correct. Characteristic equation for the given system, K (s + 3) 1+ =0 (s + 8) 2 (s + 8) 2 + K (s + 3) = 0 s2 + (16 + K) s + (64 + 3K) = 0 By applying Rouths criteria. s2 s1 s0 1 16 + K 64 + 3K 16 + K = 0 & K = 16 Auxiliary equation A (s) = s2 + (64 + 3K) = 0 64 + 3K 0
For system to be oscillatory

SOL 6.33
&
s2 + 64 + 3 # ( 16) = 0 s2 + 64 48 = 0 s2 = 16 & j = 4j = 4 rad/sec
Option (D) is correct. From the given block diagram we can obtain signal flow graph of the system. Transfer function from the signal flow graph is written as c 0 P + c1 P (c 0 + c1 s) P s s2 = 2 T.F = a Pb a Pb 0 (s + a1 s + a 0) P (b 0 + sb1) 20 1 1+ 1+ 2 s s s s (c 0 + c1 s) P 2 ^s + a1 s + a 0h = P (b + sb1) 1 2 0 s + a1 s + a 0 from the given reduced form transfer function is given by T.F = XYP 1 YPZ by comparing above two we have X = (c 0 + c1 s) 1 Y = 2 s + a1 s + a 0 Z = (b 0 + sb1)
PAGE 354
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
SOL 6.34
Option (A) is correct. For the given system Z is given by Z = E (s) Ki s Where E (s) " steady state error of the system Here sR (s) E (s) = lim s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s) Input R (s) = 1 (Unit step) s 2 G (s) = b Ki + K p le 2 s s + 2s + 2 o H (s) = 1 (Unity feed back) So, R V sb 1 l S W s Wb Ki l Z = lim S 2 s"0S K W s i S1 + b s + K p l (s2 + 2s + 2) W T X Ki = Ki = 1 = lim 2 s"0 >s + (Ki + K p s) 2 H Ki (s + 2s + 2)

SOL 6.35
Option (C) is correct. System response of the given circuit can be obtained as. 1 bCs l e 0 (s) H (s) = = 1 ei (s) bR + Ls + Cs l H (s) = 1 = LCs2 + RCs + 1 s2 + R s + 1 L LC 1 b LC l
Characteristic equation is given by, s2 + R s + 1 = 0 L LC Here natural frequency n = 1 LC 2n = R L Damping ratio = R LC = R 2 2L Here = 10 2
C L
1 # 10 3 = 0.5 (under damped) 10 # 10 6
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 355
So peak overshoot is given by % peak overshoot = e

SOL 6.36 SOL 6.37
1 2
# 100 = e
# 0.5 1 (0.5) 2
# 100 = 16%
Option ( ) is correct. Option (B) is correct. In standard form for a characteristic equation give as sn + an 1 sn 1 + ... + a1 s + a 0 = 0 in its state variable representation matrix A is given as V R 1 0 g 0 W S 0 S 0 0 1 g 0 W A =S W Sh h h h h W S a 0 a1 a2 g an 1W X T Characteristic equation of the system is 4s2 2s + 1 = 0 So, a2 = 4, a1 = 2, a 0 = 1 R 0 R V 1 0 V S W S0 1 0W A =S 0 0 1 W=S 0 0 1 W S S a 0 a1 a2W S 1 2 4W W S W T X T X

SOL 6.38
Option (A) is correct. In the given options only in option (A) the nyquist plot does not enclose the unit circle ( 1, j0), So this is stable. Option (A) is correct. Given function is, 10 4 (1 + j) H (j) = (10 + j) (100 + j) 2 Function can be rewritten as, 0.1 (1 + j) 10 4 (1 + j) = H (j) = 2 2 4 10 91 + j C 10 91 + j a1 + j 10 ka1 + j 100 k 10 100 C The system is type 0, So, initial slope of the bode plot is 0 dB/decade. Corner frequencies are 1 = 1 rad/sec 2 = 10 rad/sec 3 = 100 rad/sec As the initial slope of bode plot is 0 dB/decade and corner frequency 1 = 1
SOL 6.39
PAGE 356
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
rad/sec, the Slope after = 1 rad/sec or log = 0 is(0 + 20) =+ 20 dB/dec. After corner frequency 2 = 10 rad/sec or log 2 = 1, the Slope is (+ 20 20) = 0 dB/dec. Similarly after 3 = 100 rad/sec or log = 2 , the slope of plot is (0 20 # 2) = 40 dB/dec. Hence (A) is correct option.
SOL 6.40
Option (B) is correct. Given characteristic equation. (s2 4) (s + 1) + K (s 1) = 0 K (s 1) or 1+ 2 =0 (s 4) (s + 1) So, the open loop transfer function for the system. K (s 1) , no. of poles n = 3 G (s) = (s 2) (s + 2) (s + 1) no of zeroes m = 1 Steps for plotting the root-locus (1) Root loci starts at s = 2, s = 1, s = 2 (2) n > m , therefore, number of branches of root locus b = 3 (3) Angle of asymptotes is given by (2q + 1) 180c , q = 0, 1 nm (2 # 0 + 1) 180c = 90c (3 1) (2 # 1 + 1) 180c = 270c (3 1)

