. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. . . . . . . .

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
17
21

II. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

3. . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . .
5. .
6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

22
28
31
35
41

III. . . . . . . . .

43

7. . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43
49
55

IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

9.
10. . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56
59
63
65
67

V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

13.
14.
15.
16.

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. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69
71
76
79

17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. .
19. . . . . . . . .
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. 83
. 91
. 97
. 106

VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
20. . . . . . . . . . 108
21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
22. .
23. . . . . . . . . .
24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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122
130
133
136

VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
25. . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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137
146
150
157

IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
28. .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. . . . . . . . . . .
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.
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.

159
163
173
177
184

X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
32. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33. . . . . . . . . . .
34. np- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

........
........
........
........
........

185
193
196
201
202

XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
.
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
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.

223
224
225
227
229
230
233
235
236
238

II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
IV. . . . . . . . . . . . 242
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244


,
,
. ,
, :
; ( , ,
, ); ; ; ; ; .
,
,
( , , .).

.

.
, . ,
, .
,
.
.

, .
,
, .

,
, ,
. ,
.
. . ,
.

.
.

1.
. . (18791955) 1905 .

. ,
.
. .
, .
. ,
.
, - :

x = x V t, y  = y , z  = z , t = t.

(1.1)

,
, V
x.
,
,
, -

10

[ . I

.
(. . 1 , 12):

V = V + V .
.
( , F = ma)
, .
.
: ,
.
. ,
, 1881 .
(18521931).
XIX . , ,
, ,
,
c .
c, :

c = c + V ,

(1.2)

c , c ,
, V
.

30 / . , .
(1.2) , ,
.
l S A B , 90
(. 1). , S A, V . t S A :

t =

l
l
2l
1
+
=
,
cV
c+V
c 1 V 2 /c2

(1.3)

1]

11

(c V )
, (c + V ) .
t B
S B :
V

t = 

2l

c2 V 2

2l
1
= 
,
c 1 V 2 /c2

(1.4)
V

c2 V 2 c

S B .
V
t t A
S
V
, A
l
B
. 1
.
(1.3) (1.4) , t|| t .
:
t t .
,
. ,

.
.
. .
1. : , ,
.

, , .
,
.
2. c
; .
1. .
K  V
K ; O  x Ox ;
O  y  Oy , O  z  Oz
(. 2). O  A OA
, K 
O  y  , K
Oy .

12

[ . I

O  O ( ).
,
A A .
y
y
,
A
A
K  O  A , V
, OA,

O
O
x x
. . , , . 2

.
,
:

y = y,
z  = z.
2. .
AB l
,
(. 3 ). , ,
A B .
.
A
B :

0 =

2l
,
c

l
A B , c .
AB , . 3
Oy , V Ox K (. 3 ).
, A ( AB ),
B ( A1 B1 ), A ( A2 B2 ).
, AA1 ,
, V /2, AB1 ,
, /2. AB1 A1

1]

13

AB12 = AA21 + A1 B12 ,

 2  2
c
V
=
+ l2 .
2

2l
1


= 0
,
c 1 V 2 /c2
1 2

(1.5)

= V /c.
,
0
(1.5). , ,

, , 1 2
.
3.
( ). AB K - V, y

y
Ox (. 4).
K  -

K -
( B V
A
) l0 .
x
M
l K - ,
x
K -
.
M K -
. 4
, . l V
t0
M B A ( t0 K - ):

l = V t0 .

(1.6)

t
( M B
A ) K  - ,
:
t
t =  0 ,
1 2

, K  -
, K - (. 2), t
t0 , .

14

[ . I

l0 , K  -
, V M t
B A :
V t0

l0 = V t = 

1 2

(1.7)

(1.6) (1.7)
,

l = l0 1 2 .
(1.8)
, ()
.
.
. (1853
1928) - .
O  x K 
Ox
y
y
V
K - , A


; K 
x V K (. 5). , O
x
P
O
x
O O 
K K 
. 5
, . ,
(t = t = 0) O
O .
A(, ) .
P ,
O  x Ox , A.
K - : x, y , z ,
t A; P t (x, 0, 0); O 
(V t, 0, 0).
K - O  P :

(O  P )K = x V t;

(1.9)

(OP )K = x.

(1.10)

OP :

1]

15

K  - : x , y  , z  ,
t A; P t
(x , 0, 0); O (V t , 0, 0).
K  - O  P :


(O  P )K  = x ;

(1.11)

OP P O :

(OP )K  = x (V t ) = x + V t .

(1.12)

,
O  P OP K K  . ,
O  P V K - . (1.8)

(O  P )K = (O  P )K  1 2
(1.9) (1.11):

x V t = x


1 2 .

x t
x :
xVt
x = 
.
(1.13)
1 2

OP V K  .
(1.8)

(OP )K  = (OP )K 1 2
(1.10) (1.12):


x + V t  = x 1 2 .

x t
x:
x + V t
x= 
.
(1.14)
1 2

(. 2
) , x x ,
A K K  :

y = y;
z  = z.

(1.15)
(1.16)

(1.13) (1.14) x, x ,
t x t:
t + x V /c2
t= 
,
(1.17)
1 2

16

[ . I

t x t :

t xV /c2

t = 

(1.18)

1 2

, ,
( ):
x + V t
x= 
,
1 2

y = y ,
z = z,


(1.19)

t + x V /c

t= 

1 2

:
xVt

x = 


1 2

y = y,
z = z,

(1.20)

t xV /c

t = 

1 2

= V /c, V
.

, V  c  1,
(1.1). , V > c,
; , ,
c, .
. K  - A B t = 0
(x = y  = z  = 0), O  x
x . , (1.17), K
tA = 0,

tB =

x V

= 0. ,
c2 1 2

.

K - K  - :


Vx V
Vx =
,
1 Vx V /c2

Vy =

Vy

1 (V /c)2

1 Vx V /c2

Vz =

Vz

1 (V /c)2

1 Vx V /c2

2]

17

2.
. , m V:
p = mV.
m ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
, .
:
m0 V

p = mV = 

1 2

(2.1)

V , m0 (
), = V /c.
m :

m= 

m0
1 2

(2.2)

,
V .
.

ma = F,

(2.3)

m , a , F
.
(1.19) (2.3) , . , (2.3) .
,
, , , :
dp
= F,
dt

(2.4)

18

[ . I

p (. (2.1) (2.2)). (2.4)

.
,
F
, .
. .
, .
, T
, dT :
dT = Fdr = FVdt,
(2.5)
F , dr , V , t .
(2.4) :

Fdt = dp = d(mV) = dmV + mdV.

(2.5)

dT = V(dmV + mdV) = V 2 dm + mV dV .

(2.6)

(2.2),
m0
m= 
.
(2.7)
1 V 2 /c2

m2 c2 = m2 V 2 + m20 c2 .

m V
2m,

c2 dm = V 2 dm + mV dV .

(2.8)

(2.6) (2.8) .
, ,
dT :

dT = c2 dm.

(2.9)

(2.9) ,
( ), V ,
T :

T = mc2 m0 c2 ,

(2.10)

2]

19

m0 , m ,
V (. (2.7)).
, (2.10) .
. (2.9) () dT
dm, , dm dT :

dm =

dT
dT.
c2

.
,
,
, ,
. E :

E = mc2 ,

(2.11)

c , m
V , (2.2).
(2.11) m
E , .
m0 c2 . (2.11)
, ,
m m0 .
(2.10)
(2.11)
:

E = m 0 c2 + T ,

(2.12)

m0 c2 , T .
.
E p,
(2.11),
, (2.1),
:

E = mc2 ,
p = mV.

20

[ . I

V ,
m, (2.2).

E 2 p 2 c2 = m 2 c4 m 2 V 2 c2 =



V2
= m 2 c4 1 2 =
c

m20 c4
1 V 2 /c2



V2
1 2 = m20 c4 .
c

, E
p :

E 2 = p2 c2 + m20 c4 .

(2.13)

(2.13)
(. 4) ( 5).
(2.13) (2.12) T p :



2
pc = E 2 m20 c4 = (T + m0 c2 ) m20 c4 = T (T + 2m0 c2 ) . (2.14)
T m0 c2 , T  m0 c2 , (2.14) 2m0 c2
T :

pc 2m0 c2 T .

p2
.
2m0

(2.15)

, (2.15), .
c
m0 c2 .
.

=

m0 c2

1 V 2 /c2

p= 

m0 V
1 V 2 /c2

E =

, ,
m0 = 0,
E p , V
c: V = c.
(. . III).
E p
(2.13) m0 = 0:

E = pc.

(2.16)

2]

21

. K. (. . 4 . , 17):
w
K. = ,
c

w , c
,
(2.16).

1.1. , V = c/2, l = 1
= 45 .
1.2. , K - . t = 20 K -.
, ,
t = 25 . .
1.3.
t0 = 10 . , t = 20 ?
1.4. xy K - , Vx Vy . V 
K  -, V
K - x.
1.5. l0

V
. , ?
1.6. 0 .
,
= 25 % 0 .
1.7. , m 0, 60 0, 80 ?
, .
1.8. m .
500 .
1.9. m t = 0
F.
t.

 II

-
XX . , .
, , , ( ), .

.

3.
.
1887 . .
(18571894), ,
.
.
1905 .
.
(, , ) , , . , .
. ,

, , .
,
.
,
(. 6). A

() . U = A ,
A A .
U . i

3]

23

. S .
, .
, U . , U
.
.
( ) ,
S

.
,
,

, ,

.
U
i U . 6
. U = A < 0
( , ),

.
. ,
U = A > 0 ( , ),
,
:

T =

mV 2
> eU ,
2

m , e . ,
,
T , eU
.
U ,
, . U , i.
U = U0 i
. ,

T = eU 0 .

(3.1)

U0 , , .
, U0 , .

24

[ . II

. (, ),
.
,

E:

m
x = eE ,
m
x = eA cos t.
x
E, x
, E = A cos t
x E, A , .

, .
, Vx :

Vx = x =

eA
sin t,
m

T :

T =

mVx2
e2 A2
=
sin2 t.
2
2m 2

I A, :
T ,
, I
:
i

I
.
2

(3.2)

(. . 6)
.
1. i
I
0
I
.
. 7
,
U i I (. 7).
. (3.2) I
T ,
,
i.

3]

25

2. i U .
. 8 i U ,
I1 I2 .
, U
, , U . U = U0 (
) . U0 , , I .
(3.1) U0 . 8
T .
, T I . ,
T I (. (3.2)).
3. U0
.
, (. . 6), ,
. U0
(. 9) : ) U0
; )
0 ,
. 0 .
0 ( 0 )
, ,
.
. . 9
T (. (3.2)), , T , U0 ,
1/ 2 . , , U0
(. . 9). ,

.
1905 . . (18791955) , .

26

[ . II

.
, ,
(),
.
E :
E = h ,
(3.3)
h ,
, h = 1, 05 1034 . (3.3)
. ,
(), , (18581947) 1900 . (. . VII).
(3.3) (2.13) (m0 = 0),

k:

E 2 = p2 c2 + m20 c4 = p2 c2 ,
p=
:

E
h
=
= hk,
c
c

p = hk,

(3.4)

k , k = 2/.
I , ,
.
.
.
, (
, , ,
).
,
( ) .
:

h = T + A,

(3.5)

h , T
, A
.
,
,
.

3]

27

A ,
.
,
, . A, ,
. 3,74 ,
4,36 , 1,89 .
.
(3.5) .
1. I
.
i (. 7).
2. (3.5) T
A:

T = h A.

(3.6)

(3.1) T U0 ,
A U0 . ( I) U0 ,
(. . 8).
3.
, . 9.
(3.6) T , , U0 (. (3.1)),
. ,
, :

T = 0,
0 = h0 .
0 :

0 =

A
.
h

. A 3 .
, .
105 . , . ,

28

[ . II

A,
,
, 107 .
,
, , , ,
,
.

4.


( ) ().
( 0, 1 ) - ( <
< 0, 1 ). 1922 . .
(18921962) .
. ,
= 
,
(
).
.


. ,
,
, ( ) .
(
). E =
= h p.
.
.
. .
, , .
,
.

4]

29

10
. : p
, e (. 10 );
p
pe
(. 10 ). : ,

 , h , h  ; m0
, m0 c2 . 10
; Ee
.
:
h + m0 c2 = h  + Ee ,
(4.1)
:

p = p + pe .

(4.2)

Ee pe
(. (2.13)):

Ee2 = p2e c2 + m20 c4 .

(4.3)

(. . 10 ), (4.2),

p2e = p2 + p2 pp cos .

(4.4)

:
h
h 
p=
, p =
.
(4.5)
c

p p (4.5) (4.4),
(4.1):

p2e

(4.4) (4.3), Ee2 (4.3)

(h + m0 c2 h  )2 = Ee2 ,
(h + m0 c2 h  )2 = p2e c2 + m20 c4 ,
(h + m0 c2 h  )2 = (p2 + p2 pp cos )c2 + m20 c4 ,
 2   2

h
h
h h 
2
 2
(h + m0 c h ) =
+
2
cos c2 + m20 c4 .
c

m0 c2 (  ) = h  (1 cos ).

30

[ . II


,  ,
( ):

=  =

2h
(1 cos ) ,
m0 c

= (1 cos ).

2h
m0 c

(4.6)
(4.7)

.
0, 2426 1011 .
(4.6) ,
= 180 ( = 2 )
, .
(4.6)
, , ,
.
(4.6) , , .
(4.7) , , .
,
( ),
.
,
(. (4.7)).
( = ).
(  )
( ).


. , , Li, Be, B,
, .

,

.
.
. ,

5]

31

,
, = 180 .
,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
(- ).
, , .

5.
, ,
.
. (18811958) . (18961971) 1927 .
,

U = 50 100 ,
(. 11).
,
q

.
, -
. , . 11
.

() .
.
, (1890
1971) (18631925),
:
(5.1)
2d sin = m,

32

[ . II

d , ,
, 2d sin , , m (. 12).




. 12

,
U , (. 13).




( )
(. (5.1)).

, ()
U 1/2

.
. 13
,
, , .
(. 1892)
(1924 .), , -
( , ), (, ),
, , , . .
,
(
).
, , .

.
(

5]

33

).

-.
:
.
. E p,
, k ,
,
(. (3.3), (3.4)). .
: ; k =
= 2/ ( ).
: E = h ;
p = hk = 2h/ .
E
, p k
E 2 = p2 c2 + m20 c4 (. (2.13)),

(m0 = 0).
E
p:

E = h ,
p = hk.

(5.2)
(5.3)

k .
, p, :

2h
,
p

(5.4)

(5.3). , , (5.4), .
1. , U =50 ,
. eU p:

eU =

p2
.
2m

e m .
p:

p = 2meU ,
2 . .

34

[ . II

(5.4):

2h
2meU

1, 6 1010 .

.
, , ,
. ,

U (. . 13),
(5.1).
2. m = 1 ,
V = 0, 1 /,

2h
1020 .
mV

.
.
.
,
.


E = Em ei(tkr) = Em ei(Etpr)/h ,
(5.5)
E , Em , k (
), E = h p = hk (
). (5.5)
.
,
E p, (5.5):

(r, t) = 0 ei(Etpr)/h .

(5.6)

0 ( ).
.
1. (5.6) () E p,
.
2. , .
3. |(r, t)|2 ,
- r, t.
-

6]

35

, . (5.5)
:

2


| (r, t)|2 = 0 ei(Etpr)/h  = |0 |2 = const.
, E p .
,
, ,
, , . ,
3 .
4.
.

= c,
k
d
=
= c.
dk

V =

(5.7)

(5.8)

c (c
3 108 /).
, V E = p2 /(2m), m ,
p = mV .

V =

h
E
p2 /(2m)
p
V
=
= =
=
= ,
k
hk
p
p
2m
2

(5.9)

V =

d
d(h)
dE
d(p2 /(2m))
p
=
=
=
=
=V,
dk
d(hk)
dp
dp
m

(5.10)

V ,
(5.9) .

,
.

6.
. (19011976) 1927 .,
.
- . . 2*

36

[ . II

,
.
. ,

. ,
, .
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
.

:
,
.
,
. ,
.

x px .
h.
:

x px 2h.

(6.1)

(6.1)
,
. 14
(. 14).
, ,
.
. ,
.
I

6]

37

.
: )
, ,
; ) , , .

x. ,
. ,
,
(. . 14), :

sin

,
x

(6.2)

= 2h/p , p .

, (6.2),
, , ,

. , px (. . 14).
:

tg

|px |
p
px
= x =
.
|p|
p
p

(6.3)

p (
); px
x, ; px
px . :

px = px px = px ,
px px - x ;
px = 0 .
, sin tg ,
(6.2) (6.3):

px

.
x
p

= 2h/p (. (5.4)),
2h
px

,
px
p

x px 2h,
.

38

[ . II

, (6.1),
, :

x px 2h,

y py 2h,

z pz 2h.

(6.4)

.
. ,
.
, x, . x
a. , -
x, :
a  x  a.
, - ,
:

0 = const a  x  a,
(x) =
(6.5)
0
x < a x > a.
- ,
a  x  a .
x 2a
(. 15).
-. , ( < x < ),
( ):
 (x)
+


0

|(x)|2 dx = 1.

(6.6)

a

|(x)|2 ,
2
|(x)| dx dx -

. 15

+


|(x)|2 dx -

x;

.
(6.6) (6.5)
+


|(x)| dx =

+a

a

02 dx = 2a02 = 1.

6]

0 =

2a

39

= 1
a  x  a,
0
(x) =
.
2a
0
x < a x > a.

(6.7)

,
() f (k)eikx :
+


(x) =

f (k)eikx dk ,

(6.8)

k , f (k) k .
f (k) , (x).
f (k)eikx
:

eit f (k)eikx = f (k)ei(tkx) .

(6.9)

(6.9) eit . ,
(6.7) (6.8)
(6.9).
f (k)eikx
k ( p),
f (k) ,
x 2, . ,
(x)
f (k), k = p/h.
x p
.

1
f (k) =
2

+


() eik d ,

(6.10)

. (x) (6.7) (6.10),

1
f (k) =
2

+a

a

1
eika eika
1 sin ka

eik d =
=
,
2a
2ik 2a
2a k

40

[ . II

sin ka
.
2a k
1

f (k) =
2

|f (k)| :

|f (k)|2 =

sin2 ka
.
2a
k2
1

(6.11)

|f (k)|2
f (k)eikx (x) (6.8) ; p = hk.
2
|f (k)| . 16.
f (k )

 3 a  2 a

 a


a

2 a

3 a

. 16

(6.11) , (6.8)
k :

k .
a
a

(6.12)

(6.11)
:

k .
a

p = hk

h
.
a

(6.13)

,
x 2a,
(6.13). p
.
x = 2a
p (6.13)
h
x p 2a
= 2h
a

(6.1).

