DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI

.........................................................................

ii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

.........................................................................

iv

DAFTAR TABEL

.........................................................................

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

.........................................................................

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah.....................................................................

1.2 Rumusan Masalah..............................................................................

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian................................................................................

1.4 Batasan Masalah.................................................................................

1.5 Posisi Penelitian (State of the Art)......................................................

1.6 Sistematika Penulisan.........................................................................

BAB II DASAR TEORI DAN TINJAUAN PUSTAKA...............................

2.1 Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya......................................................

2.1.1

Sel Surya (Photovoltaic)...........................................................

2.1.2

Karakteristik Sel Surya............................................................. 10

2.1.2.1

Isc dan Voc Pada Sel Surya.................................................. 10

2.1.2.2

Pengaruh Irradiance Terhadap Sel surya............................. 10

2.1.2.3

Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Sel Surya..................................... 12

2.1.2.4

Teknologi Sel Surya............................................................. 13

2.1.3 Komponen Utama Sistem Tenaga Surya....................................... 16

2.1.4

Sisyem PLTS............................................................................. 17

2.1.4.1

PLTS-Grid Connected.......................................................... 17

2.1.4.2

PLTS Stand alone................................................................. 18

2.2

Ilmu Perencanaan Pasokan Sistem Listrik Teknik........................... 18

2.3

Dasar Ekonomi Pembangkitan......................................................... 17

2.3.1.

Levelizing.................................................................................. 21

2.4

Perangkat Lunak PVSYST............................................................... 22

2.5

Pengembangan Pulau Terluar dan Strategis di Indonesia................ 23

2.6

Kriteria Optimal Teknis dan Ekonomis........................................... 26

2.6.1 Kriteria Optimal Teknis................................................................. 26

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2.6.2

Kriteria Optimal Ekonomis....................................................... 27

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN....................................................... 28

3.1 Analisis Kebutuhan Listrik (Demand)............................................... 29
3.1.1 Asumsi yang Digunakan................................................................ 29
3.1.2

Parameter yang Digunakan....................................................... 29

3.1.3.

Model Matematika.................................................................... 30

3.2 Analisis Perancangan Pasokan........................................................... 31

3.2.1

Asumsi yang Digunakan........................................................... 31

3.2.2

Parameter yang Digunakan....................................................... 31

3.2.3.

Model Matematika.................................................................... 32

3.3

Perancangan Teknis.......................................................................... 35

3.3.1

Simulasi Konfigurasi Pohotovoltaic Optimal........................... 35

3.3.2

Analisis Data Simulasi................................................................... 35

3.4

Analisis Ekonomis........................................................................... 35

3.5

Perbaikan Biaya Pembangkit Dengan Pembangkit Lain.................. 36

BAB IV PROYEKSI KEBUTUHAN LISTRIK DI PULAU BRAS UNTUK

MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA.................................. 37
4.1

Perkiraan Kebutuhan Energi Listrik Di Pulau Bras......................... 38

4.1.1

Hotel.......................................................................................... 38

4.1.2.

BTS........................................................................................... 38

4.1.3

Konsumsi Listrik Rumah Penduduk......................................... 39

4.1.3.1 Konsumsi Listrik Rumah Sejahtera...................................... 39

4.1.3.2 Konsumsi Listrik Rumah Prasejahtera................................. 40
4.1.4

Konsumsi Energi Listrik Total.................................................. 40

4.2 Perkiraan Kebutuhan Infrastruktur Vital............................................ 41

4.2.1

Klasifikasi Beban...................................................................... 41

4.2.2

Daya dan Energi Minimum yang diperlukan untuk tiap klasifikasi

beban......................................................................................... 42

BAB V PERANCANGAN DAN DESAIN OPTIMAL SECARA TEKNIS DAN

LAYAK EKONOMIS UNTUK MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN LISTRIK DI
PULAU BRAS .............................................................................................. 45

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5.1. Simulasi Hasil 3.................................................................................. 47

5.1.1

Biaya komponen A.................................................................... 48

5.1.2.

Biaya Komponen B................................................................... 49

5.1.3

Biaya Komponen C................................................................... 50

5.1.4

Biaya Komponen D................................................................... 51

5.1.5

biaya Ekonomi Pembangkitan................................................... 50

5.2. Simulasi Hasil 1.................................................................................. 52

5.2.1

Biaya komponen A.................................................................... 53

5.2.2.

Biaya Komponen B................................................................... 53

5.2.3

Biaya Komponen C................................................................... 54

5.2.4

Biaya Komponen D................................................................... 55

5.2.5

biaya Ekonomi Pembangkitan................................................... 55

5.3. Simulasi Hasil 5.................................................................................. 56

5.3.1

Biaya komponen A.................................................................... 57

5.3.2.

