. .

. .
. .

OL D ata Mwwg

O LA P

Data M ining -
,

A. .
. .
B. .
. .

O L A P hD ata MiNiNg


071900
654700

-
-
2004

 681.3.06(075.8)
32.973.26-018.273
26

26

. ., . ., . ., . .
: OLAP Data Mining.
.: -, 2004. - 336 .: .
ISBN 5-94157-522-
:
, (OLAP)
(Data Mining) .
: , .

. Data
Mining. -, Data
Mining, Xelopes,
.

681.3.06(075.8)
32 973.26-018.273

:

.
.

02429 24.07.00. 31.08.04.

7 0 x i0 0 1/i6. . . . . 27,09.
2500 . 3551
"-", 190005, -, ., 29.
, 77.99.02.953^.00153^
13.03 2002 Poccj

" "
199034, -, 9 , 12

ISBN 5-94157-522-

A A., Kynpi
. ., 2004
, 5


.................................................................................................... 9
Data Mfiting ..................................................................11
1. .................................................. 13
1.1. .......................................................13
1.2. ................................................................................16
1.3. OLTP- .................21
........................................................................................................................... 26
2. ......................................................................................27
2.1. ..............................................................................27
2.2. ...................................................................................................... 34
2.3. ....................................................................................................... 39
2.4. ..................................................................................45
........................................................................................................................... 45
3. OLAP-............................................................................................ 49
3.1. .................................................................................49
3.2. OLAP-.....................................................................................53
3.3. .......................................................54
3.3.1. ................................................................................54
3.3.2. .....................................................................55
3.3.3. FASMI.....................................................................................................57
3.4. OLAP-......................................................................................58
3.4.1. MOLAP............................................................................................................ 59
3.4.2. ROLAP............................................................................................................ 62
3.4.3. HOLAP............................................................................................................ 65
........................................................................................................................... 66
4. .......................................................... 67
4.1. Data Mining...............................................................................67
4.2. Data Mining.................................................................................................. 68

4.2.1. Data Mining................................................................ 68

4.2.2. ............................................................... 70
4.2.3. ............................................................72
4.2.4. ..................................................................................... 74
4.3. Data Mining.................................................................76
4.3.1. -......................................................................................76
4.3.2. ..........................................................................................................76
4.3.3. ......................................................................................... 77
4.3.4. ........................................................................77
4.3.5. ....................................................................................................... 78
4.3.6. ..............................................................................................79
4.3.7. ........................................................................................... 80
4.3.8. ...........................................................................80
4.4. Data Mining................................................................................................80
4.4.1. (predictive) ............................................................80
4.4.2. (descriptive) .................................................... ............ 81
4.5. Data Mining................................................................................................83
4.5.1. ..............................................................................................83
4.5.2. ..............................................................................................83
4.5.3. ................................................................................ 86
4.5.4. ..............................................................................................88
4.6. ............................................................................... 89
4.6.1. ................................................................................ 89
4.6.2. ........................................................................91
........................................................................................................................... 93
5. ......................................................................95
5.1. ...................................................................................................95
5.2. ..................................................................................... 96
5.2.1. .................................................................................96
5.2.2. ............................................................................................ 97
5.2.3. .............................................................................. 99
5.3. .........................................................99
5.3.1. 1-......................................................................99
5.3.2. Naive Bayes........................................................................................ 101
5.4. ...............................................................104
5.4.1. "................................................................... 104
5.4.2. .......................................................................................112
5.5. ................................................... 117
5.5.1. .................................................................................................... 117
5.5.2. . .......................................119
5.5.2. .....................................................................................120
5.5.3. Support Vector Machines (SVM).....................................................................121
5.6. .....................................................................................................124
......................................................................................................................... 128
6. ................................................................ 129
6.1. .................................................................................................129
6.1.1. .................................................................... 129

__________________________________________________________________________

6.1.2. ...............................................................................132
6.1.3. ................................. 135
6.2. ................................................................................... 137
6.3. ..............................................................................................................141
6.3.1. Apriori........................................................................................... 141
6.3.2. Apriori..................................................................146
......................................................................................................................... 147
7. ........................................................................................... 149
7.1. ........................................................................149
7.1.1. .................................................................... 152
7.1.2. , ,
..........................................................................154
7.2. ................................................................................... 156
7.3. .......................................................................158
7.3.1. .......................................................... ............... 158
7.3.2. ............................................................................159
.........................................................................159
...............................................................................161
7.3.3. ......................................................................... 162
-means (Hard-c-means)............................................................... 162
Fuzzy C-Means.............................................................................166
-.................................................... 168
7.4. ................................ 174
7.4.1.
...........................................................................................174
............................................................. 174
....................................................................................... 179
-......................................................... ............. 181
7.4.2. -............................................................ 182
-
........................................................ - ........... 190
-
...................................................................................... 191

-...............................................................................192
......................................................................................................................... 204
8. Data Mining............................................................................209
8.1. .............................................................................................. 209
8.2. CWM......................................................................................................209
8.2.1. CWM......................................................................... 209
8.2.2. CWM..............................................................................211
8.2.3. Data Mining.........................................................................................214
8.3. CRISP.....................................................................................................218
8.3.1. CRISP......................................................................... 218
8.3.2. CRISP..........................................................................218
8.3.3. CRISP...................................................................220

