97% of the 10 billon animals tortured and killed each year are farm animals. Factory Farming. n.d.

Last Chance For Animals. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.lcanimal.org/index.php/campaigns/otherissues/factory-farming>. This article is about how farm chickens are slaughtered. It also tells us about how the chickens have a common disease. Boiled chicken carries a disease with them because of bad living conditions. It also says that the chickens breathe in ammonia day after day. Thats the cause of the disease. They dont get fresh air. They also provide information on the farm factory pigs also. Due to inappropriate breeding strategies that favor growth over bird welfare, 90% of broiler chickens have trouble walking. One study of 34,000 pigs found that 65% of the animals had "pneumonia-like lesions" in their lungs. This article is creditable to our group because it provides facts that we are able to put out for the world to know. As consumers, we have the right to know what were eating and putting into our bodies. We are just as fragile as these animals. Animal Welfare. Grace. n.d. GRACE Communications Foundation. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sustainabletable.org/274/animal-welfare>. Animal Welfare is about farm factory animals living conditions. As humans, our bodies are able to consume many things. One of them is animal meat such as chicken, beef, and pork. Animals play a big part in our human lives. The article stated that the animals provide us fiber and consumptions of recycled nutritions. Today, farms animals are stored in industrial factory. Animals in factories have poor living conditions on industrialized or factory farms. We should worry about this. We are the consumers of these animals. If these factory animals are in a bad condition and have a sickness, we as the consumers, are able to get the virus from them. This article also stated, In every stage of development on a factory farm, animals suffer needless mutations and cramped, confined living conditions. The article not only talks about the living conditions, it also breaks down how the factory slaughters the animals, the process of their growth, etc. This article is creditable because it provides plenty of informations that were able to use. It not only just give us information about one topic, it covers most of the topic that is a source to the group. Belsie, Laurent. "Chicken tenderly." Christian Science Monitor 06 Nov. 2000: 11. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. This article is about how American farmers who wants to raise animals more efficiently are actually hurting the animals they raise. The article stated, The label should help consumers sort out how their meat, eggs, and milk was produced, which isn't always readily apparent. For example, meat labeled "natural" by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) means the animal did not receive growth-enhancing antibiotics or hormones, but says nothing about its living conditions. As a consumer, I want to know whats going into my body. The fact that a consumer buys from a company that sells organic food doesn't mean he or she is backing a "humane practices" farm. Producers of naturally raised livestock sometimes run conventional operations, too - often out of necessity. This article is useful for us because it gives us information that is going to be able to help us out on our research. It will give us ideas to input into our research. It also provides detailed information.

Bittman, Mark. "A Chicken Without Guilt." New York Times 11 Mar. 2012: 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://global.factiva.com.proxy.lib.csus.edu/ha/default.aspx>. This article is about improving the animals' living conditions. It is pretty well established that animals are capable of suffering; we've come a long way since Descartes famously compared them to machines, things that has no feelings or emotions, that are created on Earth to serve mankind. This article gives us four ways to fix this issue. First, we can improve the animals living rights, two we can reduce or eliminate animals consciousness, three we can consume fewer industrially raised animals, or four, reduce consumption, period. It also gives us solutions on what we can make a difference in animal consumption. This article is creditable because it shows us different ways on how we can improvise on what we eat. We are able to improvise on our foods and reduce animal factories. Thus leads to less animal cruelty and reduce in animals living in factories. Bruckner, Donald W. "Considerations On The Morality Of Meat Consumption: Hunted-Game Versus Farm-Raised Animals." Journal Of Social Philosophy 38.2 (2007): 311-330. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24th Feb. 2014. The article examines the morality of eating meat produced from hunted-game animals and farm-raised animals. According to the author, eating meat from hunted-game animals is considered to be morally preferable as compared to meat from farm-raised animals. Hunting has been divided into three different subcategories such as trophy hunting, sport hunting and varmint or nuisance animal huntings. He mentioned about how factory-farmed animals were abused and suffers discomfort such as mother pigs, which are isolated in gestation crates. Other topics discussed included the positive economic impact of hunting and value of hunting for food as activity. This article is creditable because it provides plenty of informations that were able to use. It not only just give us information about one topic, it covers most of the topic that is a source to the group. Buller, Henry and Carol Morris. Farm Animal Welfare: A New Repertoire of Nature-Society Relations or Modernism Re-embedded ? Sociologia Ruralis 43:3 (2003): 216-237. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. This paper uses the farm animal welfare debate to explore changes in society animal relations by looking at the farm, farm animals, and the notion of farm animal welfare itself. Eating animals is essentially impenetrable. It is necessary to breed, raise, kill, and eat farm animals. The paper argues that moral and ethical concerns have driven pressure for improved farm animal welfare legislature. Meat produced by improved animal welfare conditions is marketed as an acceptable moral gain. Burkholder, JoAnn, et al. "Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality." Environmental Health Perspectives 115.2 (2007): 308. Burkholder, Weyer, Heathcote, Kolpin, Thorne, and Wichman write about the contaminants from animal waste affecting the environment through runoff form poorly constructed manure lagoons. The authors write that the United States produces 133 million tons of animal waste per year, some of which is used as manure; however, a large portion of the animal waste is left on farms to sit. The authors also write about how livestock are given antibiotics go promote more rapid growth, which is highly unsafe for the animals, especially when living in such confined spaces on

