4.4 Contingency analysis 4.4.

Real-time security analysis

Network topology State vector
Measurements State
J(x), E{J(x)}
Variance of mea-
surement errors Estimation Location of
bad data
Network parameter

Network Model
equivalent of
external system

Exeeding limits:
• Ith
Contingency set • Vmin, Vmax
Security
• lines
• Imax
• transformers
• generation units analysis Security constraints:
• met
• not met
4.4 Contingency analysis 4.4.2

Comparison between simulation and reality

a) Reality b) Simulation c) Reality

Base case Disconnection of Disconnection of
observed values WESTW W1 line WESTW W1 line
calculated values observed values
4.4 Contingency analysis 4.4.3

Data requirement and computation time

State estimation
• Observable network: 270 nodes, 340 lines and 42 transformers
• Measured system: 60 voltage measurements, 340 active/reactive injections
measurements and 1000 active/reactive line flow measurements
• Computation time: 12 sec (VAX 11/780)

Outage simulation:
• Observable network and
equivalent network 312 nodes and 574 lines
• Contigency list 50 contingencies
• Computation time: 1.1 sec per outage (VAX 11/780)
4.4 Contingency analysis 4.4.4

CPU time and elapsed time

Computer System AXP 600/5/333 VAX 4000-90 VAX 4000-600

State Estimation 0.61 (5.5) 4.99 (24.7) 4.14 (19.0)
550 nodes, 700 branches

Contingency Analysis 1.59 (5.0) 12.79 (37.7) 15.25 (29.7)

600 nodes, 1000 branches,
base case +137 cont.
Short Circuit 0.49 (4.0) 4.55 (37.7) 3.81 (32.3)
550 nodes, 1000 branches

Optimal Power Flow 5.52 (11.0) 25.75 (43.3) 27.1 (57.3)

600 nodes, 1000 branches

CPU time in seconds

(Elapsed time in seconds)