8.4. PMML....................................................................................................225
8.5. Data Mining............................................................................. 233
8.5.1. SQL/....................................................................................... 233
8.5.2. OLE DB Data Mining..............................................................235
8.5.3. JDMAPI......................................................................................... 237
.........................................................................................................................237
9. Xelopes..................................................................................241
9.1. .......................................................................................241
9.2. Model.................................................................................................. 244
9.2.1. Xelopes.......................................................................... 244
9.2.2. Model...................................................................................246
9.2.3. .............................................................................. 247
9.3. Settings................................................................................................ 248
9.3.1. Settings..................................................................................248
9.3.2. Settings..................................................................................250
9.4. Attribute...............................................................................................250
9.4.1. Attribute.................................................................................250
9.4.2. .............................................................................. 251
9.5. Algorithms............................................................................................252
9.5.1. ........................................................................................ 252
9.5.2. MiningAlgorithm....................................................................................253
9.5.3. MiningAlgorithm.............................................................. 254
9.5.4. ............................................................................... 256
9.5.5. ..................................................................................................... 256
9.6. DataAccess...........................................................................................256
9.6.1. ........................................................................................ 257
9.6.2. MininglnputStream................................................................................258
9.6.3. Mining-............................................................................... 258
9.6.4. , MininglnputStream.......................................... 258
9.7. Transformation.....................................................................................259
9.8. Xelopes.....................................................261
9.8.1. ........................................................................................ 261
9.8.2. .......................................... 264
9.8.3. .................................................................... 266
9.8.4. .................................................................. 268
.........................................................................................................................271
1. ..............................................................273
1.1. ...................................... 273
1.2. .............................................................................................277
1.3. ............................................................................... 279
1.4. ........................................................................... 280
1.5.
.................................................................................................286
1.6. ...................................................................... 293

___________________________________________________________________________ 7

2. .....299
2.1. ....299
2.2. ................................ 304
2.2.1. ................................................................304
2.2.2. ...... 305
2.2.3. ............. 307
2.3. ........................................................ 310
2.4. , ............311
2.5. .........................................................................314
2.5.1. ....................................................................................... 314
2.5.2. ...................................................................................... 316
................................................................. 316
................................................................. 317
............................................................. 318
2.5.3. ..................................................................318
2.6.
......................................................................................... 319
3. -....................................327
................................................................................................... 331
............................................................................................. 335

,
.
,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
, .
.

. ,. 7.4 . . .
,
. ,
,
. ,
, "
". , ,
.


, .

10

,
,
, .

:
- Data Mining
.
. Prudsys

.

Data Mining

2002 , Berkeley,

(5,000,000,000,000,000,000) . ,
23 . , ,
, .
2003 France Telecom (DSS system) 30,000
, a Alexa Internet Archive 500,000 .
, (Knowledge Dis
covery in Data workshop), 1989 ,
(1,000,000) .
KDD-2003

(1 = 1,000 , 1 = 1,000 ).
- .
-
Data Mining.
Data Mining ( Knowledge Discovery In Data
) ,
. Data Mining
, ,
.
Data Mining 1989
2003
. Data Mining
. , ,
, , . ,

12

Data Mining

, , . .
Data Mining
, - (Google)
(search engines) .
, ,
, , , , . .
Data M ining
(link analysis), ,
, .
Data Mining.
1970- 2-
,
, .

, OLAP,
Data Mining.

Data Mining .
Data Mining, ,
.
Data Mining.
Xelopes Prudsys,
Data Mining.

, .
,
Data Mining .
-, KDnuggets
, , , 2004

1.1.


.
, (. 1.1),
, , .
.


. ,
, , ,

.
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
, ().

(DSS, Decision Support System).
,
. ,
, :
;
;
.

14

, , ,
, ,
.
,
, -.
,
, .

,
.
,
.
.

.
,
, . .

. ,

. ,
(, ,

15

. .) ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,

. ,
.
""
:
-
.
;
-
, . -
;

,
, / (
) .
,
(. 1.2).

. 1.2.

16

.
. , OLTP (On
line transaction processing), ()
.
().
.
.
. :
-
SQL (Structured
Query Language);
.
OLAP
(On-line analytical processing),
;
.
Data Mining (" ").

1.2.
,

. ().
[! : ,
,
.
, , .
,
, .
- ,
.
, , ,
60- .
.
.

.

17

( )
Information Management System (IMS) IBM.
1968 .
,
.
Data Base Task Group (DBTG)
Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL).
DBTG 1971 .
,
,
.
Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) Cullinet Soft
ware, Inc.
. "
" relatio .

.
. , 1970 .
12 .
1.
. ,
. ,
, , .
,
, .
,
.
2.
,
( 2, 3).
, .
.
1 , , .

, .
.
,
.
3. NULL
, NULL.
0.

18

4. :
.
, .
: (,
), , .
, . .
.
5.
.

SQL.
6.

, .
(View).
.

( ,
).
7.
,
.
.
SQL.
8.
, ,
( ,
.).
9.
, ,
(
).
, .
10.
.
:

;

, .

19

, ,
, . .
,
, .
: .
,
.
11.
,
.
12.
,
.
,
.
.

, .
, ()
.
.
, .
().
, , ,
. :
1- , , ,
( );
2- , 1- ,
(
);
3- , 2- ,
(
) . .
,
. ,
, , .
,
BLOB

20

(Binary Large OBjects).

, .
, ,
.
-
.
.
. , ,
, ,
, .

,
( )
.
.
[!} ,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.
(ROLLBACK). ,
, (COMMIT).


.
, ,
( ),
. ,
, ,
,
.

. ,

21

.

.
.
,
.

.

OLTP-,
.
OLTP-
,

, , .
.

.
, ,
(, Executive Information Systems). ,
, ,
, - ,

. ,
, ,
.
,
.

1.3.
OLTP-
OLTP-
.
, ,
, .
, OLTP-,
.
, OLTP .
. I . I .

22

1.1

OLTP-

()

, 100 %

, OLTP
.

23

OLTP, , ,
. ,
,
(,
. .).
,

, . .
, ,
, ,
,
. .
OLTP-, , ,
( ).
" "
.

