STAGED

PROCESSES
Bernardo Ruggeri
Oil & Gas Production
a.y. 2013-14
TYPES OF PROCESSES
SUMMARY OF SEPARATION
PROCESSES - SEE PERRYS
MEMBRANES GAS/GAS
PRECIPITATION
FLUIDIZATION
CENTRIFUGATION
ADSORPTION
DRYING
FILTRATION
GAS/SOLID
DRYING ADSORPTION SOLID/VAPOR
MIXING
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION
CENTRIFUGATION
ADSORPTION
DRYING
LEACHING
ION EXCHANGE
CRYSTALLIZATION
SOLID/LIQUID
CENTRIFUGATION EXTRACTION LIQUID/LIQUID
DEHUMIDIFICATION
DISTILLATION
ABSORPTION
STRIPPING
HUMIDIFICATION
VAPOR/LIQUID
PROCESS TYPE ACTIVE PHASES
EQUILIBRIUM STAGE
OPERATIONS
SEPARATION BY SHIFTING
EQUILIBRIUM
NET RESULT THAT COMPONENTS ARE
CONCENTRATED IN ONE PHASE
CHANGES REQUIRE EXTERNAL
ENERGY/MATTER INPUT (DECREASE
ENTROPY)
LIMITS TO SEPARATION ARE BASED ON
EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS
GIBBS PHASE RULE: F = C P + 2
VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (VLE)




Pxy
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
OTHER FORMS OF DIAGRAMS
Txy xy @ P
SYS
HENRYS LAW
FOR DILUTE SOLUTIONS
VARIOUS FORMS FOR CONSTANT
frac mole liq frac mole gas H x H y
frac mole atm H Hx p
A A
A A
/
/
=
' '
=
= =
TYPICAL VALUES
FIXED GASES IN WATER
SINGLE EQUILIBRIUM STAGE
SYSTEM CAN BE MODELED USING AN
INERT FLOWS MASS BALANCE
Eq. Stage
V
2
V
1
L
1
L
0
) 4 3 . 10 (
1
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
) 1 ( ) 1 ( '
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ' :
:
:
:
1
1
1
1
2
2
0
0
2 2 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0
1 1 2 0

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A A
A A
V L A A
V L A A
y
y
V
x
x
L
y
y
V
x
x
L
y V y V V
x L x L L FLOWS INERT
V H L h V H L h BALANCE ENTALPY
V y L x V y L x BALANCE COMPONENT
V L V L BALANCE OVERALL
SOLUTION OF MODEL
REQUIRES
EQUILIBRIUM
RELATIONSHIP

DETERMINATION
OF APPROACH TO
EQUILIBRIUM


x
y
TYPICAL EQUILBRIUM DIAGRAM
x
x
F
MULITIPLE STAGES
TWO PHASE PROCESS
LIQUID AND VAPOR FLOWS ARE IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS
THERE IS ENERGY TRANSFER VIA PHASE CHANGE
Qh
F
LB Fraction
HB Fraction
Qc
Qh
F
LB Fraction
HB Fraction
Qc
Qh
F
LB Fraction
HB Fraction
Qc
RECYCLE
PRINCIPLES OF STAGED
PROCESSES
MAXIMUM EXTENT OF CONCENTRATION
CHANGES
ARE BASED ON EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
DRIVING FORCE FOR TRANSFER DEPENDS UPON
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL AND
EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS
MASS BALANCE EQUATION
IS THE OPERATING LINE
SHOWS ACTUAL CONDITIONS
PRINCIPLES OF STAGED
PROCESSES
MASS BALANCE ON STAGES
DISTILLATION COLUMN
SYSTEM MUST BE NON-EQUILIBRIUM
FOR CHANGES TO ACTUALLY OCCUR
FEED
F
DISTILLATE
BOTTOMS
B
CONDENSER
REBOILER
F-1
F-2
F+1
F+2
x
y
FEED
BALANCES ON COLUMN
OVERALL



