,

, , ........................................................................................................................................... 9
....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
, .................................................................................................................. 11
, , ........................................................................... 12
, .................................................................................................................. 13
; ; mgu ....................................................................................... 14
........................................................................................................................................... 15
. ....................................................................................................................................... 16
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 8


. .................................................................................................... 18
, . ......................................................................................................... 19
. ............................................................................................ 20
....................................................................................................................................................... 21
. .................................................................................................... 22
.............................................................................. 23
, ................................................................................................................... 24
........................................................................................................................................ 25
.................................................................................... 26
. ............................................................................................ 17


. .................................................................................................... 28
SLD- ( SLD-) ................................................................................................. 29
. ....................................................................................................................... 29
, ........................................................................................................ 30
. ....................................................................................................... 31
. ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
. . .............................................. 33
, SLD- ............................................................................................................................ 34
: ................................................................................................................................................ 35
. ............................................................................................................................ 27


. ..................................................................................... 37
. ......................................................................................................................................... 38
.......................................................................................................................................................... 39
. .................................................................................... 40
... () .......................................................................... 41
. .............................................................................................................................................. 42
CWA (closed world assumption) ....................................................................................................... 43
C CWA. ......................................................................................................................................... 44
: ........................................................ 45
. ......................................................................................................................... 36


NF. ................................................................................................................................................................ 47
.............................................................................................................................. 48
FFS(P). ....................................................................................................... 49
. .................................................................................................................................... 50
, TA ........................................................................................................................................... 51
TA, .................................................................................................... 52
................................................................................................. 53
, . .................................................................................. 54
/ ..................................................................................................... 55
C . ............................................................................................. 46


. ....................................................................................................................................... 57
TA. ..................................................... 58
TA ................................................................................................................................... 59
TA ............................................................................................................ 60
.......................................................................................................................................................... 61
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 62
.......................................................................... 63
........................................................................................................................................................ 64
. ......................................................................................................................... 65
............................................................................................................... 56


TA. .................................................................................................................. 67
. .................................................................................................................. 68
TA. .............................................................................................. 69
. ............................................................................... 66

- , , ,
, {t,f},
(, , , , ), (,)

, ,

:
1)
2)
, . . . ,
- , n- ,
(
, . . . ,
) -
- , .

:
1)
, . . . ,
- , n- , (
, . . . ,
) ()
2) A B - , , (), , , -
( ).
3) - , - , - .
- .

-
. . .
(
. . .
),
- ,

, . . . ,
- , .

(
. . .
)((
. . .
) (
. . .
))


, . . . ,

, . . . ,


, . . . ,
-
, . . . ,
,
, . . . ,
-
( ).
, - 'false'. -
'true'.

10

,

, . . . ,

, . . . ,

1
= 1, > 0,
, . . . ,

= 1, = 0, ,
> 0, = 0,
, . . . ,

- .

11

, ,

-
, . . . ,


, . . . ,
,
, . . . ,



.
- , (
).
- ,
-
- , - .

12

, - .
= {

, . . . ,

}
= {

, . . . ,

}

{

, . . . ,

,

, . . . ,

}





dom , dom = {
, . . . ,
}.
, , , ,
= .
:
= { () , }
= { , , }
= { () , , , , } = { () , }

13

 ; ; mgu

- .
- , .
A,B - . ,
, = .
.
S ,
, - .
A, B, (mgu, most
general unifier) A,B,
, = .

14

S - ( ).
d(S) :
, S ,
S , .
- .
:
1) k=0,
= .
2)
.
: = S
, STOP : "

- mgu (most general unifier) S." (
),

3.
3)
v t, v t,



: = { }, : = + 1 2.
STOP "S ".
15

S- . S ,
mgu (most general
unifier) S. S ,
.

16

P - , N - .
{} {}.

17

P - , {
}

-
P, =


- P.

18

, .

- . : () ().
, () ().
,



. . . (



)


(
)
( ,
.)

19

: () ().

() T,
() = .

, () ,
Y T .

20

- .
: () ()

,
= ( (. . . ())).

21

- ,
.
P - ,

.
: (
) (
)
,
:

() (
, . . . ,
)
, . . . ,
ground(); (
. . .
)

1) ground() - P
2) , (
. . .
) ,
{
. . .
} .

22

1) :

,
(
)
(
)
2)
3) P

() .

23

- , ,
.

- .
-
- .

24

I - <
, > ,
:
1)

2)
(
)

: (
, . . . ,
) (
, . . . ,
)
3) m-
(
)
{true, false}.

25

S - . S
.

26

{
| }
:


{
|
} {
|
}
S - .
S
S,
S.
P -
, P.

27

P - . P
,
:
)
P
)

, P
A,
= {
| }
)
-
,
=


()
)
-

28

SLD- ( SLD-)

SLD- {} SLD-,
() .
SLD- ,
, P.
.

SLD- - SLD-, ,

,
, . .. mgu (most general unifier).

29

P N (
, . . . ,
) -
, mgu
. . .
,
SLD- P N
N.
P N (
, . . . ,
) -
, (
. . .
).

30

P-, G- {}
. {} ,

, . . . ,



, . . . ,

- mgu ( ) ,
,
. . .
=

. . .

.

31

P - , G - -.
{G},
/ . SLD {G} ,
, . . . ,
- mgu
{G}

, . . . ,

- mgu {G},
,
. . .
=

. . .

.

32

 . .

P, { }
.
P -
, { }
.

33

 , SLD-

N -
, . . . ,

C -
, . . . ,

:
N' N C mgu ,
1)
i
2) N' (
, . . . ,


,
, . . . ,
,


, . . . ,
)
( )
SLD- {} -

,
mgu
,








.

34

:
) C -
, . . . ,

)
i,

, . . . ,
,
, . . . ,

(
, . . . ,


,
, . . . ,
,


, . . . ,
)

35

P - , G - . {} ,
.
:
{}
{} ,
G.

36

P - , G - , R - .
{} R-
{} ,
G.
:
P - , G - . , SLD {} .
R SLD- {} R R , - .

37

38

R - ,
, - ,
.
(, .)

39

P - , G - . ,
{} . , R
{} R
, - .

40

 ... ()

f - n- ...
(n+1)-

, ( )

{
(

(0), . . . ,

(0), )} {
(0)} ,

, . . . ,
, ,
(
, . . . ,
) = ({
(0)} -

{
(

(0), . . . ,

(0), )})

:
s - , ..
(0).

, .

41

42

 CWA (closed world assumption)

43

C CWA.

44

 :

45

C .

46

 NF
.

47

48

 FFS(P).

49

50

, 

51

 
,

52

53

 , .

54

55

56

- , - . , .
, , .

57

 
.

. 
-
, . . . ,
,
,
.

58

 

. A 
, ,
A.

59

 

. 
-
, - ,
, .

. A , , A.
( )

60

61

62

63

64

65

----------

66

 
.

67

68

 
.

, .

69