farms. Farmers also fail to properly dispose of animal carcasses, which contribute to the water quality problems. This article is considered credible as it was published in the Environmental Health Perspectives academic peer-reviewed journal. We plan on using this information to discuss the side effects of having too many animals on a farm and not properly discarding of waste. Having too many animals on one farm leads to a poor environment, which makes the animals more susceptible to illnesses, which leads to dangerous side effects of the antibiotics used to treat the animals. Cassuto, David N. "Bred Meat: The Cultural Foundation Of The Factory Farm." Law & Contemporary Problems 70.1 (2007): 59-87. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. Cassuto writes about how chickens on factory farms are treated. The female, egg-producing chickens are debeaked and toe-clipped. Since the male chickens do not produce eggs, they are usually destroyed shortly after birth. Cassuto also writes about the federal and state laws protecting animals and setting their standards of living. However, the USDA excludes poultry/chickens in its definition of livestock. Many states have laws prohibiting cruel treatment to animals, however, with the thousands of animals on one factory farm, farmers claim they do not know of the poor conditions of their animals. This source is considered credible as it was published in the Law and Contemporary Problems magazine of Duke University School of Law. We plan on using this information to discuss the different types of laws existing to protect animal rights and their living conditions. This information will also be used to illustrate the unnecessary and cruel debeaking and toe-clipping of chickens. Cassuto, David N. The CAFO Hothouse: Climate Change, Industrial Agriculture and the Law Animals & Society Institute Policy Paper (2010): 1-34. Web. Cassuto jumps straight to his point of factories and companies maximizing animal protein output and climate changes as a result. He uses logos to prove his point. In the United States itself, 9.5 billion animals are slaughtered for food (12). Methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide from livestock makes up over 7% of the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Cassuto demonstrates ethos when he talks about the Pew Commission Report. According to that report, Americans are eating 45 more pounds of meat per year than they have over 50 years ago (14). Because of this demand for animal products, there is an expected increased in 2015 by 35% and this increase will swell GHG emissions from the agricultural sector (14). Cassuto is educating his audience and by using logos he is capturing the audiences attention. With the use of future results, he is triggering pathos for the audience is thinking of their future and what they want to do in order to help prevent catastrophe. "Farm Animal Cruelty." American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farm-animal-cruelty. In ASPCA this organization fights for the animals in the factory farms rights, they want to change the factory farms to more open field type farms. Animals in the factor farms live such sad and horrible environment where most do not eve see the light of day. They are trapped in those houses or buildings until it is time for them to be taken to the slaughter house. There are lots of animals who live in these factory farms; there are chicken, pigs and cows. So far this website talks about Farm Cruelty, Farm animals, and options to how we can change all of this. This website gives us ways we can fight factory farms and gives us information on the animal and about what things are in the factory farms.