.
OLTP-,
, .
- .
(,
, ,
).
.
.
, ,
( ).
,
OLTP-, .
, .
.

, (view),
.
,
. (
) .

24

OLTP-
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. OLTP-
. ,
. , ,
(
, ).
,
, OLTP-
- .
, OLTP
,
. OLTP-
(,
). , ,
.
OLTP- -

.
,
(, ,
. .).
,
.
OLTP-, ,
,
. ,
(, )
, . .
. , OLTP,

.
.
.
,
OLTP-, ,

25

.
.
.

, , . .
, . .
, ,
. . ,
. . 1.3 Oracle OLTP,
. 1.4 ,
.

. 1.3.
OLTP

. 1.4.

OLTP-
, . .
.

, ,
.
OLTP- ,
,
.
,
.
OLTP
.

26

, ,
.
: ,
. -,
- .
, -
. ,
- ,
(OLAP).
Data Mining.
: ,
.
.
.

, .
,
-.
, ,
()
,
.
,

(OLTP-). ,
- .
OLTP-
- .
OLTP .
OLTP
.
OLTP-
.

2.1.
OLTP , ,
. 1.1, ,
().

. ,
, 1988 ., . 1992 . . "
".
,
.
,
OLTP- .

( , , . .)
, , , ,
( ).

() .
.
[! : -,
, , ,
.

28

.

. ,
(,
, , . .). ,
,
. ,
.
,
(,
-,
, ).

.
, ,
. ,
,
, -.
, .

.
.
.
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
,
.
.
,
. (. 2.1).

. , ,

29

, 1 % !
.
.
,
.
, , , ,
, . , ,
.
.
, .
(
) .
.

, .
()
. ,

.
(. 2.2).
:
, ;
, .

30

.

. ,
,
, .
,
.

. ,

, .

, .
OLTP-, , . .
.
.

.
,
, ,
. .
.

31

.
,
. OLTP-
,
.
.
,
,
. :

;

;
;
.
.

,
,
: , ,
, , .
,

.
,
, ,
. .


,
.

,
. ,
TPC-D, , 100
4,87 ,
.

32

( )

.
,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
. .
.

,
, ,

. ,

, .

,
,
. .
,
(Data Mart).
[! } ( ) ,
.
,
(,
,
). , ,
. ,
.
(. 2.3)

, .
:
;
;

.

33

(OLTP)

)
____

(OLTP)

(OLTP)

(LAP, Data
Mining)

(OLAP, Data
Mining)

. 2.3.

:
,
,
;
,
.

.
(. 2.4).

,
,
.
, ,
.
:
,

;
;
.

34

(OLTP)

(OLAP, Data
Mining)

(OLTP)

(OLAP, Data
Mining)

(OLTP)

. 2.4.

:
( , );
.

, :
() (. . 2.1);
(. . 2.2);
(. . 2.3);
(. 2.4).
/
()
.

2.2.
(. 2.5):
;
;
.

35

(OLTP)

(OLTP)

(OLTP)

( LAP,
Data
Mining)

. 2.5.

, .
, OLTP- (
, , .).
. ,
(, , , . .).
, (,
, . .).
.

.
(,
).
.
(, ).

() .
.
:
,
;
,
;

36

,
.
,
, .

.
,
. ,
.

. , ,
. ,
, .

. ( ).

, , , , :
( )
, . :
, ,
, . .;
( )
, .
, ,
(, , ,
. .);
( )
, , ,
;
( ) ,
.
(, ,
. .), ;
( )
(, , ,
, . .);
( ) ,
.
,
. .

37

,
.
.
, ,
,
(. . 2.5):
(Inflow) ,
;
(Upflow)
;
(Downflow)
, ;
(MetaFlow)
;
(Outflow) ,
;
(Feedback Flow) ,
.

. ,
:
.
, ,
. 60 %
.
, ,
, ETL- ( extraction, transformation, L
loading: , , ).
, , ETL-.
ETL-
.
ETL-
.
ETL- (. 2.6).
ETL-,

. :
1.
(,

38

, . .
:
OLTP- (
, );
.
2. OLTP- .
:
OLTP-,
;
OLTP-
;

.

t
t

(OLTP)

( LAP,
Data
Mining)

(OLTP)

(OLTP)

. 2.6. ETL-

,
.
:
(aggregation) .

. ,
,

39

.
, ;
(value translation)
,
. , , ,
. . .
,
;
(field derivation)
. ,
,
.

;
(cleaning)
.
, ,
, ,
"" .
,
.

, .
. ,
.

2.3.
, ,
. ,
, " ,
" "
. ,
.

.
:
;
;

40

;
;
.

.
.
, .
.
1. () ,
. ,
. ,
1000 10 000 "
"".
2. -
. OLTP-
,
,
. ,
( NULL).
3. , ,
. ,
,
. :
999-99-9999, 999,
99999. ,
, . ,
888-88-8888
- "" $99,999.99
, .
4. ,
, . ,
"" "" " "
10.
5.
, .
6. ,
.
(, ).

41

,
.
.
,
. :
: age = 22, bdate = 12.02.50.
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
, .
. -
,
:
(
, ):
empl=(name=MJohn Smith",...);
emp2= (name=" J. Smith", ...) ;

(
, ):
empl=(name="John Smith", bdate=12.02.70);
2=(name="J.Smith", bdate=12.12.70).

. , ,
, .
. ,
,
. :
: , ,
.;
;
-;
;
;
,
, . .

42

, ,
, .
, ,
. ,


,
, , ,
. .
, , ,
,
.
, :
;
;
;
.
.
.
.
: Data
Mining.

. , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
(, ) .,
.
Data Mining
, .
Data Mining,
, , .
. ,

-,
,
. ,

, . , 99 %

43

" = "
1 % .
.
, ,
.

.

