2 -
2.1.
. 2.1
.
. 2.1
1 - GSM
,
Uplink
Downlink
, c.
(Bandwidth),
(Duplex
Distance),
(Channel Separation),
1
,
/.
GSM 1900
890-915
935-960
~33
880-915
925-960
~33
1710-1785
1805-1880
~17
1850-1910
1930-1990
~16
25
35
75
60
45
45
95
80
200
200
200
200
124
174
374
299
270
270
270
270
2.1.1.
,
.
. .
1 . :
1
GSM 1 ,
.
.
GSM
..
.
( ).
, , .
2.1.2.
,
. -
.
.
( 3 10 8 /.).
1.1.
=
c
f
(2.1)
, GSM 900 :
=
3 10 8 /
0.33
900
2.1 , ,
.
,
, .
, ,
. FM
.
, , .
2.1.3.
, , , uplink
MS BTS.
51
.
, ,
,
.
2.1.4.
,
(Frequency Division Multiple
Access - FDMA).
GSM -
, (Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel Number - ARFCN)
. 2
.
2
(Simplex)
(Half Duplex)
(Full Duplex)
, FM
,
( )
, , FM,
. ,
, , :
, - .
uplink, downlink.
.
.
2.2
52
GSM
. 2.2 -
2.1.5.
(uplink, downlink),
.
.
. . 2.3,
GSM 900.
. 2.3
2.1.6.
,
.
FDMA.
.
,
. . 2.4 .
53
. 2.4
. 2.4 , 895.4 895.6
.
200 .
.
2.1.7.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
. . 2.5
. . 2.5 ,
,
.
,
54
GSM
. ,
, .
. 2.5 -
2.1.8.
,
, .
, /.
/, GSM 270
/.
2.1.9.
, GSM 900 .
,
,
(, , ),
,
.
:
.
,
: , .
.
,
.
55
: 1 /.
1 .
, 200 /, 200
. ,
1 / 1 .
GSM
Gaussian modulation with Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
,
270 / 200 .
GSM GMSK
.
,
(, NMT-450).
2.1.10. : (TDMA)
(FDMA) GSM
(Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA)
.
TDMA
.
, .
TS - time slots (
). MS
TS uplink,
downlink.
, TS,
(burst).
TDMA GSM 8 .
, GSM 8
,
, . . 2.6
TDMA.
56
GSM
. 2.6 TDMA
57
2.2
2.2.1.
. .
2.2.2.
,
.
. 2.7
2.2.3.
- .
.
,
, .
2.2.4.
. 2.8
2.2.5.
.
( ), ( ).
() .
,
, .
58
GSM
, , ,
.
.
.
, .
. 2.9
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
59
2.3. ,
, .
.
2.3.1. (Path loss)
Path Loss (PL) , ,
- MS
BTS. PL (dropped calls),
,
BTS PL , , .
2.3.2. (Shadowing)
,
MS BTS ,
, , , ..
, (signal strength).
MS
MS BTS.
.
(fading dips).
. 2.10 ,
MS BTS.
.2.10 -
2.3.3. (Multipath fading)
,
MS BTS , ,
.
, ,
, , .
60
GSM
( ),
(Rayleigh fading). ,
.
,
.
MS .
. , GSM 900
17.
. 2.11
2.3.4. (Time Dispersion)
,
MS BTS.
,
,
, , .
2.12
61
, 1
0 . 1
0 MS ,
.
2.3.5. (Time Alignment)
MS TS
TDMA. ,
, MS BTS.
,
, MS, TS.
TS,
, ,
MS, TS (. 2.13).
MS
BTS.
.
TDMA-frame
TS0
TS1
TS2
A.
B. Far away
from BTS
B.
BTS
A. Close to BTS
. 2.13
2.3.6. (Combined Signal Loss)
, ,
, ,
.
.
MS
.
62
GSM
. 2.14 .
,
- , .
(path loss),
.
.
. 2.14
2.15.
. 2.15
,
( 2.15
). ,
100 dBm, (-104 dBm),
, .
63
, ,
,
dB, dB
.
.
64
GSM
2.4 ,
.
, ,
(BER Bit Error Ratio). BER
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
BER.
.
, ,
,
.
2.4.1. (Interleaving)
. ,
.
. ,
.
Interleaving ( ).
,
.
65
,
(1234).
, ,
BER 25%,
100%.
.
, 2.16,
,
. ,
25%.
, BER
25%. ,
,
.
2.16
. 2.17
2.4.2. (Antenna Diversity)
-
.
:
2.4.2.1
BTS
.
2 .
66
GSM
2 , ,
,
, .
, 3 dB,
12 18
25*(12 18*) .
.
900 6 , 1800 ,
- ( 3 ).