6]

41

2.1. = 589 .
=10 . :
) r = 2, 0
;
) ,
n = 100 3 .
2.2. = 0, 13
 = 10 .
, d = 10
, , = 0, 50.
2.3. ,
250 .
3,74 .
2.4.
1 = 0, 35 2 = 0, 54 ,
= 2, 0 .
.
2.5. , .
2.6. h = 1, 00 . ,
=
= 25 %.
2.7. h = 250 = 120
. .
2.8. , Tmax =
= 0, 19 .
2.9. 1 2 .
.
2.10.
,
.
2.11.
b =
= 1, 0 . , ,
l = 50 ,
x = 0, 36 .

42

[ . II

2.12. t = 0
x0 = 0, 10 .
t = 1 .
2.13. T 4
l = 1 . .
2.14. -
d 0, 5 .
l 20 , U = 10 . .
2.15. m
U = x2 /2 ( ).
.

 III

7.

.
( -).
.
,
.
|(r)|2 , - r = (x, y , z). . ,
(r, t) = 0 ei(Etpr)/h ( ),
|(r)|2 = |0 |2 = const,
.
, , +


f (k)eikx dk ( -

(x) =

).
|f (k)|2 p = hk
2
. , |f (k)| =
= |f (p/h)|2 .
, ,
. .
: ) ;
) (, , . .) .

.
, .

44

[ . III

.
grad U =

U (x, y , z)


U (x, y , z)
U (x, y , z)
U (x, y , z)
i+
j+
k , i, j, k =
x
y
z
.
f ( ,
) ,
-
< f >.
: ,
,
.
.
E p E = p2 /(2m),
p
E
= p 2 /(2m).
: E
.
.
x ( ), (x)
, f f .
f ,
f ,
:

f  =

+


(x)f (x) dx,

(7.1)

(x) , (x).
.
(x), |(x)|2 x, |(x)|2 dx = (x)(x)dx
x x + dx.
x
, |(x)|2 dx,
x:

x =

+


x |(x)| dx =

+


(x)x(x) dx.

(7.2)

(7.1) (7.2), x
:

x
= x.

(7.3)

. (7.3)
x , x.

7]

45

(x, t) = 0 ei(Etpx)/h .
0 -:
+


|(x)|2 dx = 1.

(7.4)

( ).
,
A < x < A, A ,
.

i(Etpx)/h
0 e
A < x < A,
(x) =
(7.5)
0
x < A x > A.
(7.4)
+


|(x)| dx =

+A


02 dx = 2A02 = 1,

0 =

1
2A

(7.1)

x =

+


(x)x(x) dx =

+A


=
A

1
2A

i(Etpr)/
h

1
2A

i(Etpr)/
h

1
dx =
2A

+A


x dx = 0.
A

,
, ,
x .
. x :

p x = ih

.
x

(7.6)

y z .
p

= ih
p

i ih j ih k,
x
y
z

i, j, k .

(7.7)

46

[ . III

. ,
x. (7.5).
p (p = const).
x
p. (7.6):

px  =

+


(x)
px (x) dx =

+A


=
A

1
2A




ei(Etpx)/h ih
ei(Etpx)/h dx =
x

1
=
2A

2A

+A

A

p
p dx =
2A

+A


dx =
A

p
2A = p.
2A

. , x, . , U (x)

(x) = U (x).
U

(7.8)

(x, y , z) = U (x, y , z).

U

(7.9)

U (x)

U  =

+


(x)U (x)(x) dx.

. T
p

T =

p2
.
2m

T , (7.8):
1 2
1
=
p
T =
2m

2m

2


ih i ih j ih k =
x

h2
=
2m

2
2
2
+
+
x2
y 2
z 2


.

7]

47

:
h
T = ,
2

(7.10)

2m

2
2
2
+
+
.
x2
y 2
z 2

x

p 2
h2 2
.
T = x =
2
2m

2m x

(7.11)

. m p, x,

T  =

+


(x)T (x) dx =

+A


=
A

1
2A



i
i
h2 2
1

e h (Etpx)
e h (Etpx) dx =
2
2m x

1
=
2A

2A

+A

A

p2
1 p2
p2
dx =
2A =
.
2m
2A 2m
2m

p E ,
T  p2 /(2m).
. E , T U :

E = T + U.

(7.12)

. . (7.9) (7.10)
H

H

= T + U
= h + U (x, y , z).
H
2

2m

(7.13)

= T + U
= h
H

2
+ U (x).
2m x2

(7.14)

48

[ . III

E =

+


(x)H(x)
dx =

+




(x) dx =
(x) T + U

+


(x)T (x) dx +

+


(x)U(x)
dx =
T  +
U  .

E =
T  +
U .

(7.15)

(7.15) :

.
(7.12) E , T
U . ,
x, y , z ,
U (x, y , z), p ,
T = p2 /2m.
.
(7.12) :
,
E U (.
. 1 30):

E  U (x, y , z).

(7.16)

(7.12) , (7.16). (. 11).

. . M


:
 i
j k

M = [rp] =  x y z .
p

py pz 

 = [ r p
] = [r p
].
: M
Mz z :







Mz = x
py ypx = x ih
y ih
= ih x y
. (7.17)
y

8]

49

r , , , x, y , z (. 17):

x = r sin cos ,

y = r sin sin ,

(7.18)

z = r cos .

(7.18) :
z

x
y
z
=
+
+
=

x
y
z

= r sin sin + r sin cos

=
x
y

+ x . (7.19)
= y
x
y

z
q

(7.17) (7.19), z :

z = ih .
M

(7.20)

y
y

x
. 17

. , . ,

.

8. .
. f , (, ,
. .). f
, , f1 , f2 , ...
, .
f .
n f , dn(f )
, f f + df .
f
f ,

P (f ) =
.

dn (f )
.
ndf

(8.1)

50

[ . III

1. f = V .
( )

3/2
2
m
F (V ) =
emV /2kT 4V 2 .
2kT

. 18.
2. f = Vx x ,
Vx ( )
F

1/2
2
m
(Vx ) =
emVx /2kT .
2kT

. 19.
3. -
V
0

. ,
. 18
|(x)|2 x.
(x, t) = 0 ei(Etpx)/h : |(x)|2 = |0 |2 = const (. 20).

 (x)

0

Vx

. 19

. 20

. P (f ),
f  f :


f  = f P (f ) df ,

(8.2)

f .
(8.2). n , f ,
, . f f

8]

51

f1 , f2 , ... . . f .
n1 , n2 , ... ,
f (f1 ; f1 +
+ f ), (f2 ; f2 + f ), ... . f
(8.1)


f  =

f1 n1 + f2 n2 + ...

f dn
n

= f



dn
dn
= f
df = f P (f ) df .
n
n df

, ,
f , . f . ,
(8.2) .
. , ,
,
f .
f .
f

f  f :

f = f
f .

(8.3)

P (f ) f
:

f  = 0.
(8.4)
:

f  =
f
f  =
f 

f  =
f 
f  = 0.
, , (8.2) .
(8.4) P (f ),
f 
P (f ).
f , D(f ),
f (. (8.2)):


D (f ) =
(f )2  = (f )2 P (f ) df ,

(8.5)

f .
D(f ), P (f ).
.
1. :

D(f )  0.

(8.6)

52

[ . III

. (8.5) (f )2 , .
2. f , f
() .
f .
. (8.5)
:


D (f ) = (f )2 P (f ) df
(fi
f )2 P (fi ) = 0,
i

fi f , i.
,
:

(fi
f )2 = 0.

fi
f  = 0,
fi =
f .
, fi
f .
3. f
:

D(f ) =
f 2 
f 2 .

(8.7)

. (8.2), ,
(,
f 
f 2 ), . (8.5)

D(f ) =
(f )2  =
(f
f )2  =
f 2 2f
f  +
f 2  =
=
f 2 
2f
f  +

f 2  =
f 2  2
f 
f  +
f 2 =
f 2 
f 2 ,
.
4.
f 2 

f 2 , () .
3 2.
.
f
(x, y , z), :

f = f0 ,

(8.8)

8]

53

f0 .
: ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ( ).
,
.
f
f0 , (8.8) .
f ( ), f
() .
, , f p ,
,
p ( ).
. f . , -
f =
= f0 (8.8),
f , f
, f = f0 .
. (x)
f , (8.8):

f = f0 .
f
(. (7.1)):

D (f ) =
f 2 
f 2 =

2 

2


= (f 2 ) dx f dx = f f dx f dx =

2
2
 


= f f0 dx f0 dx = f0 f dx f0 dx =


= f0 f0 dx (f0 )2 = f02 dx f02 = f02 f02 = 0.

- :
dx = 1.
, , f , f , . ,
f () .

f  ( ),


54

f0 f :


[ . III

f =
f  = f dx = f0 dx = f0 dx = f0 ,
.
.

f f0 , (8.8):
f = f0 .
. x

d
= ih ,
(x) p = ih
x
dx

p = p0 ,
ih

d
= p0 .
dx

= aeip0 x/h ,
a x ( ). -
,
p = p0 . ( -
a: a = 0 eiEt/h , E ).
.
( ).
() .
= T + U
(. (7.13)
H
= E0 , E0
(7.14)). : H
.
(18871961)
( )

= E0 ,
H

(8.9)

h2
(x, y , z) + U (x, y , z) (x, y , z) = E0 (x, y , z).
2m

= 2 =

(8.10)

2
2
2
+ 2 + 2.
2
x
y
z

h2 d2 (x)
+ U (x)(x) = E0 (x).
2m dx2

(8.11)

8]

55

(x, y , z) (x) (8.10) (8.11)

( ) E0 .
(8.9) ,

( , ) , .
(8.9) , E ,
, :

= E0
H
D(E) = 0, E = E0 = const.
(8.9), , ,
,

ih

(x, y , z , t)
(x, y , z , t) .
= H
t

(8.12)

(8.12)
.

3.1. 

d
d
d 2
d
d2
(x): )
x = 1 + x ; ) 1 +
= 1 + 2 + 2.
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
 2 
d
2
3.2.
x
dx2
cos x.
 2 
d
x2 ex .
3.3.
dx2
3.4. t = 0 2
2
= ex /4 +ikx . :
) x; ) ||2 x.
3.5. -

= er/a /(r 2a ), A
.
r.
3.6. m
U (x) = x2 , .
U 
2
, = Aex , A
.
3.7. t = 0 =
2
2
= Aex / +ikx , A . : )
x;
)
px  .

 IV

9.

m x.
x

x < 0 x > a,
U (x) =
(9.1)
0 0  x  a.
. 21 U (x).
0  x  a,
;
x < 0 x > a .
(9.1),
, U

U

U

.
, , , ,
0
a
x
a, b c.
. 21
, , .
,
.


, (9.1).

9]

57

, (x) =
= 0 x < 0 x > a. (0  x  a)
= E
H
h2 d2 (x)
+ U (x)(x) = E(x),
2m dx2
h2 d2 (x)

+ 0 (x) = E(x),
2m dx2
2mE
 (x) + 2 (x) = 0,
h

 (x) + k2 (x) = 0.

(9.2)

E (
, (. (8.9)), );  (x)
, k2 = 2mE/h2 E .
(9.2)

(x) = A sin(kx + ),
A , .

0  x  a (x) x < 0
x > 0, . x = 0

(0) = A sin = 0.
:

= 0.

(9.3)

,
x = a,

(a) = A sin ka = 0.
:

ka = n ,

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(9.4)

n = 0 ,
, .
n = 1, 2, 3, ... n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(x) = A sin kx, , .
|(x)|2 .
|(x)|2 , (x),

. ,
,
(9.4) n
.

58

[ . IV

(9.3) (9.4) (9.2)

nx
(x) = A sin
.
(9.5)
a

A -. (0  x 
 a) :
a


|(x)|2 dx = 1.

A
1 2
A
2

a

a 

sin2

nx
dx = 1,
a

1 cos

2nx
a


dx = 1,

1 2
A a = 1,
2


A=

2
.
a

(9.1)


(x) = n (x) =

2
nx
A sin
,
a
a

(9.6)

n = 1, 2, 3, ... n - n.
. 22
n (x) n = 1 n = 2.
.
(9.4) E
n:

k 2 a2 = n 2 2 ,
2mE

h2
. 22

a2 = n 2 2 ,

E = En =

2 h2 n2
,
2ma2

(9.7)

n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(9.7)

 10 ]

59

. . , E
(9.7) . ,
. n
(. 23).
n,
n (x), En (. (9.6), (9.7)),
.
.
U
1. (9.6)
U

U

(9.7)
.
2.
E3
n
3
.
, .
3.
E2
n
2
n, .
E1
n
1
4. 0
a
x
n, . 23
, .

.

10.

, m
x.
U (x)

x < 0,

U (x) = 0
0  x  a,

U = const x > a.
(10.1)
,
0  x  a. (x = 0) . 24
, (x = a)
U (. 24).

60

[ . IV

, E
U . E
x > a, E < U ,
. ,
.

h2 d2
+ U (x) = E.
2m dx2

(10.2)

. (10.2)
U (x) (10.1).
x < 0 , (x) = 0.
(10.2) 1
0  x  a 1 (x), 2 x > a 2 (x).
1 U (x) = 0, (10.2)

h2 d2 1
= E1 ,
2m dx2

1 (x) + k12 1 (x) = 0.

(10.3)

1

1 (x) k12 = 2mE/h2 .

(10.3):

1 (x) = A sin(kx + ),
A .
, (x) = 0 x < 0.
1 (x) x = 0 :

1 (0) = 0,
A sin = 0.
:

= 0.

1 (x)

1 (x) = A sin kx.

2
U :

(10.4)

x > a, -

h2 d2 2
+ U 2 = E2 ,
2m dx2

2 (x) k22 2 (x) = 0.

(10.5)

 10 ]

61

2 x
2 (x) k22 = 2m(U E)/h2 . U > E ,
2m(U E)/h2 = k22 .
(10.5):

2 (x) = Bek2 x + Cek2 x ,

(10.6)

B C . k2 > 0.
2 (x) . x > a
:

B = 0.
2 (x) x.
, x > a,

2 (x) = Cek2 x .
(10.7)
:

x < 0,
0
(x) = A sin kx 0  x  a,
k2 x
Ce
x > a.

x > a
,
U > E.
. .
x = a.
:

1 (a) = 2 (a),
1 (a) = 2 (a).
1 2 (10.4) (10.7), :

A sin k1 a = Cek2 a ,
Ak1 cos k1 a = k2 Cek2 a .

k1 k2 , :
k

tg k1 a = 1 ,
k2


 
2mE
=
tg a
2
h

(10.8)
E
.
U E

(10.9)

62

[ . IV

k1 k2 (.
(9.4) (10.6)), (10.9)
( h
). (10.9) ,
E < U .
(10.9)

E .
E
, . , h
. . 25

. 25
(10.9)
E .
E , , (10.9). , , ,
(10.9): E1 , E2 , E3 , ... , ,
.
.
,
, ,
, ,
U a :

U a2 >

2 h2
.
8m

(10.10)

(10.10). (10.9)
, , k1 a /2:

k1 a > .
2

2
k1 = 2mE/h ,

2mE

a> ,
2
h

h
2

E>

8ma2

 11 ]

63

U >E , :

U >E>

2 h2
,
8ma2

.
. , ,
.
,
.
, , .
,
,
, , (10.10), . ,
2 H.

11.

,
, U
E .
(10.7). , , ,
, .
m, x,
U (. 26)

x < 0,

0
0  x  a,
U (x) =

U
=
const

a  x  b,

. 26
0
x > b.
(11.1)
E , E < U . 0  x  a
x.
E < U 0  x  a
( ) x > b,
a  x  b,
U E .

64

[ . IV

.
E < U 0  x  a x > b
.
( , ), ,
.
a  x  b (. (10.6))

(x) = Bek2 x + Cek2 x ,


k2 = 2m (U E)/h2 , B C .
, x
, , x .
B = 0,
:
(x) = Cek2 x .

(11.2)

D
.

(11.2):
 k b 2

| (b)|2
Ce 2
2k2 (ba)
2(ba) 2m(UE)/
h2
D=
=
=
e
=
e
, (11.3)
k2 a
2
| (a)|

Ce

(b a) , U .
-
: -,
, ( ).
Po :
210

Po 206 Pb + .

, - E = 5, 3 , , , ,
U = 23 .
.
. U x a  x  b , (. 27).
D ,

 12 ]

65

.
a  x  b
xi , i , xi
. i ,
xi
. U (x)
xi xi + xi U (xi ).
Di xi
U (xi ) (11.3),
:

2
Di = e2xi 2m(U(xi )E)/h . (11.4)
Di
i.
. 27

( ). , a  x  b

2
D = D1 D2 ... Di ... = e2x1 2m(U(x1 )E)/h

2
2
e2x2 2m(U(x2 )E)/h e2xi 2m(U(xi )E)/h ... =


2
= e2 xi 2m(U(xi )E)/h .
,
a  x  b,
.
b
2

D=e

2m(U(x)E)/
h2 dx

(11.5)

12.

, :
Fx = kx,
3 . .

66

[ . IV

x , k
(, ), Fx
( x) .
U (x) :

U (x) =

kx2
.
2

(12.1)


k
.
m

(12.2)

E . ,
+.
(x) E , , (12.1).

H(x)
= E(x),

h 
kx2
(x) +
(x) = E(x).
2m
2
2

, , E ,
:


U
1
h.
En = n +
(12.3)
2

E4
E3
(12.2), n = 0, 1,
2, ... .
h
E2
(12.3) E1
.
0
x
(12.3) ,

. 28
.
h (. 28).
(12.3) n = 0 .
n = 0:
1
2

E0 = h.

(12.4)

 12 ]

67

h ,
. n : n = 1.

.
,
.
. , H2 (
) .

4.1. . ,
n1 = 2 n2 = 3 E =
= 0, 30 .
4.2. l c
(0 < x < l). l/3 < x < 2l/3.
4.3. . l ,
.
dN /dE , . .
, E . U
dN /dE E = 1, 0 , l = 1, 0 .
4.4. m E
.
U0
a. :
) ;
0
x
) 3- 4- ;
) 6-
4.4
( ).
4.5. m E (. 4.4). :
) R E > U0 ;
) x > 0
E < U0 , . . ,
e .
4.6. CO - =
= 4, 61 . 1) A0 3*

68

[ . IV

CO; 2) , A0 . CO =
= mO mC /(mO + mC ) 11, 3 1027 .
4.7. , ,
2
= A (1 + r) er , A, , .
E , N
A, , .
EN = h(N +3/2), N (N = 1, 2, ...).