.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.

, , - ,
.
.
.
. ,
, .
.


, ,
.

.

.
( ).
.

. (
, .,
. .)
.

44

,
. ,
,
, . .

(), , . ,


.
,
.

.
.
.
,

, .

.
.
, .

, . ,
.

.
, , .
, , ()
,
.

.

.
.

45

2.4.

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
, :
, ,
;
.
, , ,
.
,

,
.
, .
:
;
;
.
.
. 7,
:
;
;
.

,
.

, ,
.

.

46

,
.
.
-, , ,
,
.
: . ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
, .
: , ,
.
: , , , .
: .
, .
, .

.
,
.

, . ,
, ,
, , ,
, .

. ,
, , ETL-.
.

: , ,
, , .

47

:
, , ,
.

.

.

.
.

OLAP-
3.1.
. 2, ,

. . ,

.
.

.
. ,

. ,
, , . .

, . .
,
. ,
.
, , ,
,
. 1993 . . .
,
",
, . .
".

50

. , "
, "" , , .

.
, .
, (multi-dimensional
conceptual view) ,
,
.
.
.
, ""
: " ". ,

. , ""
: " " " ".
(Dimensions) ,
, (Measures).
,
, , . .

zzz^
///77

()

. 3.1.

,
(. 3.1) (, ,

OLAP-

51

,
). , .
:
(Slice) (. 3.2)
,
, .
, " "
, .
, ,
,
(, "", "", "" . .).
"" ,
.

/ / / V V
/ , . / / / . / .
/
A r : /~ /z 7
/
/
/ :/
/
/ /
/ /
/ s
/
/

\ \ Z.Z

/
//

//

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

. 3.2.

(Rotate) (. 3.3) ,
. ,


, .
,
, ,
(
).
,
"" (
), "" (

52

).
: "
, ""
.
"" "", ,
"", , ,
"" , ""
"" . ""
"".

""
"", , ,
"",
"" (: Pivot).

(Drill Up) (Drill Down) (. 3.4) ,

(down)
(up) ,
. ()
, ,
. ,

Drill Down "",
, "", " "
" ".
"'" "", "",
"" . .

OLAP-

53

. 3.4.

3.2. OLAP-

, OLAP-.
[BwmaHue!},OL (On-Line Analytical Processing)
,
,
.
OLAP-
, ( ad-hoc) -. OLAP- .
OLAP
. . 1993 . "OLAP -: .

12 , ,
.

54

3.3.

3.3.1.
12 , OLAP.
1. OLAP-
,
.
2. OLAP-
, , ,
.
3. OLAP-
, ,
, .
4.
OLAP-
, .
5. - OLAP-
-", . . ,
,
. ,
OLAP


.
6. OLAP-
, .

,
.
7. OLAP- .

,
.

8. OLAP-

OLAP-

55

. ,
,
.
9. OLAP-
,

, ,
. ()
,
.
10. OLAP-
, ,

. ,
,
.

11. OLAP-
, . .
.
,
.
, ,
^ , N
. , ,
, ,
(),
, .
12.
,
, ,
19 . ,
15,
20 . ,
.

3.3.2.
, - OLAP,
, , 1, 2, 3,
6 , 10, 11

56

. , 12
OLAP. 1995 .
:
13. OLAP-
,
.
14. OLAP- OLAP-
, :
, , .
15. OLAP-
.
, OLAP,
, .
16. OLAP:
OLAP-, -,
.
, .
17. OLAP-,
, .
,
.
18. OLAP-
.
17- .
, 18 ,
. , S, R D.
() :
( 1);
( 10);
( 3);
( 13);
OLAP- ( 14);
"-" ( 5);
( 2);
( 8).

OLAP-

57

(5'):
( 15);
OLAP:
( 16);
( 17);
( 18).
(R):
( 11);
( 4);
(
7).
(D):
( 6);
( 12);
( 9).

3.3.3. TeciFASMI
.
FASMI (Fast of Shared Multidimensional Information), 1995 .
(Nigel Pendse) (Richard Creeth)
.
, , ,
, . .

. , OLAP
: Fast (), Analysis (), Shared (),
Multidimensional (), Information ().
.

FAST () OLAP-
5 .
1 , 20 .
,
,
30 . <Alt>+<Ctrl>+<Del>,
,
. ,
, ,
.

58

, "
". ,
.

ANALYSIS () OLAP-
, ,
, .
,

.

.

SHARED () OLAP-
(,
). ,
.

.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL () OLAP-
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
INFORMATION () OLAP-
.
,
, .
. OLAP-
1000
OLAP-.
, ,
, ,
, . .

3.4. OLAP-
OLAP- :
OLAP- ,

OLAP-

59

. OLAP-
;
OLAP-
,
.
OLAP-
. ,
OLAP- ,
. , . .
, .
:
M O LA P
;
R O LA P
;
HOLAP
.
OLAP-
DOLAP JOLAP.
DOLAP (desktop) OLAP.
OLAP-,
,
.
JOLAP , Java, OLAP-API-,

OLAP. Hyperion Solutions.
, API, IBM, Oracle
.

3.4.1. MOLAP
MOLAP-
.
. .
, . .
.
,

.

60

, , ,
"" .
,
(. 3.1).
3. 1

07.03.99

690

30

07.03.99

830

40

07.03.99

500

25

07.03.99

700

35

07.03.99

600

15

07.03.99

1500

100

07.03.99

690

30

07.03.99

830

40

07.03.99

500

25

07.03.99

700

35

07.03.99

2000

50

07.03.99

2250

150

07.03.99

230

10

07.03.99

1000

OLAP-

61

OLAP-:
,
, . .

,

;

,
SQL
, .
, :

, , ( )
2,5... 100 ;

, ,

,
.
. ,
, ,
, .

