PaigeFicarra February10,2014 Chapter21TermsandIdentifications 1,CostplusDuringnormalcircumstancesthegovernmentaskedcompaniestobidfor contractstobuildmilitaryequipment.However,theyusedcostpluscontractsthroughwhichthe governmentagreedtopayacompanywhatitcosttomakeaproduct,plusapercentageas profit. 2.WarProductionBoardTosolveproblemswithcompaniesarguingovercontractsand control,FDRcreatedtheWPB.TheWPBwasgiventheauthoritytosetpriorities,production goals,andcontroldistribution. 3.OfficeofWarMobilizationMilitaryagenciesclashedwiththeWPBimmediately,asthey continuedtosigncontractswithoutpermission.Asasolution,FDRestablishedtheOWMto settledifferencesamongtheagencies. 4.DisenfranchisementAfricanAmericansfounditsometimeshardtosupportthewareffort whilebeingdiscriminatedagainst.

Atthetime,theywererefusedwork,lynched,and disenfranchised,meaningtheirvotingrightswererestricted. 5.DoubleVCampaignManyAfricanAmericanleaderstriedtocombinepatriotismandprotest. TheNationalUrbanLeaguelaunchedacampaigntosupportthewareffortbyachievingadouble victoryoverracismintheUSandHitlersracism. 6.TuskegeeAirmenThefirstAfricanAmericanAirForceunit,the99thPursuitSquadron, trainedinTuskegee,Alabama.Laterjoinedwiththe332ndFightergroup,theyflew200protective escortmissionsandneverlostamantoenemyfire. 7.OvetaCulpHobbyAppointedtoserveasthefirstdirectoroftheWomensArmyCorps. 8.WomensArmyCorpsAllowedwomenintheArmyasactualservicemembersthough noncombatant.Womenservedinclericalandadministrativepositionstoallowmoremen availableforcombat. 9.ChesterNimitzAdmiralcommanderinoftheUSNavyinthePacific.Beganplanning operationsagainstJapandespitethebadlydamagedUSfleet. 10.DouglasMacArthurGeneralincommandofUSforcesinthePhilippines.MacArthurlead troopsinretreattotheBataanpeninsulawhereheusedtheterraintoholdoutformorethan threemonths. 11.BataanDeathMarchAftersurrendering,78,000USprisonersofwarwereforcedtomarch

65milestoaJapaneseprisoncamp.Marchingsick,starving,andexhausted,almostten thousandtroopsdied.66nurseswerecapturedandsenttotheuniversityofManilaalongwith11 navynursesand3000alliedciviliansweretheyweremadetoremainuntil1945. 12.CorregidorIslandintheManilaBaywereasmallforceheldoutwhilethoseinBataan surrendered.Aftertheirsurrender,thePhilippineswascompletelyinJapanesecontrol. 13.JamesDoolittleLt.colonelputinchargeofbombingraidsonTokyo.LongrangeB52 bomberswouldbeloadedontocarriersthatusuallycarriedshortrangeplanes.Thebombers couldtakeofffromthecarriers,bombTokyo,andhavetolandinChinabecausetheycouldnot landontheshortdeckofanaircraftcarrier. 14.PeripheryWhileRooseveltwantedtoattackEurope,Churchilladvisedattackingtheedges oftheGermanEmpire.RooseveltagreedtotheinvasionofMoroccoandAlgeriainJuly1942. 15.ConvoySystemAfterthelossofmanytransportships,theUSNavywasconvincedtoset upaconvoysystem.Withthissystem,cargoshipstraveledingroupswithnavywarship escorts.Thissystemdramaticallyimprovedthesituation,makingitextremelydifficultfora submarinetotorpedoacargoshipandescapewithoutincident. 16.A.PhilipRandolphTheleaderoftheBrotherhoodofSleepingCarPorters,whodecidedto takeactionagainstfactorieswhohiredwomenbutrefusedtohireAfricanAmericans.He informedFDRthatbetweentenandfiftythousandAfricanAmericanswouldbemarchingon Washington.Inresponse,FDRissuedExecutiveOrder8802,inwhichtherewouldbeno discriminationinhiring. 17.BraceroProgramArrangementthroughUSgovernmentforMexicanworkerstohelp harvestinthesouthwest.Morethan200,00workerscametoharvestfruitsandvegetablesand alsohelpedbuildandmaintainrailroads.Braceroisspanishforworker. 18.SunBeltThegrowthofSouthernCaliforniaandcitiesinthedeepsouthcreatedanew industrialregion.Thiswasthefirsttimethatthesouthandwestledthewayinmanufacturing andurbanization. 19.GreatMigrationAfricanAmericansleftthesouthinlargenumbersafterWorldWarI,butthis slowedduringtheGreatDepression.WhentheeconomyspedupagaininWWII,themigration beganagainbutAfricanAmericansweremetwithsuspicionandresentmentthatoftenledto violence. 20.ZootSuitAsuitwithverybaggypleatedpantsandandalongoverstuffedjacketwithwide lapels,accessorizedwithabrimmedhatandlongchain.Thisstyleangeredalotofamericans becauseatthetime,tosavefabric,menwerewearingvictorysuits.Thezootsuitbecame associatedwithjuvenilecrimeandmexicanamericancrimes.