13.
(18851962)
. , .
.
,
.
. -
, (18711937) 1911
. Ze
(Z , e )
, , 1012 .
Z ,
. .
, ,
,
. ( ,
) , ,
, . ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
, , .

h
. ,

70

[ . V

h = En Em ,
h , ,
En Em
.
,
,
L h:

L = nh,
n = 1, 2, 3, ... .
, ,
.
, ; ,
.
,
, . ,
,

.
.
m e
V r
Ze. , ,

mV 2
kZe2
= 2 ,
(13.1)
r

k = 1/(40 ) .
:

mV r = nh,

(13.2)

n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(13.1) (13.2), ,
rn , n:

rn =

h2 n2
,
kZe2 m

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(13.3)

(13.3)
.

 14 ]

71

.
(n = 1, Z = 1):

r1 =

h2
4 0, 885 1011 (/)(1, 05 1034 )2
=
0, 53 1010 .
2
ke m
(1, 6 1019 )2 0, 91 1030 ()

r1 .
(13.3), n-
U ( ) T :
kZe2
k2 Z 2 e4 m
= 2 2 ,
rn
h n
(mV rn )2
k2 Z 2 e2 m
=
=
.
2
2mrn
2h2 n2

U =

(13.4)

mV 2
2

(13.5)

T =

E
(13.5) (13.4):

En = T + U =

k2 Z 2 e4 m
,
2h2 n2

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(13.6)

(13.6) ,
(. (16.15)).
n .
n ,
(. (13.2));
, (13.6)
.

14. .

e c e (e
, e 1, 6 1019 ).
,
Ze (Z = 1, 2, 3, ...)
( Z = 1 ).
Z = 1 .

Ze
Z (Z = 1, 2, 3, ... ).
,
, .

72

[ . V

. .
16, 17, 18.
e

e

e

+
e

+
Ze

e

+
Ze

e

. 29

. 29
(), () () .

x, y z , r ,
. , ,
, :

U (r) =

. 30

kZe2
.
r

(14.1)

. 30.
:

= E ,
H

h
kZe2

= E.
2m
r
2

(14.2)

= (r , , ) , E 2
2
= h kZe ,
, H

2m

,



2
2
2
1

1
= 2 +
+ 2
.
(14.3)
sin
+ 2 2
2
r

r r

r sin

r sin

 14 ]

73

(. 1618), ,

:

n ,
l ,
ml .
, :

ms .
.
,
n, l, ml , ms :

(r, , ) = n,l,ml ,ms (r, , ).

,
n (. (9.6)).
.
1. n En :

En =

k2 Z 2 e4 m
.
2h2 n2

(14.4)

k =
, Z , e , m
40
.
: n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(14.4) , ,
. (14.4) (Z = 1) :

E1
E2
E3
E4
E5

= 13, 6 ,
= 3, 4 ,
= 1, 5 ,
= 0, 85 ,
= 0, 54 ,

n = 1;
n = 2;
n = 3;
n = 4;
n = 5;

. . En
(14.1) (. 31). n
, En

. 31

74

[ . V

. E > 0 , .
E1 ,
.
(14.4)
(14.2) 16.
2. l.

,
, .
Ml .
Ml
Ml (. 32).
Ze +
V
,
e
. , Ml
. 32
().
l
Ml :

Ml = h l(l + 1) .
(14.5)
l:

l = 0, 1, 2, ... , n 1.

(14.6)

n l n (. (14.6)).
3. ml . Ml z , Mlz ,
,
h. , Mlz z
(. 33).
ml Ml

M lz
z , :

Mlz = ml h.

(14.7)

ml :

ml = l, l + 1, ... , 1, 0, 1, ... , l 1, l. (14.8)

Ze +

V
e

. 33
l ml
(2l + 1) .
4. ms .
, -

 14 ]

75

, , . Ms .


(. 34).
s

:

1
Ms = h s (s + 1) , s = .
(14.9)
2

ms Msz
Ms z :

Msz = ms h.

(14.10)

ms :
1
2

ms = .

(14.11)

. 34

, z
: Msz = 1/2 h.
s
ms . , ,
, , h .
.
, n, l, ml , ms
n,l,ml ,ms (r , , ).
n (. (14.6),
(14.8), (14.11)).
n (. (14.4)), En
.

,
, , .
, .

, n,
2n2 .
. n . n l ( 0 n 1), l (2l + 1) ml ( l +l), ,

76

[ . V

n, l, ml ms =
= 1/2 ms = +1/2.
n ( ) :
= 2

n
1
l=0

(2l + 1) = 2n

1 + [2 (n 1) + 1]
= 2n2 ,
2

.
n,
, (. 18).

15.

.
. ,
,
(14.4) Z = 1.

n = 1.
, , (14.4), E1 =
= 13, 6 . , , ( 1 / = 1 ).

(E1 = 13, 6 ) (E 
 0), , ,
13,6 . 13,6 .

, .
n > 1. n =
= 2, 3, 4 5 , (14.4),
E2 = 3, 4 , E3 = 1, 5 , E4 = 0, 85 , E5 = 0, 54
.
. : , ,
. .
108 ,
103 , 101 c.

 15 ]

77

(, n).

.
( ) , .
( ),
.
. 35 ,
,
n

97,25
102,57

434,05
486,13

n
4
n
3

656,28
n

121,57
n
1

. 35

. .
:
,

.
n , n ,
n (n + 1) ( n = ,
(14.4), En = 0,
).
( n = n + 1 n )
. ,
n = n . (
)
, .
, .
,
n = 1 ( ),
(18741954). -

78

[ . V

.
121,57 .
n = 2 (18251898).
H (656,28 ), H (486,13 ), H (434,05 ),
H (410,17 ). , (. ).
.
363,70 .
n = 3 (18651947), n = 4
, n = 5 (18791949);
.
. (14.4) .
(Z = 1)
n n (n > n )
:


k2 me4
1
1
h = En En =
2 .
2
2
2h

En En
k2 me4
=
h
2h3

n2

n2


.

,
:


1
1
=R

,
(15.1)
2
2
n

R , (18541919).
:

R=

k2 e4 m
.
2h3

(15.2)

(15.2) k = 1/(40 ),
m e , h
R = 2, 07 1016 1 ,
. (15.1) n 1 ,
2 , 3 . .
. , ,
108 ,
(. ).
. ,

 16 ] 79

.
, (. . 4 .
, 27):
= 2.

,
, .
h:

h = 2h,
E = 2h,
E = h ,
;
.

108 c, E = 2h/ 6, 6 1026 107 ,
.

16.

. :

U (r) =

kZe2
,
r

(16.1)

Z , r
, e , k = 1/(40 ).
E ,
; E , .
,
(E < 0):
h2
kZe2

= E ,
(16.2)
2m

m .
(16.2) ,
: = (r , , ),
, , r
. -

80

[ . V

, . , r ,
(. (14.3)):
d2
2 d
r = 2 +
.
(16.3)
r dr

dr

(16.3) (16.2),
2
r

 +  +

= q2 ,
r

(16.4)

 = d2 /dr 2 ,  = d/dr , :

2kmZe2

h2

q2 =

2mE
.
h2

(16.5)

(16.4)

(r) =

u(r)
.
r

(16.6)

(16.4) (r) (16.6), :

u
1
u
2
2
 = 2 u,  =
2 u + 3 u.
r

u +

u
= q 2 u.
r

(16.7)

, r (16.7)
u q 2 u = 0,
Aeqr + Beqr , B = 0 , (16.7)
:
u(r) = f (r)eqr .
(16.8)
(16.7) u(r) (16.8), :

u = qeqr f + f  eqr ,

u = q 2 eqr f 2qeqr f  + f  eqr .

(16.7) :

f  2qf  + f = 0.

(16.9)


f (r) =
am r m .

(16.10)

m=1

f (r) (16.10) (16.9), :




am m(m 1)rm2 2q
am mrm1 +
am rm = 0. (16.11)
m=1

m=1

m=1

 16 ] 81

(16.11)
r , r
. , r n1 :

an+1 (n + 1)n qan n + an = 0.

(16.10):
2qn
an+1 = an
.
(16.12)
n (n + 1)

(16.12), q
(16.10) n- ,
, . ,
n (16.12)
an+1
2q
a
.
an
n+1

e2qr =


1
n=1

n!

(2qr)n .

(16.13)

, (16.10) , n

f (r) e2qr ,
(r) (. (16.6)) ( r ) ,

(r) =

u(r)
f (r)eqr
eqr
=

.
r
r
r

(r) r ,
(16.9) .
(16.4)
( ),
(16.10) n- . (16.12) :
2qn = 0.

qn =

,
2n

(16.14)

n ,
(16.10)
r .
(16.14) q (16.5),
:

En =

k2 me4 Z 2
,
2h2 n2

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(16.15)

82

[ . V

(16.15) (13.6),
.
(16.15) .
, (r)
.
(16.2), , , , .
(16.15) , ,
. ( )
,
. (16.15)
(
, . 18).
(16.6), (16.8) (16.10),
:

n (r) =

n
eqr 
am r m .
r

(16.16)

m=1

am (16.12). (16.12) (16.5).

n q (16.14).
- (n = 1).
(16.14) n = 1, q1 = /2. (16.12)
: a2 = (2q1 n )a1 /n(n + 1) = 0, (16.10)
. a1
(16.10). (16.16)

1 (r) = a1 eq1 r .
2

(16.17)

q1 = /2 = kZme /h . a1

||2 dV = 1.

r dr
4r 2 dr|1 (r)|2 , :

P1 (r) = 4r2 |1 (r)|2 = 4a21 r2 e2q1 r .

(16.18)
. 36
P1 (r) (16.18) . 36. P1 (r),
, r . r = r1max ,

 17 ]

83

P (r) ,
r . r1max :

r1max =

1
h2
=
0, 53 1010 ,
q1
kZme2

( Z = 1); r1max
(
).
n = 2 . n = 2 (16.14) q2 = /4,
(16.12) n = 1 a2 = a1 /4 =
= q2 a1 . (16.10)
P2
(a3 = 0),
(16.16)

2 (r) = a1 eq2 r (1 q2 r).

(16.19)

. 37 P2 (r) = 4r 2 |2 (r)|2 , r


. 37
r . ,
.

17.

. , ,

.
, , ,
.
,
.

. ,
r , ( ),

.

84

[ . V

. M , Mz z .
z =
, , (7.20), M
= ih/, Mz
z ,
() M

z = Mz ,
M
ih

= Mz .

(17.1)

ei

Mz

(17.2)

2

1/ 2
d =
0

= 1. (17.2) ,

( + 2) = ().
(17.2),
Mz
2 = 2m ,
h

m .

Mz = mh,

m = 0, 1, 2, ...

(17.3)

(17.3) , Mz
z , ( ).
(17.2) (17.3), :

im
,
me

(17.4)

m .
,
(
z ) (17.4).
M
. 2
M 2 . M
2
2

, M = M

. .
M 2 (,

 17 ]

85

). M x, y z
:
1

M 2  =
Mz2  =
Mx2  =
My2 .
3

(17.5)

(17.3) Mz :

Mz = 0, h, 2h, ... , mmax h,

(17.6)

mmax m
( M 2 ).
:
mmax = l.
(17.7)
Mz :

Mz = 0, h, 2h, ... , lh.

(17.8)

z . Mz ,
Mz (17.8) .
:

Mz2  = h2

(l)2 + (l 1)2 + ... + l2

12 + 22 + ... + l2
= 2h2
=
2l + 1
2l + 1
2
2
2h l(l + 1)(2l + 1)
h
= l(l + 1).
=
2l + 1
6
3

(17.9)

(17.5) (17.9)

M 2  = h2 l(l + 1).

(17.10)

M 2 , M 2 :

M 2  = M 2 . (17.9)

M 2 = h2 l(l + 1).

(17.11)

(17.11)
, l .
, , , l, m,
z Mz = mh, (. (17.8)):
m = l, (l + 1), ... , (l 1), l.
(17.12)

86

[ . V

(17.8) (17.11),
z , :
(Mzmax )2 = (lh)2 < h2 l(l + 1) = M 2 .
(17.13)
(17.13) ,
M
z , .

. , , , Mz Mx ,
;
,
.
Mz , Mx My , ,
Mx2 Mz2 :

Mx2  > 0,

My2  > 0.

M 2  =
Mx2  +
My2  +
Mz2  >
Mz2 ,
z . :

M 2 =
M 2  >
Mz2  = Mz2 .
, Mz M

. , M
.
, ,
M 2 ( Mz )
. M 2
Mz
, .

M
Mz . z Mz = hm,
M M =
. 38

 17 ]

87


= h l(l + 1) . . 38
l = 1 m = 1, 0, +1.
. : m
M2 .
. . , , l (
), z lz .

z (17.11), (17.6) (17.12) :
l2 = h2 l(l + 1), l = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
lz = hml , ml = 0, 1, 2, ... , l.

(17.14)
(17.15)

l , ml .
, , , l
, ; l
,
, h [ ]. , l
l.
:
l = 0 s-, l = 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 ... p, d, f , g, h
( s p).

- l =
= 0, s- (. (16.16)). , l =
= 0 , r ( (r)),
, (
( , )):
(r, , ) = (r) (, ).
(17.16)
l = 0 , (16.15):

En =

k2 me4 Z 2
,
2h2 n2

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

(17.17)

n . :

n = nr + l ,

(17.18)

l (l = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1); nr
( nr = n l
: nr = n, n 1, ..., 2, 1). (r)

88

[ . V

(17.16)
nr , ( , ) l m.
(17.17)
n, nr l,
. , 0  l <
< n 1 .
. , . s. , ( . ).
,
1921 . (19881969) (18891979)
(19021984),
.
s sz z
()
(17.3) (17.11):
3
4

s2 = h2 s(s + 1) = h2 ,
1
2

sz = hms = h.

(17.19)
(17.20)

s,
, :
1
2

s= .

(17.21)

ms ,
z , :
1
2

ms = .

(17.22)

,
, , ,
s ,
s (s
h, ).
1/2 s , , ,
. ,
, -

 17 ]

89

, .

,
(. 18).
, , , . s
, , , ,
, 2s + 1 (. (17.8)).
2s + 1 = 2 : s = 1/2.
, ,
, . (
1014 ), ,
sz = h/2, .
,
. .
.

n
l, ml ms
( ,
,
. 18). (17.17). n n 0  l  n 1;
l 2l + 1 ml = l, ...,
0, ..., l; ml 2
ms = 1/2. n
:
n
1

2(2l + 1) = 2n2 .

(17.23)

l=1

, , (. 14).
. , n,
(17.23).
. L , -

90

[ . V

l1 l2 .
:

l = l1 + l2 .

(17.24)

L Lz
:

L2 = h2 L(L + 1),
Lz = hmL ,

(17.25)
(17.26)

L = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
mL = 0, 1, 2, ..., L ,
L z . ,
L :

|l1 l2 |  L  l1 + l2 .

(17.27)

L 2l2 + 1 l1 > l2
2l1 + 1 l2 > l1 .
, (17.24)(17.27) , .

j. l s :

j = l + s.

(17.28)

j , ,
:

j2 = h2 j(j + 1).

(17.29)

j (j j). j :

|l s|  j  l + s.
l = 0 j = 1/2, l = 0 j : j = l + 1/2
j = l 1/2.
- :

jz = hmj ,

(17.30)

mj = j , (j 1), ..., 0, ..., j 1, j , 2j + 1 .

(. 19)
, , n,
l, ml , ms n, l, j , ms .
n, l, j , 2s + 1, l
s, p, d . . (.
(17.15)).

 18 ]

91

n, l , j
,
2s + 1,
. 2s + 1 ,
l.
, ,
,
s = 1/2 2s + 1 = 2.
(. 19)
, , .
, , 2s + 1 (. ).
,
s, 2s + 1
.
. 30 s1/2
s1/2 . n = 3, l = 0, j = 1/2.
(. 18),
, l = 0
s :
. 32 s1/2 .
s- (l = 0).
40 d3/2 ,
d3/2 . n = 4, l = 0, j = l s = 3/2 ( ). d-, :
42 d5/2 , : n = 4, l = 2, j = l + s = 5/2 (
). , d j
3/2 5/2, (. 18).
d .

l: p, f , g, ...

18.
.

. , ,
,
. r
V (. 39)
, pm :

pm = ISn =

eV
e
r2 n = V rn,
2r
2

(18.1)

92

[ . V

I , e
V /2r, S = r2 , n
. pm
(18.1) .
M (
)
:

M = [r, mV] = mV rn.

. 39

(18.2)

(18.1) (18.2) ,
pm M :

pm =

e
M.
2m

(18.3)

(18.3) , ,
,
( ) e/2m.
z
pmz Mz :

pmz =

e
Mz .
2m

(18.4)

(18.3) (18.4), ,
. l
m (18.3):
p

m =
p

e
l.
2m

(18.5)

z
lz p mz

(18.4):
e
p mz =
(18.6)
lz .
2m

m p mz l
p
lz ,
, e/2m, . , (17.11) (17.14)
2
m
,
p

 18 ]

2l , :
 2
 2
e
eh
2l =
l2 =
l(l + 1),
2m

2m

93

(18.7)

l = 0, 1, 2, ... .
lz
z p mz
(17.8) (17.15) :

lz =

e
eh
l z = ml ,
2m
2m

(18.8)

ml = l, (l + 1), ..., 0, ..., (l 1), l .

(18.8)
: ml
z . , lz
lz
ml . lz
h (. (17.15)), lz eh/2m (. (18.8)).
eh/2m B :

B =

eh
.
2m

(18.9)

B 0, 9274 1023 /. ( : B =
= eh/(2mc) = 0, 9274 1020 /.)
B , (18.7) (18.8) :

2l = 2B l(l + 1), l = 0, 1, 2, ... ;

lz = B ml , ml = l, (l + 1), ... , 0, ... , (l 1).

(18.10)
(18.11)

.
, , ,

, s.
,
z ( ,
) sz ,
B (. (18.8)):

sz =

e
eh
eh
s = ms = 2 ms = 2B ms = B ,
m z
m
2m

(18.12)

sz = hms z , ms = 1/2. (18.8) (18.12) ,

94

[ . V

, lz /lz = e/2m,
() , sz /sz = e/m; :
sz

= 2 lz .
sz
lz

(18.13)

B
( ),
h (
), g.

(17.14) (18.7), , (17.15)
(18.8), , :

g = 1.
(17.20) (18.12),
, :

g = 2.
, ,
, ,

. ,
, .
. l
s
.

.
.
,

j = l + s,
(18.14)
j :

j2 = h2 j(j + 1),

(18.15)

j :
l = 0 j = l 1/2, l = 0 j = 1/2.
jz
:
jz = hmj ,
(18.16)
mj = j , (j 1), ..., 0, ..., (j 1), j .

