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Diana Puia
CURRICULUM EXPECTATIONS
C3.2 explain the chemical changes and energy conversions associated with the process of photosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide and water react with sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose) C3.3 use the laws of thermodynamics to explain energy transfer in the cell during the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. C3.4 describe, compare, and illustrate (e.g., using flow charts) the matter and energy transformations that occur during the processes of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) and photosynthesis, including the roles of oxygen and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
AGENDA
Which
organisms perform photosynthesis? What is photosynthesis? (Overview) Where does it happen? Light as a source of energy Light-dependent reactions
Photosystem I Photosystem II
Calvin
cycle
What is Photosynthesis?
The process which transforms light energy into chemical energy.
OVERALL REACTION:
6CO2 + 6H2O
light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is Photosynthesis?
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS (the photo part) Requires H2O, chlorophyll, and light energy (from any light). Produces O2, ATP, and NADPH CALVIN CYCLE (the synthesis part) Requires ATP, NADPH, and CO2. Produces glucose (sugars), ADP+Pi, and NADP+
6CO2 + 6H2O
light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis Overview
Makes energy-rich organic molecules (glucose) from energy-poor inorganic molecules (CO2 and H2O) It is the start of all food chains & webs. It also makes oxygen.
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Chloroplasts
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY: An ancestor of cyanobacteria was engulfed by an ancestor of todays eukaryotic cells. Symbiotic relationship eukaryote offered protection, cyanobacteria offered food. Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.
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Structure of a chloroplast
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absorbed by the atmosphere 40% reaches plants on Earth. Only 5% of that is used in photosynthesis.
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What is light?
A form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Travels in wave packs as photons (also known as quanta). Photon wavelength is inversely proportional to energy (the shorter the wavelength, the bluer the light, the higher the energy).
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Engelmann video
Used Spirogyra has a long spiral chloroplast throughout its length. Added aerobic bacteria to the slide. Placed a triangular prism between the light source and the stage. Found that bacteria accumulated where oxygen was produced the most (in areas exposed to red and blue-violet light).
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Photosynthetic Pigments
Chlorophyll
a (blue-green) Chlorophyll b (yellow-green) Carotenoids (yellow-orange) Xanthophylls (yellow) Anthocyanins (red, violet, blue)
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CHLOROPHYLL
COMPOSED OF 2 PARTS: Porphyrin ring Hydrocarbon chain TWO COMMON TYPES: Chlorophyll a methyl (CH3) Chlorophyll b aldehyde (CHO)
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Coloured leaves?
Right: mosaic forest (same season) Bottom: summer vs. autumn leaves
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Photoexcitation
What happens when a chlorophyll molecule interacts with light energy (photons)?
Before light strikes the molecule, electrons are at ground state. Photon of light hits. Electron excited to higher energy state. Electron falls back down to ground state and gives off a photon of energy (flourescence) and some heat.
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Fluorescence DEMO
Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Isolated chlorophyll molecules fluoresce when separated from the photosynthetic membrane in which they are normally embedded. If illuminated in bright white light, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off red light and heat.
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Photosystems
The two photosystems work together to start the process of photosynthesis
Photosystem I (PSI)
Contains p700 chlorophyll a.
Absorption peaks at 700nm red light. Found in the thylakoid membrane.
Photosystem II (PSII)
Contains p680 chlorophyll a.
Absorption peaks at 680nm red light. Found in the thylakoid membrane.
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Electron transport
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Energy video
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