(I) (II)
(4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at / Poles / Zeroes = ( 1 2 + 2) (1) = 1 x = 31 nm (5) Between two open-loop poles s = 1 and s = 2 there exist a break away point. (s2 4) (s + 1) K = (s 1) dK = 0 ds s = 1.5
SOL 6.41
Option (C) is correct. Closed loop transfer function of the given system is, s2 + 4 T (s) =
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 357
T (j) =
(j) 2 + 4 (j + 1) (j + 4)
If system output is zero 4 2 T (j) = =0 ^ j + 1h (j + 4) 4 2 = 0 2 = 4 & = 2 rad/sec

SOL 6.42
Option (A) is correct. From the given plot we can see that centroid C (point of intersection) where asymptotes intersect on real axis) is 0 So for option (a) G (s) = K s3 Centroid =
SOL 6.43

nm 30 Option (A) is correct. Open loop transfer function is. (s + 1) G (s) = s2 G (j) = j + 1 2 Phase crossover frequency can be calculated as. +G (jp) = 180c tan 1 (p) = 180c p = 0 Gain margin of the system is. G.M = 1 G (jp) = 1 = 2 p+1 2 p 2 p =0 2 p+1
/ Poles / Zeros = 0 0 = 0
SOL 6.44
Option (C) is correct. Characteristic equation for the given system 1 + G (s) H (s) = 0 (1 s) 1+K =0 (1 + s) (1 + s) + K (1 s) = 0
PAGE 358
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
s (1 K) + (1 + K) = 0 For the system to be stable, coefficient of characteristic equation should be of same sign. 1 K > 0, K + 1 > 0 K < 1, K > 1 1 < K < 1 K <1
SOL 6.45
Option (C) is correct. In the given block diagram
Steady state error is given as

ess = lim sE (s)
s"0
E (s) = R (s) Y (s) Y (s) can be written as
Y (s) = :"R (s) Y (s), 3 R (s)D 2 s s+2 = R (s) ; 6 2 E Y (s) ; 6 E s (s + 2) s + 2 s (s + 2) Y (s) ;1 + 6 = R (s) ; 6 2s E s (s + 2)E s (s + 2) Y (s) = R (s)
2
(6 2s) (s + 2s + 6) (6 2s) So, R (s) E (s) = R (s) 2 (s + 2s + 6) 2 = R (s) ; 2 s + 4s E s + 2s + 6 For unit step input R (s) = 1 s Steady state error ess = lim sE (s)
s"0
(s2 + 4s) ess = lim =s 1 2 =0 s (s + 2s + 6)G s"0
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 359
SOL 6.46
Option (B) is correct. When it passes through negative real axis at that point phase angle is 180c So +G (j) H (j) = 180c 0.25j = 2 0.25j = 2 j0.25 = 2 j= 2 # 0.25
s = j = 2 Put s = 2 in given open loop transfer function we get 0.25 # 2 = 0.5 G (s) H (s) s = 2 = e 2 So it passes through ( 0.5, j0)
SOL 6.47