 18 ]

95

. 40 l, s
j,
h. l s ;

B = eh/2m. l , ,
, l, h (. (17.14)
(18.7)), s , ,
, s, h (. (17.20) (18.12),
(18.13),
). , . 40 s
j
:

j = l + s,
= B l + 2B s,

(18.17)
(18.18)

l
s

. 40,

, =
= l + s , j.
. 40
, j, j , ,
j
( , j).
j j ( . 40: j
j
) ,
:
j = gB j.

(18.19)

, j ,
j h (
. 40); g
(18881975). g g (. (18.13)
).
g 40
. (18.17) (18.18),
, j:

j =

lj + 2sj
j
= B
.
|j|
|j|

j :
j = j

j
lj + 2sj
= B
j.
|j|
j2

(18.20)

96

[ . V

(18.20) (18.19), (18.17)

g=

lj + 2sj
1
l2 + 2s2 + 3sl
=
(l
(l
+
s)
+
2
s
(l
+
s))
=
.
j2
j2
j2

gj2 = l2 + 2s2 + 3sl.

(18.21)

(18.21)
:

g j2 = l2 + 2
s2 + 3 s l,
:

g
(j2 ) =
(l2 ) + 2
(s2 ) + 3
(sl).

(18.22)

(. (17.29), (17.14), (17.17)):

(j2 ) = j(j + 1),

(18.23)

(l ) = l(l + 1),

(18.24)

(s ) = s(s + 1).

(18.25)

, (18.23)(18.25)
h2 .
(18.17) sl:
1
2

sl = (j2 s2 l2 ).
:
1

(sl) = [
(j2 )
(s2 )
(l2 )] = [j(j + 1) l(l + 1) s(s + 1)].
2
2
(18.26)
(18.23)(18.26) (18.22) g:
g=1+

j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) l(l + 1)

.
2j(j + 1)

(18.27)

. ,
l (l = 0).

Bl . ( )
, ms =
= 1/2. :
j1 = l + 1/2 j2 = l 1/2.
- ,
.
- .

 19 ]

97

,
l .

l,
n, l j
. n -

.
. 41 n = 2 - . l = 0 , s- ms = 1/2 ,

.
2 p3/2
l
1
l = 1
n
2
.
2 p1/2
l, l
0
, n
2
j . 2p1/2 . 41
, n = 2, l = 1, j = 1/2;
2p3/2 n = 2, l =
= 1 j = 3/2. -
5 105
, n
.

19.
, ,
. .

,
.
.
.

,
. , :
, 1/r , r .
,
,
4 . .

98

[ . V

, , n, l, j , mj n, l, ml , ms . .
,
.
( ).
.
, n, l,
-
(). n, l, ,
- . ,

n, n
l. ,
(.
(Z = 19) (Z =20)
, . . ).
, .
- n, l, j
, . ,
1s1/2 . , : 1s1/2 , 1s1/2 , 1s21/2 ,
.
.
.
.
, - ,
L,

S:

L = l1 + l2 + l3 + ... ,
S = s1 + s2 + s3 + ...

(19.1)
(19.2)

j L S:

J = L + S.
L, S, J L, S , J .

(19.3)

 19 ]

99

(19.1)(19.3),
. J , J .
L S ( L
S), L S J.
, L S, ,
J.

,
. L :
L

, S P .
J , 2S + 1, .
L ,
, , - , . ,
,
, . .
, S  L, 2S + 1 , - - ,
. ,
S > L, 2S + 1, 2L +
+ 1 (. (17.27)).
2S + 1 .
. S - , s- , .
,
, 3 P0 . ,
L=1, S =1, J = 0. 2S + 1=3,

L S , J :
3
P0 , 3 P1 , 3 P2 ( ).
, L, J 2S + 1,
4*

100

[ . V

2S+1 LJ . .
.

. - - J
j :

J=
ji , ji = li + si ,
i ,
.
j j -, .
. , , , n, l, j , mj n, l, ml , ms .
, ,
, ( ). .
( Z)
,

.
,
(
s).
, , .
s
.
,
, , . , -
( ), ( s =
= 1/2) ( s = 1/2), ,
.
.
. . . , ,
. . . (18341907)
Z ,
,
.

.

 19 ]

101

,
,
, n, l, ml , ms .
.
n n-
. n- 2n2 (. 14).
,
. :
n = 1 K -, n = 2 L-, n = 3
M -, .
n

n l
, : s- (l = 0) s-,
p- (l = 1) p-, d- (l = 2) d-
. . . K - (n = 1) s-;
L- (n = 2) s- p-; M - (n = 2) s-, p-
d-, . .
- n l. , l 2l + 1
ml ; ml ms = 1/2
ms = 1/2. , l 2(2l +
+ 1) ml ms . ,
n, s- 2 ,
p- 6 , d- 10 ,
. . n l (
)
.
. . : s-,
p-.
.
. ,
n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0
ms (+1/2 1/2).
2 S1/2 .
. ,
. . , (Z =2). n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms =1/2,
n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms =1/2.

102

[ . V

: 1s21/2 .
.
L = 0, S = 0, J = 0, 2S + 1 = 1, 1 S0 .
. . . (Z = 3). 1s1/2 , . 2s.
: 1s21/2 2s1/2 . L, S J K - (
) . , L-.
22 S1/2 (
n = 2
, s-
K -,
).
, L, S
J
. L, S J
,
.
. (Z = 4) K - ,
2s1/2 : 1s21/2 2s21/2 .
L = 0, S = 0, J = 0: 1 S0 .
. (Z = 5).
K - 2s- L-.
, .
2p-: 2p1/2 .
: 1s21/2 2s21/2 2p1/2 .
2 P1/2 ; L = 1, S = 1/2, J = 1/2, 2S + 1 = 2.
, J =
= L S = 1/2, ,
(. ).
J = L + S = 3/2 .
. (Z = 6). K - 2s- L-. 2p- L-
.
ml ms p- ,
.

 19 ]

103

.
.

S S L.

, J |L S|,
J L + S .
,
, . ,
L, S , J ,
, , ,
.
,

,
L, S , J .

.
2p-.
: S = 1 ( ).
L = 2 ( ) ,
2p-
. S = 1 L
. 2p-
, J : J = |L S| = 0.
, : 3 P0 .
. 5.1
. . .
, n l.
(Z = 18) K - L-, M - 3s-
3p-, 3d- . ,
( , Z = 19)
3d-. , (Z = 20)
4s-, s-
d- .
, .
s-,

104

[ . V

5.1

1H
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5B
6C
7N
8O
9F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr

2S

K
1s
1

2S

2
2

2
2

2
2

2
2

2
2

2
3

2
2

2
2

4
5

"

"

"

"
"

"
"

"
"

2
2

1
2
3

1/ 2
1S
0
1/ 2
1S
0

2P
1/ 2
3P
0
4S
3/ 2
3P
2
2P
3/ 2
1S
0
2S
1/ 2
1S
0
2P
1/ 2
3P
0
4S
3/ 2
3P
2
2P
3/ 2
1S
0
2S
1/ 2
1S
0
2D
3/ 2
3F
2
4F
3/ 2
7S
3
6S
5/ 2
5D
4
4F
9/ 2
3F
4
2S
1/ 2
1S
0
2P
1/ 2
3P
0
4S
3/ 2
3P
2
2P
3/ 2
1S
0

2s

2p

2s

3p

N
3d

4s

4p

"
"

"
"

"
"

2
2

"
"

"
"

"
"

2
2

4
5

"
"

"
"

"
"

"

"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

2
2

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

2
3

2
2

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

5
5

1
2

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

6
7

2
2

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

8
10

2
1

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

10
10

2
2

2
2

2
3

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

10
10

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

10
10

2
2

4
5

"

"

"

"

"

10

O
4d

4f

5s

5p

5d

 19 ]

105

, ,
, ,
p, d . .,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, 1s2 2s2 2p6 , n = 1, l = 0
, n = 2, l = 0
, n = 2, l = 1 . .

n l,
.
. ,
, .
,
.
,
( ).
( ) . ,
, . ,
, .

,
(), ( h). ,
: 1 +1.
J
, .
J :

J = 1, 0 J = 0, J = 0;
J = 1 J = 0 J = 0.
, (J = 0, J = 0), J ,
; J = 0.

106

[ . V

(J = 0 J = 0), J = 0
; .
mJ
:

mJ = 1, 0.

S , :

S = 0.
, J
L S , J S

L mL :

L = 0, 1 L = 0, L = 0;
L = 1 L = 0 L = 0;
mL = 0, 1.
, , ( ,
,
) L = 0.

,
.

5.1.
.
, ,
?
5.2. (H D) : ) ; )
.
5.3. ,
,
, (r) =
= A exp(r/r1 ), A , r1
().
5.4. (r) = A exp(r/r1 ), A ,
r1 (). :

 19 ]

107

) ;
) ,
;
) .
5.5. ,

n = 3.
5.6.
, 4 P 5 D.
5.7. ,

, h 20 . L?
5.8. x : ) x D2 ;
x
) P3/2 ; ) x F1 .
5.9. : ) S -;
) .
5.10. : ) 6 F1/2 ;
4
) D1/2 ; ) 5 F2 ; ) 5 P1 ; ) 3 P0 .
5.11.
,
.

 VI

20.

,
(. ), s: , , .
,
(. ),
s: , - K - .

, ,
, . ,
. ,
. , - ( ),
( 1/2) (
1/2), ,
.
. IV V ,
, (
, ,
.),
. .
, , .
,
.
, ( , )
. ,
En =

2 h2 n2

2ma2

n (. (9.7)), n
(. 42).

 20 ]

109

k2 Z 2 e4 m

En =
2h2 n2
n
n
5

E
0
n
4
dE
n
3

n
3
dE

n
2

dN (E )
2

n
4
dN (E )
3

n
2

n
1

n
1

0
. 42

. 43

(. (14.4)); n
, (. 43).
En =
= (n + 1/2) h (. (12.3)), (. 44).

, . dE
E
( E E + dE ), dN (E) ( E
),
n
5
dE . n
4
, :

g(E) =

dN (E)
.
dE

dE

(20.1)

n
3
n
2
n
1

dN (E )
2

, 0
g(E) , . 44
. , () .
E .
dN(E) dE 4244.
, ,
, , ,

110

[ . VI

, . ,
( ).
( ):

3/2
m
f (Vx , Vy , Vz ) =
eE /(T ) ,
2 T

Vx , Vy , Vz , m , T , , E
; :

n(x, y , z) = n0 eE (x,y,z)/(T ) ,
E (x, y , z)
; n(x, y , z)
x, y , z ; n0
, .
, .
,
, , , ,
.
, A, B , , .
, , ,
, . .
, .
(0, 1, 2, ...) , (1/2,
3/2, ...) .
,
,
E .
.

. .
s = 1 +1
1.

 20 ]

111

. ,
.
V ( )
T .
, , . T .
. ,
()
E ( E ), n , E
n
T :
1
n = E/( T )
,
(20.2)
e

.
(17.2) .
0
E

. 45
E
T . 45. E
n
.

.
V ( )
T . , ,
. N0 V
. , n
E ( E ) :

n =

1
(E)/( T )

(20.3)

,
N0 , T V . (20.3)

.

(. . 2

112

[ . VI

, 20).
:

n (E , ) g(E)dE ,

N0 =
0

N0 =

1
(E)/( T )

g(E)dE.

(20.4)

g(E)dE , (E , E + dE); n (E , )g(E)dE

dE ;
+
N0 . (20.4) g(E)
(. 21).
n
, (20.3)
,  E . E
( ) ,  0. , -
n
. , T = 0
. ,
( < 0),
T = 0 (20.3) , (E = 0)
,
(
).
(20.3)
0
E
. 46. n (E)
c E . 46
.
.
V (
)
N0 T .
. , n E (
E ) :

n =

1
(E)/( T )

+1

1
(EEF )/( T )

+1

(20.5)

 20 ]

113

EF (, N0 ,
T V ), . (20.5)
.
, (20.4):

n (E , ) g(E)dE ,

N0 =
0

N0 =

1
(E)/( T )

+1

g(E)dE.

(20.6)

(20.6), g(E)
(. 21).
.
(20.5) . 47.
,
E
.
.
F
1. (20.5) ,
. 47
n < 1, .
, .
2. E < EF
(n 1; );
E > EF (n 0;
). , , E = EF ,
: n 0, 5.

T E = EF .
T T ,
(20.5) (. , T1 ,
. 48).

114

[ . VI

n (20.3)
n (20.5) ,
,
:

n = e(E)/(T ) = const eE/(T ) .

(20.7)
(20.3)
(20.5)
. 48
(E )/(T ), .
, ( -)
< 0. (20.7), ,
( E ) n  1. , ,
E = 0:
n = e/(T )  1.
< 0.

21.
, A, B , C . .
.
y
B
(. 49). .
, .

A x
0
. C
,
z
- .
, .
. 49
1. ,
.
2. .

 21 ]

115

3. ( ).
4. g(E) .
.
(. 5),
.
, , .
,
, . ,
,
, ,
().
.
, .
, x, y z :

(x, y , z) = 0 sin(kx x) sin(ky y) sin(kz z),

(21.1)

kx , ky , kz k.
,
e(i/h)Et = eit , ,
(21.1) (
0 ).
, (21.1) , .
.
( )
, .
. ,
(21.1) .
,
x (. . 45),

(x, y , z)x=0 = (x, y , z)x=A = 0.

116

[ . VI

(21.1) ,
:

sin kx A = 0,
n
kx =
,

(21.2)

n = 1, 2, ... .
,
, y z , :

sin ky B = 0,
ky =

m
,
B

(21.3)

m = 1, 2, ... ;

sin kz C = 0,
kz =

l
,
C

(21.4)

l = 1, 2, ... .
(21.2)(21.4) n, m, l kx , ky , kz k
,
.
(21.2)(21.4)
.
, k:

E = h = hck,
c
, k

, k = kx2 + ky2 + kz2 . kx , ky , kz (21.2)(21.4), :


 2 

 2
n
m 2
l
2
2
2
E = hc kx + ky + kz = hc
+
+
,
(21.5)
A

n, m, l .
,
, (21.5).
. . g(E), ,
,
.

 21 ]

117

dN (E) , (E , E + dE), dE :
g(E) =

dN (E)
.
dE

,
.
,
kx , ky , kz k .

px , py , pz p
.
,
(, )
x, y , z px , py , pz
.
, A, B C
k kx = n/A,
ky = m/B , kz = l/A, n, m, l .

(n/A, m/B , l/C)
(px = hkx , py = hky , pz = hkz ).
. 50
.
,
kx ky (kz = 0).
ky
,
3
B
2
(kx , ky , kz ),
B
. 

B

0

,  2 3 4 5 k
C
x
A
A
A
A
A
kz
k (k)
.
k (k)
. 50

. ,
, ,
(kx , ky , kz ) -

118

[ . VI

, ,
(kx , ky , kz ), ( ), (kx , ky , kz ).
,
,
(kx > 0, ky > 0, kz > 0).
.
(21.2)(21.4), n, m, l
(. , (9.4)
).
,
.
(n/A, m/B , l/C) ky

(/A, /B , /C) (. 51). K

:
B


B


A


C

K=

3
= ,
A B C
V

(21.6)

V = A B C (


k
C
x
A
kz
).
,
. 51
, V = A B C ,
K , (21.6).
dN (E)
E E + dE . E k,
:
E = hck.
0

,
(E , E + dE) (k, k +
+ dk):
(E , E + dE) (k, k + dk),
,

k k + dk.
k dk. . 52

 21 ]

119

kx ky (kz = 0).

(E , E + dE)
(n/A, m/B , l/C), ( 52
). ,
(n, m,
l ).
dN (E) ,
1/8 4k2 dk K
(21.6), :

dN (E) = 2

4k2 dk/8
.
3 /V

(21.7)

(21.7) 2
, ,
n,
m, l, .

. 52
: (n/A, m/B , l/C) , .
p =
= hk, (21.7) k , p :

dN (E) = 2

4k2 dk/8
4p2 dpV
d
=2
=2
.
3
/V
(2h)3
(2h)3

(21.8)

d
( ):

d = 4p2 dpV.

(21.9)

d .
d = 4p2 dpV , (p, p + dp) ( k (k, k + dk), E
(E , E + dE)) V
( ).

120

[ . VI

, E = hck = pc.
(21.8) g (E)

V :

g (E) =

dN (E)
d
1
=2
.
3 dE
dE
(2h)

(21.10)

(21.10) V ( )
J .
2 (21.10),
+1 1,
(2J + 1), J
:
dN (E)
d
1
g(E) =
= (2J + 1)
.
(21.11)
3
dE

(2h) dE

, (21.11)

V ,
J .
(2h)3 (21.8),
(21.10) (21.11) :

x px 2h,
y py 2h,
z pz 2h.
, , ,
, (2h)3 :

x y z px py pz (2h)3 .
. 1. g (E)
(21.10), p
E . E p: E =
= pc, c . p = E/c, dp = dE/c.
(21.10),

g (E) = 2

d
4p2 dp V
E2V
=2
= 2 3 3.
3
3
(2h) dE
(2h) dE
c h

(21.12)

2. g(E)
J (21.11),
p E . E

 21 ]

121

p: E = p2 /(2m), m .

p = 2mE , dp = 2m/E dE . (21.11),
/

g(E) =

(2J + 1) d
(2J + 1)4p2 V dp
(2J + 1)m3 2 V E 1 2
2 3
=
=
.
3 dE
3
(2h)
(2h) dE
2 h

(21.13)

, (J = 1/2)

g (E) =

2 m3 2 V E 1

h
2

/2

(21.14)

m .

6.1.
l + d , v . ,
.
6.2. S .
, , + d ,
v .
6.3. V ,

+ d :
2 V
dZ() = 2 3 d ,
c

c .
6.4. E E + dE
T = 0 K. V .
, ,
px =
= 2h/lx , lx ( py , pz ).
6.5.
( )?

 VII

22.

, ,
. .

:

.
,
. , .
. ,
.
.
-
, . .
, ,
. ,

;
. .
: , ,
., ,
.
( ), (

 22 ]

123

) (
E ).
,
, -,
, , -,
( ).
A

, , , A (. 53).
.
. 53
A (
, , ).
,

,
. ,
.
, , ,
, .
.
.
M
,

2 .
d
d ,

2

dS
dS
(. 54).
M :

. 54

M =

d
.
dS

(22.1)

(/2 ).