Biaya Komponen B................................................................... 58

5.3.3

Biaya Komponen C................................................................... 58

5.3.4

Biaya Komponen D................................................................... 59

5.3.5

biaya Ekonomi Pembangkitan................................................... 59

5.4. Simulasi Hasil 6.................................................................................. 60

5.4.1

Biaya komponen A.................................................................... 61

5.4.2.

Biaya Komponen B................................................................... 62

5.4.3

Biaya Komponen C................................................................... 62

5.4.4

Biaya Komponen D................................................................... 63

5.4.5

biaya Ekonomi Pembangkitan................................................... 63

5.5. Simulasi Hasil 7.................................................................................. 64

5.5.1

Biaya komponen A.................................................................... 65

5.5.2.

Biaya Komponen B................................................................... 66

5.5.3

Biaya Komponen C................................................................... 67

5.5.4

Biaya Komponen D................................................................... 68

5.5.5

biaya Ekonomi Pembangkitan................................................... 68

5.6. Simulasi Layak Teknis dan Layak Ekonomis.................................... 68

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5.7. Perbandingan Biaya Pokok Pembangkitan Dengan Pembangkit Lain

.......................................................................................................... 69
5.7.1

Panel Surya................................................................................ 70

5.7.2

Baterai....................................................................................... 72

5.7.3

Inverter...................................................................................... 72

5.7.4

Battery Charge Regulator......................................................... 73

5.7.5

pembagi Utilitas........................................................................ 73

5.7.6

MCB.......................................................................................... 73

5.7.7

Generator .................................................................................. 74

5.7.8

Kabel......................................................................................... 74

5.7.9

Proteksi Petir / Grounding........................................................ 75

BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN........................................................ 77

6.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................... 77
6.2 Saran................................................................................................... 78
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

......................................................................... 79

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Struktur atom dari masing-masing unsur................................

Gambar 2.2. Efek dari doping terhadap silikon...........................................

Gambar 2.3. Diagram potongan sel.............................................................

Gambar 2.4. Keadaan sebuah sel surya beroperasi secara normal............... 10

Gambar 2.5. Karakteristik kurva V-I terhadap perubahan irradiance.......... 11
Gambar 2.6. Karakteristik kurva V-I terhadap perubahan suhu.................. 12
Gambar 2.7 Sel Surya Silikon Kristal Tunggal............................................ 13
Gambar 2.8 Sel Surya silikon poli kristal.................................................... 14
Gambar 2.8 Sel Surya Thin Film................................................................. 15
Gambar 2.9 Sel Surya Organik.................................................................... 15
Gambar 2.10. Diagram Hubungan Sel Surya, Modul, Panel, Array............ 16
Gambar 2.11. Diagram Sistem PLTS-Grid Connected................................ 18
Gambar 2.12. Diagram Sistem PLTS Stand alone....................................... 18
Gambar 2.13. Komponen Sistem Tenaga.................................................... 19
Gambar 2.14 Struktur Biaya Pembangkitan Listrik Secara Skematik......... 21
Gambar 2.11. Peta lokasi pulau Bras........................................................... 22
Gambar 2.12. Peta Pulau Bras dan Pulau Papua.......................................... 22
Gambar 3.1. Bagan tahapan penelitian........................................................ 28
Gambar 6.1 Grafik Perbandingan Biaya Antara Simulasi........................... 68
Gambar 6.2 Grafik Perbandingan Biaya Pembangkitan.............................. 69
Gambar 6.3 Panel Surya Tipe a-Si:H Triple 1632 Wp................................ 70
Gambar 6.4 Grafik Penurunan Kapasitas PV............................................... 71
Gambar 6.5 Baterai 2V 1700Ah.................................................................. 72
Gambar 6.6. Inverter.................................................................................... 72
Gambar 6.7 Regulator.................................................................................. 73
Gambar 6.8 MCB........................................................................................ 74
Gambar 6.9 Generator 30 KVA................................................................... 74
Gambar 6.10. Kabel N2XSY/NA2XSY 1.8/3 (3.6) KV.............................. 75
Gambar 6.11. Proteksi Petir di PLTS Photovoltaic Pulau Bras................... 76

vi

Gambar 6.2. Diagram dasar PLTS Pulau Bras (Single Line Diagram)....... 76

vii

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1. Posisi Penelitian (State of the Art)............................................

Tabel 3.1. Parameter yang digunakan dalam analisis demand.................. 29

Tabel 3.2. Parameter yang digunakan dalam analisis pasokan.................. 32
Tabel 3.3. Hubungan antara lokasi pemasangan dan waktu cadangan modul
photovoltaic

......................................................................... 33

Tabel. 4.1. Beban/Load Hotel.................................................................... 38