G (j) H (j) = K + j0.366 j (j + 1) Phase margin of the system is given as PM = 60c = 180c + +G (jg) H (jg) Where g " gain cross over frequency = 1 rad/sec 0.366g So, 90c tan 1 (g) 60c = 180c + tan 1 b K l = 90c + tan 1 b 0.366 l tan 1 (1) K = 90c 45c + tan 1 b 0.366 l K 15c = tan 1 b 0.366 l K 0.366 = tan 15c K K = 0.366 = 1.366 0.267
Option (C) is correct. Open loop transfer function of the system is given by. G (s) H (s) = (K + 0.366s) ; 1 E s (s + 1)
PAGE 360
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
SOL 6.48
Option (A) is correct. Given state equation. o (t) = >0 1 H X (t) + >1H u (t) X 0 3 0 Here 0 1 1 A => ,B = > H H 0 3 0 State transition matrix is given by, (t) = L 1 [(sI A) 1] s 0 0 1 s 1 [sI A] = > H > => H 0 s 0 3 0 s + 3H V R 1 W S1 1 >s + 3 1H = Ss s (s + 3)W [sI A] 1 = S0 1 W s (s + 3) 0 s S (s + 3) W X T (t) = L 1 [(sI A) 1]

SOL 6.49
1 => 0
1 3
(1 e3t) H e3t
Option (C) is correct. State transition equation is given by
X (s) = (s) X (0) + (s) BU (s) Here (s) " state transition matrix V R 1 W S1 s s (s + 3)W (s) = S S0 1 W S (s + 3) W X T X (0) " initial condition 1 X (0) = > H 3 1 B => H 0 V R R1 1 W 1 V S1 W S s s (s + 3)W 1 Ss (s + 3) s W 1 1 S X (s) = S 1 W> 3 H + S 1 W>0H s 0 0 S (s + 3) W S s+3 W X V T X V T R R 1 3 1 S + W W 1 s s (s + 3)W 1 1 S s + 3W S s + = + =S s > 2H S 0+ 3 W >0H s S 3 W 0 S s+3 W S s+3 W X T T X
So
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 361
R V 1 W S1 2 s + 3W X (s) = Ss S W 3 S s+3 W T X Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get state transition equation as, t e 3t X (t) = > 3t H 3e
SOL 6.50
Option () is correct Phase margin of a system is the amount of additional phase lag required to bring the system to the point of instability or ( 1, j0) So here phase margin = 0c Option (D) is correct. Given transfer function is 5 F (s) = 2 s (s + 3s + 2) F (s) = 5 s (s + 1) (s + 2)
SOL 6.51

By partial fraction, we get 5 F (s) = 5 5 + 2s s + 1 2 (s + 2) Taking inverse Laplace of F (s) we have f (t) = 5 u (t) 5e t + 5 e 2t 2 2 So, the initial value of f (t) is given by lim f (t) = 5 5 + 5 (1) = 0 2 2 t"0
SOL 6.52
Option (C) is correct. In A.C techo-meter output voltage is directly proportional to differentiation of rotor displacement. e (t) \ d [ (t)] dt e (t) = Kt d (t) dt
Taking Laplace tranformation on both sides of above equation E (s) = Kt s (s) So transfer function E (s) T.F = = ^Kt h s (s)
PAGE 362
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
SOL 6.53
Option (B) is correct. Given characteristic equation, s3 4s2 + s + 6 = 0 Applying Rouths method, s3 s2 s1 1 4 4 6 = 2.5 4 1 6 0
6 s0 There are two sign changes in the first column, so no. of right half poles is 2. No. of roots in left half of s -plane = (3 2) = 1
SOL 6.54
Option (B) is correct. Block diagram of the system is given as.

From the figure we can see that C (s) = :R (s) 1 + R (s)D 1 + R (s) s s + 1 + 1D C (s) = R (s) : 1 s2 s 2 C (s) = 1 + s2+ s R (s) s
SOL 6.55
Option (A) is correct. Characteristic equation is given by, sI A = 0 s 0 0 2 s 2 = s2 4 = 0 (sI A) = > H > H = > 0 s 2 0 2 s H s1, s2 = ! 2
SOL 6.56
Option (D) is correct. For the given system, characteristic equation can be written as,
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 363
1+
K (1 + sP) = 0 s (s + 2)
s (s + 2) + K (1 + sP) = 0 s2 + s (2 + KP) + K = 0 From the equation. n = K = 5 rad/sec (given) So, K = 25 and 2n = 2 + KP 2 # 0.7 # 5 = 2 + 25P or P = 0.2 so K = 25 , P = 0.2
SOL 6.57