This website will be useful for our group because it covers the factory farms and the slaughter houses. ASPCA gives us information what animals are on these factory farms and how they are being treated. This website also gives us extra information to how we can fight back against these factory farms. In my opinion fighting back against these factory farms needs to be in motion now because of people getting sick from the meat we eat from these factory farms. Farm Animal Welfare. American Humane Society. n.p, n.d. Web. 26, Feb. 2014. The first welfare certification program in the United States was created by American Humane Society. This certification program ensures that certified producers are handling farm animals at the standards set by American Humane Society. They began in 1877 in Ohio to protect livestock such as cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry, from inhumane treatment. This program is open to any kind of producers who meet the standards if raising and handling their animals. "Farm Sanctuary." Farm Sanctuary. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.farmsanctuary.org/>. In the Farm Sanctuary, has a topic just on factory farms. Factory farms are the dominate U.S food production, anyone who eats meat will most likely buy meat from these meat factory. Not only are the animals abused and forced to live in extreme confinement the works have to work long and hard by collecting the animals and killing them in the slaughter factories. However these employers way of treating the animals while collecting them are not to be looked passed. The abusive ways these employers treat these animals will cause harm to them and also us, the consumers. After the animal has died on the way to the slaughter houses these works still use their meat and allow the meat to go pass and into the stores that will sell the meat. This website also includes a lot about how the amount of animal fesses that is created by these factory farms can pollute our air and put a great strain on our natural resources This website gives a lot of information of how these factory farms harm not only the animals but us consumers as well. For those who do not care about the environment of the animals this website should be able to convince these people that eating meat from these factory farms will cause harm to our bodies because we are not educated enough with where our meat comes from and how these meat we buy and eat were before getting into the stores; also how these factory farms cause effect the air we breathe. The huge amount of fesses of the animals unhealthy droppings creates disgusting smells that even nature cant handle. Glass Walls. Screenplay by Paul McCartney. 2013. Video. In this documentary called Glass Walls is about factory farms for chicken, pigs, and cows. In this documentary Paul McCartney asks what if these buildings had glass walls, what is something we will see. The video shows some graphic shots of how chickens are treated when being caged and the rapid growth of these chickens bodies effects the way they grow greatly. Chickens are considered the worse treated animals out of all the other animals. They are forced into a small cage with at least ten other chickens and sometimes thrown into the cages creating bruises on the animal. While on the trip to the slaughter houses some chickens do not make it because of how badly they were hurt during the caging process. In my opinion chickens and all the other animals are not meant to live like this; animals are supposed to live free in the fields, to be able to run around and grow at their own pace. These factor farm animals suffer as soon as they are born and have to live like objects until their death. I believe factor farms like this should create a better environment for their animals because being put into

such small buildings can also put us humans in danger when eating these animals full of hormones and drugs. I have heard of cases where kids are dying because they ate some beef from local fast food places. Also reasons why this documentary or video will be a good source for us to us is because this has everything we need to focus on the living conditions of the factor farmed animals and how the slaughter house are like. In the video it also shows very graphic shots of how these animals are killed in the slaughter houses. Gruen, Lori. Ethics and Animals: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge UP, 2011. Print. Gruens purpose is to make us realize how we treat animals around us. For example, she talks about chicken slaughterhouses. Approximately 7,500 chickens are killed at an hourly rate or two birds per second. She goes in depth with the process such as birds getting shackled upside down and hung by their feet. Their heads are dipped into an electrified water tank so they could be stunned. Next, sharp blades slice their necks. Then, they are dropped into a tank that leads to de-feathering and dismemberment. Gruen is credible because in the back of her book she is giving credit to where it is due. In addition, she has statistics in this book to help support her claims. She is using pathos when she is describing the process of these chickens because she adds on about the flaws of the blades and water tank. Because the chickens are moving so fast, some of them arent stunned properly and that allows them to move around and try to wiggle free. As they are struggling, they are being sliced around their neck and if the human killer isnt able to catch them in time, that chicken will be boiled alive. The human killer is the person in the room who is in charge of grabbing those that are not stunned or slit properly. If they arent properly killed, you have to pick up a knife yourself and slit their throat (76-77). Healthy Growth for U.S. Farms." Scientific American Apr. 2009: 32. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. This article is about the Congress and the FDA must upend the nation's agricultural policies to keep its food supply safe. The security of our food supply is at risk-in ways more noxious than anyone had feared. Plants and animals are not the only ones getting sick, however. New evidence indicates that our agricultural practices are leading directly to the spread of human disease. Modern factory farms keep so many animals in such a small space that the animals must be given low doses of antibiotics to shield them from the fetid conditions. The article provides facts are able to help us come up with extravagant ideas. Not only that, it give us background information that is helpful to make our research paper stronger. Humane Methods of Slaughter Act. United States Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Library. 27th Feb. 2014, n.p. Web. 17th Feb. 2014. <https://awic.nal.usda.gov/government-andprofessional-resources/federal-laws/humane-methods-slaughter-act.> This covers the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (HMSA) and what types of animals can be considered as livestock and what are considered acceptable methods of slaughter. The HMSA also discusses ritual slaughter exemption. In order to avoid unconstitutional impingement on the practice of religion under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment the HMSA that it will not hinder any religious practices or freedoms of any person or group. This source is considered credible, as it is a federal law that was passed in 1978. We plan to use this law as an example of what is being done to ensure animals are given proper treatment and