,
;
.

, .

,
:
(
), . . ;
;

;

62

,
.

3.4.2. ROLAP
ROLAP- . ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, OLAP.

:
" (. 3.5) " (. 3.6).

Employee_Dim

'Li EmployeeKey

EmpioyeelD
EmployeeName

_ HireDate

CustonierJDini
Sales_Fact

CustomerKey
CustomerlD
CompanyName
ContactName
ContactTitle
Address

I f TimeKey
i f CustomerKey
: ShipperKey
ProductKey
o ....i--: 9 EmployeeKey

Product Dim
ProductKey
ProductID
ProductName
SupplierName

Li

CategoryName
ListUnitPrice

RequiredDate
LineltemFreight

City
Region
PostalCode
Country

LineltemTotal
LineltemQuantity
LineltemDiscount

Phone
Fax

Jim eJDim

TimeKey
TheDate
DayOfWeek
[Month]
[Year]
Quarter
DayOfYear

Shipper_Dim
ShipperKey
ShipperlD
ShipperNarne

Holiday
Weekend
YearMonth
WeekOfYear

. 3.5. ""

OLAP-

63

Em ployee_Dim
EmployeeKey
EmployeelD
EmployeeName
HireDate

Produ ctC ategory_D im

9 [CategorylD
^

|CategotyName

Oustom er_Dim
Product2_D im 1
Sales_Fact *
9 Timekey

ProductKey
ProductID

CategorylD
ListUnitPrice

CompanyName

CustomerKey
ShipperKey

ContactName

ProductKey

Address

EmployeeKey
RequiredDate

ContactTitle
City
*

LineltemFreight
LineltemTotal

CustomerKey
CustomerlD

LineltemQuantity
LineltemDiscount

Region
PostalCode
Country
Phone

_ Fax

Time_Dim

Li TimeKey
TheDate
DayOfWeek
[Month]
[Year]
Quarter
DayOfYear
Holiday
Weekend
YearMonth
WeekOfYear

. 3.6. ""

(Fact Table) (Dimension Tables).
, , ,
.
. :
, (Transaction facts).
(
);
, (Snapshot facts).
(, )
, .
;

64

, (Line-item facts).
(, )
(,
, , );
, (Event or state
facts). (
,
).
, , ,
. ,

.
,
.
,
, . .
.
, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
.

.
(
) , ,
( )
. , , ,
, "
.
"--" .

; ,
, ,
, .

"" (Snowflake Schema).

(. . 3.6).

OLAP-

65

,
,
.

, ,
.

,
.
,
,
,
,
" .
OLAP-
:

, ROLAP
.
, MOLAP;
,
, ROLAP-

, . .
;

.
ROLAP
. ,
MOLAP,
, . .
. ""

.

3.4.3. HOLAP
HOLAP- ,
ROLAP MOLAP. MOLAP,
, - , ROLAP
, .

66

HOLAP ROLAP
M O LA P . HOLAP
,
, ,
.

, ,
.

,
.
, . . .

.
. ,
.
:
, , .
OLAP-.
OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing)
. ,
,
.
OLAP- 12 ,
18 :
, ,
.
1995 .
FASMI, OLAP "
".
OLAP- OLAP- OLAP-.
OLAP- (MOLAP),
(ROLAP) (HOLAP).
MOLAP
.
ROLAP
,
.

4.1. Data Mining

OLAP-, . 3,
.
. ,
. , ,
. 1,
. . ,
.
,
.
,
,
" .
Data Mining.
1996 .
-.
[!} Data M ining "" (
, )
, , ,
, .
, ,
.

, .
, , .
, .

68

.
, ,
. ,
(, ),
Data Mining.
.
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
, . ,
.
Data Mining .
.
: , , .

4.2. Data Mining

4.2.1. Data Mining
Data Mining ,
. : , ,
.
.

. ,
, , .
, ,

.
, .

( ) .

,
.
(
) .

69

. ,
, ,
.

.

(descriptive)
.
. ,

,
.
.
(predictive) .

.
. , , ,
.
.
,
.
supervised learning (
) unsupervised learning ( ).
Machine Learning ( ),
Data
Mining.
supervised learning
. - Data Mining
.
. , ,
, .
,
,
, ,
. .
Unsupervised learning , ,
,
. , ,
.
unsupervised learning.

70

- .
.

4.2.2.
,
, . . . ,
,
:
. ,
( ): ,
, , . .

" "".

.
( )
.
(, ,
, : "", "", "
. .).

. ,
10 ( ).
,
.
.
Data Mining
'
.
, ,
.
:
, , . .;
;
.
:
( "
"");

71

( Mspam" "mail);
( 0, 1,..., 9).
,
:
{, }, {spam, mail}, {0, 1,..., 9}.
,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
:
,
, ;
, ;
.

.
.
:
, ,
. ,
;
,

;


.

( ).
.
,
(. 4.1).
. "+"

. ,
: "+"
.

72

, .
, "+

,
. .
,
, ,
, ,
,
, overfitting underfitting.
,
" " ,

. ,
,
. underfitting ,

. ,
,
.

4.2.3.

Data Mining.
.
.
.

73

,
().
(Basket Analysis).
,
, ,
, ,
. .
, . .
, , ,
, :
{, };
{, }.
, , ,
, , .
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
(, ).
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.

.

, .

.


. .
, ,
,
.

74

,
,
.
. ,
:
{5, 2, , , \9...},
\ /, 2
7. ,
, .
,
, , .

4.2.4.

"" , .
(cluster), , , .
, , , ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
. , ,
-: ,
, ,
. -
: , . ,

, .
() :
, - ,
. .
,
, ,
, ,
,

75

, . .

