Chuong 6.

Dang ton phuong

1. DANG SONG TUYEN TNH
1.1. inh nghia. Cho V l mot khong gian vcto n chieu. Tuong
ng duoc goi l mot dang song tuyen tnh tren V
neu tuyen tnh theo tng bien x, y. Nghia l:
ta c:
VD. Cho . Tuong ng cho boi
l mot dang song tuyen tnh
tren
: V V

x, y, z V, \ \X
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1) x y, z x, z y, z
2) x, y x, y
3) x, y z x, y x, z
4) x, y x, y
=
X = X
=
X = X
: V V
2
V =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
x , x , y , y x y x y =
2

1.2. Ma tran cua dang song tuyen tnh

Gia su l mot dang song tuyen tnh tren khong gian
vcto n chieu V v l mot co so cua V.
Cho hai vcto bat ky . Gia su v
tuong ng l toa do cua x v y trong co so E.
Khi d
at . Ta c (1)
: V V

i
E e : i 1, n = =
x, y V ( )
E 1 n
x x , ..., x =
( )
=
E 1 n
y y , ..., y
( )
( ) ( )
= =
= = =
1

= =

( )
= =
_ _
_ _ _
n n
i i j j
i 1 j 1
n n n
i j i j i j i j
i 1 j 1 i , j 1
x, y x e , y e
x y e , e e , e x y
( )
i j ij
e , e a : i, j 1, n = =
( )
n
ij i j
i , j 1
x, y a x y
=
=
_
K hieu A = [a
ij
] l ma tran vuong thuc cap n vi cc phan tu a
ij
.
Khi d (1) duoc viet dui dang ma tran: (2)
inh nghia 1. Bieu thc (1) hoac (2) duoc goi l bieu thc toa do cua
trong co so E. Ma tran A duoc goi l ma tran cua trong co so E.
inh nghia 2.
Dang song tuyen tnh tren khong gian vcto V duoc goi l dang song
tuyen tnh doi xng neu
VD. Tren dang song tuyen tnh cho boi
l mot dang song
tuyen tnh doi xng.
Nhan xt. Ma tran cua mot dang song tuyen tnh doi xng tren khong
gian vcto hu han chieu l mot ma tran doi xng.
( )
T
x, y x Ay =

( ) ( )
x, y y, x : x, y V = \
2

2 2
:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
x , x , y , y x y x y x y x y =
2. DANG TON PHUONG
2.1. inh nghia. Cho l mot dang song tuyen tnh doi xng tren
khong gian vcto V. Tuong ng duoc goi
l dang ton phuong tren V ng vi dang song tuyen tnh doi xng .
Khi d duoc goi l dang song tuyen tnh cuc cua .
VD. Tren cho dang song tuyen tnh doi xng
Khi d dang ton phuong tuong ng l duoc xc
dinh boi

( ) ( )
: V
x x x, x
.
. =

.
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
x, y x , x , y , y x y x y x y x y = =
.
2
:

.
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
x x, x x 2x x x . = =
Nhan xt.
Moi dang ton phuong chi c duy nhat mot dang song tuyen tnh
cuc v ta c
2.2. Ma tran cua dang ton phuong
Cho l mot dang ton phuong tren khong gian vcto n chieu V v
l dang song tuyen tnh cuc cua . Trong V xt mot co so
. Khi d, ma tran cua trong co so E duoc
dinh nghia l ma tran cua trong co so E.
.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
x, y x y x y
2
l
= . . .
l
.

.

i
E e : i 1, n = =

.
Gia su c ma tran l A = [a
ij
] trong co so E cua khong gian vcto V.
Khi d, vi ta c th
Bieu thc tren duoc goi l bieu thc toa do (hay dang da thc) cua e
trong co so E.
Dang ma tran cua bieu thc toa do cua e l:
.
x V
n
i i
i 1
x x e
=
=
_
( ) ( )
= = =
= _ _
1

. = = = =

( )
=
_ _ _
_ _
n n n
i i i i ij i j
i 1 i 1 i , j 1
n
2
ii i ij i j
i 1 1 i j n
x x, x x e , x e a x x
a x 2 a x x