t"3
Option (D) is correct. Unit - impulse response of the system is given as, c (t) = 12.5e 6t sin 8t , t $ 0 So transfer function of the system. H (s) = L [c (t)] = 12.52# 8 2 (s + 6) + (8) 100 H (s) = 2 s + 12s + 100 Steady state value of output for unit step input,
s"0 s"0
lim y (t) = lim sY (s) = lim sH (s) R (s) 100 1 = 1.0 = lim s ; 2 E s s"0 s + 12s + 100
SOL 6.58
Option (A) is correct. System response is. s s+1 j H (j) = j + 1 H (s) = Amplitude response +1 Given input frequency = 1 rad/sec. 1 So H (j) = 1 rad/sec = = 1 1+1 2 Phase response H (j) = h () = 90c tan 1 () h () = 1 = 90c tan 1 (1) = 45c
PAGE 364
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
So the output of the system is y (t) = H (j) x (t h) = 1 sin (t 45c) 2

SOL 6.59
Option (C) is correct. Given open loop transfer function ja + 1 G (j) = (j) 2 Gain crossover frequency (g) for the system. G (jg) = 1
2 a2 g +1 =1 2 g 2 4 + 1 = g a2 g 4 2 g a2 g 1 = 0 Phase margin of the system is
...(1)

tan 1 (g a) = 45c g a = 1 From equation (1) and (2) 1 11 = 0 a4 a 4 = 1 & a = 0.841 2 (2)
PM = 45c = 180c + +G (jg) 45c = 180c + tan 1 (g a) 180c
SOL 6.60
Option (C) is correct. Given system equation is. d 2 x + 6 dx + 5x = 12 (1 e 2t) dt dt 2 Taking Laplace transform on both side. s2 X (s) + 6sX (s) + 5X (s) = 12 :1 1 D s s+2 (s2 + 6s + 5) X (s) = 12 ; 2 E s (s + 2) System transfer function is X (s) = 24 s (s + 2) (s + 5) (s + 1)
Response of the system as t " 3 is given by lim f (t) = lim sF (s) (final value theorem)
t"3 s"0
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 365
24 = lim s ; s"0 s (s + 2) (s + 5) (s + 1)E =

SOL 6.61
24 = 2.4 2#5
Option (A) is correct. Transfer function of lead compensator is given by. K a1 + s k a H (s) = s a1 + b k R V S1 + j a a kW H (j) = K S W S S1 + j a b kW W T X So, phase response of the compensator is. h () = tan 1 a k tan 1 a k a b J N O = tan 1 (b a) = tan K a b ; ab + 2 E 2 K O K1 + O ab P L h should be positive for phase lead compensation (b a) So, >0 h () = tan 1 ; ab + 2 E
1

b >a
SOL 6.62
Option (A) is correct. Since there is no external input, so state is given by X (t) = (t) X (0) (t) "state transition matrix X [0] "initial condition e 2t 0 2 So x (t) = > H> H 0 e t 3 2e 2t x (t) = > t H 3e At t = 1, state of the system 0.271 2e 2 x (t) t = 1 = > 1H = > 1.100H 2e
SOL 6.63
Option (B) is correct.
PAGE 366
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
Given equation d2 x + 1 dx + 1 x = 10 + 5e 4t + 2e 5t dt2 2 dt 18 Taking Laplace on both sides we have s2 X (s) + 1 sX (s) + 1 X (s) = 10 + 5 + 2 2 18 s s+4 s+5 10 (s + 4) (s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4) (s2 + 1 s + 1 ) X (s) = 2 18 s (s + 4) (s + 5) System response is, X (s) = = 10 (s + 4) (s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4) s (s + 4) (s + 5) bs2 + 1 s + 1 l 2 18 10 (s + 4)(s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4) s (s + 4) (s + 5) bs + 1 lbs + 1 l 3 6