handling in USDA slaughterhouses. This law does not apply to domesticated birds, such as chickens and turkeys. Ibrahim, Darian M. A Return to Descartes: Property, Profit, and the Corporate Ownership of Animals Law and Contemporary Problems 70 (2007): 1-28. Web. Ibrahim focuses on the overcrowding, disease, darkness, mutilation, and little to no human contact on animals in factory farms. He uses an example with egg laying hens having four to five of them in a cage the size of a folded newspaper (2). Another situation: he talks about farm animals undergoing painful mutilations because there is no provision of pain relief after they are born (3). Ibrahim uses pathos when he says we are left with a dichotomous choice of consuming animal products or animals suffering in factory farms (4). The reason for this choice is because of the too high of a consumer premium and that leads to corporates cutting corners.This author is credible because he cites his sources and gives credit. He uses logos when he talks about organic milk. Organic milk simply indicates the absence of antibiotics and can cost up to thirty or forty percent more than factory farm meat (20). "In the Belly of the Beast." Rolling Stone Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://www.rollingstone.com/feature/belly-beast-meat-factory-farms-animal-activists>. This website gives you the perspective of living as one of the animals on farms. It gives facts and statistics of cheap meat. The inhumane changes in animal farms after big corporations took over family farms are shown and told. There are witnesses from workers in these farms that tell stories about what happen in these farms. Other workers are stressed due to the amount of animals they have to take care of, which leads to the abuse they put on the animals. Kistler, John M. People Promoting and People Opposing Animal Rights: In Their Own Words. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002. Print. In this book there are interviews of people who want to create a change in the ways animals/pets are being treated. The people are asked at least 12 questions plus. The main questions asked were how you plan to make this change and also what are your goals and strategies to make this change. Many of these people are so into their job that most of these people do not eat meat and live their life in a totally different life style than most people. Some of these people focus their study on animals. I believe that this book will be helpful because we can learn from how these people made this change and use these peoples experiences as advice to how we will do our project. Although these people talk about mainly their studies on animals there are some that talk about how people do experiments of animals and the cruel. Robert Cohen does research on cows and he informed others that cow milk does not do our human body any good because cow milk is for baby cows. The cholesterol in milk is equivalent to eating 53 slices of bacon. This is very dangerous for humans because most can die from heart attacks.