( )
. =
T
x x Ax
2.3. Dng chnh tc cua dng ton phuong
2.3.1. D|nh nghia.
Gia su e l mt dang ton phuong trn khng gian vcto n chiu V.
Nu trong mt co so no d cua V, biu thuc toa
d cua e c dang
th (*) duoc goi l dang chnh tc cua e.
Ma trn cua dang chnh tc ny trong co so E l ma trn cho

i
E e ; i 1, n = =
1
2
n
0 0
0 0
A
0 0
l
X
l
l
X
l
=
l
l
l
X
l

2.3.2. Dua dng ton phuong v dng chnh tc bng phuong

php Lagrange.
Gia su l mt co so cua V v dang ton
phuong e trn V c biu thuc toa d l
TH1. Tn tai mt h s
a) Nu ta nhm cc s hang chua x
1
Trong d: khng chua x
1

i
E e ; i 1, n = =
( ) ( )
n
1 n ij i j
i , j 1
x x , ..., x a x x
=
. = . =
_
ii
a 0 =
11
a 0 =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 n 11 1 12 1 2 1n 1 n 2 n
2
11 1 12 2 1n n 2 n
11
x ,..., x a x 2a x x ... 2a x x ... x ,..., x
1
a x a x ... a x x , ..., x
a

. = .

= .

.
Dt
Ta c:
trong d: l dang ton phuong cua n 1 bin y
2
, ..., y
n
.
Lp lai qu trnh trn voi dang ton phuong . Sau mt s huu han
buoc ta thu duoc dang chnh tc cua
b) Nu voi i > 1 v ta lm tuong tu nhu trn voi
ch x
i
dng vai tr x
1
. Tuc l ta dt
1 11 1 12 2 1n n
k k
y a x a x ... a x
y x ; k 2, n
=
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 n 1 n 1 1 2 n
11
1
x ,..., x y ,..., y y y ,..., y
a
. = . = .
( )
1 2 n
y , ..., y .
1
.
.
ii
a 0 =
11
a 0 =
i i1 1 i 2 2 in n
k k
y a x a x ... a x
y x ; k i
=
= =
Khi d:
Trong d: l dang ton phuong cua n 1 bin
Lp lai qu trnh trn voi dang ton phuong . Sau mt s huu han
buoc ta thu duoc dang chnh tc cua .
TH2. Moi h s v tn tai mt h s
Ta dt:
Khi d ta c: . Nghia l trong biu thuc cua
dang ton phuong d xut hin cc s hang bnh phuong voi h s
khc 0. Ta tip tuc thuc hin nhu trong truong hop 1.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 n 1 n i 2 1 i 1 i 1 n
i1
1
x ,..., x y ,..., y y y ,..., y , y ,..., y
a

. = . = .
2
.
1 i 1 i 1 n
y ,..., y , y ,..., y

2
.
.
ii
a 0 =
( )
ij
a 0; i j = =
i i j
j i j
k k
x y y
x y y
x y ; k i, j
=
=
= =
( )
2 2
ij i j ij i j
2a x x 2a y y =
VD. Dua dang ton phuong sau v dang chnh tc bng php
bin di Lagrange
1)
2)
2.3.3. Dua dng ton phuong v dng chnh tc bng php
bin di trc giao
Trong khng gian vcto n chiu V, cho dang ton phuong
V A l ma trn di xung thuc nn A cho ha duoc boi ma trn
truc giao P v dang cho ha cua A l:
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
x , x , x x 5x 4x 2x x 4x x . =
( )
2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
x , x , x 2x x 4x x x 8x . =
( )
T
x x Ax . =
1
D P AP

=
(do P truc giao nn ). Khi d
Dt
Ta duoc dang chnh tc:
; voi l cc tri ring cua A
Nhu vy, dang ton phuong lun lun coa th dua
v dang chnh tc bng cch cho ha truc giao ma
trn A cua dang ton phuong.
1 T
A PDP PDP

= = =
1 T
P P

=
( )
( ) ( )
T
T T T T
x x PDP x P x D P x . = =
( )
T
y P x x Py = = = +
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 T
1 2 n
n n
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 n n
0 0 y
0 0 y
y y Dy y y y
0 0 y
y y ... y
1 1
X