124

[ . VII

: d

.
, c 2
( )
. dM ,

2
( , + d)
. E

dM
E =
.
(22.2)
d

dM (, +
+ d) ,
E

E =

dM
.
d

(22.3)

E - (/2 ), E (/3 ).
(22.2)
(22.3) . M , .
E E .
dM = E d , (22.2):


2c
2c
2c
dM = E d = E d
= 2 E d = 2 E |d| = E |d| ,

d |d|
,
d d .
E E :

E =

2c

E .

(22.4)

( (22.4) E (),
(22.4) E =
= 2c/.)

 22 ]

125

. 55 , dS
.
dS
d ,
( , + d). d d , .
a

:
d

a =

d
.
d

(22.5)
dS

a ; a  1. . 55

.
, .

:

a 1.
,
,
,
. 56

T (. 56). .
.
, , ,
. ,
,
T .
( )
.
.

126

[ . VII

,
:

a = const < 1.
1859 (18241887) , .

( ) :
E
= f ( , T ) .
a

(22.6)

E , a , f ( ,T )
.
,
, . . - .
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, T .
(. 57).
,
.
W1


dS1
, ,

W2
.
dS 2

dS 1 = dS 2
. 57
(
).
, ,
,
W1 W2 , W1 = W2 .
dS 1 dS 2
E1 E2 ,
a1 a2 .

 22 ]

127

E1 dS 1 , ,
a1 W1 , :

E1 dS 1 = a1 W1 .

(22.7)

,
:

E2 dS 2 = a2 W2 .

(22.8)

(22.7) (22.8) , , dS1 = dS2 , W1 = W2 ,

E 1
E
= 2 .
a1
a2

(22.9)

, , (22.9). , (22.9)
(22.6).
.
1. f ( , T ) (22.6)
,
T .

E . a
, (22.6) :
E
E
= = E = f ( , T ) ,
a
1

(22.10)

.
2. E

a
E :
E = a E .
(22.11)
, (22.6) (22.10) :

E = a f ( , T ) = a E ,
.
.
, , ,
T .
.
, u, (
),

128

[ . VII

. u
. ,

:

u = u(T ).

(22.12)

(/3 ).
u (T ) u (T )
.
u :

u =

du ()
,
d

(22.13)

du() u,
( , + d). u (T )
.
u :
du ()
u =
,
(22.14)
d

du() u,
(, + d). u (T )
.
u -
(/3 ), u (/4 ).
u
u u (22.13) (22.14):

u=

u d ,

(22.15)

u d.

(22.16)

u=
0

. , ,
. , M , E E .

. ,
. ,

 22 ]

129

,
.

:
1
= nV ,
(22.17)
4

n , V .
, ,
,
:
1
= nc.
(22.18)
4

n , c
( ).
, ,
.
(22.18) E :
 1
1 
E = c E n = cu.
(22.19)
4

E n = u , ,
u, (22.19)
, .
, , ,

2 , :

M = E .

(22.20)

(22.19) (22.20) M u:
1
4

M = cu.

(22.21)

, (22.21) .
, (22.21),
E , E u , u :
1
4
1

E = cu .
4

E = cu ,

5 . .

(22.22)
(22.23)

130

[ . VII

23. .
(18581947),
. .

V T (. 58).
.
,
(. 22). , , .
, ,

. ,
. 58
, .
dU , ( , + d), :

dU = u d V ,

(23.1)

u ;
u d , d ,
V , .
dU . E E + dE ,
= E/h + d =
= (E + dE)/h. n g(E)dE , g(E)
, g(E)dE (E , E + dE), n
E . E ,
dU :

dU = En g(E)dE.
(23.2) E :

E = h ,
n (20.2):

n =

1
E/( T )

(23.2)

 23 ]

131

(E , E + dE) (21.8):

g(E)dE = 2

d
,
(2h)3

(21.9)

d = 4p2 dpV
; , p p = E/c = h/c:

dU = h

eh/( T ) 1

4p2 dpV

(2h)3

= h

eh/( T ) 1

4(h/c)2 d(h/c)V

(2h)3

h 3 V
 d.

2 c3 eh/( T ) 1

(23.3)

(23.1) (23.3), :

u =

h 3
.

2 c3 eh/( T ) 1)

(23.4)

(23.4)
u .
u (T ) ,
u d :


h(2c/)3
2c
u d = 2 3  2ch/( T )
=
d
1

c e

= 5

16 hc
2

/( T )

e2ch

 d =

5

16 2 hc
/( T )

e2ch

 |d| = u |d| .

|d| ,

u =

5

16 2 hc
/ T

e2ch

.

(23.5)

(23.5)
u
.
(23.4) (23.5) 59
60. .
( )
g(E), ( ) n (E) . . 60 u
.
,
u .
5*

132

[ . VII

, (23.4) (23.5),
. (18791955) 1916 .
u

u

2000
2000
1750
1500
0

3  , 1015 c 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,

. 59

. 60

. E
u (22.23):
E = cu /4. ,
u E , u (23.5) :
du
= 0.
(23.6)
d

(23.6) ,
b
max = ,
(23.7)
T

max , u E , T , b ,
.

b = 0, 0029 .
(23.7) (18641928), T

;
max T .
, (23.4)
, max ,
u E

 24 ]

133

, (22.22): E =
= cu /4.

max = 2, 8

T
,
h

(23.8)

, T , h . (23.8)
.
T u (E ) u (E )
( , (23.7) (23.8) max max
= 2 /). , T =6000 , , u
max =483 , u max =2,21015 c1 ,
= 2c/max = 856 .
(23.7) (23.8) . ,
,
max (23.7) .

24.
(23.4)
u. u
:

u(T ) = u d =
0

h 3 d

4T 4

= 2 3 3

c h
2 c3 eh/( T ) 1
4

c h
2 3

(h/( T ))3 d(h/( T ))

=


2 c3 eh/( T ) 1

x dx
4 T 4 4
2 4 T 4
= 2 3 3
=
.
x
e 1
c h 15
15c3 h3

x = h/(T ).
,
T

u(T ) =  T 4 ,

(24.1)

 =

2 4
.
15c3 h3

(24.2)

134

[ . VII

(24.1) ,
u
T .
(24.1), (24.2) (22.21),
M :
1
4

1
4

M = cu = c  T 4 =

2 4 4
T = T 4 .
60c2 h3

M = T 4 ,

(24.3)

2 4
.
60c2 h3

(24.4)

(24.3) ,
. (24.4)
. M
, .

1879 . (18351898), 1884 . (18441906).
(23.4), , , , 
(. (24.2), (24.4)), .
, : 5, 67 108 /(2 4 ).
. u
, , :

h  T.

(24.5)

(23.4),
, (24.5)
: h/(T )  1 ex 1 + x x  1. :

u =

h 3

2 3
h/( T )

c e

h 3
T
= 2 3 2 .
c h/( T )
c
2 3

(24.6)

(24.6)
:
T
u d = 2 3 2 d ,
(24.7)
c

 24 ]

135

, ,
+ d , .
(24.7)
. . (18421919) . (18771946).
.

(
),
, T .
( E E + dE g(E)dE )

. V ,
(E , E + dE)
( , + d),

dU = T g(E)dE = T 2

d
4p2 dpV
=
T

2
=
(2h)3
(2h)3

= T 2

4(h/c)2 d(h/c)

(2h)

V =

T 2 d

2 c3

V,

(24.7) ( dU
, V ).
(24.6)
( )
(24.5). (24.6)
, ,
,
:

U=
0

T 2 d

2 c3

V = .

,
, .
.
,
,
. ,
.
. (24.6)
( h  T );
,
.

136

[ . VII

7.1. . T = 2500 K.
, ,
, = 0, 50 ,
.
7.2. M =
= 3, 0 /2 . , .
7.3. (. . 5.39) d = 1, 0
. l = 10 .
1 T1 = 1700 K.
2.
.
. ,
.
7.4. V = 1, 0
T1 = 1000 K. : ) CV ; )
S .
7.5. ( V , T ), , ,

p = u/3.

 VIII

, , , , : 1)
; 2)
(), . ,
,
.
,
.
,
.

() .
,
,
.
.
.

.
,

.
, , ( 1011 1013 ),
.

25.
.
(. . 4 . , 10)

138

[ . VIII

,
( ).
,
,
.
(x, t)
, x

(x, t) = Aei(tkx) ,

(25.1)

A , , k .
, k V ( )
:

k=

.
V

(25.2)

V ,
. , E
:


E
V =
.

k
. 61. V , 0
k
k.
, . 61
, .
.
,
, .
(, ) , .
.
a, b, c.
.
( )
.
, , .
, .
-

 25 ]

139

.
NaCl. , (. . 62).

( , , ,
,
).
NaCl
Cl 
764 /.
, , Na 
, ,
( ). . 62
,
, , . 700
1200 /.
. -. : , , CH4 ; ,
, , Ar.
8 /.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
, , .
.
. .
. , ,
, .

, , . ,
, :
1) ; 2)

140

[ . VIII

.

, . ,
.

. m,
(. 63).
a
xn 1

xn

xn 1

. 63

x , . , , a
( ). , ,
x.
.
.
:
n , n = ... , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 ...;
xn n- ;
(n, t)
t n ((n, t) = 0,
, (n, t) > 0 , (n, t) < 0
x).
, - , , , , (. 64).
F1 F2 , n-
, :

F1 = ((n + 1, t) (n, t)),

F2 = ((n, t) (n 1, t)),

(25.3)
(25.4)

(n + 1, t), (n, t), (n 1, t)

n + 1, n n 1.
F1 F2
, n- . . 64
.

 25 ]

141

n- F1 F2 (
)
, t) = F1 F2 ,
m(n
(25.5)

, t) (
(n
). (25.5) F1 F2 (25.3) (25.4),
, t) = ((n + 1, t) 2(n, t) + (n 1, t)).
m(n
(25.6)
(25.6)
,
 n 1

n
F2

xn 1

 n 1
F1

xn

xn 1

. 64

, .
,
x:
k (x, t) = Ak ei(tkx) ,
(25.7)
, k , Ak ( ). (25.7)
,
, , x

x = an,
n , a .

k (n, t) = Ak ei(tkan) .

(25.8)

(25.8) (25.6) ,
:

2 Ak ei(tkan) = Ak eit (eika(n+1) 2eikan + eika(n1) ),

m 2 = (eika 2 + eika ),
m 2 = (2coska 2),
ka

m 2 = 4 sin2 ,
2
 

ka 
=2
sin .
m

(25.9)

(k) (25.9) 2/a.

. 65.

142

[ . VIII

.
(25.8) (25.6),
k (25.9).
k Ak
.

, (25.8)
. ()
(25.8):


2
a

 a


a

2
a

(n, t) =
. 65

Ak ei(tkan) dk. (25.10)

(25.10) ,
.
,
: ,
, ,
(. (25.9)),
().
, .
.
. 1.
,
x a, (25.8):

k (n, t) = Ak ei(tkan) .

(25.11)

k (n, t)
n; k , ,
, ; Ak , k, .
n- ,
k (n, t) ,
(25.11)
k
Ak ( ):

(n, t) =
0

Ak ei(tkan) dk.

(25.12)

 25 ]

143

2. k
(25.9):

 

ka 
=2
(25.13)
sin  ,
m

m , (, ).
k
. (25.13) , . 65,
( k, , . ).
(k) (25.13) (25.2) (.
57 61). , ,
:


 max = 2
.
(25.14)
m

(k) (25.13) 2/a, k k + 2/a

. (25.11), k k + 2/a, . ,
, n- :

k+2/a (n, t) = Aei(t(k+2/a)an) =

= Aei(tkan) e2ni = Aei(tkan) = k (n, t).
, k k + (2/a)m,
m ,
. k 2/a,
(18891969). k , .
k, .
, k = 0 :

k .
a
a

(25.15)

k ,
,
2m/a, m , , .

144

[ . VIII

k, k = 0:

k ,
a
a

2
k
.
a
a

3
2
k ,
a
a

2
3
k
,
a
a

. .
, a (25.15) ,
2/a (
).
k
x, k .
( ) :
2a   .

(25.16)

-
, 2a. < 2a,
,
(25.16).
3. :

V =

,
k

, k .
, (25.13):



ka
sin(ka/2)
V = = 2
sin
=a
.
(25.17)
k

ka/2

(, k
sin(ka/2) , V (25.13)
. (25.17) V
(sin x)/x, 
a m
.)
(25.17)
. 66. , V

, 
k
0
a
(. (25.2) ).
. 66
V k

 25 ]

145

,
(. . 4 . , . VIII).
k (k 0) ( = 2/k )
(25.17) :



sin(ka/2)
ka/2

V = a
a
=a
= V max .
(25.18)
m

m ka/2

ka/2

, k
.
:
(  a),
, .
k, (25.17), , k = /a
:

2a

V min =
,
(25.19)

V min /2 30 %
(25.18):

V min 0, 7V max .

(25.20)

4. :

V =

d
,
dk

(25.13) :

d

ka
V =
=a
cos .
(25.21)
dk


m

V k . 67.
(25.21),
:


a

. 67

V = 0  k = /a.
, k,
, .
(25.20) , k 0
:



ka

V = a
cos
a
= V = s.
(25.22)
m

146

[ . VIII

s.
5.
.

k. , .

(
) ( , ). s , s .
, , s|| = 6400 /,

s = 3130 /.
6.
.

, ,
.
,
,
(k) 

k
, (25.13),
0
a
a
,
(k) ,
. 68
, k 0
. . 68 ,
.
.

26.
k
E = h p = hk.

(r) = 0 ei(tkr) . .

. .
(. 12):


1
h ,
E = m +
(26.1)
2

 26 ]

147

m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (26.1) .
E0 = h/2

E E0 = mh.
m , h .
, . E
p k
:

E = h ,
p = hk.

(26.2)
(26.3)

, ().
,
, . ,
.
.
1. .

:

k (n, t) = k ei(tkan) .

(26.4)

,
. :
(. 11
. 4 . ); ,
. ,
:
,
, ;
.
(. 25), . , ,

( ,
(. . VII)). ,

148

[ . VIII

, .
,
, , .
.
2. . ,
E = h ,

(25.14) :


E  Emax = hmax = 2h
.
(26.5)
m

( (25.13)),
.
3. . : /a  k  /a. k

. p
k (. (26.3)),
.
p,
.
, , p = 0
:
h
h

p
.
(26.6)
a

p , ,
2hm/a, m .
p :

p =

2hm
,
a

(26.7)

m = ... , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, ... p
, m ,
p = p + p (26.6).
.
2hm/a. ,
,
,
, 2hm/a.

 26 ]

149

, 2h/a.
p (26.7) :
p .
, .
, (n, t) (l, t)
, , ,
n l, :

(n, t) = (l, t).

(25.11):

Ak ei(tkan) = Ak ei(tkal) .
:

ikan = ikal + i 2q ,

q .
:

ka(n l) = 2q ,
n, l, q :

k=

2m
,
a

(26.8)

m . , (26.8)
, . , , :

p =

2hm
,
a

(26.9)

p (26.7).
, p p, (26.7),
, .

: .
4. .
p = hk (. (26.3))
k V
k = /V , p :

p=

h
.
V

(26.10)

(. (25.20)),
V k 30 % -

150

[ . VIII

; k

s (25.22):

V V = s.
(26.9) , ,
p s :

p=

h
,
s

(26.11)

s .
5. .
:
. , ,
:

s = 1.

(26.12)

. , , :

ms = 1, 0, +1.

(26.13)

(, ; ,
,
: ms = 1, +1.)
6. . . ;
( ,
). .
,
E :

n =

1
E/( T )

h/( T )

(26.14)

27.

, .
, , ,
. , -

 27 ]

151

,
( ).
. U , (. 24).
E = h n
E (26.14),
g(E)dE
E E + dE (. (21.11),
2J +1 )
E
Emax .

Emax

pmax


En (E)g(E)dE ==

U =


max

=
0

3 T4
2 h s
2

3 3


max

h/( T )

h/( T )

4p2 dpV

(2h)3

4(h/s)2 d(h/s)V

(2h)3

(h/( T ))3 d(h/( T ))

h /( T )

=V

3 4T 4
2 h s
2

xmax


3 3

x3 dx
.
ex 1

V .
p = h/s, s ,
s (. (26.11)). ,
Emax pmax
max . x = h/(T )
xmax = hmax /(T ).
, V
T :

U = V

3 4T 4
2 h s
2

xmax


3 3

x3 dx
.
ex 1

(27.1)

T max .
max . ,
max (25.14)
, ( ).

152

[ . VIII

(27.1) ,
s,
k p
. , (27.1)
, , ,
s s (
s), , Emax , pmax , max
.
. D , :

D = hmax ,

(27.2)

max .
,
.
D , , .
(T  D )
.
(27.2) D max
.
.
1. max
Emax . ,
.

() .
, max .
V , n ( ) ,
3nV . Emax
E
max

g(E)dE ; g(E) (22.11),

0

2J + 1 = 3.
:
Emax

g(E)dE ,

3nV =
0
pmax


3nV =

3
0

4p2 dpV

(2h)3

 27 ]

153

p = h/s (26.11)
,

max

3n =

4(h/s)2 d(h/s)

(2h)3

3n =

3
3 max
.
2 2 3

max :

max = (6 2 n)1/3 s,

(27.3)

s , n
.
(27.3)
,
, .
2.
(25.2) , V ( V s ) k:
(27.4)

= V k = sk.

(27.4)
k = /a, a ,
max :

max = s

/
s (n)1 3 .
a

(27.5)

a ( )
a 1/ 3 n , n .
(27.3) (27.5) max
. max , D
(27.2).
D
(. . 27.1).
27.1

D , K
1850

D , K

340
650

375

360

95

. XIX .
(17851838) (17911820) ( ),

154

[ . VIII

: CV

, 3R:

CV = 3R.

(27.6)

R . (27.6)
, ,

n
C. =
CV = 3n ,
(27.7)
NA

n , NA ,
.

,
.
. n .
, T .

U = 3nT.
, ,

dU
C. =
= 3n ,
dT

(27.7).
,
.
,
.
.
. (27.1)
. : 1)
(T  D ), 2) (T  D ).
U
U (27.1)
U0 (,

 27 ]

155

, ,
. 12):

U = U0 + U = U0 + V

3 4T 4
2 2 h3 s3

xmax


x3 dx
,
ex 1

(27.8)

x = h/T , xmax = hmax /T . U0

.
1. T :
T  D .
(27.9)
(27.2) :

T  D = hmax ,
hmax
= xmax  1.
T

(27.10)

(27.10), (27.8) :
xmax . :

U = U0 + U = U0 + V

3 4T 4
2 h s
2

3 3

x3 dx
=
ex 1

3 4 T 4 4
2 4 T 4
= U0 + V
.
= U0 + V 2 3 3
10 h3 s3
2 h s 15

(27.11)

(27.11) V , , :
.. =

1 dU
2 2 4 T 3
=
.
V dT
5 h3 s3

(27.12)

(27.12) , T () ,
T .
T 3 .
2. :

T  D .