21,VictorySuitTosavefabricforthewar,thesekindsofsuitsbecamepopular.Theyconsisted ofshortjacketswithnarrowlapels,novest,andnocuffs. 22.OfficeofPriceAdministrationAsbothpricesandwagesincreasedFDRworriedabout inflation.Tocontrolit,hecreatedtheOPAtoregulatewagesandthepriceofgoods. 23.VictoryGardensToproducemorefoodforthewareffort,familiesplantedvictorygardens. Thegovernmentencouragedthemthroughfilmreels.Peoplealsoheldscrapdrivestocollect thingsthatcouldberecycledforrawmaterials. 24.CasablancaConferenceMeetingbetweenFDRandChurchilltoplanthenextstageofthe war.TheyagreedtostepupthebombingofGermany.Thegoalwastheprogressivedestruction oftheGermanmilitary,industry,andeconomy. 25.DDayBecauseofalltherequirements,onlycertaindayscouldbeusedfortheinvasionof europe.EisenhowersplanningstaffreferredtothedaysofoperationbytheletterDandsothe invasiondatecametobeknownasDDay. 26.OmarBradleyCommanderofUSforcedlandingatUtahandOmaha.Hebeganmaking planstoevacuateforces,howevertheforcesbeganpushingtheirwaythroughtheobstacleson thebeach. 27.AmphtracThiswasanamphibioustractorinventedinthe1930storescuethepeoplein floridaswamps.Nicknamedthealligator,itwasaboatwithtanktracks.Itwastheonlyvehicle abletocrossthereefanddeliverthesoldiersdirectlyontothebeach. 28.GuadalcanalThebeginningofMacArthurscampaigninthePacificsouthwest.Itcontinued untiltheyhadcapturedenoughislandstosurroundthemainbaseofJapanintheregion. 29.KamikazeThesewerepilotswhodeliberatelycrashedtheirplanesintoenemyshipskilling themselvesandinflictseveredamage.Thefirsttimethiswasevertriedincombatwasatthe BattleofLeyteGulf,thelargestnavalbattleinhistory. 30.Hedgerowsbuilttofenceincattle,hedgerowswerelargedirtwallscoveredinshrubbery surroundingmanyfieldsinNormandy.TheyalsoallowedtheGermanstodefendtheirpositions fiercely.Thebattleofthehedgerowendedwhenamericanplanesbombedawholeinthewalls thatallowedthealliedtroopstorushthroughthegap. 31.BattleoftheBulgeThiswasHitlerslastdesperateoffensivemove.AstheGermansraced forwardtheirlinesbulgedoutwardslendingthenametheBattleoftheBulge. 32.HarryS.TrumanHebecamepresidentafterRooseveltsdeath.Hesawthedefeatof

Germany,butthewarwithJapanhadnotended,andbecameoneofthemostdifficultdecisions ofthewarinthefirstmonthsofhistimeinoffice. 33.IwoJimaLocatedhalfwaybetweenJapanandtheMariannaIslands,thisislandservedasa perfectattackpointforinvasion.Marinesattackedwithflamethrowers,explosives,andheavy artillerybombardments.Morethan6800marineswerekilled. 34.NapalmInordertohelptheB29bombershittheirtargets,theydroppedbombsofnapalm,a kindofjelliedgasoline.Theyweredesignednottojustexplodebutalsotostartfires. 35.ManhattanProjectUSsecretprogramtobuildanatomicbomb.ItwasheadedbyGeneral LeslieR.Groves.Thefirstbigbreakthroughcamewhenthefirstnuclearreactorwascreatedat theUniversityofChicago. 36.VJDayAugust15,1945,thedaytheJapanesesurrenderedafterbeinghitwithtwonuclear bombsandfacingtheUSSR. 37.UnitedNationsAneworganizationcreatedtohaveageneralassemblyinwhichevery membernationintheworldwouldhaveonevote.Theywouldalsohaveasecuritycouncilof11 countrieswithBritain,France,theUS,theUSSRandchinaaspermanentmembers. 38.CharterTheofficialconstitutionoftheUN.Signedby50nationsinSanFrancisco. 39.NurembergTrialsTheInternationalMilitaryTribunalheldtrialsinNuremberg,Germany, whereHitlerhadheldrallies.22Nazileadersweretried,threewereacquitted,sevenweregiven prisonsentences,and12weresentencedtodeath.SimilartrialswereheldinTokyo.