.
,
, ,
. ,
,
. 1869 . 60
. , ,
. ,
,
. 50
.
,
.
unsupervised learning.
, .
,
.
-
, . ,
, .
,
.
Data Mining, ,
, .

, ,
.
, .
-, (
). , , ,
, ,
.
-,
. ,
, /
.
: (/

76

), ( ), (
).

4.3. Data Mining

4.3.1. -
,
, Data Mining
-
Web-.
, ,
. ,
Amazon ,
"Customers who bought this book also bought...".
, ,

.
,

. Data Mining (fraud
detection).
Data Mining, .
, Web Mining.
Web Mining
Data Mining ,
, Web-.
. Web Content Mining Web Usage Mining.

" "
,
.
Text Mining. Web Usage Mining
Web- ( ),
,
.

4.3.2.
,
, , .
Data Mining, -

77

.
, .
, ,

. Data Mining
, . .
. Data Mining,
.

. "
,
?"

4.3.3.

. ,
,
, . .
,
25 % .
, 4 5 , ,
50 100 ,
. , ,
20 % .
, . 10 %
-
, $4 . ,
Data Mining, (churn
prevention), (fraud detection),
.
Data Mining
.

.

4.3.4.

Data Mining.
, .
, ,

78

. ,
,
. ,
Data Mining , , ,
.
,
, , ,
(,
,
. ). , , ,
Data Mining .
, Data Mining
, .
Data Mining

.

4.3.5.
,
, ,
Data Mining.

.
.
,
.
, , .
,
/, ,
,
. . Data Mining
, .

,

,

(Drug Design).

,

79

, .
,
,
.
,
Data Mining,
.
,
.
10 12 , $300 500 .
. Data Mining,
.

4.3.6.
Data Mining
.
, ,
.
,
, . ,

(Decision System
Support) Data Mining.
,
,
.
Data Mining ,
.
, ,
.
, . . " .
Data Mining ( , ,
.)
. ,
, , ,
, .

, . . ,
, ,
15 25 % .

80

Data Mining
,
, .
,
. , (,
), Data Mining,
.

, ,
. Data Mining
20 30 %.

4.3.7.
, ,

() . ,

, , . Data
Mining ,
(fraud detection).

4.3.8.
Data Mining ,
.
, ,
.

, , 4Td call .

4.4. Data Mining

Data M ining ,
.
: .

4.4.1. (predictive)

.

81

. , , ,
,
. .
:
,

.
;
,
.

.

4.4.2. (descriptive)

, , . .
.
. ,

,
.
:


. ,

, ;
(),
, .
(, ) (),
. "
" ,
.
, ;
(
, ), -
( ).
. ,
, ,

82

. : , ,
,
"" . "",
, ,
,
, ""
, , . , ,

, . . ,
. ,
,

;
.
, 30 ,
, , ,
, 5 ,
95 .
; ,
. , Data Summarization
- ,
,
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
,
;
.
, ,
X Y. .

Data Mining. , Data Mining
, , ,
, , ,
Data Mining
. ,
Data Mining.

83

4.5. Data Mining

4.5.1.
Data Mining ,
.
(2) , N . ,
,

.
,
, , .


. , , ,
. , (
, ),
.
,
, .
, ,
, , .
Data Mining ,
. , Data Mining
, .
,
. ,
.
.

4.5.2.

.

:
;
(, );
.
( )
(

84

).
:
( ,
);
( ,
;

).
:
(, ,
, ). ,
;
(
).

.
, ,
,

.

.
JI. . ,

.
,
.

.
,
. ,
. JI.
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
.

85

.
,
,
.
, ,
.
JI. :

.
.
,
.
, .
,
;
, .
.
, ,
, , ,
,
. ,
,
. ,

.
..., ....
:

..., ... ;

.
,
, .

, , ,
;
..., ...
,
.

86

, ,
,
.

, .

.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

:
> > > >
.
,
.

4.5.3.
()
, (
, )
.
, ,
.
,
,
. , ,

. ,
,
.

(). , Attar
Software -,
, , .
California Scientific Software
-,

87

. NIBS Inc.
, , -, , ,
.

, -

().


, :
,
;

, -
;
. ,
(, C++
. .), ,
;
- ,
-,
, ,
.

, . . ,

.

,
,
(
).
Data Mining
( ,
).
2
.

88

4.5.4.
,


.
(
).
(, )
.
,
(
- ,

).
.

,
( )
, .

.
, ,
, .

, , .
, ,
,
(,
, , a D ).
;
(
).
,
, ,
- .
, , ,
, ,

,
. ,

89

,
,
.
, ,
,
,
- , , ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
. , Haykin (1994, . 2)
:
[! -
,

. : (1)
(2)
,
.
, (1996), . ,

,
, .

4.6.
4.6.1.

Data Mining, , ,
. .
, ,
Data Mining
.

90

, (. 4.2):
;
();
Data Mining ;
;
.

. 4.2.

, Data Mining.

, . . .
,
Data Mining.
, , ,
, ,
.

91

Data Mining.

,
.
.
, ,
, . ,
, . ,
Data Mining, ,
.
.

,
. .
, Data Mining
. , ,
.
Data Mining
.
, ,
,
, .

Data Mining .

4.6.2.
, Data Mining
. ,
, .
.
Data Mining .
,
, :
, , ,
, . .
,
, .
,
, , , .

92

,
, ,
, .
Data Mining
.

Data Mining,
. -,
, .
,
, ,
. , . , ,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
Data Mining
( ,
).
.
, -, ,
,
- ,
. ,
, ,
, . .
, ,
.
().

().
, , , , , ,
Data Mining,
. .
,
, ,

93

.
.

, ,
.
,
, ,
(,
OLAP).
Data M ining (,
) ,
: , , ,
.
Data Mining :
, .
.
supervised learning ( )
unsupervised learning ( ).

