776 PDF

()
. . , . .

2011
621.382:539.2(075.8)
32.85273
387
:
. ., . . , .
;
. ., . . , .,

. .
387
: / . . ,
. . . : , 2011. 244 .
ISBN 978-5-4332-0021-0
, , ,
-, --,
. , , , -, , ,
.
, 210100 .
621.382:539.2(075.8)
32.85273
ISBN 978-5-4332-0021-0
. .,
. ., 2011
.
, 2011
1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
1.3 . . . .
1.4 . . . . .
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
8
10
17
21
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
30
31
33
37
. .
41
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
49
52
54
57
59
65
67
72
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
82
82
83
84
85
86
90
91
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
99
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 - . . . . .
2.4 - . . . .
2.5 -
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 -
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 - . . . .
2.9 - . . . . . .
2.10 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11 - . . . . . . . . . .
2.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.13 -- (-)
2.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 . . .
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12

. . . .
- . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .
5
5.1 . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . .
5.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
102
105
111
115
120
122
128
134
139
144
149
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
153
154
159
161
163
6
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
p-n- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 - . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.12 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.14 . . . . . . . . . .
168
169
171
175
178
180
181
182
184
187
189
192
194
194
198
7
203
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8
214
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8.2
8.3
. . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . 221
228
229
231
234
.................................................................
, , , ,

( ).
.................................................................
: , .
.
- , .
.
, , .
.
,
, , .
, , ,
, , . .
,

.
, ,
. -
.
.................................................................
,
, , , .
.................................................................
:
, .
,
.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
. , . ,
.
.................................................................
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. , .
.................................................................................
.................................................................

.................................................................
1.1
, .
, . ,
. .
, . ,
, , .
. , , , . .
,
,
. , .
.
1.1
,
. , ,
:
Eg = (Ec E ),
(1.1)
Ec ; E .
, . , , ,
, .
(
),
, . .
.
( ), , .
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
, (, ). .
- .
, (), .

.
10
1.
1.2

E
1
N = 2(E)g(E) dE,
V
(1.2)
V ; (E)
; g(E) ;
E , E .
n (E) -:
n (E) =
,
(1.3)
E EF
exp
+1
kT
EF ; E ; T ; k .
(1.3) , , , , , , .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, .
.................................................................................
, , . , ,
1/2, ,
.
, (
), .

p (E) = 1 n (E) =
1
E EF
exp (
)+1
kT
(1.4)
1.2
11
, -
- ,
.

:
3
(2mn ) 2 (E Ec ) 2
gc (E) = 2V
,
(2~)3
(2mp ) 2 (E E) 2
g (E) = 2V
,
(2~)3
(1.5)
mn , mp ;
n (E) gc (E) (1.2), :
3
1 2mn kT 2
x2
n0 = 2 (
dx,
)
2
x n
2
~
T
+1
0 e
(1.6)
EF Ec
kT
; T =
;
qe
qe
E Ec
qe ; x =
.
kT
,
-:
n =
n (E) exp (
E EF
).
kT
(1.7)
:
3
EF Ec
mn kT 2 EF Ec
kT
kT ,
)
n0 = 2(
e
=
2N
e
c
2~2
(1.8)
mn kT 2
) Nc = (
2~2
.
EF Ec
exp (
) 1, , kT
n0 2Nc .
12
1.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
.
.................................................................................
, , e
xn
e T
EEF
kT
=
1. :
3
3
8Nc EF Ec 2
1 2mn 2
n0 = (
) = 2 ( 2 ) (EF Ec ) 2 .
kT
3
~
3
(1.9)
EF Ec
EF Ec
e kT 1, ,
1,
kT
, n0 2Nc .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
.
.................................................................................

3
E EF
mp kT 2 E EF
kT
kT ,
p0 = 2(
)
e
=
2N
e
2~2
(1.10)
mp kT 2
) .
N = (
2~2
e
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E EF
kT
1, p0 2N .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
.
.................................................................................
1.2
13
:
3
3
8N E EF 2 1 2mp 2
p0 = (
) = 2 ( 2 ) (E EF ) 2 .
kT
3 ~
3
(1.11)
E EF
E EF
e kT 1, ,
kT
1, , p0 2N .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,

.
.................................................................................

, ni
pi :
ni = pi = 2
Eg
Nc N e 2kT
k 2 4 3 Eg
= 2(
) (mn mp ) T 2 e 2kT .
2~2
(1.12)
:
mp
Ec + E 3
EF =
+ kT ln .
2
4
mn
(1.13)
(1.13) ,
:
EF =
Ec + E
= Ei ,
2
(1.14)
Ei , .
:
n0 = ni e
EF Ei
kT ,
p0 = pi e
EF Ei
kT .
(1.15)
(1.15) ,
n0 p0 = ni pi = n2i .
(1.16)
14
1.
.................................................................
n0 p0 = n2i , , .
.................................................................
,
, .
,
.
, ,
,
, :
n0 = ni + N+ = ni + N n ,
p0 = pi + NA = pi + NA pA ,
N+ = N n ; N
; n
; NA = NA pA ; NA ; pA .
, ,
,
n0 + NA = p0 + N+ .
(1.17)
. , , , T1 .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.................................................................................
1.2
15
, , , , . T2 .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
n-, ,
, (1.17) :
nn = N ,
(1.18)
nn n-.
,
, :
pn =
n2i
n2
= i ,
nn N
(1.19)
pn n-.
(1.18) (1.19) , ,
.
:
EF = Ec kT ln
2Nc
,
N
(1.20)
,
, .
p-, ,
(1.17) :
pp = NA .
(1.21)
,
, :
np =
n2
n2i
= i .
pp NA
(1.22)
(1.21) (1.22) ,
, .
16
1.
:
2N
EF = E + kT ln
,
(1.23)
NA
,
, .

( , . ),
(, , . ) , , .
. n
p :
n = n0 + n;
p = p0 + p,
(1.24)
n, p .
n0 p0 .

, - (1.3), (1.4). EFn
EFp . , :
n = n0 + n = 2Nc e
Ec EFn
kT
p = p0 + p = 2N e
E EFp
kT
:
2Nc
2N
EFn = Ec kT ln
, EFp = E + kT ln
.
n0 + n
p0 + p
(1.25)
(1.26)
(n = p = 0) - (EFn = EFp = EF ),
, .
EFn EFp
(1.25) np = n2i e kT , ,
(EFn EFp ) .
,
np n0 p0 , n 0, p 0, EFn EFp EF , ,
.
1.3
17
1.3
, , , ,
.

.
,
, .

.................................................................
.
.................................................................
. . . n
:
. = p E,
. n = n E,
(1.27)
p n .

.
:
1
1 = 1
L = I ,
5
2
L (m )
(1.28)
T 2 ,
; I (m ) 2 T 2 N , ; N .
L I , , . , , n > p .
L < I , , L .
c
T0
= 0 ( ) ,
T
(1.29)
T0 , , T0 = 300K; 0 T0 .
18
1.
n- c = 2,6; p- c = 2,3;
n- c = 1,0; p- c = 2,1.
3
I < L , , I T 2 .
: I , , .
. , . (E 104 105 /)
, , ,
. ,
. ,

, E .
j. n j. p

j. n = n E = qe nn E,
j. p = p E = qe pp E,
(1.30)
n , p
.
, :
j = j. n + j. p = E,
(1.31)

,
= qe (nn + pp ).
(1.32)

.................................................................
.
.................................................................
:
n = Dn grad n,
p = Dp grad p,
Dn , Dp .
(1.33)
1.3
19
,
, .

, :
j. n = qe Dn grad n,
j. p = qe Dp grad p.
(1.34)
:
Dn = T n , Dp = T p .
(1.35)
, :
jn = j. n + j. n = qe nn E + qe Dn grad n,
(1.36)
jp = j. p + j. p = qe pp E qe Dp grad p.
(1.37)

, .
.
.................................................................
, , ,
.
.
.................................................................
:
n(t, x)
n n0 1
+ div jn ,
=G
t
n
qe
p(t, x)
p p0 1
div jp ,
=G
t
p
qe
(1.38)
G ; n , p .
(1.36) (1.37)
:
dE
n n0
dn
d2n
n(t, x)
+ nn
=G
+ n E + Dn 2 ,
t
n
dx
dx
dx
(1.39)
p(t, x)
dE
p p0
dp
d2p
pp
=G
p E + Dp 2 .
t
p
dx
dx
dx
(1.40)
20
1.
. ,
(G = 0), :
n(t, x)
n n0
d2n
=
+ Dn 2 ,
t
n
dx
p(t, x)
p p0
d2p
=
+ Dp 2 .
t
p
dx
(1.41)
:
Dn
d 2 n n n0
= 0,
dx2
n
Dp
d 2 p p p0
= 0.
dx2
p
(1.42)
, n(0) x = 0 ,
x,
limx n(x) = 0.
:
n(x) = n(0) exp(
Ln =
x
),
Ln
(1.43)
Dn n .
.................................................................
,
e .
.................................................................
:
jn (x) = qe Dn
x
dn qe Dn n(0) Lx
=
e n = jn (0)e Ln .
dx
Ln
.................................................................
() , .
.................................................................
:
dQn Qn
= In ,
+
dt
n
dQp Qp
= Ip ,
+
dt
p
(1.44)
1.4
21
Qn , Qp ; In , Ip .
, Qn (t0 ) = Qn0 ,
Qn (t) =
tt
0
e n Qn0
+ e
t

n I () d.
n
(1.45)
t0
In = const :
tt
0
n Q
n0
Qn (t) = e
+ In n (1 e
tt
0
n ),
(1.46)
In > 0
In < 0.
Qn = n In
.
t1 , Qn (t1 ) = 0,1n In , t2 ,
Qn (t2 ) = 0,9n In , t 2,2n .
Qn0 >
Qn0
> 0, Qn (t0 + t ) = 0 t = n ln(1
).
In n
1.4

,
.
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
, , , . . , .
.
22
1.
, , .
. .

,
:
x
1
(x) = E(x) dx.
qe
:
0
1
s = (0) = E(x) dx.
qe
ns ps
:
ns = n0 e
qe s
kT ,
ps = p0 e
qe s
kT .
4 : , , .
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
1.1

n-
p-
ns > n0
ps > p0
s > 0
s < 0
.................................................................
, , ,
, .
.................................................................
1.4
23
1.2

n-
ps < ns < n0
p-
ns < ps < p0
s < 0
s < 0
s > 0
s < 0
s = 0, . .
.................................................................
,
,
, , .
.................................................................
1.3

n-
ns < ps < n0
p-
ps < ns < p0
s < 0
0 < s < 20
s > 0
0 < s < 20
s = 0 ,
: ns = ps = ni .
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................

s = 20 , .
: ns = p0 , ps = n0 .
24
1.
1.4

n-
ps > n0
p-
ns > p0
s < 0
s > 20
s > 0
s > 20
, ,
, . , , ,
.
. 1.1 n-:
; ; ;

s :
(x)
d 2 (x)
=
,
2
dx
0
(1.47)
1.4
25
(x) .
, n- ,
(x) = qe (N n(x)).
(1.48)
, s
T ,
qe (x)
qe (x)
n(x) = n0 e kT n0 (1 +
).
(1.49)
kT
(1.49) (1.48) (1.47) , N = n0 ,
d 2 (x) (x)
2 = 0,
dx2
LD
(1.50)
LD .
:
LD =
0 T
.
qe n0
(1.51)
(1.51), () = 0
(0) = s , (x) = s e LD .
, .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LD
.
.................................................................................

, - ,

.
, ,
.
26
1.
.................................................................
,
- (, , , ), .
.................................................................
. , , , .
, ,
, .
, .
:
, ( ). ,
1015 2 .

, .
,
. ,
, .
,
, .
.

.
n- ,
.
n- , .
n- , , -
1.5
27
.
p- , .
1.5
, , .

, .

, , . (1.39), (1.40) :
n(t, x)
dE
p(t, x)
dE
= nn ,
= pp .
t
dx
t
dx
(1.52)
(1.52)
(p n) = (p n),
dt
0
:
p n = (p(0) n(0))e
p(0) n(0) ;
,
. =
0
= 0 .
(1.53)
.................................................................
, ,
, e .
.................................................................
, (3 5) , .
. , = 1
1012 .

28
1.

.
. ,
.
1012 .
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................

, .
, .
,
.
,
,

, ,
.
.................................................................
1
.................................................................
1) ( 3 ) T = 300 K
, 1015 . .
: 1015 3 .
2) ( 3 ) T = 300 K , 1016 . .
: 104 3 .
3) ( /)
T = 300 K,
2,3 1013 3 2,2 1013 3 . 1500 2 /B c, 600 2 /B c.
.
29
: 96 /.
4)
:
,
,
.
: .
5) , , ,
:
,
,
,
.
: .
6) 0,25 0,25
0,05 3 1015 1 3 . U = 15 B.
, 500 2 /B c.
: 60 .
7) :
) ,

2,72 ;
) , ;
) , ;
) ,

L = D.
: , , .
2.1

, .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
.................................................................
p- n-,
, -
p-n-.
.................................................................
.................................................................