(27.13)

(27.2) :

T  D = hmax ,
hmax
= xmax  1.
T

(27.14)

156

[ . VIII

x (27.8)
(27.14) :

x  xmax  1
(27.8)
x :
ex 1 + x,

U = U0 + U = U0 + V
U0 + V

3 4T 4
2

3 T
2

h s

xmax


h s

xmax


3 3

3 3

x3 dx

ex 1

0
3

x dx
3 4 T 4 x3
= U0 + V 2 3 3 max =
1+x1
3
2 h s

3
3 T 4 x3max
3 4 T 4 h3 max
= U0 + V 2 3 3
=
2
3 3
3
3
2 h s
2 h s 3 T 3
3
2
1/3 3
3 4 T 4 h (6 n) V
4

= U0 + V

= U0 + V

2 2 h3 s3

3 3 T 3

= U0 + 3nT V. (27.15)

max (27.3). (27.15)

V , ,
:

C.. =

1 dU
= 3n.
V dT

(27.16)

(27.16)
(. (27.7)). , ,
, .
, (27.1),

(. . 65). D

(, ,
. 69
.). ,
. 69, , (27.7) T  D , T D .
5 % .

 27 ]

157

.
(. 32
. 2 ).
,
,
, .
(. 34):
1
= sC.. ,
3

s , C.. ,
,
.
, ,

, ,
. .

, ,
.
,
.
,
p = 2hm/a (. (26.7)).

.

8.1. , V , :
) ,
n0 ;
)
, n0 ;
) , n0 .
8.2. , ,
s = 2 103 /, a = 0,3 .

158

[ . VIII

,
10a, /2?
8.3. D =
= kD /h D /2 ,
, T1 = D T2 = D /10?
8.4.
Be Cu T = 300 K.
Be = 1, 8 103 /3
Cu = 8, 9 103 /3 , Be = 1440 K Cu = 340 K.

 IX

28. .

, . , . V, .
.
.
.
, .
,
.
, .
. ,
.
.
.
(,
), . (
) ,
.
.
, N

N . , ,
,
61023 . ,
,
.
E , .
.

160

[ . IX

, - , , :
n,
l. , 2s ,
n = 2 l = 0.
.
1. ,
,
.
.

,
.
,
.

, 1.
, , n, l, ml , ms .
n l
( ). 2s ,
(ms = 1/2), N
2s 2N . 5d
( ml = 0, 1, 2
ms = 1/2), N
5d 10N .
2. ,
, .
3. ,
, , ,
, .


.
4. ,
, ,

 28 ]

161

(),
.
, ) ; ) (
). U
.
70 71
r
3
. . 70 2

Z|e|: U (r) =
1
= kZe2 /r2 , r ;
. , . 70
, U (r).
.

a (. 71 ).

. 71

, , ,

( . 71 U
U ). 6 . .

162

[ . IX

,
. (
3 70 71 ), U (r) ,
. ,
( 1 2 70 71 ), ,
.
,
.

U (r) ,
, .
,
(. 9). , 9,
,
( , . 29).
, , .
. ( ),
.

. N .
1.
. (Li),
(Na), (K), (Cu) .
.
1s2 2s1 .
1s 2s
(. 72). :
1s-
2s-.
. 1s: 2N , 2N ,
. 2s:
2N , N ,
. 72
.
2. :
(Be), (Mg) . .

 29 ]

163

1s2 2s2 . ,
, . ,
, 2s
2p, , 2s2p-
(. 73).

. 1s: 2N ,
2N , .
2s 2p: . 73
8N (2N 2s
6N 2p), 2N (
2s), .
3. NaCl .
:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 , : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 .

. 74. , NaCl
3s 3p
: 3p
3s (. 74 ).
3p 3s 3p.
NaCl . 3p: 6N ,
. 74
6N ( 3p
3s ), . 3p . 3s .
.

29.
.
: )
6*

164

[ . IX

,
; ) ,
, ;
.
.
,
,
a . x .

Z|e| :

U (r) =

kZe2
,
r

(29.1)

r , e ,
Z , k = 1/(40 )
(. . 70). , ,
. U (x)
, (29.1),
, U (x)
x a:
(29.2)

U (x + a) = U (x).

U (x)
. 75. U (x)

3a

2a

a

. 75

2a

U (x)

3a

 29 ]

165

,
;
, ( ).

U (r) :

U (r + a) = U (r),

(29.3)

a ,
.
. (x) , U (x)
, (29.2), E , m .

h2 d2 (x)
+ U (x)(x) = E(x).
2m dx2

(29.4)

2m/h2 :
2m

h2

[E U (x)] = 2 (x).

(29.5)

d2
+ 2 (x) = 0.
dx2

(29.6)

(29.2):

2 (x + a) = 2 (x).

(29.7)

, , .
,
.
, (29.6)
1 (x) 2 (x), x x + a
:
1,2 (x + a) = 1,2 (x).
(29.8)
, , 1 (x) 2 (x). , (x)
(29.6), (x + a) . ,
d(x + a)
d
d
d
=
=
,
dx
d(x + a)
dx
d(x + a)

d2
d2
=
.
2
dx
d(x + a)2

(29.9)

166

[ . IX

(x) (29.6), :
d2 (x)
+ 2 (x)(x) = 0,
dx2

x x + a :
d2 (x + a)
+ 2 (x + a)(x + a) = 0.
d(x + a)2

(29.7) (29.9):
d2 (x + a)
+ 2 (x)(x + a) = 0.
d(x)2

, (x + a) (29.6),
.
(29.8) , (29.6), ,

x = x0 , x x + a :

(x0 + a) = (x0 ),

 (x0 + a) =  (x0 ),

(29.10)

1 (x) 2 (x)
(29.6). (29.6), ,
1 (x) 2 (x),
.
, :
(x) = b1 1 (x) + b2 2 (x).

(29.11)

1 (x) 2 (x) ,
x0 :

1 (x0 ) = 1,

1 (x0 ) = 0,

2 (x0 ) = 0,

2 (x0 ) = 1.

(29.12)

( 1 (x) 2 (x) .) x.
(29.11), (x)
:
(x0 ) = b1 ,  (x0 ) = b2 .
(29.13)
(x) (29.11)
x0 + a:

(x0 + a) = b1 1 (x0 + a) + b2 2 (x0 + a),

 (x0 + a) = b1 1 (x0 + a) + b2 2 (x0 + a).

(29.14)

 29 ]

167

(29.13) (29.14) (29.10), :

b1 1 (x0 + a) + b2 2 (x0 + a) = b1 ,
b1 1 (x0 + a) + b2 2 (x0 + a) = b2 .

(29.15)

(29.15) b1 b2 ,
:


1 (x0 + a)
2 (x0 + a) 

(29.16)



 = 0.
1 (x0 + a)

2 (x0 + a)

(29.16) 1 2 . (29.16)
( ) b1 , b2 b1 , b2 .
(29.11), 1 (x) 2 (x),
. ,
, , . 1 (x) 2 (x)
, (29.6)
= c1 1 (x) + c2 2 (x),
(29.17)
c1 c2 .
(29.16), :

2 [1 (x0 + a) + 2 (x0 + a)]+

+ [1 (x0 + a)2 (x0 + a) 1 (x0 + a)2 (x0 + a)] = 0. (29.18)
. , , x0 + a

f (x) = 1 (x)2 (x) 1 (x)2 (x).

:

f  (x) = 1 (x)2 (x) 1 (x)2 (x) =

= 1 (x) 2 (x)2 (x) + 2 (x)1 (x)2 (x) = 0.
, 1 (x)
2 (x) (29.6). ,
f (x) . (29.12) ,
f (x) = 1 x = x0 , , x.
(29.18)

2 [1 (x0 + a) + 2 (x0 + a)] + 1 = 0.

(29.19)

2L = 1 (x0 + a) + 2 (x0 + a).

(29.20)

168

[ . IX

L (18571918).
(29.19)
2 2L + 1 = 0.
(29.21)
(29.21) :

1,2 = L L2 1 .

(29.22)

, |L| > 1. 1 2 , ,
1 2 = 1. (x + a) = (x) , x
1 (x) 2 (x) ,
x . |L| >
> 1 1 (x) 2 (x)
(29.17)
. L
(x), E
(29.6) . , E , |L| > 1.
E .
|L|  1

L = cos ,

(29.23)

1,2 = ei .

(29.24)

1 (x) 2 (x) x x + a
,
(29.24). , |L| 1 (29.6)
, |L|  1
E .
, ,
(29.6).
.
1 (x) 2 (x) x x + a , ei ,
:

1,2 = P1,2 (x)eikx ,

(29.25)

k , :

k=

.
a

(29.26)

eikx (29.5)
x x + a ( 1,2 = ei ). P1,2 (x)
,

 29 ]

169

a. P1,2 (x)
. , P1,2 (x)
, (29.25).
eit ,

1 (x, t) = P1 (x)ei(tkx) ,
2 (x, t) = P2 (x)ei(t+kx) .

(29.27)

, (29.27)
(29.6) .
, ,
. (. 1905 .).
, , P1 (x) P2 (x) , a.
, (29.27), P (x)
P (r), ,
, k k.

(x, t) = P (x)ei(tkx)

(29.28)

k . , ,
k ,
x (. 25).
k P (x) ,
(29.28) . , :
2

k=k+ ,

P(x) = P (x)ei(2/a)x .

( 2/a
2m/a, m .) (29.28) :

 (x, t) = ei(2/a)x (x, t) = P(x)ei(tkx) ,

(29.29)


k
P(x).
:

L = cos  = cos k a = cos(ka + 2) = cos ka = cos = L.

170

[ . IX

(29.29) (29.28)

 ,
: P(x) = |P (x)|.
.
(29.6) ,
k p =
= hk. k :

k ,
a
a

(29.30)

a .
,
(29.28), :
(29.31)

p = hk.

p = hk, k .
p , :

p =

2hm
,
a

(29.32)

m , . p
:
h
h

p
.
(29.33)
a

(29.32).
k ( p)
.
: .
, E
,
.
, (29.22), E ,
: L2 = 1. L
1 +1 ( +1 1),
(29.23) + 2m,
m . (29.26) =
k = /a ( m/a).
, k =
= /a ,
.
.

 29 ]

171

,
.
a
(. 76).
( )
.
, 2a ,
a
a
a
,
:
. 76
2a = m,
(29.34)
m . ,
k:
2
m
k=
=
.
(29.35)

k .
(29.34) ,
.
,
. -
(. (29.35)).
. E p: E(p) (
E(px ), E(py ), E(pz )). E

k: (k).

:

E=
0

p2
,
2m

(29.36)

m (. 77).
(29.20),
. 77
k (. (29.23) (29.26))
( ) . , E , (29.6) . ,

172

[ . IX

p = hk:

E = E(p).

(29.37)

= (k),

(29.38)

E = h . (29.37), (29.38)
.
.
E(p) (29.37)
(. (29.35))

p = hk =

mh
,
a

m . E(p)
.
,
(29.37)
(29.36), E(p)
(. 78).
E(p),
,
p = 2h/a.
,
, 2h/a.

, (. 79).

. 78

. 79

, ,
.

 30 ]

173

30.
. , m , ,
.
F , :

dV
= F,
dt

(30.1)

( V
).

m ,
. m
m .
.
E(p).
,

(29.28),
k. k ,
(. . 4 .
, 44), :
d
d(h)
dE
V =
=
=
,
(30.2)
dk

d(hk)

dp

k , E p
.
m , :
1
d2 E
.
=
m
dp2

(30.3)

1/m 2 E/pi pj , pi , pj
.
, (30.3) m
, .
(29.36),
m m. :
1
d2 E
d2 (p2 /2m)
1
=
= .
=
2
m
m
dp
dp2

174

[ . IX

, . . 80 E
p , . . E(p) : EB
,
,
h
h
,
E(p) .
. 80
. ,
.
, F = eE, e , E
. :

E = E(p).

(30.4)

A F dt
dE F V , V
:
A = dE = F V dt,
(30.5)
(30.4) (30.2) dE

dE =

dE
dp = V dp.
dp

(30.6)

(30.5) (30.6),
dp
= F.
dt

(30.7)

, : F ,
(30.7) F .
(30.2) :
d2 E dp
V = 2 .
dp dt

(30.8)

(30.8) dp/dt (30.7) d2 E/dt2 (30.3),

m V = F.

(30.9)

(30.9)
, m ,

 30 ]

175

F .
, (30.3).

(. 80).
E , dE/dp,
(30.2), .
E p :

E=

1 d2 E 2
p ,
2 dp2

(30.3):

E=

p2
.
2m

(30.10)

m (30.10) ,
E(p) , .
(. A . 80) E(p) (. (30.10) (29.36)),
: m m.
( B . 80) d2 E/dp2 . , m . ,
,
EB .
(
: C . 80) d2 E/dp2 <0.
.
,
F = eE ,
F .
m .
, .
(. , . X).
, ,
, .

. ,
, ()
, .
. , , m
,
.
E (. 81). E E

176

[ . IX

E . eE, e .
( )
+ 

ma = E.
E
V

a=

eE
.
m

(30.11)

, . , . ,
, a :
. 81

V a =

eE
.
m

(30.12)

j (. . 3 18):

j = neV =

ne2
E,
m

(30.13)

n ,
.

:

j = E,

(30.14)

, .
(30.13) (30.14),
:
ne2
=
.
(30.15)
m

V
u. (30.12) ,

u=

V
e
= .
E
m

(30.16)

(30.15)
u:

= neu.

(30.17)

. n

 31 ]

177

. . , (. . X)
, ,
, .

31.

, ,
. , - . : 80. ,
,
.
. , , ( ). ,

. ,
.
. . , ,
E = p2 /2m, m . , .
.
, (. (21.1)):

(x, y , z) = 0 sin(kx x) sin(ky y) sin(kz z),

+ + kz2 = 2mE/(h2 ), E , m .

,
.
(21.11)
g(E) ,
:
kx2

ky2

g(E) = (2J + 1)

d
1
d
1
=2
.
(2h)3 dE
(2h)3 dE

(31.1)

178

[ . IX

2J + 1 = 2s + 1 = 2 ,
d (d = 4p2 dV , p
), V .
(s = 1/2) .
E (. (20.5)):

ne =

1
(EEF )/( T )

+1

(31.2)

EF ( ),
, T . (31.2)
. 82.
,
, .
,

. , F
(31.2) ,
. 82
, .
, eE/(T )
(. 20), .
,
, , ,
, , . , T .
(. 83).
T > 0 F

. 83
(ne 1) (ne 
 1) T
(. . 82). ,
:

T  EF .

(31.3)

 31 ]

179

, EF
.
, EF .
. N . ,
E ( ) ne (E)g(E)dE ,
E E + dE (. (20.6)):

ne (E) g(E)dE ,

N=

(31.4)

EF ne (. (31.2)).
, (31.3) , . . ne (E) (31.2)
:

1 E < EF
ne
(31.5)
0 E > EF .
(31.5) (31.4):
EF

g(E)dE.

N=
0

EF ,
, E > EF ne = 0 (31.4) . (31.1)
, ,
pF

N=

4p2 dpV

N=

(2h)3

p3F V
.
3 2 h3

pF ,

EF = p2F /2m. pF = 2mEF :
/

N=

(2mEF )3 2 V
.
3 2 h3

:
/

EF =

(3 2 h3 n)2 3
,
2m

(31.6)

180

[ . IX

n = N /V
( ).
EF (31.6)
: m 1030 ,
n 5 1028 3 ( ). :

EF 8 1019 5 .
(T 300 K)
(31.2)

T 0, 025 ,

T  EF ,

. , EF ,
,
T , .

(T EF ) 5 104 ,
,
. ,
.

, . :

E(k) = EF ,
E(p) = EF ,

(31.7)

E , p , k
(p = hk).
(

px , py , pz kx , ky , kz ),

p, E ,
EF .
.
, , E(p). : E = p2 /(2m),
:
p2
= EF ,
2m

(31.8)

 31 ]

181

,

pF = 2mEF .
(31.9)

.

, , , . ,
,
, .
. ,
( EF T ). (
) ,
.
. . 84 ,
T1 T2
T1 T2 , (31.2) ,
.
. 84
,
, .
,
,
. , .

.

pF = 2mEF (31.9).
,
, 4p3F /3.

.
p
(. 85),

182

[ . IX

EF EF + E
, E T .
, p = 2mE , p:

 
dp
m
p
E
T.
(31.10)
dE

E=EF

2 EF

4p2F p , :


3
4p2F p
3p

3
p
F
(4/3)pF

m/(2EF ) T
3 T

=
.
2 EF
2mEF

(31.11)
T 300
: 3 0, 025 /2 5 = 0, 0075,
1 %
.
. 85

, ,
1/2 T :
1
2

U = 3n T = 3n

3 T 1
9n 2 T 2
T =
.
2 EF 2
4 EF

(31.12)

U
,
; n ,
; (31.11); 3
.
(31.12) C :

C =

dU
9
T
= n
.
dT
2
EF

(31.13)

T /EF , ,
, :
T
 1.
EF

(31.14)

(31.13), T . ,
.

 31 ]

183

.
:

C = C + C .
.
1. T
D :
T  D .
,
(27.16):

C = C = 3n ,
n .
,
, .
C (31.13) C
(27.16) (31.14):
9
2

C = n

T
9
 n 3n = C .
EF
2

(31.15)

,
.
2. :

T  D .
, (27.12),
() :

C =

2 2 4 T 3
,
5 h3 s3

(. (31.13)):

C =

dU
9
T
= n
.
dT
2
EF

1
:
C  C .

:

C C .

184

[ . IX

9.1. T = 0 K ,
E = p2 /2m . m 0,8 .
1029 3 .
9.2. T = 0 K E = p2 /2m E
EF .
9.3. U EF , ( ). n = 3 1028 3 ,
.
9.4. Ag+1% Ni

T 0 K = 106 . a = 3 A,
,
.
.
9.5.
300 3 K. D =
= 220 K. n = 5, 9 1028 3 .
9.6. , , EF = 7 , m /me = 1, 5.
1 K.

32. .

, , , ,
.
( ,

)
. ,
.
1
, . ( ) .
.
.
,
.
: ,
, 3 .
. ,
. ,
.


, .
.
, IV
(Ge)
(Si). , ,
(P), (As), (Sb),

186

[ . X

(B), (Al), (Ga)

(In).
.
1010 (,
).

.
n- ( negative ) . ,
,
. .
p- ( positive ) .
, ,
, () .
.
,
()
.
,
, . .
.
,
.
, . ,
.
(. , 30).

