Mid Term Exam Review Part I (30 M.C.

questions) Chapters 3-6 Chapter 3- questions 1-5 Summarize Daltons Atomic Theory List the five parts of Daltons atomic theory: 1. All matter is composed of small particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. 3. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. 5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged. Which two parts of Daltons atomic theory were modified for the modern atomic theory?#2 (isotopes of atoms of the same element are different in mass) and # 3 (atoms are made up of even smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons) Summarize Thompsons Cathode ray tube experiment Thompson discovered the electron which is a negatively charged particle. Summarize Rutherford gold foil experiment Rutherford discovered that atoms are made up of mostly empty space and have a very small, sense central region of positive charge called the nucleus. Atom anatomy (determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons) Be able to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a neutral atom. What makes an atom neutral is the equal number of electrons and protons cancelling out their charges. 2 questions about the atom anatomy. Ex: An Oxygen atom has an atomic number of 8 & atomic mass of 16. It has 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons. Chapter 4-questions 6-11 Describe how an atoms gives off electromagnetic energy An electron has to absorb energy to go from the ground state to the excited state. When an electron goes from the excited state to the ground state it emits (gives off) energy. Describe the 4 Quantum Numbers First Quantum #: Main energy level-the rows on the PT Second Quantum #: Sublevel/shape. s-spherical, p-dumbell, d-asterick, f-sunburst Third Quantum #: Magnetic quantum #=number of orientations=# orbitals in a sublevel Fourth Quantum #: Spin quantum #: only two options, up spin or down spin. Relate Energy levels, sublevels, orbitals and number of electrons (2 questions) How many orbitals & electrons are in each sublevel? S sublevel has 1 orbital with 2 electrons, P sublevel has 3 orbitals holding 6 electrons, D sublevel has 5 orbitals holding 10 electrons, and the F sublevel has 7 orbitals holding 14 electrons. Describe an atom using electron configurations (2 questions) If give the electron configuration, need to be able to figure out what element it is for. Ex: (Ar) 4s2 would be the electron configuration for Calcium. Chapter 5- questions 12-17

 Describe the roles of Mendeleev and Moseley in the periodic chart (2 questions) Mendeleev arranged the elements by chemical and physical properties & atomic mass. Moseley arranged the elements by atomic number Describe how the periodic chart is setup (terms and families) Rows on periodic table=period Columns on periodic table=groups or families How many elements are in the S & P blocks? two elements in the S and 6 elements in the P. Describe the relationship between an elements location and its sublevels Know where the S, P, D, & F blocks are on the periodic table. Show the relationship between configurations and an elements location on the table Will be given an electron configuration and asked to identify where the element is on the periodic table or what group or period the element is in. Ex: (Ne) 3s23p5 What groups and period is this element in? This element is chlorine, it is in group 17 (the halogens) and is in period 3. Describe the location of elements and their general properties Know where the metals, metalloids, & nonmetals are and be able to explain their general properties. Chapter 6- questions 18-24 Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds TO REACH A LOWER POTENTIAL ENEGRY Describe ionic and covalent bonding Ionic Bonding: has a greater difference in electronegavtivity between two elements. Occurs between a nonmetal and a metal (a cation and an anion), and creates very strong bonds between elements due to the complete stealing and donating of electrons. Covalent Bonding: bond between two nonmetals resulting in a sharing of electrons. Nonpolar covalent bonds happen between diatomic molecules, and consists of an equal sharing of electrons. Polar covalent bonds happen between two different elements, where there is an unequal sharing of electrons. Describe why most chemical bonding is not pure (% ionic character) Bonds always are consisting of some % ionic character, they are rarely purely covalent or purely ionic. List the steps in drawing Lewis structures 1. Count the valence electrons 2. Determine the central atom: Hydrogen is never the central atom, Carbon is always the central atom, if neither of those are in the compound, its the element with the lowest electronegativity. 3. Glue (using bonding lines) the other atoms to the central atom 4. Fulfill the octet rule (all elements want to have 8 valence electrons in their outer energy level) for all atoms in the compound Draw a Lewis Structure Define how to determine bond strengths in ionic, covalent and metallic bonding Ionic: the lattice energy determines the bond strength between the ions. Covalent: the bond energy determines the strength of the bonds between atoms. Metallic: Enthalpy of vaporization determines the strength of the bonds between metals

 Compare the distinctive properties associated with ionic and covalent bonding Ionic: high melting point, high boiling point, brittle, and hard. Covalent: have lower melting points and boiling points than ionic Questions 25-30 will be given to you because we never covered the chapter 7 material. 6 points for free :)