.
. 2.18
.
. 2.18
67
2.4.2.2
(-pol).
, , , .
, 45.
Tx/Rx . ,
,
.
2.4.3. (Adaptive Equalization)
,
, .
:
1.
, (training
sequence). BTS, MS.
BTS MS
BTS.
2. MS BTS
(
.
2.19,
S). ,
,
( ).
3. BTS MS
. BTS
, MS
BTS.
, ,
,
.
4. ,
BTS
.
,
.
68
GSM
. 2.19
BTS
,
100% - .
,
. ,
GSM (Viterbi
equalizer).
2.4.4. (Frequency Hopping)
, .
,
.
GSM
Frequency Hopping - MS BTS
, .
MS BTS
.
GSM 64
, 63
, .
. 2.20, .
N- TDMA 1,
N+1 C2. ,
69
,
.
. 2.20
2.4.5. (Timing Advance - TA)
( -
).
, BTS
MS.
BSC MS .
GSM
(3,69 ), 0 63.
, MS BTS
MS BTS (Uplink).
(AB - access burst)
(RACH random access channel).
. 2.21.
70
GSM
,
RACH, FACCH (Fast Associated Common Control Channel).
,
, 49 39
. ,
(GB - guard period), 68.25 ,
- 252 .
,
.
.
2.22.
. 2.22.
. 2.22 (tail bits) ,
.
MS ,
BTS , ,
. ,
0 ,
252 ,
.
.
GSM 35 .
(63 ).
71
,
,
TA
, 2.2.
R=
DRT
(TA)
2
(2.2)
TA ; DRT
,
(2.3)
DRT = v t
v 3 10 8 [ / ] ; t = 1 = 48/13 [].
72
GSM
2.5 GSM
GSM
.
- ():
- ()
-
-
()
73
. 2.24. /
( ).
:
2.5.1.1 (Sampling)
.
. 2.25.
"",
, .
.
,
(), ,
1/2fm.
74
GSM
, ,
,
. -
.
,
,
,
.
, , ,
300 3400 . ,
.
2*3.4 = 6.8 .
8 ,
.
2.5.1.2 (Quantization)
.
( )
.
,
, ,
-
.
. 2.26.
.
, .
. ,
256 , GSM
8192 .
75
2.26
2.5.1.3 (Coding)
1/0.
13 ( 213 = 8192 ).
, 2157 0100001101101.
2.27 2157
- 8000
13 .
104 /.
, 8 ( ),
8*104 / = 832 /.
,
( ) 1 ,
, 200 , , 8
832 /..
GSM
.
76
GSM
2.5.2. (Segmentation)
,
,
, , GSM
.
: ,
(
) ..
MS,
.
.
,
20 .
GSM
20 .
2.28
.
50
8000, -
.
2.5.3. 2 (Speech Coding)
13 ,
- ,
260 . ,
260/20 = 13
/. ,
PSTN.
2
, ,
GSM, .
77
2.29
.
(waveform coders ).
,
(vocoders). GSM
(Hybrid Coders),
.
GSM 13 /
. , 8
8*13 / = 104 /.
-
832 /.
.
:
()
78
GSM
. 2.30.
GSM 260 ,
, ,
, 456 .
260
:
1: 50
2: 132 -
3: 78
, 50 , (
), 3 ,
, 53 . 3
.
53 132
4 ( 189 )
1:2, 378 .
.
78 .
2.5.5. (Interleaving)
2.5.5.1.
,
456 20 .
, 8 57
. . 2.31.
79
. 2.31. 20 .
. 2.33.
80
GSM
. 2.34.
,
25%.
.
BER 12.5 %
57
20 ,
20
20 .
20 ,
MS 20 .
(burst) 12.5%
, .
2.5.6. (Ciphering/Encryption)
(Ciphering/Encryption)
(burst) ,
. GSM 5.
-
, , 456
20 .
81
82
GSM
Mobile equipment
GSM Network
Speaker
Transmitter
Modulator
33.8 kbit/s
Burst formatting
Ciphering
Interleaving
22.8 kbit/s
Channel coding
13 kbit/s
Speech coding
Segmentation
8 kHz
13 bits
A/D-conversion
Microphone
Receiver
Demodulator
Receiver
Demodulator
Transmitter
Modulator
Adaptive
Equalization
Adaptive
Equalization
De-ciphering
De-interleaving
De-ciphering
De-interleaving
Burst formatting
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel decoding
Channel Decoding
Speech decoding
Receiving part
D/A-conversion
Channel coding
13 kbit/s
D/D-conversion
8 kHz
8 bits
64 kbit/s PCM
Transmitting part
Receiving part
Transmitting part
. 2.35 .
83