() . , , .
e m
|e| |m |. .

,
. -
.
.

 32 ]

187

.
. (Ge) . : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2 ;
, .
, , .
. 86.
(Si), . :
Ge
Ge
Ge

Ge
Ge

Ge
Ge

Ge
Ge

Ge

Ge

. 86
2

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ; , . .
, , GaAs, AlSb, InSb .
.
n- (. 87).

Ge
. ,
Ge
Ge
, ( Ge
Ge
P
).
, Ge
Ge
, .

. 87
-

188

[ . X

,
. , ,
,
.
p-

(. 88).
Ge

Ge
Ge
. Ge
Ge
In
, .
Ge
Ge

,
. . 88
, .
, ,
,
.
. . 89

(.89 ) (. 89 ). 0 K
,
, . 0 K


.
.
, . 89
, .
n- , p- .

 32 ]

189

n- 0,01 (. 90).
, .
.
.
n- .

}
. 91

. 90

p-
0,01 (. 91).
. .

.
p- .
.
, ,
,
.
, .

:

E =

p2
,
2mn

(32.1)

E  , ()
, p , mn
. (. ).

190

[ . X

.
, ,
, ,
(
) , (. 92). F
,
() ; = + ; EF
. 92
(
).

ne E
:
1
ne = (EE )/( T )
.
(32.2)
F

+1

E
. E EF = E  + 
( 1 ) T ( T 0, 025 ):

E EF  T.
(32.2)
, :

ne =

1
(EEF )/( T )

+1

EEF
T

= e

E  +
T

(32.3)

E  E  + dE  (. (31.1)):

g(E  )dE  = 2

d
4p2 dp
=
2
V,
(2h)3
(2h)3

(32.4)

V , p E 
(32.1).

Nn
E  (32.3) E 
E  + dE  (31.4) E 
(E  = 0) ,

 32 ]

191

(32.3) E  .
:

Nn =
0

ne (E)g(E  )dE  =
E  +

e T

=
0

4p2 dpV

(2h)

V
= 2 3 (2mn T ) 2 e T
h
3

V
= 2 3 e T
h

V
2
= 2 3 (2mn T ) e T
h



e
0

0
E
T



E
e T 2mn E  d 2mn E  =
2 

E
T

2   
E
=
d
T

T
x dx = 2 3 (2mn T ) e
=
4
h

x2 2

e
0

=V

mn T
2

3/2

e T .

,
nn , ,
V :

nn = Qn e T ,
(32.5)

Qn =

mn T
2

3/2

(32.6)

np :

np = Qp e T ,

Qp =

h3

 m T 3/2
p

(32.7)
,

(32.8)

mp .
Qn Qp
. ,
. () () mn : 1, 6 m
0, 08 m, m .
mp 0, 34 m
0, 04 m.
, (32.5)(32.8)
, .
.

192

[ . X

.
(), . ,
:

nn = np .
(32.5) (32.7)

Qn e T = Qp e T ,
(32.6) (32.8)

m
3
= T ln p .
2

mn

, 23 , ln(mp /mn )
,

T.
T :
T  . ( T ) :
(32.9)

= .

, (. 93).
n-. nn np :

nn  np ,

Qn e T  Qp e T .
mn mp , , Qn Qp ,

 .
(32.10)

. 93

(32.10) ,
n-
(. 94).
p- np nn :

np  nn ,

Qp e

 Qn e T .

 33 ]

193

, Qn Qp , :

 .

(32.11)

(32.11) ,
p-
(. 95).

F
F

. 94

. 95

,
, ,
, .

33.
.
ni nn np :

nn = np = ni .
(32.5) (32.7), nn np :
+

nn np = n2i = Qn Qp e T = Qn Qp e T .

(33.1)

= + .
(33.1)



nn = np = ni = Qn Qp e 2 T .
(33.2)
(33.2) ,
, :
mn mp ,
Qn Qp , .
.
7 . .

194

[ . X

- n- p-.
nn ,
np . (32.5), (32.7)

nn = Qn e T ,

np = Qp e

(33.3)
(33.4)

:
+

nn np = Qn Qp e T = Qn Qp e T .

(33.5)

(33.5) , nn np , ,
. , , , ,
.
, . ,

.
(33.5) (33.2)
:
nn np = n2i .
(33.6)
,

.
. , -. n-
, ( ). p-
, ( ).

(30.15) , ,
.
:

nn e2 n
n e2
+ p p = nn eun + np eup ,

mn
mp

(33.7)

nn np , n p
, mn mp , un up

 33 ]

195

. (33.7) , , .
.
,
, ,

n p ,

mn mp ,

un u p ,

(33.8)

(33.6),

nn np = n2i ,

(33.9)

ni ,
nn np
. (33.9) np nn :

np =

n2i
.
nn

(33.10)

(33.7) (33.8) (33.10)



e2 n
n2i
.
= nn +
mn

nn

(33.11)

nn
. 96. (33.11),
min nn = ni , (
(33.8)) . ,
, nn

. ,
min
.
nn
ni
nn
0
. . 96
(33.7)
. , ,
. ,
(. (33.2)).
, , .
7*

196

[ . X

: .

. ,
.
, .
,
,
.

(33.2). ,
,
.

34. np-
np- , n-, p-.
, ,
, n- ,
. ,
,
,
p-. np-.
n- p- .
+ 
. 97
+ 
+ 
+ 
n
p
+ 
. + 
+ 
, l,
+ 
105 . , l
n- p-, . 97
.
,
: ,
, , .

 34 ]

197

np-

. ,
np- .
EF
, , . 98. -

F
F

. 98

: E ; n , p
;
n , p
n- p- .
: nn,n n- ( ); nn,p
p-
( );
np- n-
p-.

. 99

. 99 np-. (32.5)
np- :
n

nn,n = Qn e T .

(34.1)

198

[ . X

np- :
p

nn,p = Qn e T .

(34.2)

. V .
n- p-

1
4

jn,n = nn,n V e T ,

(34.3)

1/4 nn,n V

, e T ,
, .
np-
, p- n-.
p- n-
1
4

jp,p = nn,p V .

(34.4)

(34.3) (34.4)
:

1
1
nn,n V e T = nn,p V .
4
4

nn,n nn,p
(34.1) (34.2) ,

n + = p .

(34.5)

(34.5)
np- (. . 99).
.
np- , . , (. 33), (. . 97)
np-. . , ,
. np- .

 34 ]

199

np-

- np-.

np-,
(. . 101 , ), . I
( ), :
 eU

0
U
I = I0 e T 1 ,
(34.6)
I
0

I , I0
, . 100
, U . . 100. , ,
(34.6).
U ,
p-, n- (. 101 ), ,
n

 +

+ 

U 0

U 0

U
0

. 101

n-, p-
(. 101 ).
(. 101 ),
. ,
,
np-, ,
. U = 0,
I .
. 102 np-. U = 0, , , n- p-, (. . 102 ).
, .
U > 0,
eU , e (. . 102 ).
U < 0,
+ e|U | = eU (. . 102 ).

200

[ . X

np- , .

. 102

np-: In,n () n-
p-, In,p () p-
n-, Ip,p () p- n-,
Ip,n () n- p-. . 103
: jn,n , jp,p
jn, n
, jn,p , jp,n

jn, p
.

np- n
p
j p, p
+
, ,
j p, n
+
: p- n- ,
. 103
,
;
n- p- .
In,p Ip,n
.
np-
(. (34.3))
eU
e T U :
eU

In,n = In,p e T ,
Ip,p = Ip,n e

eU
T

(34.7)
(34.8)

(34.7), (34.8) ,

, U = 0 In,n = In,p , Ip,p = Ip,n (.
(34.4)).

 35 ]

201

U , I np-, , (34.7) (34.8)


 eU

 eU
I = In,n + Ip,p In,p Ip,n = (In,p + Ip,n ) e T 1 = I0 e T 1 ,
I0 = In,p + Ip,n . (34.6).
np-
. , ,
.
104 /2 .

. , , U
I0 .
( 100 ) .
.
, np- , , .

35.
,
np-. pnp- p- n- npn-
n
p
n
n- p- (. 104).
.
. 104
,
. .
. 105 pnp-. : R ; R
; U , ; U ; , ,
. np- ( E1 ), np-
( E2 ).

,

202

[ . X

,
:

R  R .

(35.1)

E1 , , ,
. ( ),
. , I I :
. 105

I I .
U
I I ,
I I .

(35.2)

,
.
U U :
U
,
R
U
I =
,
R

I =

(35.1):

U
U

.
R
R

(35.1)
U
R
 1.
U
R

,
U
U .

.
E2 .

10.1.
1 .
290 ?

 35 ]

203

,
1,0 ; 2,0 ?
10.2. T . .
: nn , mn , np , mp .
10.3. E(k),
. Ge
mp1 = 0, 04me mp2 = 0, 34me .
Ge.
10.4. np- ,
T = 300 K ni =
= 2 1017 3 .
n = 6 1023 3 .
.
10.5. np- R =
= 400 , S = 0, 5 2 .
( ) j0 T = 300 K.

 XI

36.
.
,
,
.
.
.


,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
. ,

2
.
(E
h
1) ( 2)

E =
1
= h ( ),
. 106
(. 106).
1 (2) 2 (1)
1 2. , 2
, 1 .
,
.

 36 ]

205

W21
2
1

( W21
);
.
W21
2 1
;

W21
2

1 ( W21

);

W12
1 2
;
.
1. : ) ; )
, .

.
2.

2 1 W21
n
.
.
3. W21

2 1,

, W21

2 1:
.

W21
= W21
.

(36.1)

. 2, n.
1,
n + 1. t 1
( t1 ), 2 ( t2 ), t1 + t2 = t.
N12 N21
t.
N12
, n + 1, t1
1:

N12 = W12
(n + 1)t1 .
(36.2)

W12
, 1 2,
( ,

206

[ . XI

W12
, N12 (n+1)t1
t1 n ).
t N12 N21 ,
. t N12 N21
, :

N12 = N21 .

(36.3)

(36.2) (36.3)

N21 = W12
(n + 1)t1 = W12
nt1 + W12
t1 .

(36.4)

(36.4) .
2 1
, n
:

N21
= W12
t1 .

(36.5)

(36.4) n
,
2. ,
, .

N21
= W12
nt1 .

(36.6)

, 1 .

(36.6) (36.5), N21

/N21
t.

W21
W21
2 1:

N21
W21
=
= n.
N21
W21

(36.7)

(36.7)
n. 2,
W21
n
.
(36.7) n = 1 ,
.
W21

W21 :
.

(W21
) n=1 W21
= W21
.

3 (. (36.1)).
4. , , , ,
, , . ,

 36 ]

207

. .
, (. 38).
. .

5. W12
1 2
.
W21
,
W21 :

W12
= W21
= W21
.

(36.8)

. V , T .

, 1
2 .
1 2 E = h .
,
.
,
E = h .
n1 n2
1 2 . n1 n2
. E = h , , n.
N12 1 2
n1 V , n
t:

N12 = W12
n1 V nt,

(36.9)

W12

N21
2 1 n2 V
t:

N21
= W21
n 2 V t,

(36.10)

W21
.

N21
2
1 n2 V
, n t:
.

N21
= W21
n2 V nt,

(36.11)

208

[ . XI

.
W21
, .

:

N12 = N21
+ N21
.

(36.9)(36.11):

W12
n1 V nt = W21
n2 V t + W21
n2 V nt.

(36.12)

n1 n2 T ,
.

W12
, W21
, W21

.
(36.12) .
n ,
(. 24). , (36.12)
( )
( ). :

.
W12
n1 V nt = W21
n2 V nt.

(36.13)

, n1 n2 :

n1 n2 .

(36.14)

,
E  T :

n2 /n1 = eE/T 1.
(36.14) (36.13) :

.
W12
= W21
,

(36.15)

. W12
,
.
W21
, (36.15)
, .
(36.1), (36.15)

W12
= W21
= W21
.

5 .
. (36.8), (36.9), (36.11)

( ),

W21
W12 .
N21

 36 ]

209

N12 t. 1 2 n1 n2 . (36.11) (36.9)

(36.8),

W
N21
n
= 21 = 2 .
(36.16)
N12

W12

n1

,

.
n2
c n1

/N12 <1 , , . N21

.
, ,
. , n2 > n1 ( ),

/N12 > 1,
: N21
. .
.
,
, (36.8), . n , ,
u
(. 22). ,
+ d
E E + dE :

u V d = Eng(E)dE.
g(E) , V . (21.12),
p, E p = E/c = h/c
:

u V d = hn
u V d = hn

4p2 dp

(2h)3

V,

4(h/c)2 d(h/c)

(2h)3

V.

n (
,
1 2)
u :

n=

2 c3
u .
h 3

(36.17)

210

[ . XI

n (36.17) (36.9):

N12 = W12
n1 V nt = W12
n1 V

2 c3
u t = B12 n1 V u t.
h 3

(36.18)

B12 ,
, :

B12 = W12

2 c3
.
h 3

(36.19)

(36.10) :

N21
= W21
n2 V t = A21 n2 V t.

(36.20)

A12 ,
, :

A21 = W21
.

(36.21)

n (36.17) (36.11):
.
.

N21
= W21
n2 V nt = W21
n2 V

c3
u t = B21 n2 V u t.
2h 3

(36.22)

B21 ,
, :
.
B21 = W21

2 c3
.
h 3

(36.23)

(36.19), (36.21), (36.23),

.

, W21
, W21
, W12
. (36.18), (36.20), (36.22) :

W12
n = B12 u ,

W21
= A21 ,
.
W21 n = B21 u ,

(36.24)
(36.25)
(36.26)

u
,
1 2; n
, n =

2 c3
u (. (36.17)).
h 3

(36.24)(36.26) . , (36.24) , n

W12
n
u , B12 .
(36.25) A12
.

 37 ]

211

(36.26) ,
.
n W21
n
u , B21 .
, (36.8):
2 3
2 c3
c
= W12
= B12 ,
3
h
h 3
h 3
.
= W21
= 2 3 B21 .
c

.
B21 = W21

A21 = W21

:
B12 = B21 ;
(36.27)
:

A21 =

h 3
B21 .
2 c3

(36.28)

37.
,

1 2 .
n1 , n2 (,
,
, ). j(x), x
(. 107).

. 107
j

. dj

dj = dj + dj .

(37.1)

dx dj j(x) x,
n1 dx:

dj = jn1 dx,
.

(37.2)

212

[ . XI

dx dj
j(x),
n2 dx:

dj = jn2 dx,

(37.3)

.

,
(37.2) (37.3) ;

. 2 .
, , (37.2),

W12
, (37.3) .

. W12
W21
.
W21
(. (36.8)),
(37.2) (37.3) .
dj dj (37.2) (37.3) (37.1),

dj = (n2 n1 )jdx.
, j(x)
x:
j(x) = j0 ex ,
(37.4)
j0 x = 0, , = (n2 n1 ).
I
j , I(x) x (37.4).

, , ,
,
.
n2 < n1 , = (n2 n1 ) < 0 (37.4)
.
, (37.4)
.
n2 n1
( ):

n2 > n1 .

(37.5)

(37.5) = (n2 n1 ) > 0,

(37.4) .

 38 ]

213

. (
, ):

= (n2 n1 ).

(37.6)

. :
, , ,
e .

38.

, (, , , . .)
. ,
.
, ,
. .
: ( ), ;
; , (. 108).
1

. 108

,
.
,
.
,
, . , ,
,
.

214

[ . XI

, , . , .
.
.
,
. ( ), , .
,

:

n 2l = m,

(38.1)

n - , l ,
, m . (38.1) ,
2nl , ,
m.
. ,
().
.
. () .
, I ,

, I0 :

I = r1 r2 I0 e2l  I0 ,

(38.2)

r1 , r2 ,
, l . I0 e2l
(37.4) ,
2l , I0 .
(38.2) :

r1 r2 e2l  1.

(38.3)

, :

r1 r2 e2 l = 1,

ln(1/r1 r2 )
=
.
2l

(38.4)
(38.5)

 39 ]

215

(38.5) (37.6)
n1 n2 :

n2 n1 

ln(1/r1 r2 )
=
,

2l

(38.6)

,
.

(38.6),
(37.5) .
,
(
, . .)
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
.

39.
,
,
. ,
. .
.

.
Al2 O3 ,
( 0, 05 %)

3+

Cr .
1
. 109
510 (. 109). .

216

[ . XI

, 8 %
. ,
, . ,
.
8
 ~ 10
.
3

 ~ 103
2
. 110. 560
560
694
1
3,
1

108 .
. 110
3 1 . ,
, 2,
103 (
). 2 :
2 , 1.
2 1
=694,3 . ,
. , , .
, .
. . 103 c
. .
.
. , .
GaAs, CdS, PbS .
, ,
, ,

 39 ]

217

, (. 111).


(

, , ),
h
Eg

,
np-, +
+
30 % (. 112).


. 111


() np-
p- n- (. , 34).

+


2
p +

n

. 112

, np-,
. , .
, Eg (h = Eg ), ,
,
.
0, 21,0 /2 , T = 300 5150 .
100 .

( 100 ),
.

218

[ . XI

(. (37.6)): 102 103 1 . (38.4):

r1 r2 e2 l = 1
l. r1 r2
0, 3 102 1 , l 50 .
200300 .
,
( 109 ), ( 50 %),
,
( 300 45 000 ).
,
,
, (13 ),
( 105 ).
, ,
- , ,
. .

11.1.
T = 300 K
?
11.2. , 100

.
11.3. E = 1 T =
= 300 K.
.
11.4*. ,
.
, , L,
R. .



1.1. l0 = l

1 2 sin2
1 2

= 1, 08 , = V /c.


1.2. l0 = ct 1 (t/t )2 = 4, 5 .

1.3. s = ct 1 (t0 /t)2 = 5 .
[(Vx V )2 + Vy2 (1 V 2 /c2 )]1

1.4. V  =

/2

1 Vx V /c2

1.5. l = l0

1 2

, = V /c.

1+ 2
c (2 + )
1.6. V =
= 0, 6 c, c .
1+

.
1.7. A = 0, 42 mc2 , 0, 14 mc2 .

1.8. p = T (T + 2mc2 ) /c = 1, 09 /c, c .


2
1.9. V = F ct/ m2 c2 + F 2 t2 , l = (mc2 /F ) + c2 t2 mc2 /F .
P
2.1. )
j = 2 2 = 6 1013 2 1 ; ) r =
8 chr
4(1 + )E
5, 0 (50 ).
2.2.
p =
d2 c

2.3. 332 ; 6, 6 105 /.

2.4. A =
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.

2ch( 2 2 /1 )

= 1, 9 .