So, time constants ) 1 = 3 sec 2 = 6 sec
SOL 6.64
We know that for a system having many poles, nearness of the poles towards imaginary axis in s -plane dominates the nature of time response. So here time constant given by two poles which are nearest to imaginary axis. Poles nearest to imaginary axis s1 = 1 , s2 = 1 3 6
Option (A) is correct. Steady state error for a system is given by sR (s) ess = lim s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s) 1 Where input R (s) = (unit step) s G (s) = b 3 lb 15 l s + 15 s + 1 H (s) = 1 (unity feedback) sb 1 l s ess = lim = 15 = 15 60 15 + 45 45 s"0 1+ (s + 15) (s + 1) %ess = 15 # 100 = 25% 60
So
SOL 6.65
Option (C) is correct. Characteristic equation is given by 1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 367
Here
So,
(unity feedback) G (s) = b 3 lb 15 l s + 15 s + 1 1 + b 3 lb 15 l = 0 s + 15 s + 1 (s + 15) (s + 1) + 45 = 0 s2 + 16s + 60 = 0 (s + 6) (s + 10) = 0 s = 6, 10
H (s) = 1
SOL 6.66
Option (A) is correct. Given equation can be written as, d 2 = d K 2 + K V LJ a J dt LJ dt 2 Here state variables are defined as, d = x 1 dt = x2 So state equation is 2 o1 = B x1 K x2 + K Va x J LJ LJ o2 = d = x1 x dt In matrix form o1 K/LJ x B/J K 2 /LJ x1 >o H = > >x H + > 0 H Va H x2 1 0 2 R 2 V Sd W S dt2 W = P >dH + QVa dt S d W S dt W X So matrix P is T B/J K 2 /LJ > 1 H 0
SOL 6.67
Option (C) is correct. Characteristic equation of the system is given by 1 + GH = 0 K 1+ =0 s (s + 2) (s + 4) s (s + 2) (s + 4) + K = 0 s3 + 6s2 + 8s + K = 0
PAGE 368
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
Applying rouths criteria for stability s3 s

2
1 6 K 48 6 K
8 K
s1 s0
System becomes unstable if K 48 = 0 & K = 48 6

SOL 6.68
Option (A) is correct. The maximum error between the exact and asymptotic plot occurs at corner frequency. Here exact gain(dB) at = 0.5a is given by 1 + 2 a (0.5a) 2 1/2 = 20 log K 20 log ;1 + E = 20 log K 0.96 a2 Gain(dB) calculated from asymptotic plot at = 0.5a is = 20 log K Error in gain (dB) = 20 log K (20 log K 0.96) dB = 0.96 dB Similarly exact phase angle at = 0.5a is. h () = 0.5a = tan 1 a k = tan 1 b 0.5a l = 26.56c a a Phase angle calculated from asymptotic plot at ( = 0.5a) is 22.5c Error in phase angle = 22.5 ( 26.56c) = 4.9c gain(dB) = 0.5a = 20 log K 20 log
2
SOL 6.69
Option (B) is correct. Given block diagram
Given block diagram can be reduced as
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 369
Where
G1 =
1 bs l
3 1 + b1l s
1 s+3
G2 =
1 bs l 1 + b 1 l 12 s
1 s + 12
Further reducing the block diagram.
Y (s) =

SOL 6.70
2G 1 G 2 1 + (2G1 G2) 9 (2) b 1 lb 1 l s + 3 s + 12 = 1 + (2) b 1 lb 1 l (9) s + 3 s + 12 2 2 = 2 = (s + 3) (s + 12) + 18 s + 15s + 54 1 2 = = s (s + 9) (s + 6) 27 a1 + ka1 + s k 9 6
Option (C) is correct. Given state equation is, o = AX X Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the equation, sX (s) X (0) = AX (s) (sI A) X (s) = X (0) X (s) = (sI A) 1 X (0) = (s) X (0) Where (t) = L 1 [ (s)] = L 1 [(sI A) 1] is defined as state transition matrix
SOL 6.71
Option (B) is correct. State equation of the system is given as, o = >2 3H X + >1H u X 0 5 0 Here 2 3 1 A = > H, B = > H 0 5 0
Check for controllability:
PAGE 370
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
2 3 1 2 AB = > H> H = > H 0 5 0 0 1 2 U = [B : AB] = > H 0 0 U = (1 # 0 2 # 0) = 0 Matrix U is singular, so the system is uncontrollable. Check for Stability: Characteristic equation of the system is obtained as, sI A = 0 s 0 2 3 (sI A) = > H > H 0 s 0 5 s 2 3 => 0 s 5H sI A = (s 2) (s 5) = 0 s = 2, s = 5 There are two R.H.S Poles in the system so it is unstable.