- (n-n+ ) - (p-p+ ).
.................................................................
+
( ).
p-p+ -( n-n+ ) p-n-
p-i- ( n-i)-, -
2.2 -
31
, ,
(i-).
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
- ( -).
-- (), .

,
, ,
.

: , ,
() , , , , , , , .
2.2 -
-
.
,
dN
LDi ni ,
dx
(2.1)
N ; LDi .
.................................................................
p n, (2.1) , ,
.
.................................................................
p-n- . - ,
32
2.
, , pn-, , , p-n-. - ,
p-n-.
.................................................................

textitp-n-. p n
, .
.................................................................
dN/dx ,
(2.1). . , . .
p-n- ,
.
.................................................................
p n- p-n.
.................................................................
p-n-
p- n- (pp0 nn0 ).
, . p-n- : pp0 > nn0
pp0 < nn0 , .
,
, p+ -n p-n+
.
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
p-n-.
- . p-n-.
, ,
2.3 -
33

p-n-,
.
2.3 -
- .
,
(
N), p-n-.
n-
, p-, -
n- p-, p- ,
.
p- n-,
. p- , n-
, , .
,
.
.................................................................
,
n- p-, .
.................................................................
, ,
, : n- p-
p- n-.
, -
:
j. + j. = 0.
(2.2)
p- n- .
34
2.

.................................................................
p- n-
.
.................................................................
, .
(2.2) :
d = T
dp
,
p
d = T
dn
.
n
(2.3)
(2.3)
p- ( = p0 , p = pp0 ) n- ( = n0 , n = nn0 )
:
= n0 p0 = T ln
pp0
nn0 kT N N
= T ln
=
ln 2 .
pn0
np0 qe
ni
(2.4)

p+ -n-
: pp0 = np0 + N , nn0 = pn0 + N .
: p = pp0 exp ((p0 ) /T ), n = nn0 exp (( n0 ) /T ).
p- n-
, pn0 =
= pp0 exp( /T ) np0 = nn0 exp( /T ).

, ,
. , 2.1: , p-, , , n-, .
E(x) (x)
(. 2.2) p-n-

(x)
d 2 (x)
=
,
2
dx
0
dE(x) (x)
=
dx
0
2.3 -
35
. 2.1
p-n-
qe N ; p < x < 0;
(x) =

q
0
<
x
<
e N ;
n.
E(p ) = 0, E(n ) = 0, (p ) = p0 , (n ) = p0 + .
. 2.2 ,
p-n-
36
2.
qe
p x < 0
0 N (x + p ),
E(x) =
qe
(N x N p ), 0 x n
qe
N (x + p )2 ,
+
p0
0
(x) =
+ qe (N 2 + 2N x N x2 ),
p0 20 p
(2.5)
p x < 0
(2.6)
0 x n
-

, , -
, , Q = qe N p S
Q = qe N n S
Q + Q = qe N p S + qe N n S = 0,
(2.7)
S p-n-.
(2.7) , p- n- :
N p = N n ,
(2.8)
,
.
(2.8)
= p + n = (1 +
N
N
)n = (1 +
)p .
N
N
(2.9)
: p+ -n- n ,
p-n+ - p .
(2.6) (2.9), p-n- :
20 1
1
(
+
) .
(2.10)
=
qe N N
p-n- (2.10)
:
20
,
(2.11)
=
qe N
N .
2.4 -
37
-
p- n- 2.3. p- EFp
, n- (EFn ) .
. 2.3 : n-,
p-
p-n-
: EF =
= EFn = EFp .
.................................................................
,
p-n- ,
p- n- qe = (Ecp Ecn ) = (Ep En ),
,
(. 2.4).
.................................................................
- .
2.4 -
p-n- .
38
2.
. 2.4 p-n-

.................................................................
- n, , ( p-n- ),
( p-n-
).
.................................................................

, qe ( U).

, .
.................................................................
p-n-
, , , , .
.................................................................
n- p-
,
- .
2.4 -
39
qe U
pn = pn0 exp(
)1,
kT
qe U
)1.
np = np0 exp(
kT
(2.12)
(2.12) pn /np N /N .
p-n- N N ,
p- n- n- p-.
p+ -n- N N , ,
, p-n+ -,
N N , . , p+ -n p-n+ -
,
.

:
np np
pn pn
=
.
nn0
N
pp0
N
, 1, , 1.
, . .
.................................................................
p-n- , .
.................................................................
n- p-n- p- ,
. , p-
.
, , (2.10), ( U):
20 1
1
(
+
)( U).
=
qe N N
(2.13)
, .
40
2.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
.
.................................................................................
.

.
.................................................................
p-n- , ,
qe ( + U).
.................................................................
(. 2.5) p-n-, , .
p-n-
. p-n- .
.................................................................
p-n-

.
.................................................................
.
,
. , .
,
.
.
2.5 -
-
41

.
,
.
.
, ,
(2.10) ( + U):
20 1
1
=
(
+
)( + U).
(2.14)
qe N N
(2.14) ,
.
. 2.5 p-n-
() ()
2.5 -
-
p-n- p-n- :
, ; ,

;
, ;
; ;
42
2.
p-n- , , ; .
:
I = In + Ip = S(jn + jp ).
(2.15)
U
:
qe Dp pn0
U
jp =
exp ( ) 1,
wn
Lp th ( )
Lp
qe Dn np0
U
jn =
exp ( ) 1,
wp
Ln th ( )
Ln
(2.16)
wn wp p-n- n- p- ; Lp , Ln .
(2.16) (2.15), - p-n-:
I = I0 exp( )1,
T
(2.17)
Dn np0
Dp pn0
.
I0 = qe S
+
wp
wn
L th( ) Lp th( )
n
Ln
Lp
+
p -n- p-n+ - :
I0 =
qe SDp pn0
wn
Lp th( )
Lp
I0 =
qe SDn np0
wp
Ln th( )
Ln
(2.18)
.................................................................

L
w -
, w L , ,
w L .
.................................................................
p+ -n-
I0 = qe SDp pn0 /L , p+ -n-
I0 = qe SDp pn0 /w .
2.5 -
-
43
(2.17) p-n- ,
, (U > 0), (U < 0). -
-
2.6. , (U > 0) (U < 0) , .
. 2.6 - p-n-
U T
( U > (2 3)T ),
:
U
I = I0 exp( ).
(2.19)
T
T = 300 K T 0,026 = 26 ,

.
U
T ( U > (2 3)T ),
I = I0 .
, p-n- . , , I0 ,
, , I0
. , ,
.
44
2.

I0 (2.17) . p- n-, .
,
.
.
Ln = Dn n Lp = Dp p , ,
:
I0 = qe S(
Ln np0 Lp pn0
+
).
n
p
(2.20)
, SLn np0 /n
SLp pn0 /p , Ln Lp .
,
:
Dp
Dn
I0 = qe Sn2i (
+
).
(2.21)
Ln N Lp N
(2.21) ,
I0 (T) , :
I0 (T) n2i (T) = I00 e
Eg
kT ,
(2.22)
I00 , .
T, T0 (
T0 = 300 K).
(2.22) ,

I0 (T) I0 (T0 )eT ,
(2.23)
T = T T0 ; = Eg / (kT02 ).
, (2.23) ,
:
T
I0 (T) I0 (T0 ) 2 T ,
(2.24)
T = 1 ln 2 , , .
2.5 -
-
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2.22), , .
.................................................................................
(2.21) , , .

p-n-
p-n- (2.17) - :
r =
dU
T
=
.
dI I + I0
(2.25)
p-n- I > 0, (2.25) , .

U > (2 3)T , r T /I =
= kT/ (qe I), , .
p-n- I < 0, (2.25)
, I (I0 ) r .
p-n- .
p-n-, , U(T) = U= + u (t), :
I(t) = I0 (e
U= +u (t)
T
U=
1) = I0 e T e
u (t)
T
I0 .
(2.26)
u (t) T
U=
I(t) = I0 e T (1 +
U=
u (t)
I0 U=
) I0 = I0 (e T 1) +
e T u (t) = I= + i (t),
T
T
I= , (2.17) - ; r p-n-, I= ; i (t) = u (t)/r p-n-.

, p-n-
, , .
46
2.
2.6 -
-
, - - ,
, p-n-:
, .
, , .
n, p-.
, .
,
. , ,
.
.
p-n-
.
, , ,
.
, . p-n-, , ,
- , -
. p-n-
, , ,
. ,
, p-n-.

p-n-
, ,
.
:
Eg
U
U
) exp (
) exp ( ) ,
T
kT
T
(2.27)
Eg
U
U
) exp (
).
) exp (
2T
2kT
2T
(2.28)
I. n2i exp (
I ni exp (
2.6 -
-
47
(2.27) (2.28), :
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, ,
;
;
.
.................................................................................
,

(, ). , , , .

, p-n- .
:
w
r = ,
S
(2.29)
w ; S .
.................................................................
p-n-
.
.................................................................
-
:
U Ir
)1
I = I0 exp(
T
U = T ln[
I
+ 1]+Ir .
I0
(2.30)
, Ir (2.30) .
48
2.
, , .
, ,
.

,
p-n- , .
p+ -n- I. /I0 = N / (Lp ni ), :
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, (,
,
);

- , , ,
;
: ,
ni , n2i ;
p-n- .
.................................................................................

p-n- , , .
, , ,
.

, , , , . ,
.
2.7 -
49
, .
.
2.7 -
.................................................................
- , , U. .
.................................................................
, .
p-n- , , . , ,
, .
.................................................................
: (),
.
,
.
.................................................................

.................................................................
.
.................................................................
( 10 ) p-n-,
, p- n E. , . , ,
,
p- n- (. 2.7).
50
2.
:
2 2m E 2
g
,
DT exp
~qe E
(2.31)
E p-n-.
(2.31) . 104 / ,
105 / .
. 2.7 p-n-
I0 .
.................................................................

: n- , p-.
.................................................................
, , , , . , .
2.7 -
51

.................................................................

.
.................................................................
, , , , -n-,
, ,
.
- ,
.
U : ,
p-n-, ,
.

, ,
,
. ,
,
.
( ) p-n-.
:
U = am ,
(2.32)
a m .
:
U > U , , U < U
.

.................................................................
p-n-
, ,
.
.................................................................
52
2.
P = I U ,
T = RT P, RT . , . ,
, ,
.

RT . ,
.
, .
2.8 -
.................................................................
-
.
, . p-n-
, , .
.................................................................

p-n-
.
0 S
C =
,
(2.33)
(U)
(U) .
(2.33) , , p-n-.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
,
p-n- , .
.................................................................................
2.8 -
53

.
p-n-
p-n-
:
C =
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qe SLp pn0 U
I
e T
p .
T
T
(2.34)
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p-n- p-n- :
.................................................................................
C =
qe Sw pn0 U
I
e T
t .
2T
T
(2.35)
, , ,
(. 2.8).
. 2.8 -
p-n-
54
2.
2.9 -
-
: .
.
, , .

, .

p-n- () .

.
p+ -n- :
C
dU dQp Qp
+
+
= i.
dt
dt
p
(2.36)
Qp U, ,
U
Qp = QB exp ( ) 1 ,
T
(2.37)
QB , p-n-.

p-n-
R U.
(. 2.9). Upn (t), , . U(t)
U (t) : Upn (t) = U(t) + U (t).
i(t) = (U.. Upn (t))/R.
U.. Upn (t), i(t) U.. /R = I , 0
I .
Qp (QB /T ) U = C U, C p-n-.
(C + C )
dU C
U = I .
+
dt
p
(2.38)
2.9 -
55
(2.38), U(0) = 0
t
U(t) = U 1 exp (
) ,
p + C Rpn
(2.39)
U = (p /C ) I = Rpn I
p-n-; Rpn .

, , p-n- : Upn (t) U(t).
, , C =
U
= dQp /dU = (QB /T ) e T C

dQp Qp
+
= I .
dt
p
(2.40)
(2.40) Qp = 0 :
t
U(t) U + T ln 1 exp ( ) ,
p
(2.41)
p I
+ 1) QB
p-n-.
t U
t = p ln 1 exp (
) ,
T
U(t ) U .

p-n- . ,
U = I r .
r
, .

U = I r . p-n- Upn (t) = U(t) + U (t)

2.9.

, Qp = p I .
U = T ln (

U.
(U. ). :
56
2.
(
).
, . , , p-n- , i = (U. Upn ) /R
U. /R = I ,
,
I I0 .
U
C = dQp /dU = (QB /T ) e T C , dQp /dt +

+ Qp /p = I , :
t
Qp (t) = p I + p (I + I )e p .
(2.42)
tp (2.42) Qp (tp ) = 0:
tp = p ln (1 +
I
).
I
(2.43)
U(t) = T
ln (Qp (t)/QB + 1), U(0) = U U(tp ) = 0.
p-n- I (I )
U = I r U = I r ,
Upn = (I +I ) r .

