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1
Techniques of Estimating
During the Design Stages
Functional unit method
Superficial method
Cube method
Functional area method
Storey enclosure method
Approximate quantities method
Elemental method
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Functional Unit Method -
1
Examples of cost per functional unit:
(Used at Stage A - Brief)
Schools, universities, colleges - per
student
Hotels, hospitals - per bed
Restaurants, cinemas - per seat
Car parks - per car
3
Functional Unit Method -
2
Example:
Hospital of 640 beds
Cost per bed = $16,000
4
Superficial Method - 1
Cost per square metre of floor
area:
(Used at Stage A - Brief and Stage B -
Outline Proposal)
Example:
Project of 852 m2
Cost per m2 = $1,106
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Superficial Method - 3
Disadvantages:
Difficult to allow for effects of design
decisions such as plan shape, storey
height, quality, etc
Separate allowance must be made for
site works and external services
(Note: These also apply to functional unit and
functional area methods)
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Cube Method
Cost per cubic metre of building
volume:
(Could be used at Stage A - Brief and Stage
B - Outline Proposal, but obsolete!)
Example:
Project of 16,000 m3
Cost per m3 = $325
9
Functional Area Method -
2
More accurate than simple superficial
method
No published cost data
Not useful for “one-off” projects
Useful only for client body involved in
continuous and consistent program of
similar projects
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Storey Enclosure Method
Cost per square metre of building
envelope:
(Could be used at Stage A - Brief and Stage B -
Outline Proposal, but obsolete!)
Uses single price rate similarly to
functional unit and superficial methods
Incorporates cost effect of design
features such as height and shape
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Approximate Quantities
Method - 1
Cost per square metre of
building structure:
(Used at Stage C - Sketch Design and
Stage D - Tender Document)
Not single price rate method
Most accurate method
Uses actual construction rates for
each group of related items
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Approximate Quantities
Method - 2
Figure 5.1
Ground Slab and Foundation Detail
Ground Level
400 x 500
Reinforced Concrete
F42 Fabric
Polythene Sheet
150 Concrete Slab
150 Crushed rock
50 Sand Bed under
Polythene Sheet
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Approximate Quantities
Method - 3
Example per m2: $
100mm hardcore 9.50
50mm sand 2.50
Polythene 2.80
150mm concrete @ $125/m3 18.75
F42 steel fabric 4.25
50mm screed 4.00
Total cost per square metre $41.80
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Approximate Quantities
Method - 4
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Elemental Method - 1
Cost per m2 of NPWC elements:
Element groups used in Stage B -
Outline Proposal
Individual elements used in Stage C -
Sketch Design and Stage D - Tender
Document
(Note: For format of element codes and
makeup of element groups, refer to Topic
3)
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Elemental Method - 2
Element costs are expressed in:
Percentage of total building cost
Cost per m2 of gross floor area
Unit rate per m2 of element
Total element cost
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Elemental Method - 3
Advantages:
Flexible, adaptable method, suited to
Stages B, C and D
Easily understood by all parties
Facilitates comparison between projects
Facilitates analysis of cost implications of
design decisions
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Elemental Method - 4
Disadvantages:
Time-consuming
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Sources of Cost Data
Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook
(published annually, index updated quarterly)
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Selection of Estimating
Technique
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