.
,
, .

( ) .

,
.
(
) .
. ,
, ,
.
Data Mining
: , , ,
.
:
,

94

, Data Mining ,
, .
Data Mining
. .
Data Mining
: , , ,
.

5.1.

,
.
. :
I

{/], /*2, ? ijn ? ^ 7} ?

ij .
(. 5.1).

Het

5. 1

96

5 . 1 ()

:
//= {\,2, ...,xh,
xh , ^.
: , ,
. .
Data Mining
:
= { 2, ...,xh, ...,,}.
\ :
7

,
, . ,
{, ,
}.

= {\, 2,
..., } ,
.
R ,
.

5.2.
5.2.1.

,
.
: ,
.

97

: :
() ().

.
"", "" "".
. :
( = = ) ( = );
( = = ) ( = ) .

.
.
.
. ,
,
,
. , :
( = ) ( = );
( = = ) ( = ).

, ,
. .
,
, .

5.2.2.
,
. . 5.1
, . 5.1.

.

.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.
.
.

98

. 5.1.

, . .
. ,
,
, .
-
, , ,
.
.
,
(, ,
).

.
.
, ,
, . ,
, . 5.1, :
= = = ;
= = = ;
= = = ;
= = = .

,
. . ,
""
.

99

5.2.3.

.
( + 1)- . i} = {\, 2,
, } ,
:
yt = 0 + COj \ + 2 2 + ...+ (0, ,
0, ], ..., cow ,
.
,
.
.
, , 1 0.
1, 0.

. ,
. .
.
.
, = {, , }
{, 1, 2}.

.
,
. 1
, .
0. ,
: {001, , 100}.

.

5.3.

5.3.1. 1-

.

100

, "1 -" (1-rule)

lR -.
.
,
.
,
.
,
, .
, (
). ,
, .
, . 5.1,
, . 5.2.

5.2

( = ) ( = )

2/5

( = ) ( = )

0/4

( = ) ( = )

2/5

( = ) ( = ) *

2/4

( = ) ( = )

2/6

( = ) ( = )

1/4

( = ) ( = )

3/7

( = ) ( = )

1/7

( = ) ( = )

2/8

( = ) ( = ) *

3/6

, 1R
.

. ,
, .

101

,
.
, .
, , . 5.1,

:
8

||

12

15

15

| |

10

11

12

||

20

21

23

25

:
{ 4,5; 4,5-7,5; 7,5-10,5; 10,5-12; 12-17,5; 17,5-20,5; 20,5-24;
24 }.

(overfitting). , ,
, . .
. , ,
(. . ),
. ,

.
, 1R,
, .
,
. ,

.

5.3.2. Naive Bayes

lR -
. .

. Naive
Bayes, .
naive () ,
.
, .
, ij (. . = ),
( = ). ,
, ,

102

().
,-
. ,
:
( = r I ) = ( \ = ,.) ( = ,)/ { ).
, ,

.
:
\ = ch

2 =

... = ch')] = .

. ,
, (\ = )
:
( I = ,) = ( I = \ I = ) X ( 2 = ] I . = ,) X ... ( = '" I = ,).
:
( = ,. I ) = ( I = I = ,) ( 2 = ] \ = ,) X ... X
(= ? I = ) ( = ,)/().

xh ch
d :

P(xh = Cj I = ) = P(xh = 4

= ,)/( = ),

,
Xh~ ch
d - , .
, . 5.1
:
=

^(
^(

^(
/(

= 2/9;

= 4/9;

= 3/9;

= 3/5;

| =

^( = | = ) =0/5;
^( = | = ) =2/5.

103

( = ) ,
,., .
:
( = ) = 9/14;
/*( = ) = 5/14.

, ,
( )\
= ;
= ;
= ;
= ,

:
/*(= |) /^ = | = ) X
X /^( = | = ) X
X /^( = | = ) X

X ( = | = )*/>( = )/()\
/*( = | ) = /^( = | = ) X
X /^( = | = ) X
X /( = | = ) X
X /*( = | = ) X /*( = ().

, :
= I) = 2/9-3/9-3/9-3/9-9/14//>() = 0,0053

/ ()\

( = |) = 3/5-1/5-4/5*3/5*-5/14 / () = 0,0206 / {).

{) , . .
.
:

'( = cr \ ) = ( = | )/ % ( = , | ).
,
:

'(

= I) = 0,0053 /(0,0053 + 0,0206) = 0,205;

= |) = 0,0206/(0,0053 + 0,0206) - 0,795.

104

, ,
.

, ,
, ch
d
. 0,
, 0. ,
, .
.
,
.
,
.

,
.
.

, . . , .
.

| :
(*-)2
* )=

4 l

, .
/ () ,
(, - !2 + /2)
/ ().

5.4.
5.4.1. " "
,
",
,
, .

105

:
,
. , \
( ).
, , ,
, , ,
;
, .
.
,
\ 9 ch2 ,..., cn
h ;
2, ..., , ,
\ .
,
.
,
.
.
" ". ,
,
,
. ,
.

, .
(),
, ,
.
.
: ,
,
, , . .
("")
. .

.
:

, (prepruning).

106

" "
,
;
, " " .
JI. .
: " ";
. ,
, ;
, . .
.
,
,
. , . .
- .
,
" ", . "
" . , ,
,
, .
, , , 23 ,
, .
, ,

. :
, ,
? , JI. (L. Hyafill) . (R. Rivest) , NP-, ,
, .

(pruning).
()

,
. ,
, .
:
;
,
.

107

,
,
. ,
,
.
ID3 ,
ID3 4.5. ,
\\ (
).

(
), /,\, /,2, ..., ^.
xh \, 2,
, xh
/?1, ch2, ..., chm.
,
. .
(. 5.2).