X




. = = =









X
( )( )
= X X X

i
; i 1, n X =
( )
T
x x Ax . =
( )
T
y y Dy . =
Php di bin (*) c ma trn chuyn co so l ma trn truc giao
P nn phuong php ny goi l php bin di truc giao. Phuong
php ny dua vo quy trnh cho ha truc giao ma trn di xung
A nn cung duoc goi l phuong php cho ha truc giao ma trn.
B1. Vit ma trn A cua dang ton phuong trong co so chnh tc.
B2. Cho ha truc giao A boi ma trn truc giao P v c duoc
dang cho cua A l ma trn D.
B3. Kt lun: Dang chnh tc cn tm l
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 T
1 2 n
n n
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 n n
0 0 y
0 0 y
y y Dy y y y
0 0 y
y y ... y
1 1
X






X




. = = =









X
( )( )
= X X X

1 2 n
; , ,..., X X X
; voi D l ma trn cua dang ton
phuong trong co so truc chun tao nn tu cc ct cua ma trn
truc giao P ln luot l cc phn tu trn duong cho
chnh cua D.
Php bin di cn tm l: x = Py
VD. Dua dang ton phuong sau v dang chnh tc bng php
bin di truc giao. Nu r php bin di.
.
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
x , x , x 2x 2x 2x 2x x 2x x 2x x . =
2.3. Lut qun tnh
Tn tai nhiu phuong php d dua mt dang ton phuong v dang
chnh tc. Cc dang chnh tc ny thuong khc nhau nhung cc h
s trong dang chnh tc tun theo mt lut m duoc goi l Dinh lut
qun tnh.
D|nh l. (D|nh lut qun tnh)
S cc h s duong, h s m v h s bng 0 trong dang chnh tc
cua mt dang ton phuong trn mt khng gian vcto khng phu
thuc vo co so cua khng gian vcto d (tuc l khng phu thuc
vo cch dua dang ton phuong v dang chnh tc).
D|nh nghia.
S cc h s duong, h s m v h s bng 0 trong dang chnh tc
cua mt dang ton phuong duoc goi l cc chi s qun tnh cua . .
.
3. DANG TON PHUONG XC DINH
3.1. D|nh nghia.
Gia su l mt dang ton phuong trn khng gian vcto V. Dang
ton phuong duoc goi l xc dinh nu
3.2. D|nh nghia.
Gia su l mt dang ton phuong xc dinh
Nu > th duoc goi l xc dinh duong
Nu < th duoc goi l xc dinh m
.
. ( )
x 0 x . = = =
.
( )
x 0; x . \ =
( )
x 0; x . \ =
.
.
3.3. D|nh l.
Diu kin cn v du d dang ton phuong xc dinh duong l
tt ca cc h s trong dang chnh tc cua n du duong.
Diu kin cn v du d dang ton phuong xc dinh m l tt
ca cc h s trong dang chnh tc cua n du m.
H qua.
Dang ton phuong xc dinh duong khi v chi khi ma trn cua
n c tt ca cc tri ring duong.
Dang ton phuong xc dinh m khi v chi khi ma trn cua n
c tt ca cc tri ring m.
.
.
.
.
3.4. D|nh nghia.
Cho ma trn . Cc dinh thuc:
duoc goi l cc dinh thuc con chnh cua A
ij
n
A a
l
=
l
l
1 11
11 12
2
21 22
11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n
n1 n2 nn
a
a a
a a
..............
a a a
a a a
a a a
^ =
^ =
^ =

3.5. D|nh l. (Tiu chun Sylvester)

Dang ton phuong l xc dinh
duong khi v chi khi tt ca cc dinh thuc con chnh cua ma trn
du duong. Tuc l >
Dang ton phuong xc dinh m khi v chi khi A c cc dinh
thuc con chnh cp chn duong, cp le m. Tuc l:
>
VD. Tm m d dang ton phuong sau xc dinh duong
( )
n
1 n ij i j
i , j 1
x , ..., x a x x
=
. =
_
ij
n
A a
l
=
l
l
i
0; i 1, n ^ =
.
( )
i
i
1 0; i 1, n ^ =
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
x 2x x 3x 2mx x 2x x . =