, , ,

U = I r .
. , , ,
. p-n-
.
, (U. ), . ,
, p-n-
:
t
) ,
Upn (t) U. 1 exp (
RC
i(t) I exp (
t
).
RC
2.10 -
57
. 2.9 p-n-

, , , 0,1I .
, ,
2.9.
2.10 -
,
.
.................................................................
0 ,
, .
.................................................................
58
2.

.
- :
j = A T 2 exp (
),
kT
(2.44)
A = (4qe mn k 2 ) /h3 ; = 0 EF
.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................

.
, , ,
:

k =
,
(2.45)
qe
, .
.................................................................
,
, (Schottki).
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
> , . n-
() ; p-
2.11 -
59
() . < , . p-
() ; n- () .
n-, p-
.
,
- .
.
, . ,
( -).
.
, -
. -
.
2.11
-
-
n-, > . n
.

> . n ,
:
,
. , . ,
.
, , , .
- 2.10.
n- - , ,
60
2.
. - : .
. .
. 2.10
-
.
, :
. = 0n ,
(2.46)
0n n-.
. :
. 0 = n .
(2.47)
. 0
, n - .

-
. , .
U:
. = . 0 qe U.
, , , -
(U > 0). n- , .
,
2.11 -
61
(. 2.11). , , , - ,
: j = j. j. > 0.
, , , -
(U < 0). n- , .

(. 2.11). , ,
, - , : j = j. j. < 0.
. 2.11
- () ()
-
,
, : j. =
.
.
qe U
= A T 2 exp (
), j. = A T 2 exp (
) exp (
).
kT
kT
kT
- - :
U
I = S(j. j. ) = Is exp ( ) 1 ,
T
(2.48)
Is = SA T 2 exp(. / (kT) ) ; S .
62
2.
U T (2.48) I (Is /T ) U
.
U > 0 U T ( U 2,3T ) (2.94)
I = Is exp (U/T ), .
U < 0 U T ( U 2,3T ) (2.94) I = Is ,
- ,
.
- 2.12.
. 2.12 -
-
- :
r =
T
dU
.
=
dI I + Is
(2.49)
I > 0 . U 2,3T , ,
r T /I = kT/ (qe I) .
I < 0, I (Is ) r .
2.11 -
63

, -
,
d 2 (x)
qe N
. 0
(0)
=
+ U,
dx2
0
qe
d ( )
= E( ) = 0:
( ) = 0,
dt
(x) =
qe N
( x)2 ,
20
E(x) =
qe N
d(x)
=
( x).
dx
0
(2.50)
- (. 2.13).
-:
1
=
qe
20
(. 0 qe U) .
N
(2.51)

: (U > 0) ,
(U < 0) . , qe U = . 0 ,
( = 0) .
-
, , - :
0 N q2e
dQ (U)
C=
= S
.
dU
2 (. 0 qe U)
(2.52)
(2.52) ,
. , , , . - , :
0 N q2e
dQ (U)
= S
.
C. =
dU
2 (.. 0 qe U)
(2.53)
64
2.
. 2.13 ,
-

.................................................................
-
.
.................................................................
C , , x , ,
.
, , :
q2e
qe Ex.
(2.54)
16 0 x
(2.54) xm = qe / (160 E) , E = 2N
(.. 0 qe U)/ (0 ) .
,

(. 2.14), =
q6e N
4
= (xm ) = 4 .. 0 qe U, =
.
8(0 )3
(x) = (x) + E (x) =
2.12
65
. 2.14
- :
U
.
I = SA T exp (
) exp ( ) 1.
kT
T
(2.55)
-. , (2.55) :
I = Is exp (
U
),
nT
(2.56)
n - (n > 1).
,
. I SA T 2 exp (. /kT)
exp [ 4 qe U/kT], , .
2.12
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
.
66
2.
,
:
;
- ;
,
;
.
, . - -
.
-, - .
U T - ,
k (T /n0 ) exp (.. 0 / (kT)), n0 .. 0
.

.

- k
2 mn
. , exp
qe ~ N
- , .
, , .

- .
, , .
, , , . -
(-n+ ) - n+ -n-.
2.13 -- (-)
67
2.13 --
(-)
-- (-) , : ,
,
. -
.
- , , , (. 2.15).
, ,
, , . - , (SiO2 ),
- - (--).
15-20 A (1-2)103 A , -

.
. 2.15 --
- -,
.
, -, ,
, ,
.
- :
: = , , (
);
68
2.
-,
,

;
, .
-, , , ,
n- , p- .
-, , -.
-
2.16.
. 2.16 -

-
. , , , .
, .
- ,
. n-
-.
,
. ()
, ,
2.13 -- (-)
69
, - . ,
,
,
(. 2.17, ). - ,
.
-
.
n-,
- . , ,
. () ,
, , - .
, ,
(. 2.17, ).
.
,
.
, , ,
. - . .
: (. 2.17, ).
-
, -, , , :
C =
d
.
dU
(2.57)
, -, : U = U + s , U
, s .
70
2.
. 2.17 -
n- (), () ()
C = 0 /d C = ds /ds
:
dU
C = ( )
d
dU ds
=(
+
)
d d
1
= (C
+ C1 ) .
C , C .
, , -
-:
C = C = 0 (d +
LDp ) .
(2.58)
- ,
C ,
, C C .
C :
1
2
0 1
0 qe NA
) +(
C = (
) .
2 (s T )
d
(2.59)
-
, .

,
- . ,
,
, -
.
2.13 -- (-)
71
, - .
- .
- , , C = C (. 2.18, 1).

, C = C =
dmax
40 T
NA
= 0 /(d +
), dmax =
ln ( )
qe NA
ni
.
. 2.18 - -
( 1) ( 2)
-
- :
, ;
- .
, , -,
-, , , -,
.
,
C .
72
2.
-1 1
C = (C1 + (C + C ) ) .

,
1
1 ) .
- C = (C1 + C
2.14
, , . ,
, .

, . , .
AlGaAs-GaAs,
GaAsP-GaAs, GaAsP-GaP, InP-GaInAs.

, .
, . .
.................................................................
, , , .
.................................................................
, .

. ,
, ,
.
2.14
73
, p- Egp n- Egn , p- 0p ,
n- 0n . 2.20, .
-
p- n- :
Ec E (. 2.19).
. 2.19
() p-n- ()
,
(. 2.19, ). -

= p n . .
(. 2.19, ) :
Ec = 0p 0n ,
E = Egn Egp Ec .
(2.60)
n p , .
qe Un qe Up , = qe Un + qe Up .
p-n- p-n- ()
.
. 2.19, , n- p-
n = qe Un , p- n-
74
2.
p = qe Up + qe Un + E , Un
Up n- p- .
, p n .

.
,
Egp < Egn , 0p < 0n , (2.60)
p- n- . ,
p- , n- (. 2.20,).
Egp < Egn 0p = 0n ,
: E = Egn Egp (. 2.20,).
p-p-,
Egp1 < Egp2 NA1 < NA2 , 2.20, .
, p1 p+2
:
n = qe Up1 + qe Up2 + Ec = + Ec .

, p1 p+2 ,
NA1 NA2 .
. , GaAs-Al0,3 Ga0,7 As NA1 = 1016 3 , NA2 = 1017 3
, p1 p+2 ,
n = n /qe = 0,42 , p-p- n = =
= T ln (NA2 /NA1 ) = 0,06 .
. 2.20 p-n- (,
) p-p- ()
2.14
75

p-n-, p- n-
:
qe N ; p x < 0;
(x) =
0 < x n ,
qe N ;
: (p ) = Ecp /qe , d(p )/dx = 0,
(n ) = Ecn /qe , d(n )/dx = 0.
:
Ecp qe N
+
(p + x) ; p x 0;
q
2p 0
(x) = e
E
qe N
cn
(n x) ; 0 x p .
qe 2n 0
p- n-:
Up =
(p ) 0 qe N 2p
=
,
qe
2p 0
Un =
0 (n ) qe N 2n
=
,
qe
2n 0
= qe Up + qe Un =
q2e N 2p N 2n
(
+
).
20 p
n
2p n 0 (N + N )2
=
.
q2e N N (n N + p N )
U ,
( qe U):
2p n 0 (N + N )2 ( qe U)
.
(U) =
q2e N N (n N + p N )
(2.61)
76
2.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, :
, .
.................................................................................

.
p-n-:
q2e p n 0 N N
Cpn = S
.
(2.62)
2 (n N + p N ) ( qe U)
(2.62)
.
.
.
N1 N2 , ,
-, :
q2e 2 0 N2
Cnn = S
.
(2.63)
2 ( qe U)
-
, -
.
p-n-, Egp < Egn op > on Egp > Egn op < on ,
,

.
, Egp < Egn op > on ,

Up
Un
Un
) exp ( ) exp ( ) ,
In = I0n exp (
T
T
T
(2.64)
2.14
77
, Egp > Egn op < on ,

Ip = I0p exp (
Up
Up
Un
) exp ( ) exp ( ) ,
T
T
T
(2.65)
Un = U/n , Up = (1 (1/n )) U, n = 1 + (n N /p N ).

, ,
Ion =
Sqe Kn N Dn
,
Ln
Iop =
Sqe Kp N Dp
,
Lp
Kn , Kp , , , , ,
.
(2.64), (2.65) , In
exp(U/ (n T ) ), Ip exp((1 1/n ) U/T ).
p-n- , .
, ,
: I exp(U/ (T ) ), 1 2 n N / (p N ).
- p-n-,
n- , p-, n-

p-. - :
2p
p
.
I Nt exp 4 2mn (Up (1 ) U) 3~
n
p
, - , pGe-nGaAs,
nGe-pGaAs, pGe-nSi . . (. 2.21). .
.
p-n-
,
.
78
2.
. 2.21 -

-
n-n-, 01 > 02 (. 2.22),
- :
In qe Kn N.2
U
U
kT
,
exp
(
exp
(
)
2mn
T
T
(U > 0) .
. 2.22 n-n-
01 > 02

(1016 1017 3 ) , -
(. 2.23).
2.14
79
- ,
n-n- --, -,
, .
, -- :
2Is1 Is2 sh (
I=
U
)
2T
U
U
Is2 exp (
) + Is1 exp (
)
2T
2T
(2.66)
(2.66) , U/2 2,3T I = Is1 , U < 0 U/2

2,3T I = Is2 .
(2.66) - . - . , ,
(. 2.23).
. 2.23 - n-n-

N 1018 3 , -
,
-.
80
2.
.................................................................
2
.................................................................
1) p- p-n- 2 ,
n- 1 . ( ) T = 300 K. 1500 2 / , 600 2 / .
.
: 671 .
2) ( ) p-n-
I = 9 , T = 300 K
1 . .
: 237 .
3) p-n-
:
) ,
) ,
) ,
) .
: , .
4) :
) , ,
) ,
,
) ,
,
) , .
: , .
5) :
) , ,
) ,
,
81
) ,
,
) , .
: .
6) - ,
:
)
,
) , ,
) p-, n-,
) p-, n-,
) ,
) .
: , , , .
7) p-n-:
)
p-n- ,
) , ,
) ,
) ,
) .
: , , .
8) - :
) ,
) ,
) ,
) .
: .
9) - -
= 300 K I = 2 .
: 13 .
3.1
.................................................................
, , ,

.
.................................................................

. - , -, . , (, ) (, p-i-n-, ),
(, MM- M- .). , - .
:
( ),
( , - .),
(, .),
(, , .) . . .

( , -
3.2
83
, . .), (, , -, .),
(, , -
.).
3.2
.................................................................
,
, ,
-n-
, .
.................................................................
,
, -n-.
p+ -p-
n+ -n-. .
-n-,
p+ -p-n- n+ -n-p-. , , , -,
,
; -, p-n-
.
. -
-n- .

U. max
, ,
.
I. , .
I.
, .
U. .
84
3.
P ,
, .
r
.
.
3.3
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
.................................................................
pn- ( ) ,
.
.................................................................
p-n-,
(30 40 ).
.

C .
U. . max .
Inp . max .
t

, .
t , ( ) ,
( 0,1I0 , I0
).
p-n- ,
, - . , .
3.4
85

.
. () , ,
,
.
3.4
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
.................................................................

, , .
.................................................................
, ,
, ,
p-n-.
. .
, , n-
.
,
, . , . n-n+
(. 3.1).
n+ -, . n-
.
.
-
86
3.
. 3.1 n-n+
,
, .
.................................................................
p-n- ,
,
:
- ;
- .
.................................................................
,
p-n-
.
.
,

.
, 1 .
3.5
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
3.5
87
.
, . ( ) .
.
p-n- , ,
.