SOL 6.72
Option (B) is correct. Given open loop transfer function, no of poles = 2 , G (s) = K s2 no of zeroes = 0 For plotting root locus: (1) Poles lie at s1, s2 = 0 (2) So the root loci starts (K = 0) from s = 0 and s = 0 (3) As there is no open-loop zero, root loci terminates (K = 3) at infinity. (4) Angle of asymptotes is given by (2q + 1) 180c , q = 0, 1 nm So the two asymptotes are at an angle of (i) (ii) (2 # 0 + 1) 180c = 90c 2 (2 # 1 + 1) 180c = 270c 2
(5) The asymptotes intersect on real axis at a point given by / Poles / zeros = 0 0 = 0 x= nm 2 (6) Break away points 1+K = 0
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 371
K = s2 dK = 2s = 0 & s = 0 ds So the root locus plot is.
SOL 6.73
Option (A) is correct. System is described as. d2 y dy = du + 2u + dt dt2 dt Taking Laplace transform on both sides. s2 Y (s) + sY (s) = sU (s) + 2U (s) (s2 + s) Y (s) = (s + 2) U (s) So, the transfer function is Y (s) (s + 2) T.F = = 2 U (s) (s + s)

SOL 6.74
Option (A) is correct. Here, we have 1 2 0 A = > H, B = > H, C = [4, 0] 1 0 4 We know that transfer function of the system is given by. Y (s) = C (sI A) 1 B G (s) = U (s) s 0 2 0 s2 0 [sI A ] = > H > H = > 0 s 0 4 0 s 4H
V R W S 1 0 (s 4) 0 (s 2) W S 1 1 (sI A) = = > 1 W (s 2)H S (s 2) (s 4) 0 S 0 (s 4)W X TR V V R S 1 W S 1 0 W1 (s 2) Y (s) W S(s 2)W So, = [4 0] S >1H = [4 0] S W S 1 U (s) 1 W S(s 4)W S 0 (s 4)W X X T T
PAGE 372
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
Y (s) = 4 U (s) (s 2) Here input is unit impulse so U (s) = 1 and output Y (s) = 4 (s 2) Taking inverse Laplace transfer we get output y (t) = 4e2t
SOL 6.75

A I = 0 V R R S0 1 0 0W S S0 0 1 0W S0 (A I) = S WS S0 0 0 1W S0 S0 0 0 1W S0 X T T 3 A I = (1 ) = 0 1, 2, 3 = 0 , 4 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 V R V 0 W 0W S 1 0 0 W 0W S 0 1 =S W 0W S 0 0 1 W W W S 0 0 0 1 W X T X
Option (D) is correct. Given state equation V R S0 1 0 0W W S o = S0 0 1 0W X X S0 0 0 1W S0 0 0 1W X T V R 0 1 0 0 W S S0 0 1 0W Here A =S W S0 0 0 1W S0 0 0 1W X as T obtained Eigen value can be
or
SOL 6.76
Option (A) is correct. Input-output relationship is given as d 2y dy du 2 + 2 dt + 10y = 5 dt 3u dt Taking Laplace transform on both sides with zero initial condition. s 2 Y (s) + 2sY (s) + 10Y (s) = 5sU (s) 3U (s) (s2 + 2s + 10) Y (s) = (5s 3) U (s) (5s 3) Output U (s) Y (s) = 2 (s + 2s + 10) With no input and with given initial conditions, output is obtained as d 2y dy + 10y = 0 2 +2
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 373
Taking Laplace transform (with initial conditions) [s2 Y (s) sy (0) y' (0)] + 2 [sY (s) y (0)] + 10Y (s) = 0 Given that y' (0) = 4 , y (0) = 1 [s2 Y (s) s ( 4)] + 2 (s 1) + 10Y (s) = 0 Y (s) [s2 + 2s + 10] = (s 2) (s 2) Y (s) = 2 (s + 2s + 10) Output in both cases are same so (5s 3) (s 2) U (s) = 2 2 (s + 2s + 10) (s + 2s + 10) U (s) = (s 2) (5s 10) =1 5 (5s 3) (5s 3)