Tabel. 4.2. Beban/Load 1 BTS.................................................................. 38
Tabel. 4.3. Beban/Load 1 Rumah Sejahtera.............................................. 39
Tabel. 4.4. Beban/Load 1 Rumah Prasejahtera.......................................... 40
Tabel. 4.5. Demand Total Pulau Bras........................................................ 40
Tabel. 4.6. Klasifikasi Beban Berdasarkan Tingkat Fungsinya................. 41
Tabel. 4.7. Daya yang dibutuhkan BTS Indoor......................................... 42
Tabel. 4.8. Daya yang dibutuhkan BTS Outdoor...................................... 43
Tabel 4.9. Daya yang dibutuhkan Front Office Hotel.............................. 43
Tabel. 4.10. Daya yang dibutuhkan Kamar Hotel..................................... 43
Tabel. 4.11. Daya Yang Dibutuhkan Masing-Masing Kriteria Beban...... 44
Tabel 5.1. Simulasi Awal Pasokan Listrik Pulau Bras............................. 46
Tabel. 5.2. Perbandingan Hasil Simulasi yang Dipilih.............................. 47
Tabel 5.3 Asumsi Energi Keluaran PLTS................................................ 48
Tabel 5.4 Total Biaya Komponen A Simulasi Hasil 3............................. 49
Tabel 5.5 Asumsi Biaya Komponen B..................................................... 49
Tabel 5.6 Biaya Bahan Bakar Solar.......................................................... 50
Tabel 5.7 Asumsi Biaya Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................... 50
Tabel 5.8 Asumsi Biaya Komponen D..................................................... 51
Tabel 5.9 Asumsi Energi Keluaran PLTS................................................ 52
Tabel 5.10 Total Biaya Komponen A Simulasi Hasil 1........................... 53
Tabel 5.11 Asumsi Biaya Komponen B................................................... 54
Tabel 5.12 Biaya Bahan Bakar Solar........................................................ 54
Tabel 5.13 Asumsi Biaya Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................. 55

viii

Tabel 5.14 Asumsi Biaya Komponen D................................................... 55

Tabel 5.15 Asumsi Energi Keluaran PLTS.............................................. 57
Tabel 5.16 Total Biaya Komponen A Simulasi Hasil 5........................... 57
Tabel 5.17 Asumsi Biaya Komponen B................................................... 58
Tabel 5.18 Biaya Bahan Bakar Solar........................................................ 58
Tabel 5.19 Asumsi Biaya Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................. 59
Tabel 5.20 Asumsi Biaya Komponen D................................................... 59
Tabel 5.21 Asumsi Energi Keluaran PLTS.............................................. 61
Tabel 5.22 Total Biaya Komponen A Simulasi Hasil 6........................... 61
Tabel 5.23 Asumsi Biaya Komponen B................................................... 62
Tabel 5.24 Biaya Bahan Bakar Solar........................................................ 62
Tabel 5.25 Asumsi Biaya Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................. 63
Tabel 5.26 Asumsi Biaya Komponen D................................................... 63
Tabel 5.27 Asumsi Energi Keluaran PLTS.............................................. 65
Tabel 5.28 Total Biaya Komponen A Simulasi Hasil 7........................... 65
Tabel 5.29 Asumsi Biaya Komponen B................................................... 66
Tabel 5.30 Biaya Bahan Bakar Solar........................................................ 66
Tabel 5.31 Asumsi Biaya Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................. 67
Tabel 5. 32 Asumsi Biaya Komponen D................................................... 67

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DAFTAR RUMUS
Rumus 2.1 Menghitung biaya pembangkitan............................................ 22
Rumus 2.2 Menghitung energi yang dihasilkan optimal........................... 22
Rumus 2.3 Menghitung stand-by unit....................................................... 22
Rumus 2.4 Menghitung Losses.................................................................. 22
Rumus 2.5 Menghitung kriteria optimal teknik......................................... 22
Rumus 2.6 Menghitung kriteria ekonomi pembangkitan.......................... 27
Rumus 3.1 Menghitung demand................................................................ 30
Rumus 3.2 Menghitung energi yang dibutuhkan dari satu jenis beban..... 30
Rumus 3.3 Menghitung energi untuk memasok kebutuhan listrik selama satu
tahun

......................................................................... 31

Rumus 3.4 Menghitung jumlah panel dirangkai seri................................ 32

Rumus 3.5 Mengitung jumlah panel dirangkai parallel............................. 32
Rumus 3.6 Menghitung total panel............................................................ 32
Rumus 3.7 Menghitung daya total keluaran.............................................. 32
Rumus 3.8 Menghitung daya MPP............................................................ 33
Rumus 3.9 Menghitung kapasitas baterai.................................................. 33
Rumus 3.10 Menghitung jumlah baterai seri............................................. 34
Rumus 3.11 Menghitung jumlah baterai parallel...................................... 34
Rumus 3.12 Menghitung efisiensi............................................................. 34
Rumus 3.13 Menghitung efisiensi............................................................. 34
Rumus 3.14 menghitung missing energy................................................... 34
Rumus 3.15 Menghitung persentase energi yang hilang........................... 35
Rumus 3.16 Menghitung kriteria optimal teknik....................................... 35
Rumus 3.17 Menghitung kriteria layak ekonomis..................................... 35