"Last Chance for Animals - Factory Farming." Last Chance for Animals - Factory Farming. N.p., 2014. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. This website focuses on factory farms. As soon as you access this website, in red bolded font you will see that 97% of the 10 billion animals tortured and killed each year are farm animals. This website is credible because it was published under a GNU General Public License. You are informed with not only one animal but see how other animals are affected by factory farms. Logos is used to help support the authors focus. For example, the beaks of chickens/hens are removed because there are five to eight of them squeezed into 14 square inch cages; because these cages are so small, the birds cant even spread their wings. Pathos is triggered throughout this whole website. The reason behind this is because factory farm leads to death. For example, if a cow is not properly sedated, they are hung upside down and get their throats slit. Lavendel, Brian. "Pigs And The Factory Farm." Animals 133.2 (2000): 18. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Lavendel writes about how pigs are generally treated and housed on factory farms. Many factory farm pigs never see the light of day and may never interact with a pig of the opposite gender. Female pigs are artificially inseminated to give birth and once they do give birth, they are inseminated again. Lavendel also writes about the poor living conditions of the pigs and how they are treated with antibiotics and given hormones. However, Lavendel writes that some pigs offspring develop antibiotic-resistant germs, which is a risk to human health. This periodical gives a look into pig factory farms, but also an alternative. Instead of keeping over two thousand pigs in one building, another option would be to allow pigs to graze freely and build nests. Lavendel brings up a good point on pigs being given antibiotics and hormones. If pigs are given better living conditions/allowed to graze freely, they would be less susceptible to sickness and disease. This source can be considered credible as it was published by the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the second oldest humane society in the United States. We plan on using this information to compare and contrast factory farm raised pigs that are confined to small crates and pigs who are allowed to graze freely. We also plan to use this information to show how pigs confined to small crates pose as a risk to human health. Lund, Vonne and Sven Hemlin and James White.Natural Behavior, Animal Rights, or Making Money - A Study of Swedish Organic Farmers View of Animal Issues Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 17:2 (2004): 157-179. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. Farmers tended to be less approving of concepts like animal rights, dignity, and intrinsic value. When analyzing correlations between the factors, two groups of farmers emerged that were only partially correlated, representing different attitudes and behavioral dispositions. These may be interpreted as two subpopulations of organic livestock farmers in Sweden: those who saw organic farming as a lifestyle (``pioneer attitude'') and entrepreneurs, who considered making money and new challenges more important. Their view of animal welfare differed. While the pioneers considered natural behavior a key issue, this was less important to the entrepreneurs, who also had a more approving attitude towards invasive operations such as castration and were more critical of the organic standards.

Matsuoka, Atsuko and Sorenson, John. "Human Consequences Of Animal Exploitation: Needs For Redefining Social Welfare." Journal Of Sociology & Social Welfare 40.4 (2013): 7-32. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Matsuoka and Sorenson write about the poor conditions animals on factory farms are forced to live in. Until the animals are killed, they are confined to small crates or cages, often left being unable to lie down or move. Matsuoka and Sorenson also write about how the poor living conditions affect not just the animals, but humans as well. Across the United States, there is an excessive amount animal fecal matter, which pollutes surface and groundwater. This can cause several types of cancers and disorders in humans. This article also discusses the poor environmental conditions in slaughterhouses and how more pain to the animal is caused because workers are using unsafe and unsharpened tools. While this article brings up good points as to why this type of animal exploitation is unethical, it also discusses how animal exploitation affects humans and environment. When farms have way too many animals, the fecal matter accumulates and while some of it is used as manure, most of it is left on the farm in storage, contaminating the land and/or water. The article discusses more the effects poor living conditions on factory farms and slaughterhouses have on humans than they do on animals. This article is considered credible as it was published in an academic peer-reviewed journal. We plan on using this article to illustrate how inhumanely animals are housed on factory farms and how the animals poor living conditions can affect human health and damage the environment. Mcleod-Kilmurray, H. "Commoditizing Nonhuman Animals and Their Consumers: Industrial Livestock Production, Animal Welfare, and Ecological Justice." Bulletin of Science,Technology & Society 32.1 (2012): 71-85. Web. McLeod-Kilmurray writes about how animals on hormones often suffer chronic pain and are constantly on the verge of structural collapse. She also describes how newborn male chicks are gassed, crushed, or thrown into trash bins to die from dehydration and how female chickens are kept in close quarters to each other, so they have to debeaked so they do not attack each other. The author also writes about females cows not being given time between pregnancies before they are artificially inseminated again. Regardless of the species, animals living on farms usually go through horn removal, debeaking, castration, or other type of procedures without any type of anesthesia. McLeod-Kilmurray also discusses how, despite animal protection law, there is a significant lack of improvement in North America regarding animal rights. This article is considered credible as it was published in a peer-reviewed academic journal. We plan to use this information to further discuss the inhumane treatment of animals on factory farms. This information will also be used for research regarding laws protecting animal rights and how factory farms are going around the law and cause unnecessary and cruel treatment to animals. Merz-Perez, Linda and Kathleen M.Heide. Animal Cruelty Pathway to Violence against People. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2004. Print. In this book, Perez and Heide discuss issues of cruelty across the many different types of animals. The authors provide and analyze both qualitative and quantitative data to spot the connections between childhood cruelty and adult violent behavior, using interviews and criminal records of violent and nonviolent inmates in a maximum security prison. According to research, animal cruelty is from humans who are from complex cultures.