Taking inverse Laplace transform, input is u (t) = 1 : (t) 5 e3/5t u (t)D = 1 (t) 7 e3/5t u (t) 5 5 5 25
SOL 6.77
(5s 3) 7 = 1= 5 5s 3 (5s 3)G 7 U (s) = 1 ;1 5 (5s 3)E
Option (C) is correct. d 2 y dy + 2y = u (t) e t dt 2 dt State variable representation is given as o = AX + Bu X Or Here o1 x1 x > o H = A >x H + Bu x2 2 x1 = y , x 2 = b dy y l et dt
...(1)
dx1 = dy = x e t + y = x e t + x 2 2 1 dt dt dx1 = x + x e t + (0) u (t) or 1 2 dt Similarly 2 dx2 = d y et + dy et et dy yet dt dt dt dt 2 2 d y Put from equation (1) dt 2 ...(2)
PAGE 374
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
So,
dx2 = u (t) e t dy + 2y et yet : D dt dt = u (t) dy t e + 2yet yet = u (t) [x2 e t + y] et + yet dt
= u (t) x2 dx2 = 0 x + u (t) 2 dt From equation (2) and (3) state variable representation is o1 0 x 1 e t x 1 >o H = > >x H + >1H u (t) H x2 0 1 2
SOL 6.78
...(3)
Option (B) is correct. Characteristic equation of the system 1 + G (s) = 0 2 (s + ) 1+ =0 s (s + 2) (s + 10)
s (s + 2) (s + 10) + 2 (s + ) = 0 s3 + 12s2 + 20s + 2s + 2 = 0 s3 + 12s2 + 22s + 2 = 0 2 =0 1+ 3 s + 12s2 + 22s No of poles n = 3 No. of zeros m = 0 Angle of asymptotes (2q + 1) 180c , q = 0, 1, 2 A = nm A =
(2q + 1) 180c = (2q + 1) 60c 3
A = 60c, 180c, 300c

SOL 6.79
Option (A) is correct. Asymptotes intercepts at real axis at the point / real Parts of Poles / real Parts of zeros C = nm Poles at s1 = 0 s2 = 2 s 3 = 10
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 375
So
SOL 6.80
C = 0 2 10 0 = 4 30
Option (C) is correct. Break away points d = 0 ds = 1 [s3 + 12s2 + 22s] 2 d = 1 [3s2 + 24s + 22] = 0 2 ds s1, s2 = 1.056, 6.9433
SOL 6.81 SOL 6.82
Option ( ) is correct. Option (A) is correct. Given state equation o = > 3 1 H X X 0 2 Or

o = AX , where A = > 3 1 H X 0 2 Taking Laplace transform on both sides. sX (s) X (0) = AX (s) X (s) (sI A) = X (0) X (s) = (sI A) 1 X (0) Steady state value of X is given by xss = lim sX (s) = lim s (sI A) 1 X (0)
s"0 s"0
s 0 3 1 s + 3 1 (sI A) = > H > => H 0 s 0 2 0 s + 2H s+2 1 1 > 0 s + 3H (s + 3) (s + 2) V R 1 W S 1 (s + 3) (s + 2) (s + 3)W S =S W 1 S 0 (s + 2) W X T So the steady state value R V 1 S 1 W (s + 3) (s + 2) (s + 3)W 10 S xss = lim s S W> 10H 1 s"0 0 S (s + 2) W (sI A 1) =
PAGE 376
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
V R 10 W S 10 0 (s + 3) (s + 2) (s + 3)W S = lim s S => H W 0 s"0 10 W S (s + 2) X T

SOL 6.83
Option (D) is correct. Initial slope of the bode plot is 40 dB/dec. So no. of poles at origin is 2. Then slope increased by 20 dB/dec. at = 2 rad/sec, so one poles lies at this frequency. At = 5 rad/sec slope changes by + 20 dB/dec, so there is one zero lying at this frequency. Further slope decrease by 20 dB/dec at = 25 so one pole of the system is lying at this frequency. Transfer function K (s + 5) H (s) = 2 s (s + 2) (s + 25) At = 0.1, gain is 54 dB, so 5K 54 = 20 log (0.1) 2 (2) (25) K = 50
2

H (s) = 50 (s + 5) s (s + 2) (s + 25)
SOL 6.84
Option (B) is correct. Open loop transfer function of the system is 10 4 G (s) = s (s + 10) 2 G (j) = Magnitude 10 4 10 4 = j (j + 10) 2 j (100 2 + j20) 10 4 G (j) = (100 2) 2 + 4002
At = 20 rad/sec 10 4 10 4 =1 = 20 # 5 # 102 20 9 # 10 4 + 16 # 10 4 Magnitude in dB = 20 log 10 G (j20) = 20 log 10 1 = 0 dB G (j20) =