I. min
, .
I. max , : I. max = Pmax /U , Pmax
.
Pmax RT , T. max
T : Pmax = (T. max T ) /RT .
U .
r
r =
= U /I .
.
= U /T =
= U / (U T). ,
.
AB
(. 3.2, ).
R (.3.2, ).
, R .
:
I =
Emin U
I. max > I. min ,
R
I =
Emax U
I. min < I. max ,
R
88
3.
Emin U
Emax U
< R <
, I. max , I. min I. max + I. min
I. min + I. max
.
. 3.2 - () ()
E I U ,
:
E = U + R (I + I ) .
(3.1)
I :
I =
U
,
r
(3.1) E = U (1 + R /r ) + R I ,
U =
R
E
I .
R
R
) (1 +
)
(1 +
r
r
(3.2)
(3.2) , . (3.2)
, , R /r .
, 0,01%/ C, . ,
p-n-, , . ,
3.5
89
. ,
.
(. 3.3, ), (. 3.3, ).
, ,
(. 3.3, ). , n-
. p-n-
. p- .
, .
. 3.3 :
, ,
, . p-n- . , ,
p-n-
1011 ,
.
, . - .
(0,35
1,9 ). .
90
3.
3.6
.................................................................
,

, .
.................................................................
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
.
. ,
, .
-

1
n
k
CB. (U) = CB. (0) (
) ,
k + U
(3.3)
CB. (0) ; k ; U ;
n = 2 n = 3 .
CB. (U), , p+ -n-n+ ,
- (. 3.4,).

C. () .
C. max .
C. min .
KC .
() : = C /T = C / (C T).
3.7
91
Q .
:
Q. = rpn /XC = rpn C . : Q. = XC /r = 1/ (r C ). , ,
. , ,

.
3.4, , .
3.4, : r ; rpn p-n-; C ; L .
. 3.4 p+ -n-n+ (), ()

()
3.7
.................................................................

- N-,
p-n- p- n-.
.................................................................
, 1018 1020 3 .
p-n- 1 10 , . , , ,
92
3.
, , ,
.
p-n-
, n p-.
Ep = E
EFp En = EFn Ec
(. 3.5).
(. 3.5, ) n- p-
E = Ep + En , n-
p- .
,
.
Ep p En n- (. 3.5, ).
, n-
p- , ,
IT .
(0 < U < U )
Ep En , , U = U , EFn = Ep Ep , En
(. 3.5, ).
(U < U < U ) Ep En (. 3.5, ), . U = U , p-
n-,
(. 3.5, ). , U < U < U
r = dI/dU < 0 (. 3.5, ).
U > U , p-n ,
I , .
, , , I ,
.
, I = I + I + I , :
I = cS
qe DT
2
U (En + Ep qe U) ,
4T
(3.4)
3.7
93
. 3.5 () - ()

U
) ; I = Imin exp [A(U U )] ,
T
c ; S ; DT ; A .

: (0 < U < U ), I , (U < U), .
U U , .
(3.4), dIT /dU = 0
I = Is exp (
U =
En + Ep
,
3qe
U =
En + Ep
.
qe
IT = 0
p-n-
p- n- (. 3.5, ). En n-
p-, n- p- . p- (E < EFp )
94
3.
n- (E < EFn ). , p- n-, .

n- p- , , ,
.
,
. ,

,
.
,
.

I , dI/dU .
.
I ,
dI/dU .
I /I . I /I 10,
I /I = 3 6.
U , . U = 100 150 , U = 40 60 .
U , . U = 400 500 , U = 250 300 .
U , , .
C /I .
fR , , p-n- , .
f0 ,
-n-
.
3.7
95

. , , 1013 1014 .
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
,
. , -n-, .
, , ,
(. 3.6).
. 3.6
r_ , C ,
r L.

g_
C
) + j (L 2
),
(3.5)
Z = (r 2
2
2
g_ + C
g_ + 2 C2
g_ = 1/r_ .
(3.5) ,
r <
g_
.
g_2 + 2 C2
(3.6)
96
3.
, (3.6) , .

fR r =
g_
1
r_ 1.
= 2
,
f
=
R
2r_ C
r
g_ + 42 fR2 C2

.
r_ = 2r fRmax = 1/ (2r_ C ).
r_ = U/I = (U U ) / (I I ) const/I , fRmax I /C .
, , .
-
, .
ImZ = 0, 2
1
r_ C
f0 =
1.
r_ C
L

, ,
L < r r_ C .
, ,
, .

.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
p- n- .
p n- (. 3.7, ).
(.3.7, ) , - n.
( ).
97
,
p-n-.
.
.
, ,
, .
, , -,
. -, , ,
.
. 3.7 () - ()

.................................................................
3
.................................................................
1)
( ), 100/2 , 20 .
: 50 .
2) ,
10 , p-n-
100 , 12 /c.
: 12.
98
3.
3) ( ), 2 , 39 ,
.
: 78 .
4) p-n- :
) ,
) ,
) ,
) .
: , .
.................................................................
p-n- ( ) , .
.................................................................
p-n, .
4.1
() , .
p-n- n-p-n-.
, , 4.1.
, p-n-, .
p-n-
.
,
,
. , p-n- ,
.
. , -
100
4.
. 4.1 : ,
-;
, , p-n-
.
.................................................................
,
, , p-n- .
,
, ,
p-n- .
.................................................................
, ,
. , , .
.................................................................
p-n-
, .
4 :
p-n- ,
.
p-n- ,
;

, ;

, .
.................................................................

.
4.1
101
: , , . .
.
, ,
, . , ,
, .
, .
. . ,
, . . (
),
, . . , ,
-n-.
.................................................................
:
(), () ().
, ,
.
, , .

, , .
.................................................................
.
, , .
.
.
, .
.
102
4.
4.2
p-n-p-. ,
-n-, -n- .
,
,
. .
p-n- .
.

,
.
I. p . , I. n . .
, I. , . ,
, :
I = I. p + I. n + I. .
(4.1)

.
, , , I. , I. s .
, I. .
.
I. p , I. p :
I. p = I. p I. I. s I. .
(4.2)
4.2
103
I. p ,
(I. ), (I. ),
(I ).
,

M:
I = M (I. p + I. + I. + I ) .
. , M = 1.

I = I. p + I. + I. + I .
(4.3)
I. , I. , I
:
I0 = I. + I. + I .
:
I = I. p + I0 .
, .

(I. n ), (I. ), (I. + I. s ),
(I0 = I. +I. +I ), ,
(I. ):
I = I. + I. s + I. + I. n + I. I. I.
I = I. + I. s + I. + I. n + I. I0 .
(4.4)
.
(4.1) (4.4) :
I = I + I .
(4.5)
(4.1) (4.3) ,
I = I I. n I. I. I. s I. + I. + I. + I =
= I I. n I. I. I. s I. + I0 ,
.
:
104
4.
. 4.2

, I. ;
,
I. s ;
,
I. ;

.
, , I. n .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
,
, .
.................................................................................

. ,
, . ,
4.3
105
, .
,
.

, , , , p-n-,
, . ,
.

.
p-n-p-:
U
In = Ins exp (
)1 ,
T
U
In = Ins exp (
)1 ,
T
Ins = qe SDn np0 /Ln , Ins = qe SDn np0 /Ln .

p-n-p-:
U
w
U
Ip =
(exp ( ) 1) ch ( L ) (exp ( ) 1) ,
w
T
p
T
sh ( )
Lp
Ips
U
U
w
Ip =
(exp ( ) 1) (exp ( ) 1) ch ( L ) ,
w
T
T
p
sh ( )
Lp
Ips
Ips = qe SDp pn0 /Lp .

p-np-:
I = In Ip ; I = In + Ip .
4.3
, , .
106
4.

.
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
p-n-p-:
p =
dIp
.
dI U =const
Ip I :
p =
1
Dn np0 Lp
w
1+
th ( )
Dp pn0 Ln
Lp
1
n Lp
w
1+
th ( )
p Ln
Lp
(4.6)
n = qe n nn , p = qe p pp p .
w Lp (4.6) :
n w
p (1 +
)
p Ln
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n w
.
p Ln
(4.7)
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
, , n p w Ln , .
.................................................................................

, , , .
4.3
107
.................................................................
,
,
.
.................................................................
p-n-p-: p =
dIp
=
.
dIp U =const
1
w
Ip Ip p = (ch ) , w Lp :
Lp
2
1 w
p 1 ( ) .
2 Lp
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(4.8)
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
, , .
.................................................................................

.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................
p-n-p-:
=
dI
.
dIp U =const
, , = 1, M
: = M.
108
4.

.................................................................
:
=
dI
.
dI U =const
.................................................................
,
. p-n-p-:
=
dI
dI dIp dIp
=(
)
= .
dI U =const dIp dIp dI U =const
(4.9)
w Lp :
2
2
1 w
n w
1 w
n w
1 ( ) [1
]1 ( )
.
2 Lp
p Ln
2 Lp
p Ln

.................................................................
:
dI
.
=
dI U =const
.................................................................
(4.5) :
=
dI
=
,
dI U =const 1
(4.10)
.
1+
(4.11)
4.3
109

:
dI
.
I =
dI U =const
:
2
2
1
w
w
1
w
n w
n
I 1 ( ) [1
]1 ( )
.
2 Lp
p Ln
2 Lp
p Ln

,
dI
: I =
.
dI U =const
(4.5) :
dI
I
I =
=
,
(4.12)
dI U =const 1 I
I
I =
.
(4.13)
1 + I

. -
.
, ,
, .
.................................................................
-
, ,

.
.................................................................
110
4.
, ,
,
.
.................................................................
: I
, , ;
I ,
,
.
.................................................................
, :
1
I = I
= Ins + Ips th ( )
,
U =0; U T
Lp
= Ins + Ips th ( )
.
I = I
U =0; U T
Lp
:
I = I I .
(4.14)
.................................................................
- ,
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
:
I0 , ,
, ;
I0 , ,
, ;
I0 , , , .
.................................................................
:
I0 = (1 I )I ,
I0 = (1 I )I ,
4.4 -
I0 =
1 I
1
I =
I0 = ( + 1)I0 .
1
1
111
(4.15)

:
r =
dU
.
dI U =const
: 1/r (1/T ) [I + I (1 )] I /T ,
r
T
.
I
(4.16)
, U = 0, r = T /I , I = 0, r
T /(I (1 )).
4.4 -
,
:
U
U
I = I exp (
) 1 I I exp (
)1 ,
T
T
(4.17)
U
U
I = I exp (
) 1 +I exp (
)1 .
T
T
(4.18)
U
U
I = I (1 ) exp (
) 1 +I (1 I ) exp (
)1 .
T
T
(4.19)
(4.17) (4.19) 4.3,

VD1 VD2 .
Ipn, = I [exp (U /T ) 1] ,
. Ipn, = I [exp (U /T ) 1] , .

, : Ipn, I Ipn, .
, I0 I0 , (4.17)
(4.19) :
I =
I0
I0
U
U
) 1 I
)1 ,
exp (
exp (
1 I
T
1 I
T
112
4.
. 4.3 -
I =
I = I0
I0
I0
U
U
exp (
) 1 +
exp (
)1 ,
1 I
T
T
1 I
(4.20)
1
1 I
U
U
exp (
exp (
) 1 +I0
)1 .
1 I
T
1 I
T
(4.20) 4.4,
VD1 VD2 :
)1 ,
Ipn, = I0 exp (
T
Ipn, = I0 exp (
)1 .
T
. 4.4 -
:
U
) 1 +I I ,
I = I0 exp (
T
U
I = I I0 exp (
)1 ,
T
(4.21)
4.4 -
113
I = I I .
(4.21) :
U
I = (I + 1) I0 exp (
) 1 I I ,
T
U
)1 .
I = I ( + 1) I0 exp (
T
(4.22)
(4.22) 4.5,
VD1, VD2 :
Ipn,
)1 ,
= (I + 1) I0 exp (
T
Ipn,
)1 .
= ( + 1) I0 exp (
T
. 4.5 -
(4.17) (4.22) 4.3 4.5 -, .

U T (4.21) ,
I = I + I0 ,
(4.20) 1:
(4.23)
(1 I I )
.
(4.24)
I0
,

.
U T ln
114
4.

U < 0, U > 0. U T , U T
(4.20) :
I = I I + I0 ,
U T ln (1 +
(1 I )I
).
I0
(4.25)
,

.

(U < 0,
U < 0), (3 5)T , , :
I =
1
1
(I0 + I I0 ) = I0
,
1 I
1 I
1
1 I
(I0 + I0 ) = I0
,
1 I
1 I
1 I 0 :
I =
I I0 ,
I 0.
:
I = I I I0 .
, ,
I0 .
, . ,
.

. . , (4.23).
(4.23) I0 , : I = I /.
I. = I. /,
I. =
I.
.
(4.26)
4.5
115
, I. ,

I > I. =
I.
.
(4.27)
, , , :
k =
I
I.
(4.28)

I.
I = k
.
(4.29)
(4.20) U = U U ,
:
U = T ln
+ k (I + 1)
.
I (k 1)
(4.30)
, , , :
U. = T ln
I + 1
1
= T ln .
I
I
(4.31)
.
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
4.5
- , , , ,
.
, .
116
4.
.................................................................
, ,
.
.................................................................

.
, . , .
( ) .
,
, ( ),

.

,

, , .
, , , .
,
. , . .
,
, .

.................................................................

.
.................................................................
4.5
117
,
:
0
dw = d =
dU. ,
(4.32)
2qe N U.
N .
(4.32) , , .
.
, .
, . ,
. ,
,
.