COMPONENT
F F F F
V L L V F STAGE FEED
B D V L F
+ = + +
+ = + +
+ 1 1
:
F F F F F F F F FEED
B D B D FEED
V y L x L x V y F x STAGE FEED
B x D x V y L x F x
+ = + +
+ = + +
+ + 1 1 1 1
:
ABSORBER MODEL
OPERATING LINE
EQUATION IS USED
TO RELATE STAGE,
n, TO ONE OF THE
TERMINAL POINTS
x
a
L
a
y
a
V
a
x
b
L
b
y
b
V
b
1 1
1
1 1
+ +
+
+ +

+ =
+ = +
n
a a a a
n
n n
n
a a n n n n a a
V
L x V y
V
L x
y
V y L x V y L x
OPERATING LINES
ENTHALPY BALANCES
MODELED WITH THE SAME EXPRESSION
REPLACE CONCENTRATIONS WITH
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY VALUES
SIMPLIFICATIONS FOR CONSTANT L/V
RESULTS IN A STRAIGHT OPERATING
LINE
APPLIES TO DILUTE SYSTEMS
a
a a a a
a
a
V
L x V y
V
xL
y

+ =
OPERATING LINES
OPERATING LINES
RIGOROUS EQUATION USING INERT
FLOWS:
(

=
(

x
x
x
x
V
L
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
V
x
x
x
x
L
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1 1 '
'
1 1
1 1
'
1 1
'
McCABE-THIELE MODEL
MODEL FOR PROCESS
PLOTTING THE OPERATING LINE AND THE
EQUILIBRIUM LINE ON THE SAME GRAPH
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM REPRESENTING
THE DRIVING FORCE AT ANY SPECIFIC
LOCATION (SEE FIG.)
McCABE-THIELE MODEL
x
y
TYPICAL EQUILBRIUM DIAGRAM WITH OPERATING LINE
ya
yb
xb xa
NUMBER OF STAGES
NUMBER OF EQUILIBRIUM STEPS
REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE A SPECIFIC
SEPARATION
MAXIMUM CHANGE ON EACH STAGE IS LIMITED
TO REACHING EQUILIBRIUM
PHASES FLOW IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS SO
EQUILIBRIUM FLOW EXIT FROM EACH STAGE
NUMBER OF STAGES IS BASED ON STEPS
BETWEEN OPERATING AND EQUILIBRIUM LINES
FROM ONE TERMINAL CONDITION TO ANOTHER
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION FOR
NUMBER OF STAGES
BASED ON EQUILIBRIUM STEPS
STAGES BY COMPUTATION
EQUATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE
OPERATING LINE AND EQUILIBRIUM
LINE EQUATIONS
INERT FLOWS METHOD IS
RECOMMENDED
TRIAL AND ERROR MATERIAL BALANCES
ON EACH STAGE, USING (10.3-13) AND
EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIP
COMPUTATION
SIMPLIFICATIONS
OPERATING AND EQUILIBRIUM LINES
ARE STRAIGHT
TYPICALLY DILUTE SYSTEMS
FOR CONSTANT L/V AND LINEAR
EQUILIBRIUM LINE
B mx y
V
L x V y
x
V
L
y
e e
a a
n n
+ =

+ =
+1
ABSORPTION FACTOR
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SLOPES OF
OPERATING & EQUILIBRIUM LINES IS A =
(L/V)/m
EVALUATE THE NUMBER OF STAGES BY
SETTING UP A GEOMETRIC SERIES KNOWN
AS THE KREMSER EQUATIONS
INVERSE IS KNOWN AS THE STRIPPING
FACTOR
CAN BE USED BASED ON VAPOR OR LIQUID
CONCENTRATIONS
ABSORPTION FACTOR METHOD
FIGURE SHOWS METHOD RAPHICALLY
KREMSER EQUATIONS
S STRIPPING FACTOR = 1/A
FOR ABSORPTION



FOR STRIPPING
A
A A mx y
mx y
N
N
ln
1 1
1 ln
0 1
0 1
(

+
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
( )
( )
( )
) 1 ( ln
1 ln
1
1 0
A
A A
m y x
m y x
N
N N
N
(

=
+
+