2 ( 2 1)
h
T =
= 0, 20 .
1+
h
h  =
= 0, 144 .
1 + 2(h/mc2 ) sin(/2)

2h 
=
1 + 2mc2 /Tmax 1 = 3, 7 .
mc
2
=  1 2 .
21 + 22

2.10. = h/ mkT = 0, 09 .
2.11. V = 4hl/mbx = 2, 0 106 /.
2.12. x

h
t 103 .
mx0

P /2hn
= 9 .
2c

220

2.13. V /V

l 2mT
hl

= 1 104 .

2.14. x
106 .
d 
2meU
2.15. Emin h /m = h , .
h/2.


d
d
d
x = + x
= 1+
3.1. ) .
.
dx

3.2. (2 x)2 cos x 4x sin x.

3.3. (1 + 3x + x2 )ex .
3.5.
r = a/2.
h 
2/m .
3.6.
U  =

dx

dx

3.7. a)
x =
0; )
px  = hk.
4.1. l = h

n22 n21
= 2, 5 .
2mE

4.2. P = 1/3 + 3 /2 = 0, 61.

m
dN
l
=
; E = 1 dN/dE = 0, 8 107
4.3.
dE
h 2E
1 .
4.4. ) E =

(n21 + n22 + n23 ) 2 h2

, n1 , n2 , n3 ,
2ma2

; ) E = 2 h2 /ma2 ; ) 6- n21 + n22 + n23 =

= 14 E = 7 2 h2 /ma2 ; (
1, 2 3).

4.5. ) R = (k1 k2 )2 /(k1 + k2 )2 ,


 k1 = 2mE /h, k2 =
= 2m(E U0 ) /h; ) x = 1/2 , = 2m(U0 E) /h.

h
3, 3 1010 ; 2) T  h , T  3000 K.
4.6. 1) A0 =

4.7. E = (7/2)h ; n = 2; = 2/3h; = /2h; A =


 
3 3/4
=
.
2

5.1. E = k2 e4 /2h2 , R = k2 e4 /2h3 ,

.
m/M 0, 055 %, m M .
K = 1/(40 ) (), k = 1 ().
5.2. ED EH = 3, 7 , H D = 33 .

5.3. 0 = k (/r) 4r 2 dr = ke/r1 , = e 2
, , k = 1/(40 ).
5.4. ) r = r1 ; )
F  = 2ke2 /r12 ; )
U  = ke2 /r1 ; k = 1/(40 ).
5.5. 3S1/2 , 3P1/2 , 3P3/2 , 3D3/2 , 3D5/2 .

4
P : h 3 /2, h 15 /2, h 35 /2; 5.6.

5 D: 0, h 2 , h 6 , h 12 , h 20 .

221

5.7. 3, 4, 5.
5.8. ) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9; ) 2, 4, 6; ) 5, 7, 9.
5.9. ) g = 2, ; ) g = 1.
5.10. ) 2/3;
) 0; ) 1; ) 5/2; ) 0/0.
5.11. = B 35 (6 S5/2 ).
l
d .
V
S
d .
6.2. dN =
2V 2
V 2m3
E dE .
6.4. N (E)dE =
2 h3

6.1. dN =

6.5. e

EEF
T

 1.

bT1
1750 K.
7.1. T2 =
b + T1

7.2. m = 3, 4 .

7.3. T2 = T1 d/2l 400 K.
7.4. ) CV = (U/T )V = 16T 3 V /c = 3 /, U = 4T 4 /c;
) S = 16T 3 V /3c = 1, 0 /.
7.5. V t3 = const.
h
h
h 
8.1. ) D = V n0 ; ) D = V 4n0 ; ) D = V 3 6 2 n0 .
k
k
k
s
1, 05 1012 1 .
20 a



n(D ) 
e 1
n(D ) 
e5 1
=4
1, 5;
= 4 10

8.3.


n(D /2) T =D
e1
n(D /2) T =D /10
e 1

8.2. =

0, 027.



12 4
T 3
8.4. CV (Be) =
nBe
, CV (Cu) = 3nCu , nBe
5
Be
nCu ; nBe /nCu =


C (Be)
12 4 nBe
T 3
=
1, 1.
= Be MCu /Cu MBe 1,44; V
CV (Cu)

nCu

Be

9.1. EF 9, 66 ; pF = h(3 2 n)1/3 1, 5 1024 /; VF =

= pF /m 2, 07 106 /.
h2 (3 2 n)2/3

9.2. E = N EF , EF =
, n = N/V
5
2m
, N , V .
9.3. U/EF =

2me2

h (3 2 )2/3 n1/3
2

1, 3.

9.4. n = 1/a3 ,
1

ne2

ne2

n1 = 0, 01 n;
=
=
, VF =

m
mn1 VF


1/3
h
3h
a
=
3 2 n

, = 100 e2
= 3 1016 2 .
m

ma

3h

222

9.5. 1 : C (T ) =

3
;  (3K) 6 104 R;  (300K) 2R.  2/3

me 2 T
NA ;
1 : C (T ) =
2
12 4
T
=
R
5
D

 (3K) 2, 32 104 R;  (300K) 2, 32 102 R.

9 T
9.6. C =
NA 5, 05 104 / .
2 EF
1
1

10.1. n(E) =

e(EEF )/( T ) + 1

e20 + 1

3n

2, 06 109 . 1 =

= 1 E1 = 2ch/ = 1, 24 ; 2 = 2 ,
E2 = 0, 62 . 2 .
10.2. EF (T ) =

n p1
= 3/ 2
0, 04.
n p1 + n p2
mp1 + m3p/22
n
eV = 2T ln i 0, 75 .
n
T
j0 =
1, 28 /2 .
eSR
2ch

= 692 .
T ln 2
W21
1
.
, n
= n =
h/( T )
W21
e
1

10.3. =
10.4.
10.5.
11.1.
11.2.

3
m
+ T ln p .
2
4
mn
m3p/12

h , ; W21
/W21
< 0, 01 >

>

T
ln 101, < 2 h/(T ) ln 101 11 .
h
E
W
1
11.3. 21 = n = E/( T )
e T 1, 6 1017 .
W21
e
1
8 2 u 1 R
, N1 , N2
11.4*. N2 N1 
L
c2

(),
u
.

I.


:

t
l = l0 1 2 , t =  0 ,
1 2

l0 ; t0
; V , ; c ;
= V /c.
.
(
V x
, x x , y  y , z  z ):
x + V t

x= 

1 2

y = y ,

t + x V /c2

z = z,

t= 

z = z,

t = 

1 2

:
xVt

x = 

1 2

y = y,

t xV /c2
1 2

= V /c, c .
: 

Vx =
Vy .

Vx V
,
1 Vx V /c2

Vy =

Vy 1 2
, Vz
1 Vx V /c2

:
m0 V

p = mV = 

1 2

V , m0 , m
, V ( ).
, V :

m= 

m0
1 2

224

:
dp
= F,
dt

p .
T :

T = mc2 m0 c2 ,
m0 , m V .
E :

E = mc2 ,
c , m ,
V .
E p
:
E 2 = p2 c2 + m20 c4 .
-
,
, , .
:
h = T + A,
h , T
, A
.
0 ( 0 ) , :

0 =

A
.
h

, .
( 0, 1 ) ( < 0, 1 ). ( ):
= (1 cos ),
c = 2h/(m0 c) , c
0, 2426 1011 ; m0 ; .

I.

225

.

( ). E
:
E = h ;
p k:

p = hk,
k = 2/.
, p:

2h
.
p

E p:


i
(r, t) = 0 exp (Et pr) ,
h

0 ( ).
() E p, ,
.
,
.
|(r, t)|2 ,
- r, t. ,
.
.
. :

x px 2h,

y py 2h,

z pz 2h.

f ( ,
) ,
-

f .
.
x ( ), (x)
, f f .
8 . .

226

f ,
f , :

f  =

+


(x)f(x)
dx,

(x) , - (x).
:
x
= x.
:

p x = ih

.
x

(x) = U (x).
U
:
h
T =

2
.
2m x2

= T + U
= h
H

2
+ U (x).
2m x2

z = ih .
M

f (x, y , z), :

f = f0 ,
f0 . (x, y , z) , ,
, .
f
f0 , .
f ( ), f
() .

( ).
( ):
= E0 ,
H

I.

227

= (x, y , z) H
( ), E0 .

:
ih

(x, y , z , t)
(x, y , z , t) .
= H
t

( ),
, .
D
.
D :


b 
D = exp 2
2m (U (x) E)/h2 dx .
a

:


1
En = n +
h ,
2

n = 0, 1, 2, ... .

rn (Ze
, m , k=1/40 ):

rn =

h2 n2
,
kZe2 m

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

En =

k2 Z 2 e4 m
,
2h2 n2

n = 1, 2, 3, ...

n, l, ml , ms :

(r, , ) = n,l,ml ,ms (r, , ) .

n
En :
k2 Z 2 e4 m
En =
, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2 2
2h n

l
Ml :

Ml = h l(l + 1) , l = 0, 1, 2, ... , n 1.
8*

228

ml z :

Mlz = ml h;

ml = l, l + 1, ... , 1, 0, 1, ... , l 1, l.

s () :

1
Ms = h s (s + 1) , s = .
2

ms z :

Msz = ms h;

1
2

ms = .

,
( ).
. En 2n2 ,
n .

:


1
1
=R
2 ,
2
n

n , n ,

; R ,
,

R=

k2 e4 m
.
2h3

B =

eh
.
2m

2l = 2B l(l + 1),

l = 0, 1, 2, ...

z :

lz = B ml ,

ml = l, (l + 1), ... , 0, ... , (l 1).

z sz :

sz = B .

I.

229

j j j
:
j = gB j,
j , j h; g
( ).
:

g=1+

j (j + 1) + s (s + 1) l(l + 1)
.
2j (j + 1)

,
(
s: , , .).
,
(
s: , -
K - .).

g(E) =

dN (E)
,
dE

dN (E) ( ), dE .
:

n =

eE/( T ) 1

E , T
, .

:
1
n = (E)/( T )
,
1

E , T
, , . :

N0 =

1
(E)/( T )

N0 .

g(E)dE ,

230

n =

1
(E)/( T )

+1

1
(EEF )/( T )

+1

E , T
, , EF
. :

N0 =
0

e(E)/( T ) + 1

g(E)dE ,

N0 .
( )
V ,
J :
dN (E)
d
1
g(E) =
= (2J + 1)
.
3
(2h) dE

dE

d = 4p2 dpV

,
, (p, p +
+ dp), k (k, k + dk), E (E , E + dE), V
( E = hck = pc).
:

g (E) = 2

d
4p2 dpV
E2V
=
2
=
.
(2h)3 dE
(2h)3 dE
2 c3 h3

g (E) =

2 m3 2 V E 1

h
2

/2

, ,
.
,
.
( ) M , -

I.

231

2 :

M =

d
,
dS

d , 2
, dS.

(/2 ).

, c
2
( ) :
dM
E =
,
d

dM ,
2 ( , + d)
;

E =

dM
,
d

dM ,
(, + d) .
E E :

E =

2c

E .

E - (/2 ), E (/3 ).
a 
:

a =

d
,
d

d ,
dS
( , + d); d d ,
. a ; a 1.
, ;
, a 1.

232

.
( )
:
E
= f ( , T ) .
a

1. f ( ,T ) ,
T .
2. E

a
E : E = a E .
u ( ),
:

u = u(T ).

(/3 ).
u :

u =

du ()
,
d

du() u,
( , + d).
u :
du ()
u =
,
(.1)
d

du() u,
(, + d). u (/3 ), u
(/4 ).
M
u:
1
4

M = cu.
E , E
u , u :
1
4
1
E = cu .
4

E = cu ,

I.

233

( ):

u =

h 3
,

/
2 c3 eh ( T ) 1

u =

16 2 hc

5

/( T )

e2ch

.

max =

b
,
T

max , u
E , T , b (b =
= 0, 0029 );
T
max = 2, 8
,
h

max ,
u E , , T
, h .
:

u(T ) =  T 4 ,
 ,  =

2 4
;
15c3 h3

M = T 4 ,
2 4

.
, =
60c2 h3
:

u =

T 2

2 c3

h
 1.
T

k
(
m, a
,
):

 

ka 
=2
sin  .
m

234

()
a:

k (n, t) = Ak ei(tkan) ,
k (n,t)
n (n ); ; k
; Ak .
k,
.
:

k .
a

, . E
p k
:

E = h ,

p = hk.

2hm
p =
,
a

m = ... , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, ... p
.

1 . .
U U U0 :
x

U = U0 + U = U0 + V

3 4T 4

2 h s
2

max

3 3

x3 dx
,
ex 1

x = h/T .
D , :

D = hmax ,
max ;

max = (6 2 n)1/3 s,
s , n
.
T  D ( ):
.. = 3n ,

I.

235

n ,
.
T  D :
.. =

2 2 4 T 3
,
5 h3 s3

s .

, .
,
.
.
1.
,
, .
2.
.
3. , ) ; )
.
.
:
d2
+ 2 (x) = 0.
dx2

2 (x) =

2m

h2

[E U (x)], U (x) -

, U (x) = U (x + a), a .
:

(x, t) = P (x)ei(tkx) ,
P (x) a.
k ,
2m/a, m . k
:

k .
a
a

p = hk
:

h
h
p
.
a
a

236

E
p: E(p).
k: (k).
m ,
1
d2 E
,
=
m
dp2

E(p) .
:

ne2
,
m

n ,
, m , e .
,
, , ,
, ,
.
, T
EF : T  EF .
:
/

EF =

(3 2 h3 n)2 3
,
2m

n , m
. EF
.

, .
( ) :
9
T
C = n
.
2

EF

, , .

.
( )
.

I.

237

n- .
p- .
:

nn = Qn e T ,

Qn =

h3

mn T
2

3/2

mn ,
.
:

np = Qp e T ,

Qp =

h3

 m T 3/2
p

mp ,
.

, n-
, p-
.
:


nn = np = ni = Qn Qp e 2 T ,
= + ,
.


:

nn np = n2i .
:

nn e2 n
n e2
+ p p = nn eun + np eup ,
mn
mp

nn np , n p , mn
mp , un up
.
.
np- , n-, p-.

238

.
np- .

, np-. -
:
 eU

I = I0 e T 1 ,
I , I0 , , U .

W12
1
2, ,
.
W21
,

, W21
:

W12
= W21
= W21
.

W21
W21
2 1
n:

W21
= n.
W21

W21
W12 ( ) 2 1:

W21
n
= 2.
W12
n1

.
3
c
B12 = W12
;
3
2h

A21 = W21
;

.
B21 = W21

c3
.
2h 3

I.

239

1 2; n
, n =

2 c3
u . :
h 3

W12
n = B12 u ,

W21
= A21 ,
.
W21 n = B21 u ,

: 1)

n , W12
n, u , B12 ; 2) A21
; 3)
n ,
.
n,
W21
u , B21 .
:

B12 = B21 ;
A21 =

2h 3

c3

B21 .

( x)
j(x):

j(x) = j0 ex ,
j0 x = 0; = (n2 n1 )
1
2 n2 n1 .
n2 < n1 , = (n2 n1 )<0,
.
,
j(x) = j0 ex .
n2 n1
( ): n2 > n1 , = (n2 n1 ) > 0,
.
.

II.

1 ... =
= 103 /(NA )

1, 66057 1027

1,660571024

1,602191019

4, 803241010 q

K,n = 2h/mn c

1,319591015

1,319591013

K,p = 2h/mp c

1,321411015

1,321411013

K,e = 2h/me c

2,426311012

2,426311010

B = eh/2me c

9,274081023 /

9,274081020 /

mn

1,674951027

1,674951024

mn c2

939,573

mp

1,672651027

mp

me

938,279
0,910951030

me
2

1,672651024

0,910951027

0,511003

NA

1, 38066 1023 / 1, 38066 1016 /

8, 31441 /()

8, 31441 107
/

6, 6720 1011 2 /2

6, 6720 108
2 /2

1, 25664 106 /

0 = 1/(0 c2 )

0, 88542 1011 /

6, 02204 1023 1

III.

1, 05459 1034

1,054591027

241

R = k2 me e4 /2h3 ,
k = 1/(40 ),
R = 2, 07 1016 1 R =
R = 20 me c4 e4 /32 2 h3 ; R = 1, 09737 107 1 = 1, 09737 105 1
R = R/(2c)

= 2 4 /(60h3 2 )

5, 67032 108
/(2 4 )

5, 67032 105
/(2 4 )

0,0029

0,29

= 0 ce2 /(4h)
( = e2 /(
hc))

1/137, 036

1/137, 036

2, 99792 108 /

2, 99792 1010 /

F = NA e

0, 96485 105 /

a0 = /(4R )

0, 52918 1010

0, 52918 108

re = 0 e2 /(4me )

2, 81794 1015

2, 81794 1013

III.

, /3

, /3

2,45

13,6

1,00

4,5

(. .)

1, 293

103

2,1

5,46

2,54

1,60

6,02

7,28

11,7

8,65

D2 O

1,10

2,35

19,0

BeO

3,03

1,83

CH2

0,89

NaCl

2,18

19,8

CsCl

4,04

242

IV.
. .

III. . .

243


125
186
71
201
100, 108
70
76
169
32, 33
33
- 199
76
228
178
178
65
214
215
215
32
94
73, 227

77
77
196
51
186
99
175, 186
,
146
, 146
212
T 3 155

143
171
171
154
130
126
132
134
143, 148
185
159
161
159
159
204
204
204
209
76
123
124
148
147

26
75
59
90
73, 87, 227
74, 87
74, 87
87
75, 228
201
30

196



105

189, 194
- 31
125
213

210
210
210
209
25
75, 89, 228
139
139
139
139
213
215
217
16
13, 14
93, 228
92
93
93

76, 216
99
91
137
38
194
66
101
43
46
, 44
47
46
45

245

49
44

213
31
10
88
204
204
204

138

100
49
127
, 128
180
, 125
176
185
185
185
185
199
26
78
134
26
69
11
23
76
67, 105
103
16
36
100
185
64, 227
- 33
26, 224
70
111

246

114
49, 50
113
jj 100
,
99
99
126

212
99

145
176
144
89
101
49
28
52
53
53
36
77
124
77
125

77
150
75, 89
-
96
44
109, 116
54
152
122
122
182
100
np- 200
200

np-
201
201
201

97
201
99
64, 227

98
98
98
83
74, 87

90
75, 89
75, 89
139
135
34

55
54
26,
224

192, 193
38
95, 229
100, 108
146
78
30
131
134
26
22
22
22
49
111
78
79
185


212

105
101
101
164
164
163
194
176

247

119
201
123
159
66
66
139
113, 179
28
173