:
dU.
r =
.
I =const
dI

:
U.
2qe N L2
r =
.
(4.33)
0
w
I
.

dU
.
: =
dU I =const

:
T
0

.
(4.34)
w
2qe N U.
, .
118
4.
, , , - .

, .

,
.

.
. :
U =
qe N w 2
w2
=
,
20
20
(4.35)
;
.
, , , .
.
, , . ,
.
r r :
r = r + r .
(4.36)
, , .
, , . ,
,
.
4.5
119
,
4.6, :
1
1
R 1
R
r = r1 + r2 + r3 =
(
+
ln
+
ln ) ,
(4.37)
2 2w1 w2 R w3 R
r1 , r2 r3 ,
.
. 4.6
, .

,
.
,

:
dU
.
(4.38)
r =
dI I =const
:
r
r
r
r = r
= ( + 1).
(4.39)
2( ) 2(1 ) 2
.
r , ,
r .
120
4.
4.6
, , .
.

.

. :
I. = MI = M (I + I0 ) = M I + MI0 ,
(4.40)
1
n 1 (U /U0. )
; U0. I = 0; M = M
.
, .

, , , ,
. ,
. , ,
, , ,
.

M =
I. =
MI0
M
I +
.
1 M
1 M
(4.41)

M =
U0.
1(
)
U0.
= 1,
(4.42)
U0.
I = 0.
4.6
121
(4.42)
:
U. = U. n 1 .
(4.43)
,
, , , n.

, , .
.................................................................
,
, .
.................................................................
,
:
,
. , ;
, . ;

- . .
.
,
, , .
,
, .
, .
.

.
122
4.
,

.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
4.7

, .
, : U ,
I , U I .
,
.
-
.
.
.................................................................
.
.
( ),
. , , .
.................................................................
- , , :
U = h1 (I , U ) ,
I = h2 (I , U ) .
(4.44)
4.7
123
, . ,

, ,
.
,
.
,
U = h (I )
,
U =const
I = f (U )
I = h (U )
U =const
I =const
,

I = I , U = U , I = I ,
U = U .
I = f (U )
,
U .
U =const
.................................................................
, ,
- p-n-.
.................................................................
, -:
U
U
I = I exp (
) 1 I exp (
)1 .
T
T
(4.45)
U = 0 p-n-:
U
I = I exp (
)1 .
T
(4.46)
U = 0 (. . 4.7, ).
124
4.
U T ,

U
U
I = I exp (
) 1 +I I exp (
),
T
T
. , ,
, I .
,
( ).
.................................................................

,
.
.................................................................
U = 0. ,
, .
,
.
I = f (U )
I (. 4.7, ).
I =const
. 4.7 () ()

4.7
125
.................................................................
,
- p-n-.
.................................................................
, -, :
U
) .
I = I + I0 1 exp (
T
(4.47)
, ,
U
I = I0 1 exp (
) ,
T
(4.48)
,
p-n-. U T I0 .
(U = 0) I = I . I = I +I0 .

, .

,
, .
I = f (I )
U =const
(. 4.8, ), (4.47).
.
, .
U = 0 .
, I0 .
U =
= f (U )
(. 4.8, ).
I =const

.
, .
126
4.
. 4.8 () ()

,

I = I , U = U ,
I = I , U = U .
I = f (U )
,
U =const
(. 4.9, ).
-, :
U
U
I
+ 1 I
+ exp (
) exp (
) ( + 1) .
I = I0
+ I + 1
T
T
(4.49)
U = 0 (4.49)
+1
I
U
I = I0
( + 1) exp (
) 1,
+ I + 1
T
(4.50)
, p-n-.
U < 0, ,
. , (U ) T
,

U
+ 1 I
) 1 1 .
exp (
I = I0
+ I + 1
T

(4.51)
(4.51) , I = 0 I
+1
U = T ln (
), U = 0 I = I0
I0 .
I +
+ I + 1
4.7
127
. 4.9 () ()

= f (U )
I =const
I =
, I
(. 4.9, ).
, -, :
I [I + ( + 1)I0 ][( + 1)I + I ( + 1)I0 ]exp (
I =
U
I + exp ( )
T
U
)
T
(4.52)
I = 0
U
)
T
I = I ( + 1)I0
,
U
I + exp ( )
T
1 exp (
(4.53)
, U I = ( + 1)I0 = I0 .
, U = 0
:
I =
I I .
+ I
(4.54)
,
.
U
I
1
], U. = T ln [1 +
I I + ( + 1)I0
128
4.
. I I0 :
U. = T ln (1 +
1
1
) = T ln ( ) .
I
I
(4.55)
U > U.
, (U ) T :
I = I + ( + 1)I0 = I + I0 .
(4.56)
U , .
, ,
, .
: , .

.
I = f (I )
U =const
(. 4.10, ).
U = 0 .
(U ) T , (4.56), , I0
. U - I0 ,
.
, , ,
.
U =
= f (U )
(. 4.10, ).
I =const
,
I = const U , , , U . .
4.8

, , ,
4.8
129
. 4.10 () ()

, .
, . ,
.

, , - .

:
qe 0
qe 0
C. = (1,5 1,7)S
N , C. = S
N .
2
2U
S > S ,
, U .

, , , .
, :
C. =
dQ.
.
dU U =const
130
4.
w Lp , U T 1 :
C.
d(I t )
d(I )
t
= t
= .
dU U =const
dU U =const r
(4.57)
.................................................................
.
.................................................................
, ( ) :
C. =
dQ
dU I =const
0
I w
.
C.
Dp
2qe N U
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
: ,
,
( ).
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, .
.................................................................................

,
, -
4.8
131
,
.
:
(p) =
,
1 + p
(4.58)
= (w2 /2L2 ) ; L ,
; , (4.8).
:
w2
w2
=
= t ,
=
2D
2 T
(4.59)
,
.
(4.59) , . , .
,
n-p-n-. , -
- .
(4.58) -, :
2
1
2
1
2
() = 1 + (
= 1 + ( )
,
)

f
) = arctg ( ) ,
(t) = 1 exp ( ) ,

f = 1/ (2 ) .
() = arctg (
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, f ,
, ,

, 2 ,
. , f 45 . .
.................................................................................
132
4.
. ,
,
, .

, , .
, .
:
(p) =
.
(4.60)
1 + p
= r C. (T /I ) C. ;
, (4.6), (4.7).
(4.60) -, :
2
2
f 2
() = 1 + ( )
= 1+( )
,

f
(t) = 1 exp ( ) ,

f = 1/ (2 ) = 1/ (2r C. ) = I / (2T C. ) .
, .
f
() = arctg ( ) = arctg ( ) ,

,
(p) = (p) (p) (p).
(4.61)
(p)
, (p)
, (p)
.
4.8
133
, , ,
:
,
(4.62)
(p) =
1 + p
= ; = = t
w2 / (2D ) .
(4.62) -, :
2
2
f 2
() = 1 + ( )
= 1+( )
,

f
() = arctg (
f
) = arctg ( ) ,
(4.63)
(4.64)
t
(t) = 1 exp ( ) ,

(4.65)
f = 1/ (2 ) .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, f , 2 , ,
45 . .
.................................................................................
(4.62) (4.63) (4.65) ,
.

:
(p) =
(p)
,
=
1 (p) 1 + p
(4.66)
= / (1 ) = (1 + ) .
-, - , (4.66), :
2
2
f 2
() = 1 + ( )
= 1+( )
,

f
(4.67)
134
4.
() = arctg (
f
) = arctg ( ) ,
t
(t) = 1 exp ( ) ,

(4.68)
(4.69)
f = 1/ (2 ) = (1 )f = f / (1 + )
, 2
, ,
45 . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f , ,
.
.................................................................................
, , :
=
2 1 =
.
t
(4.70)
4.9

, .

, (4.44), :
dU = h11 dI + h12 dU ,
dI = h21 dI + h22 dU .
(4.71)
hik (4.71)
h-, :
h11 =
U dU
=
,
I
dI dU =0
h12 =
U
dU
=
U dU dI =0
h21 =
I dI
=
,
I
dI dU =0
h22 =
I
dI
=
.
U dU dI =0
4.9
135
h- (), h-
: h11 , h22 , h12 h21 .
.................................................................
h11 , h21 ,
. h12 ,
h22 ,
.
.................................................................
h- ,

.
h-
. h-
.
(. 4.11).
: , ,
.

( ), ( ) (
)
.
U AB
U
AB
h11 =
.
=
, h12 =
=
I AC
U U U
. 4.11 h-
136
4.
( D ) ( ) .
I
AD
h21 =
=
.
I I I
h22 , , ,
. B C ,
( B C )
I B C
( B ) I . h22 =
=
.
U A B
, ,
,
, , :
, ,
.

, ( )
.
.

.

.
h- 4.12.
. 4.12
h-
. -
4.9
137
. .
,
,
, . ,

.
- (. 4.13, ) (. 4.13, ) .
(. 4.13, ) r r .

I .
U .
. 4.13 -
: ;
U
4.13 , r ,
(. 4.14, ).
: r = r +r , r ; r
,
.
r r /2, .
- (. 4.13,
) -
138
4.
.
r ,
, ,
.

r
r
=
,
1 + pC r 1 + p
= C r .
z (p) =
(4.72)
. 4.14 -
:
;

(. 4.13 4.14) .
, 4.13, 4.14, , ,
.
,
,
, (. 4.14, ).
4.14, , 4.13, :
r (p) = r (1 (p))=
r
,
1 + (p)
C (p) =
C
= C (1 + (p)).
1 (p)
:
z (p) =
r (p)
r (p)
r (p)
=
.
=
1 + pC (p)r (p) 1 + pC r 1 + p
(4.73)
4.10
139
, 4.1.
4.1 h-
h11
r +
h12
h21
h22
r z
r + z (1 (p))
r
r + z (1 (p))
z (p) r
r + z (1 (p))
1
r + z (1 (p))
r z (1 (p))
r + z
r
r + z
r + z (p)
r + z
1
r + z
r +
r +
r z
r + z (1 (p))
z (1 (p))
r + z (1 (p))
z
r + z (1 (p))
1
r + z (1 (p))
4.10
.
,
.
E ec ,
E
R (. 4.15).
E , ec
. ,
, , , .
,
, .
,
.
i uR = Ri . ,
, ,
140
4.
. 4.15 (),
() ()
uR , ec .
.

, , E , ,
.
. ,
, , .
. , E . , .
,
.
4.10
141

h- (. 4.16).
. 4.16 ,
h-
4.16
h- ,
:
dU = h11 dI + h12 dU ,
dI = h21 dI + h22 dU ,
dU = ec rc dI ,
dU
.
dI =
(4.74)
(4.74)
:

kU =
dU
=
dU
h21 R
,
h11 h12
h11 + R
h21 h22
(4.75)

kI =
dI
h21
=
,
dI 1 + h22 R
(4.76)
R =
dU
=
dI
h
h
h11 + R 11 12
h21 h22
1 + h22 R
(4.77)
142
4.

R =
dU
dI
R=0
h
11
h21
h11 + rc
.
h12
+ h22 rc
h22
(4.78)
: ,
.

dU = dU , dI = dI , dU = dU , dI = dI .
(4.75) (4.78) h-
.
h
h
h12 0, h22 1, Rh22 1, 11 12 h11 h22 , :
h21 h22
kU.
h21 R
1
h21 R
,
h11 1 + Rh22
h11
kI. h21 ,
1
1 + Rh22
= h11 , R.
.
1 + Rh22
h22
h- , :
R. h11
kU.
R
,
r + (1 )r
R. r + (1 )r ,
kI. ,
R. r .

dU = dU , dI = dI , dU = dU , dI = dI .
(4.75) (4.78) h-
, , h12 0,
h
h
h22 1, Rh22 1, 11 12 h11 h22 , :
h21 h22
kU.
h21 R
1
h21 R
,
h11 1 + Rh22
h11
R. h11
1 + Rh22
= h11 ,
1 + Rh22
kI. h21 ,
R.
1
.
h22
4.10
143
h- , :
kU.
R
,
r + (1 + )r
R. r + (1 + )r ,
kI. ,
R.
r
.
1+
dU = dU , dI = dI , dU = dU , dI =
= dI . ,
h
h
h12 1, h22 1, Rh22 1,(rc + h11 )h22 1, 11 12 h11 h22 h21 ,
h21 h22
, (4.75)
(4.78), :
kU.
h21 R
h21 R
,
h11 (1 + Rh22 ) Rh21 h21 R h11
R. h11
R.
kI. h21 ,
Rh21
h11 Rh21 ,
1 + Rh22
h11 + rc
h11 + rc
.
h22 (h11 + rc ) h21
h21
h- , :
kU.
( + 1)R
,
( + 1) (R + r ) + r
R. r + (1 + ) (R + r ) ,
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kI. ( + 1),
R.
r + (1 + )r + rc
.
(1 + )
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, :
0 . . (kU. > 0, kU. > 0),
180 . . (kU. > 0);
144
4.