Rohr, Janelle. Animal Rights: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. David L. Bender and Bruno Leone. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1989. Print. In Animal Rights, there are maybe stories that talk about the conditions of the animals in research labs, factor animals, and animal shelters. There are also arguments of why the researchers or the big meat corporations should stop treating animals this way. They argue that animals have feelings just like us humans and that animals are not objects. However the topic that stood out the most in this book was the conditions of the farm, the factor farms. In the factory farms the animals are put into a house or building that has all the animals squeezing into one tight areas this can cause any disease from traveling faster among the animals and also infecting the meat humans have to eat. This book will be a great source for our group to us because of the great amount of information on the factory farms and the arguments on why treating animals this way is bad. In our group we are focusing on the condition the animals, such as cow, chickens, pigs, and all the other animal mass produced for us to eat on a daily bases, and how they are being treated. The ways the animals are being treated is horrible and I believe this can be changed. Instead of the animals being trapped inside this huge building, the animals should be able to live free and on fields like how they are supposed to grow. Also after being treated so badly in these living conditions the animals are then killed in horrible ways. Scully, Matthew. "Pro-Life, Pro-Animal-Why Not Broaden Our Awareness of Suffering?" LexisNexis Academic. LexisNexis, 08 Nov. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Matthew Scully talks about how animals have their own moral dignity just the same as anyone else. Scully points out that the thing we are not protecting is the animals moral dignity; just because some people say they want to make a change in animal rights does not mean that they know exactly what they want to change. Scully also questions why we think so highly of ourselves, we are not anything special to be able to treat animals like this when their moral dignity is as high as our own. From this article by Matthew Scully I agree with him about the fact he questions why we humans feel so high and almighty to animals. In most cases we are the bottom of the food chain, the only we really have is the intelligence to create something that will help us survive. However animals have that same intelligence they just do not have the hands to create things like we do. Scullys article really puts people in their place while not trying to sound like he is attacking a person or a certain group. Sunstein, Cass R. The Rights of Animals: A Very Short Primer U Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper 157.30 (2002): 1-20. Web. Sunstein focuses on the animals status and well-being. He supports his purpose by explaining how we should focus on the areas that law offers very little or no protection at all (6). He says law should impose further regulation on hunting farming to ensure against unnecessary animal suffering (6). Sunstein mentions how if cows and pigs are going to be raised for food, they should be tended and cared for with food and space requirements. He uses the European Union as an example where they have banned the standard bare wire for caging hens (7). In addition, these hens will have access to a perch and area for nesting. Sunstein is credible because he is giving credit to where it is due in his research and alongside with that he uses pathos when talking about killing the animals. For example, he tries to sympathize with his audience to understand his viewpoint when he talks about killing animals and using them for food or using sheep to create clothing. He asks should animals be hunted and killed simply because people enjoy hunting and killing them (7)?

Sunstein, Cass R. and Martha C. Nussbaum. Animal Rights Current Debates and New Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print Cass Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum brought the different thoughts of contributors to discuss the legal and political issues that underlie the campaign for animal rights and the opposition to it. There are questions about ownership, protection against unjustified suffering, and the ability of animals to make their own choices free from human control. The authors were able to offer numerous different perspectives on animal rights and animal welfare through this book. They show that no matter what anyone thinks, the relationship between human beings and nonhuman animals is being fundamentally rethought.

Waldau, Paul. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. Print. Paul Waldaus purpose is to educate us about animal rights. He compares traditional law back then to what is happening to animal law in present day. He uses logos in order to help educate us. For example, in 1750 B.C.E., Babylonian Code of Hammurabi listed animals as valuable properties. From Roman law in the sixth century C.E., animals are the property of the captor. (82) Anti-cruelty protections were made but would only benefit individual animals not at society wide (83). If cruel practices were being done, anti-cruelty provisions refuse to get involved if it was widespread within a society. There was no chance (84). In todays society, there is a lack of enforcement. The reason for this is because there is no political will to spend taxpayer dollars for this priority (92). From this comparison, Waldau is using pathos in order for the common audience to feel sympathetic towards these animals. With pathos, he is achieving his purpose of educating us about animal rights. He is gaining the awareness he wants from his audience. This author is credible because he is giving credit to where it is due. In addition, his book is a part of the Library of Congress Catalog.