SOL 6.85
Option (C) is correct. Since G (j ) = 1 at = 20 rad/sec, So this is the gain cross-over frequency g = 20 rad/sec Phase margin PM = 180c + +G (jg)
CHAP 6
CONTROL SYSTEMS
PAGE 377
20 g +G (jg) = 90c tan 1 = 2G 100 g PM = 180 90c tan 1 ; 20 # 20 2 E = 36.86c 100 (20)
SOL 6.86
Option (C) is correct. To calculate the gain margin, first we have to obtain phase cross over frequency (p). At phase cross over frequency +G (jp) 20p 90c tan 1 = G 100 2 p 20p tan 1 = G 100 2 p 100 2 p = 180c = 180c = 90c
= 0 & p = 10 rad/sec. 1 Gain margin in dB = 20 log 10 e G (jp) o G (jp) = G (j10) = = 10 4 10 (100 100) 2 + 400 (10) 2

10 4 =5 10 # 2 # 102 G.M. = 20 log 10 b 1 l = 13.97 dB 5
SOL 6.87
Option (B) is correct. Since gain margin and phase margin are negative, so the system is unstable. Option (C) is correct. Given characteristic equation s3 + s2 + Ks + K = 0 K (s + 1) =0 1+ 3 s + s2 K (s + 1) 1+ 2 =0 s (s + 2) so open loop transfer function is K (s + 1) G (s) = 2 s (s + 1) root-locus is obtained in following steps: 1. Root-loci starts( K = 0 ) at s = 0 , s = 0 and s = 2 2. There is one zero at s = 1, so one of root-loci terminates at s = 1 and other two terminates at infinity
SOL 6.88
PAGE 378
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAP 6
3. 4.
No. of poles n = 3 , no of zeros ,m = 1 Break - Away points
dK = 0 ds Asymptotes meets on real axis at a point C / poles / zeros C = nm (0 + 0 2) ( 1) = = 0.5 31
***********

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CHAPTER 6

YEAR 2012 MCQ 6.1

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The feedback system shown below oscillates at 2 rad/s when

(A) K = 2 and a = 0.75 (C) K = 4 and a = 0.5

(B) K = 3 and a = 0.75 (D) K = 2 and a = 0.5

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 3 and 4 :

YEAR 2011 MCQ 6.5

(B) 6 dB and 30c (D) 6 dB and 30c

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(B) 0.1 (D) 10

YEAR 2011 MCQ 6.8

A two loop position control system is shown below

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YEAR 2009 MCQ 6.13

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YEAR 2009 MCQ 6.17

(A) 0.5 (C) 4

Common Data for Question 19 and 20 :

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YEAR 2008 MCQ 6.22

The transfer function of a linear time invariant system is given as G (s) = 2 1 s + 3s + 2

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Figure shows a feedback system where K > 0

(D) K > 390

The transfer function of a system is given as 100 2 s + 20s + 100

(B) An under damped system (D) An unstable system

Statement for Linked Answer Question 27 and 28.

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YEAR 2007 MCQ 6.29

The system shown in the figure is

YEAR 2007 MCQ 6.30

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The system shown in figure below

can be reduced to the form

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YEAR 2006 MCQ 6.37

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(A) (1) only (C) all, except (3)

(B) all, except (1) (D) (1) and (2) only

10 4 (1 + j) The Bode magnitude plot H (j) = is (10 + j) (100 + j) 2

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YEAR 2005 MCQ 6.41

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YEAR 2005 MCQ 6.44

(A) 1.0 (C) 0

(B) 0.5 (D) 0.5

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(A) 0.366 (C) 1.366

(B) 0.732 (D) 2.738

The state transition matrix 3t 1 1 ) 3 (1 e (A) = G 3t 0 e 1 (C) > 0

1 (B) > 0 1 (D) > 0

The state transition equation t e-t (A) X (t) = = - t G e t e 3t (C) X (t) = = - 3t G 3e

1 e-t (B) X (t) = = - 3t G 3e t e - 3t (D) X (t) = = - t G e

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For the block diagram shown, the transfer function

C (s) is equal to R (s)

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(B) 20 and 0.2 (D) 25 and 0.2

(C) sin (t 45c)

(D) sin (t + 45c)

YEAR 2003 MCQ 6.60

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