(kU. > 1, kU. > 1), kU. kU. ,

(kU. < 1);
(kI. ( + 1) > 1, kI. > 1),
kI. kI. ,
(kI. = < 1);
( ),
kp. kU. , kp. ( + 1), kp. ( + 1)kp. ;

(R. ( + 1)R. ), (R. R. + ( + 1)R);

(R. R. / ( + 1) ),
(R. (R. + rc ) / ( + 1) ).
.................................................................................
4.11

( , ).
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
Q(t)

4.11
145
dU (t) dQ(t) Q(t)

+
+
= i (t),
(4.79)
dt
dt
C ;
.
= 1/ (2f ), f ,
Q(t) ( /) i (t).
(4.79) :
dU (t)
di (t)
C
+
+ i (t) = i. (t).
(4.80)
dt
dt
,
U (t) = const, (4.79)
C
dQ(t) Q(t)
+
= i (t).
dt
(4.81)
,
, Q(t) 0.
i (t) = const = I , U = const (4.79) ,
Q = I ,
. Q = I. = (I. /).
, ,
Q = Q Q = (I I. ).

, .

, ,
, 4.17. n-p-n-
(. 4.17, )
(. 4.18).

+ , : U
, ,
.
C U. ,
. ,
d
U (t) = const dU (t)/dt = (U (t) U (t))= dU (t)/dt,
dt
. :
146
4.
. 4.17 n-p-n- ()
p-n-p- ()
dU (t)
dU (t)
= C
,
dt
dt
C .
,
.
:
i = iC + iC = (C + C )
UC (t) = U (t) = U () + (U (0) U ()) exp (
t
.
),
+ , U (0) U .
. = R C ; U () U
U (t. ) = U. :
t. = R C ln
+ + U
U
.
+
U U.
(4.82)

, , .
.
, .

. (- ),
, U (t) = const.
d
dU (t)/dt = dU (t)/dt = (E R i (t))= R di (t)/dt (4.80)
dt

di (t)
+ i (t) = i (t),
c
dt
4.11
147
c = +C R
.
+ + U (t))/R = const = I
i (t) = (U
. , . i () = I. , i (0) 0:
t
i (t) = I. 1 exp ( ) .
c
:
t
U (t) = U (t) = E R i (t) = E R I. 1 exp ( ) .

c
,
: i (tc ) = I. = (E U. ) /R .
:
tc = c ln
I.
.
I. I.
(4.83)
, I. I. = I. /,
, (4.83) :
tc c
I.
.
I.
(4.84)
. ,
t (3 5) .

: Q = I. = k Q = k I. /.
U
, :
, , .

. , Q (t) = Q(t) Q > 0,
,
. ,
.
+U
U
.
= const = I. .
i (t) =
R
(4.81)
Q(t) = Q() + (Q(0) Q()) exp (
Q() = I. , Q(0) = Q = I. .
t
),
148
4.
, Q(t. ) = Q = I. = I. /.

I. + I.
t. = ln
.
(4.85)
I. + I.
, I. I. I. , (4.85) :
I.
k I.
k I.
=
=
.
(4.86)
I.
I.
I.
, ,
. , ,
.
i (t) = const = I. , , i () = I. , i (0) = I. = I.
:
t. =
t
t
i (t) = I. exp ( ) I. [1 exp ( )] ,
= c = + C R
.
:
t
t
U (t) = E I. exp ( ) + I. (1 exp ( )) .
, . i (t ) 0

I.
t = ln (1 +
).
(4.87)
I.
(4.87)
:
I.
t
.
(4.88)
I.
UC = U U
. = R C = R (C + C ) t. (3 5). =
= (3 5)R (C + C ).
, UC = U U
E .
UC U E = U

4.18.
4.12
149
. 4.18

4.12
. , , .
. U
:
.
-
U , , .
,
M = M, M . ,
.
150
4.
, ,
. , .
2 .

: .
, .
(I ) , .
. r
. r
, .
.
r
U . r , U r ,
U r .

.
U .
.
r , , ,
, r
.
. . , ,
.
:
U ,
.
.
U .
,
U .
151

.
, .
.
I0 .
,
I0 = (1 + )I0 .

T
, .

(2-3) / .
- ,
.
, .

, .
.................................................................
4
.................................................................
1) p-n-p-,
- U = 0,4 , - U = 5 .
: .
2) n-p-n- 3% ,
. , 2%,
.
: 0,9506.
3) , ,
29 , 500 .
. .
: 0,98.
152
4.
4) , , 4 ,
0.99, 0.6. I0 .
.
: 0,98.
5) 0,99,
0,99, 1. , 20 ,
1. .
: 1 .
6) , , 10 , 50,
1.2. .
: 240 .
7) r = 26 ,
r = 400 , = 25, r . h11 .
: 1076 .
8)
( ), 2 , 39 .
: 3 .
9) , 100 ,
50.
: 102 .
.................................................................
pn-, -
.
.................................................................
.................................................................
:
() ().
.................................................................

,
.

- n- (. 5.1).
(p- n-),
(p- n-).
. p- , n . , p- n- .
, ,
n-, -n--n-.
- ,
p- n-.
. , -
154
5.
. 5.1
.
.
.................................................................
,
(),
() .
.................................................................
: . , , , , .
,
, .
, ,
(). , , . ,
().

. ,
.
5.2.
5.1
- ,
(. 5.3), , :
( 0-1) , ;
;
, ( 1-2);
5.1
155
. 5.2 : ,
; ,
; ; ,
, ; ,
, ;
; ,
; ,
1 dU/dI = 0, U I ;
( 2-3),
; 2 I ,
U U ;
( 0-4),
, ;
( 4-5), , U .
, .
. , ,
, . ,

. , ,
.

,
. p-, , p-
3, n-. , , n-,
1, . , -
156
5.
. 5.3 - ,

.

,
. , .
, ,
.
,
U = U , , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
,
. , p-n-, ,
.
, ,
.
, I ,
5.1
157
,
, , .
, .
. ,
,
. , p-n-,
,
, .

(. 5.4).
. 5.4
Iy = 0

I = M (I1 + I2 ) = M (1 I + I01 + 2 I + I02 ) ,
:
I=
M(I01 + I02 )
M
=
I0 ,
1 M(1 + 2 ) 1 M
(5.1)
= 1 + 2
; I0 .

-
. ,
158
5.
. M .
M ,
, (5.1) .
, M < 1, , ,
I I . M , M
M 1, (5.1), , .
, (5.1) ,
M = 1.
(5.2)
n = 1,
U
1(
)
U

(5.3)
U = U n 1 < U ,
,
.
(5.1) M = M(U) = (I, U),
1 M ( + I
)
I
1 M a
dU
=
=
,
dI
I dM
I0
I dM
I0
+M
+ IM
+M
+ IM
M dU
U
U M dU
U
U
(5.4)
a = I /I .
(5.4) , dU/dI = 0, -
, ,
M a = 1.
(5.5)
a
, (5.5) ,
(5.2). , M < 1, (5.2) - , M a > 1.
, . ,
, ,
.
5.2
159
5.2
, .
.
(. 5.5)
(), ,

. ,
,
.
. 5.5
(. 5.4),

. ( ) .

I = M (I1 + I2 ) = M(1 I + I01 + 2 (I + Iy ) + I02 ), :
I=
M (I01 + I02 + 2 Iy )
M
=
(I0 + 2 Iy ) .
1 M (1 + 2 )
1 M
(5.6)
M , 1 , 2 , , (5.6)
.
(5.6) ,
, - .
, (5.6):
160
5.
2
+ Iy
)
I
I
dU
=
=
dI
I dM
I0
+M
+ MI
+ MIy
M dU
dU
U
U
2
1 M (a + Iy
)
I
,
=
I dM
I0
+M
+ MI
+ MIy
M dU
dU
U
U
1 M ( + I
(5.7)
,
M (a + Iy
2
) = 1,
I
(5.8)
.
, , (5.8),
(. 5.6). ,
Iyc , - ,
(, ). , ,
.
. 5.6 -
5.3
161

, . , ,
, , .
5.3
.................................................................
, , , , .
.................................................................
- , . .
.................................................................
. ()
, .
() ,
.
.................................................................
, , - n- ,
: ,
, .
(p. 5.7).

p1 , n1 n4 (. 5.7, )
(). p1 .
p2 n3 ().
, .
,
-. p1 n2 p2 n3 2 , 3 4 (. 5.7, );
.
2 4 , 3
. , -
162
5.
n2 - , p2 - ,
3 , .
. 5.7 ()
()

, 5 , n4 p1 , 2
n2 -. n2 - , , 2 ,
p1 - n2 -; n2 - 3 2 -.
p2 - n2 -
,
, .
,
(. 5.7, ), :
p2 n2 p1 n1 3 , 2 1 (. 5.7, ). 3 1
, 2 . , .
1 , Iy ,
.
5.4
163
. 5.8 -
- (. 5.8). ,
, , .
5.4
.
,
, .

,

.

, ,
. t. . ,
10% , ,
90% .
164
5.
t. t
.

, 10% , ,
10% . ,
10% 90% .

, , t. ,
.
, ( di/dt). p-n-p-n-. t.
, .

.
.

.

,
. , .
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
. , . ,
5.4
165
. du/dt. du/dt , ,
,
. du/dt ,
, . du/dt 100 .
, , ,
.
.
, . ,
.
. ,
,
.
, . ,
, . ,
, .
, . ,
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .
, () () .
166
5.
:
( U , U , );
Uoc
(Uoc = 1 3B);
U , ( );
Ioc ( );
I ( );
I ( );
I. , ( );

(
/);
t , ( );
t , (
);
; .
.................................................................
5
.................................................................
1) , 5.3,
.
: 0 1.
2) - :
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
167
) , .
: , .
3) ,
:
dU
= 0,
dI
dI
= 0,
)
dU
) M a = 1,
)
) M (a + Iy
2
) = 1.
I
: , , .
.................................................................
(, )
,
.
.................................................................
, ,
,
( ), (
, ).
, . ,
, , , , .
, , . , , .
, ,
. ,
, .

n- -.
6.1
169
, , , .
, ,
, .
:
.
6.1
.................................................................

, , .
.................................................................

p-n-, -
( ). .
AIII BV
. , .
p-n- n-,
.

p-n- n- 6.1.
p- n-, (p+ -), (n+ -) (n+ -),
, . n-, . p-n-.
n- p- p-n-.
p-n- . .
.
U
,
. U , p-n- . n-
170
6.
. 6.1 p-n-
n-
, . ,
Ic , .
U , .
U , p-n-, , , .
U ,
, .
,
, U.
. , ,
,
.
U , , , , .
U ,
Ic . Ic , ,
, p-n- . p-n-
, -n- .
, U. , ,
. U , U
Ic , , .
, -
6.2
p-n-
171
. U
. U. ,
U U. .
6.2
p-n-
,

. ,
I = y1 (U , U ) ,
I = y2 (U , U ) .
:
I = y (U )
I = y (U )
U =const
U =const

, U Ic = y (U )
U =const
.
pn- 6.2, .
, : () ,
.
. , ,
U .
U ,
-
p-n- ,
.
172
6.
. 6.2 () ()
p-n- n-

U = U. , .
U Ic , . U , Ic
.
- p-n-,

, ( U ).
.................................................................
U
,
U. . , U = 0,
I. .
.................................................................
U p-n- , .
p-n- U
U . , U
U. .
6.2
p-n-
173

Ic = y (U )
, U
U =const
.
, U ,
(. 6.2, ). U
.
.................................................................
p-n-.
.................................................................

-
, ,
, 6.3.
. 6.3
, ,
, . , , , , , .
x, ,
w(x) = a (x),
(6.1)
a ; (x) p-n- x.
174
6.
p-n-
:
U. =
qe N a2
20
(6.2)
(6.2) (6.1),
w(x) = a 1
U (x)
.
U.
(6.3)
,
U (x) .
,
:
U (x) = U + U (x),
w(x) = a 1
U + U (x)
.
U.
(6.4)
(6.5)
, dx
:
dR =
dx
,
Zw(x)
dU = Ic dR =
Ic
dx,
Zw(x)
(6.6)
Z .
(6.5) (6.6) ,
:
U + U (x)
Ic
dU =
1
dx.
(6.7)
U.
Za
(6.7)
U (0) = 0, U (L) = U , L ,
3
2 U 2 (U + U ) 2
1
,
U +
Ic =
1
R0
3
U.
(6.8)
R0 = L/ (Za) U = 0 U = 0.
(6.8)
( U ) ( U ) p-n , .
6.3

175
,
: U (L) = U. . (6.4), :
U. = U. U .
(6.9)
(6.9), U :
3
2 (U. U. ) 2 2
1
U. +
.
(6.10)
I. =
U
.
R0
3
3
2
U.
1 1
2
U
I. =
U. U 1
.
(6.11)
R0 3
3
U.
(6.10) (6.11) , , , :
I. =
1
U2
U. 2
. = I. (
) ,
3R0 U.
U.
(6.12)
2
(U. U )
1
U
I. =
= I. (1
) ,
3R0
U.
U.
(6.13)
I. = U. / (3R0 ) p-n-.
(6.12) (6.13) - p-n- . ,
U U , (6.11) (6.13)
.

, : U L ,
R0 = L/ (Za) Ic .
6.3

.
176
6.

( ) S , :
Ic
Ic
S=
=
.
(6.14)
U
U
, , , . (6.11), :
1
U
S=
1
.
(6.15)
R0
U.
(6.13), :
S=
S =
2
U
U
(1
) = S (1
),
3R0
U.
U.
(6.16)
2I.
.
= S
U =0
U.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(6.15) (6.16) ,
U .
R0 = L/ (Za),
L, Z a, = 1/ (qe n N )
.
.................................................................................
, p-n- . (6.2) (6.9) ,
, ,
p-n- . , ,
.
6.3

177

:
dU
R =
.
(6.17)
dIc U =const
, (6.8):
R = (
Ic 1
) =
U
R0
.
U + U
1
U.
(6.18)
(6.11), (6.13) , .
R. ,
.
(6.11) (6.13)
:
Ic =
(U )
.
L(U )
(6.19)

1
R.
Ic
Ic dL
Ic dL
Ic
=
=
=
,
U L dU
L dU V
(6.20)
1
1 dL
=
.
V
L dU
:
L = L0 L,
(6.21)
L0 ; L .

U. , (U U. )
, p-n-. , L
p-n, (U U. ):
L =
20
(U U. ) .
qe N
(6.21) (6.22), :
dL
dL d(L)
L
=
=
,
dU d(L) dU
2 (U U. )
(6.22)
178
6.
1 L
1
=
=
V 2L U U.
R. =
1
2(
L0
1)
L
1
,
U U.
L0
V 2L U U.
U U.
=
= 2(
1)
.
Ic L
Ic
L
Ic
(6.23)

:
dU
=
.
(6.24)
dU Ic =const
(6.24) , U
U .
U U :
dIc =
Ic
Ic
1
dU +
dU = SdU +
dU .
U
U
R.
(6.25)
dIc = 0 (6.25) :
= SR. .
(6.26)
6.4

, .
, .
p-n-
n- 6.4, .
I , - ; rc
r ; VD1,
VD2, - ; C C
.
6.4, 6.4, .
6.4

179

, VD1 VD2 R , R .
I
(6.25) SU
R .
, C
C
C C .
R , R
( ), .
. 6.4 () ()
p-n-
r rc ( 100 )
.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r , , . .
.................................................................................
r , rc
, S R .
S =
S
R
,
R + r + rc 1 + Sr
R = R + r + rc .
180
6.
. 6.5.
. 6.5
p-n-
6.5

p-n-

, , : .

C ,
wZ. C , :
C =
0 LZ
.
aw
(6.27)
:
= R C ,
(6.28)
R = L/ (wZ) .
, w =
a/2, C R :
= 20 LZ ,
C
a
:
=
= R C
2L
R =
,
aZ
40 L2
.
a2
(6.29)
(6.30)
6.6
181
:
S(p) =
S
,
1 + pS
(6.31)
S .
6.6
.................................................................

, ,
-.
.................................................................

--, ,
. , ,
.
( ),
.
- ,
. . ,
, . ,
, .
-
-- -. , -
,
SiO2 , -- -. ( Si3 N4 SiO2 ),
- (---).
182
6.
-: .
-

. -
, , ,
.
- ,
, .
.
6.7 -
- n-
6.6.
- U
,
. , . U , p-n- - . - , .
- n- U > 0, U < 0.
. 6.6 - n-
U = 0 , p-n+ - -
-. U > 0 , p-n+ -
-.
6.7 -
183
U < 0, , .
U > 0,
, ( ), U = U , , , .
U > 0 ,
, Ic ,
. U > U , , , , , .
Ic , , , ,

. , ,
.
, U. ,
U . ,
U. = U U .
(6.32)
U > U. , ,
L .
p-n- -. U > U. L , L = L0 L ,
.
U , (6.32)
, , ,
U. , (U U. ) .
, , , , ,
( ). , , . , - , U. .
L L0 , , U > U.
. L L0 ,
, , ,
.
184
6.
U , , p-n- - - . ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
p-n-, .
6.8 -

, - () (-) .

- 6.7, .
- .
, : () , .
U Ic
, . U . Ic
, .
, U = U. ,
Ic U .
U , U. .
, , U = 0 < U , U > U . U U
p-n-.
U -,
: p-n- - .
6.8 -

185
p-n- . U. :
,
U U. .
. 6.7 () ()
- n-

- -
6.7, .
U < U Ic 0.
U > U , . U U , U . U ,
. U , .

- ,
6.8, :
; ;
; p-n+ - ,
; Ey
Ex ; Ex
.
186
6.
, x
,
jc (x, y) = qe n n(x, y)Ex .
(6.33)
(6.33) :
Ic = Zn n (x)Ex ,
(6.34)
hx
hx x; n (x) = qe n(x, y)
0
, .
. 6.8 -
n (x) :
n (x) = (x) A S ,
(6.35)
(x), A
-; S
, ,
.
:
(x) = C U (x) = C [U U (x)],
(6.36)
C = (0 ) /d ; , d ; U (x) x .
(6.36) (6.35) :
n (x) = C [U U (x)]A s ,
(6.37)
6.9 -
187
U U ,
n (x) = 0, U (x) = 0 (6.37)
A + s
U =
.
(6.38)
C
(6.37) (6.34) (6.38) U (0) = 0, U (L) = U , -
:
U 2
Ic = k [(U U ) U
],
2
(6.39)
k = Zn C /L -.
n = 200 2 /, C = 3 108 /2
Z/L = 10 k = 60 /2 .
(6.39) - -.
, , : U. = U U , , U. = U U
(6.39), - :
k
2
Ic = (U U ) .
(6.40)
2

, U
U .
U Ic :
2
1 + 2
(6.41)
Ic = k (U U U ) U
U ,
3
2
= (1/ (3C ) ) qe 0 NA / , .
(6.41)
1
2
[U U U ]
(6.42)
1+
3

U. =
Ic =
2
k
2
[U U U ] .
2(1 + )
3
(6.43)
6.9 -
-
. - . , -
188
6.
, , -
(. 6.9).
,
(U = 0) U
, . , .
.................................................................

, .
.................................................................
n- U > 0 .
. U > 0
, , . .
. 6.9 - n-
U < 0, , ,
, , . . -
U. , , , ,
, .
, , .
, -
,
- .
6.10 -
189

(. 6.10, ) U = 0. ,
I. . U =/ 0
, U
.
(. 6.10,
) U U. .
. 6.10 () () -
n-
, - , U
U. ,
U. =
A + s
,
C
(6.44)
( ,
).
6.10 -
- , () .
, .
, - , : ,
, .
, -,
.
190
6.
-
- , , S
S .
S :
S=
dIc
= k (U U ) .
dU
(6.45)
(U U ),
k.
- :
(6.46)
S = 2kIc .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- , .
.................................................................................
,
-
S=
k
2
[U U U ]
(1 + )
3
(6.47)
-
S =
dIc
2k
2
=
[U U U ] ,
dU
3(1 + )
3
(6.48)
, -.
S S , .
- S < S.
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, - S + S .
.................................................................................
6.10 -
191

- , p-n- -,
U U. .
- , . , - :
U U.
2qe NA
R. = L
.
(6.49)
0
Ic

- :
U U.
qe NA C n LZ
= SR. = 2
,
(6.50)
Ic
0
,
.

- , ,
,
.
- .
U < U .
,
p-n- -. - .
U U ,
U. -.
2 /2.
, (6.44) U
U. =
Ic
.
k (U U )
(6.51)

. :
R. =
1
dU
=
dIc
k (U U U )
(6.52)
192
6.
U U U
R. =
1
.
k (U U )
(6.53)
(6.51) (6.53) ,
U. = R. Ic ,
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(6.54)
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- , -
, .
.................................................................................
6.11 -

- n- 6.11.
I , U , U , U , - .
r , r - -; rc , r
; r , r - -.
. 6.11 -
6.11 -
193
, C
C , C
; C , C ,
-; C , C - , -; C

.
. r , r , r , r (107 1014 ) , C
0,1 ,
. rc , r (1 10) , ,
.

C =C + C
, C C = C + C , C
,
. C
,
C , C > C
C > C C C (10-20)%, , C = const
C = const. , C , C .
- 6.12.
. 6.12 -

I SU S U , , . ,
, U = 0, S U , C (. 6.13).
194
6.
. 6.13 - U = 0
6.12 -
-
. ,
U .
, , Ic ,
.

.
, . ,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
S(p) =
S
,
1 + pS
(6.55)
0 LZ
L2
=
.
kd (U U ) (U U )
S
n- ( ), .
S = C R. =
6.13
, .
,
.
6.13
195
ec , ,
, . ic
uR = Ric .

, ,
uR , ec .

.
.
,
. , ,

. . , . ,
.

: , (. 6.14).
. 6.14 : ,
,

(. 6.13),
.

6.15.
196
6.
. 6.15
:
dI
dI
dI
= (pC + pCc ) dU pCc U ,

= (S pCc ) dU + (G + pCc ) dU ,
= GdU ,
(6.56)
G = R1 .
(6.56) , :
dU
S pCc
kU =
=
.
dU
G + G + pCc
pCc 0, ,
kU =
dU
S
=
= S (RR ) SR.
dU
G + G

dI
= pC + (1 kU )pCc = pC + (1 + kU )pCc
dU
pC + (1 + SR ) pCc = pC. .
Y =

, , pCc 0 pC 0,
Y =
dI
= G ,
dU
R =
1
Y
= R .

6.16.
6.13
197
. 6.16
(. 6.16):
dI
dI
dI
= (pC + pCc ) dU pC U
= (S + pCc ) dU + (S + G + pC ) dU
= GdU

kU =
(6.57)
S + pC
dU
=
,
dU S + G + G + pC

kU =
S (RR )
SR
S
=
1.
S + G + G S (RR ) + 1 SR + 1
:
Y =
dI
= pC + (1 kU ) pC pC = pC. .
dU
:
Y =
dI
= G + S,
dU
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R =
1
Y
R
1
.
SR + 1 S
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:
0 . . (kU > 0),
180 . . (kU > 0);
198
6.
(kU > 1),

(kU. < 1, kU. 1);
,
,
, ;
,
.
.................................................................................

.
, .
, , - ,
. ,
. U = kU U = U ,
, .
, .
6.14

, ,
.
- , (. 6.17).
-
U
, U
.
< U
U = U
,
I. .

U
= Ec Rc I. Ec .
> U
U = U
. ,
6.14
199
. 6.17 -
I.
U
> U +
= U +
S
2I.
,
k
I. .

U
= U. . = R. . I. . =
R. .
Ec ,
R. . + Rc
U
R. . = 1/(k (U
) ) .
-
, , .
, :
, , .
. , , U = const. dU /dt =
= (d/dt) (U U ) = dU /dt. - ,
. :
i = iC + iC = (C + C )
dU
dU
= C
,
dt
dt
C C .
,
t. = ln
U () U (0)
,
U () U (t )
, U (0) = U , U (t
= R C , U () = U
) = U .
t. C R (U. U ) /U .
200
6.
- .
kU = SRc = k (U U ) Rc
-.
, -, u = u /kU = u /kU , .
C ( ), - :
d
dU
dU
+ C (U + kU U ) = C.
,
i = iC + iC = C
dt
dt
dt
C. = C + C (1 + kU )= C + C (1 + SRc ).
. = R C. , U . , ,
-
,
U = const = U. = U. +
Ec U.
.
2Rc S
(6.58)
C C
.
(6.58)
U
U
U
.
i. = const = I. =
= C
.
R
t
.
U )
0,9 (U
U ), U
0,1 (U
= 0,8 (U U ) 0,8 (Ec U. ),
tc =
0,8R C (Ec U. ) (U
Ec U.
) .
U
2Rc S
: U U. ,
, C = C + C U
= R C = R (C + C )
t. (3 5) = (3 5) R (C + C ) .

, :
, , .
, -
U
: U. = U + I. /S.
6.14
201
= R C = R (C + C )
t. = ln
U
.
U.
- , , . ,
i. = const = I. =
U. U
U
= C
.
R
t

U )
0,1 (U
0,9 (U U ),
Ec U.
t = 0,8R C (Ec U. ) (U +
U
)
2Rc S

: U Ec , ,

C = C +C U
= R C = R (C + C )
t. (3 5) = (3 5) R (C + C ) .
. 6.18 -

202
6.
.................................................................
6
.................................................................
1) - p-n- U = 3 , - U =
= 3 . .
: 6 .
2) n- p-n- 8,85 /, 0,12 2 /, 12, 4,8 . .
: 2 .
3) 0,6 /, 300 .
.
: 180.
4) p-n-
3 . 3 .
.
: 2 /.
5) - 2 . -,
- 2 .
: 4 .
6) - 10, 500 2 /, 100 /2 . .
: 500 /2 .
7) - , 0,3 /2 , 2 ,
- 4 .
: 0,6 /.
8) - . ,
0,5 /2 , 1 , - 5 .
: 500 .
9) ,
500 , 0.5 /.
: 2 .
.................................................................
, , , .
.................................................................

1 1 . :
(1 0,38), (0,38 0,78 ) (0,78 1 ).

0,2 20 .
7.1
, ,
.
.................................................................
,

.
.................................................................
204
7.

.
, .
,
, , , .
.................................................................

,

.
.................................................................
.

, . , ,
, .

. , , , .
7.2
.................................................................

,
.
.................................................................
.

(. 7.1, ). p-n-p-
p+ -, n-,
7.2
205
, p-.
,
.
,
, ,

.

, .

. .
.

: , . ,
( = 0) . , , ,
,
, .
I .

, , I . , . -

.
. , , I . ,

,
, .
I = 0
:
I = I + I + I = I + I + I ,
1
1
I +
I = ( + 1) I + ( + 1) I .
(7.1)
1
1
(7.1) ,
(. 7.1, ), ( + 1) .
. I =
206
7.
. 7.1 () ()
.
, .
, .
.
, .
, ,
.
-
,
, , (. 7.2).
. 7.2 -
7.2
207
:
. , ,
.

.
p-n-, .
KI =
I
= + 1.
I
(7.2)
. .

,
.

.
K =
I
.
(7.3)

, /.
.

,

. , .
.
.

(. 7.3, )
, - -.
208
7.
. 7.3 () ()
, I = I + I + I , I , I , I -, - - .
I R U = R I , Ic = SU = SR I . ,
-
(. 7.3, ).
.
. , .

KI =
I
= SR .
I
(7.4)

K =
I
= SR K = KI K.
(7.5)
K -.
KI 20
25 /. (106 108 ), R .
R C , C . C ,
7.3
209
, . R .
107 .
- .
- , : , .
7.3
.................................................................
() , ,
( ).
.................................................................
,
, . , , .
,
, , . , , (. 7.4).
.
. 7.4 : ,
,
. , ,
, , . , -
210
7.
.
. (. 7.5)
. 7.5
: , , .
.
,
, .
. ,
, . ,
( ), . .
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
KI = (I I ) /I KI = dI /dI
.

KR = R /R .
. , , ,
.
, ,
, 3 -
7.3
211
. ,
, .
:
(
1), , ,
( , ,
, ).
:
KI = k k vK ,
(7.6)
k , ; k ; ; v ; K .

2
k =
1
() s()
T () d,
max smax
()/max , s()/smax 1 2 ; T () (
).
1 2
.
( 1) ( 2),
, 7.6.
. 7.6 : 1 ; 2
.
212
7.
, ,
.
, . 0,9.
, ,
, .
, -, ,
, ; -, ; -, .
, , .
, .
. ,
,
.
, 7.7.
. 7.7
C r
; C r ; C R ; KI I
213
.
KI (p) =
KI0
,
1 + p
= 1/ (2f ) , f .
.................................................................
7
.................................................................
1) , 50, p-n-
5 /,
P = 400 .
: 102 .
2) 7 , , . P = 400 .
p-n- 500 /.
.
: 35.
8.1
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
, , .
.................................................................

.
.................................................................
, , - .
: ,
8.1
215
, .
, :
B
R = R exp ( ) ,
T
(8.1)
B ; R , .
R B T1 T0 :
R = R0 exp (
B
),
T0
B=
T1 T0
R0
ln ( ) .
T1 T0
R1
(8.2)
, :
1 dR
TKR =
.
(8.3)
R dT
:
TKR = BT 2 .
-
.
,
,
.
H , , 1 .

, 1%. G = H/ (TKR) ,
.
, ,

. 0,5 140 .
216
8.
.................................................................
,
.
.................................................................
,
, . , .
. .
, , : .
: ; ; , , , ; , ,
; , .
.................................................................
.
.................................................................

. BaTiO3
1010 . . .1012 .

(, .) (, , ,
.), , ,
10. . .102 .
. .
, ,
.
, ,
.
8.1
217
, , . ,
.
SrTiO3 , PbTiO3 , PbNbO6
.
, .
, .
.

, .
- (. 8.1)

, , , .
. 8.1 -
218
8.
8.2
.................................................................

,
,
.
.................................................................

, , . ,
p-, , n- . .
. : , .

. ,
, .
( -)

(-.). .
- , (
).
- , :
T2
ET = 12 (T) dT,
T1
8.2
219
12 (T) -.
-... ET = 12 T.
(
)
, , .
: Q = 12 IT,
12 .
, -: 12 = 12 T.

.................................................................
()
,
.
.................................................................
,
, , .
,
:
Q = K (T2 T1 ) ,
(8.4)
K ; T2 , T1 .

12 (T2 T1 )
E
=
,
(8.5)
I=
R + R
R + R
R .

:
Q = 12 I = 12 T2 I.
(8.6)
, , P Q
:
220
8.
P = I 2 R =
212 (T2 T1 )
2
(R + R )
R ,
Q = I 2 R =
212 (T2 T1 )
(R + R )
R.
(8.7)
, (1/2) Q .
(8.4) (8.7) :
=
P
1
Q + Q Q
2
T2 T1
=
T2
m (m + 1)
T2 T1
KR(m + 1)
1+
2(m + 1)T2
212 T2
(8.8)
m = R /R.
(8.8) ,
.
:
212
Z=
2
( 1 1 + 2 2 )
(8.9)
1 , 2 ; 1 , 2
.
.
,
.
- (300 500)
6
10 BK1 . ,
, 600 K,
- ET = 0,3 B.
, ,
.

.
8.3
221
8.3
.................................................................
, .
.................................................................
:
.
.................................................................
, , , .
.
.................................................................
.

, ,
,
(. 8.2). ,
. , , ,
,
.
, ,
. . :
IB
(8.10)
UX = X ,
b
X ; B ; I ; b .
:
X=
p2p n2n
A
.
qe (pp + nn )2
(8.11)
222
8.
. 8.2 : , n-, ,
p-
A 1 2. ,
A = 1,
A = 1,18, A = 1,93.

X , tg X = EX /E ,
E , .

,
.
:
0 2 B2
=
,
(8.12)
0
0
2
.

, , . , ,
,
. , , ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
8.3
223
= C2 B2 ,
0
(8.13)
C ,
.

, ,
,
. (8.10) , L .
L/a:
UX = X
IB L
f ( ),
b
a
(8.14)
f (L/a) . ,
L/a = 2. . .3 , , ,

.
, InSb, HgSe, HgTe .
:
() ( 1 2 8.3) () ( 3 4 8.3).
,
. .
. 8.3
224
8.
R , R . R R
0,5 .
,
.

sBI = UX / (BI) = (X /b) f (L/a) 0,3. . .10 /().
Imax , T 2 R
. Imax
= ST, ; S 2aL ,
Imax = 2aLT/R .
sB
I < Imax sBI = UX /B = (XI /b) f (L/a)
0,03. . .1 /.
sI : sI = UX /I = (XB/b) f (L/a).
,
.
.
.

, = 1011 . . .1013 ,
. , .
.
RB = RB=0 (1 + ABm ),
(8.15)
B ; RB=0 B = 0; A .
(8.15) m 2 (B 0,2
0,5 ), B 1, 1 ,
B 1. .
8.3
225

. , . (. 8.4, ), , .
.
. , .
. 8.4 : ,
;
,

, (. 8.4, ).

. ,
(. 8.4, ).
(. 8.4, ).
.

.
InSb InAs, .
R0 sB = dR/dB. . ,
B,
I0 ( B = 0). IB = I0 R0 /RB .
. ,
.

, ,
226
8.
,
, .
, - .
p-n-
. . ,
,
, .
p-n- . -
.
, pn-, , . ,
, , .
,
, sBI =
= U /BI, , .
.................................................................
8
.................................................................
1) T = 3 K
n- -, 2,5 .
2,2
1025 3 . , k
2Nc
- 12 =
2 + ln
.
qe
n
:2,7 1022 3 .
2) 1 2 ,
. , 20 . ,
X = 6,25 104 3 /.
: 25 .
3) n- 2 103 0,4 2 / 1 ,
227
. 20 .
, ,
2 2 .
:1,28 1018 .
.
,
, .
,
. , ,
. ,
.
.
,
, , ,
,
. , .
,
. .
, , , .
,
, , , ,
.
[1] . p-i-n Ga-As- // . 2010. 2. . 16 19.

[2] ., ., . Si, GaAs, SiC, GaN . , // . 2010.
5. . 4 10.
[3] . . : , , . 2- . .: XXI, 2005. 384 . ISBN 5-94120087-0.
[4] . . : . / . . ,
. . , . . , . . . . : Academia, 2009.
320 . ISBN 978-5-7695-4618-1.
[5] . IGBT- International Rectifier // . 2009. 4. . 27 32.
[6] ., ., . // . 2005. 4. . 4 7.
[7] . . : . / . . . .:
, 2008. 512 . ISBN 978-5-94836-187-1.
[8] .,
.
-
MOSFET- // . 2008. 1.
. 34 38.
[9] . . : . / . . ,
. . , . . . : . . - . , 2007. 476 . ISBN 978-5-86889-422-0.
230
[10] ., . // . 2010. 4.
. 34 40.
[11] ., . // . 2005. 1. . 12 17.
[12] ., ., . // . 2006. 1.
. 106 107.
[13] ., ., . IGBT // . 2006. 3.
. 28 30.
[14] . . : . / . . ; .
. . . 2- . . : -, 2008. 752 . : .
ISBN 978-5-9775-0160-6.
B
D
Dn
Dp
E ,
EF
Ei ,
Ec
E
f
G
h
~ , 2
j
j
jn
jp
j
jn
jp
k
232
Ln
me
mn
mp
NA ,
NA
N
N+
Nc
2Nc
N
2N
n
n0
ni
nn n-
np p-
p0
pi
pn n-
pp p-
qe
R
t
n
p
Eg

0
n
p

n
p
T

n , p

233
, , , , , .
.
, . .
, , .

(p-n-).
, p-n-,
.
- ,
, .
p-n- ( ) , .
, .
.
, -
235
( ).
,
.

. .
( ).
, , .

.
,
.
, , , -n .
, , ,
, , ,
( ).
- .
.
,
.
, -.
, .
, (
).
- .
, e = 2,72 .
236
- , .
p-n-, n- p-.
,
(
).
.
, . .
,
, .
.
,
,
, .
( )
; , , . ( ) () , .
, . , ,
( ).

, . ,
,
.
,
.
, .
237
, --; , .

. , .

(p-p, n-n-).
,
.
p-n- ,
, , ,
.
, .
, ;
.
, ;
,
,
.
.
. p-n-,
.

.
, .
- , ; ( -).
238
, ;
.
.

. , ,
.
;
, , , , ,
.

.
;
- .

;

.
,
, .
,
, .
.
, .

( ).
239
- ,
.
( ).
- --; ,
,
, ; ; -.
- --; ,
, -.
,
, .
, .

.
, .
, , ,
.
- ,
.
-
, .
, .
,
, .
240

, .
- , .
, .
, ,
(, ).
,
,
, .
,
.

.
,
- .
,
.
,
, .
,
,
--.
,

(1012 1010 ) 1 (104 106 ) 1 , (, , , .), .
, ,
,
.
241
-,
( ).
,
2 , ( )
( ).
,
.
, .

, .
,
.
.
.
, -.
, .
, .
, .
,
( )
.
, .
.
,

.
242
, ;
.
.
,
- .
,
.
.
, p-n-
,
, .
, p- n-,
p-n-.
p-n-, .
,
.
n-, p-n-
p- n-.
- ,
.
; ,
, , .

.
, ; , ,
.
243
, .
- , ,
.
.
p-n-

.
, .

.
, .
- p- n-, .
,
.
.

-
.
.

. .
. .
20.12.11. 6084/8.
. . . 28,37. 300 .

634029, . , . . 11 . 17

.
634050, . , . , 40
. (3822) 533018.

776 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

776 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

()

p-n- I > 0, (2.25) , .

I= , (2.17) - ; r p-n-, I= ; i (t) = u (t)/r p-n-.

= dQp /dU = (QB /T ) e T C

U = I r . p-n- Upn (t) = U(t) + U (t)

C = dQp /dU = (QB /T ) e T C , dQp /dt +

, Egp > Egn op < on ,

(2.66) , U/2 2,3T I = Is1 , U < 0 U/2

. 3.4 p+ -n-n+ (), ()

n- (E < EFn ). , p- n-, .

Ins = qe SDn np0 /Ln , Ins = qe SDn np0 /Ln .

Ips = qe SDp pn0 /Lp .

(4.17) (4.19) 4.3,

dU (t) dQ(t) Q(t)

UC (t) = U (t) = U () + (U (0) U ()) exp (

U (t) = U (t) = E R i (t) = E R I. 1 exp ( ) .

= (pC + pCc ) dU pCc U ,

(kU > 1),

[1] . p-i-n Ga-As- // . 2010. 2. . 16 19.

Вам также может понравиться