. 5.2.

108

freq(cv, / ) /,
. ,
/ \

freq(cr ,7)

, . 5.1, ,
, 9/14.
,
, :

freq {cr,T)

Info () = - ^ f r e q >
MJlog4
7=1
V
,
. :
Info(/) = 9/14 1og2(9/l 4) - 5/14*log2(5/l 4) = 0,940 .
, /,,
:
m

^ 0 1,{) = ^,1\\0{,).
/=1

, :
= (5/14)-0,971 +(4/14)0+(5/14)0,971 - 0,693 .
:
Gain(x/,) = Info(7) - Info*/,(7).
.
:
()

= 0,247

()

= 0,029

Gain( ) = 0,152
Gain( ) 0,048
Gain().
,
.

109

. ,
.

2, ..., ,
.
,
, :
()

= 0,571

Gain( ) = 0,971
Gain( ) = 0,020
, ,
^? .
, . 5.3.

. 5.3.

: ,
(

110

),
.
, Gain(J0
. ,
,
. Info* ,
.
,
. ,
InfoY , , Gain(J0
.
4.5
ID3. (overfitting), . .
"" , . ,
,

, .
"", ,
, - ,
InfoY(7) = 0.
Gain(Jf) , ,
, .

,
.
4.5 .
, ,
, , . ,
Info(7), :
m

split in fo(*A) = - X | 7;| / | 7l

/=1

7! ) -

,
m .
:
gain ratio (*/,) = Gain(x/,) / split info (*/,).
.

111

, , ,
gain ratio. ,
log2 ^,
,
log2/7. ,
,
, , , , .
,
,
. ,
:

(> 1); .

. ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
.
X .
U .
, ,
:
In fo (r) = - X f r e q ( c , . , r ) / ( | r | - t / ) l o g 2 (freq(6V, r ) / ( | r | - t / ) ) ,
/ =1

/=i
freq(c/? 7)
.

112

:
Gain(X) = (\T \-U )/\T \ (Info(7))- Info*(7)).
gain ratio.
, gain ratio ,
n + 1 .
xh c/7b ch2, ..., /
.
, .
chl
, /? 1.
, , ,
,. ,
1,
\, 2 ... 1 :
|,| / (|71 - U), \2\ / (|7] - ),\ ,\ / (|7] - U).
, :
m
/= 1

: ,

.

5.4.2.
,
.
,
.
" " ,

. , . .
,
.
(. 5.4).

. , ,
-"+"
,
, .

113

. , ,
, . 5.3.

5.3

114

5.3

()

,
.
, , ,
. ,
, .
,
, :
1. (
), ,
,
, .
2.
,
.
3. ,
.
4.
.

.

115

, . 5.3. ,
,
:
(?) =

:
= - 2/8;
= 1/8;
= 1/8;
= 3/12;
= 1/12;
= 0/12;
= 4/12;
= 0/12;
= 4/12.

, :

= .

( = ?) =

, ,
. ,
, (. 5.4).

5.4

116

5 . 4 ()

, :
= 2/4
= 1/4
= 1/4
= 3/6
= 1/6
= 0/6
= 4/6

, . 5.5:
( = = )
=

5. 5

,
, :
= 2/2
= 1/2
= 1/2
= 3/3
= 1/3

117

, :
( = = =
) =

,
, ,
.

5.5.

5.5.1.
, ,
.
, ,
.


. , ,
.
. 5.5.

. 5.5.

(
),

118

,
.


:
(5.1)
F ; c(y,j{x))
(loss function), j{x,) ,
/
, () .
,
. , "
.
, ,
(, ).
f(x) =.
,
, ( ,
, ).
. ,
(
; +1,
-1) ( 0-1 loss
) 1 0
:

) =1 ( = -1
, ^ ) = -1, = 1 ), .
:

c'(x,y,j(x))
.

119

.

, ( ).
, ,
j ( x ) - y .
(,

).
,

(, ,fix)) = '{fix) - ).
j{x) - .

, ^,.
, :

c(x,y,fix)) = ( f i x ) - y ) 2.

(5.2)

5.5.2. .

: .
F

coo, coj,..., .
,
(5.1). , ,
(5.2), F:

f
:

120

R{f) Y,, :
:

Y ry = Y TYa >.
:
= {Yr ) 1Y 1.
.
/ .

5.5.2.
,
. (5.1).
F .
-
.
:

: -> '.
,
.
(. 5.6).

. 5.6.

.
,
. ,
( ),
.
.
Support Vector Machines (SVM),
, .

121

5.5.3. Support Vector Machines (SVM)

1974 . "
, .

, ,
Data Mining.
SVM
.
,
m- - 1 (
f(x )\ ,
. ,
. 5.7.

,
, ,
. d.
( )
. , ,
, .
, ,
(support vectors).
,
:

122

{< , x > + b - y j < 6 ,

\ y j- < ( d , x > - b < e

91.
*) , :
/( ) = < , >+,

9 ^ ,

9?,

<, > \ ,
0.
,
:
INI = >/( )
j{x)
~||||2 :
< , > + - ' <
\ y i- < w , x > - b < e

:
/ = 2 ( - - a i )< xi,x > + b ,

(5.3)

/=1

, * ,
:
! * ,- ; ) = < >
{ i=1
,., * [0, ]
)
.
), SVM
.
(19)
:

(, *'):= ( (* ), (*')).

123

{ , ) .
5.3 :
/ ( x) :=Z ( a - - , ) ( ) + .
/=1
SVM ,
, .
,
SVM ,
.
, .
, k (xh ),
. . 5.6
, SVM-.

(, ) =

) = ( +

5.6

{9) = (|| ~\\)

(, ) = tanh(y + 0)

SVM :
;
. ( , ),
;
, ;
overfitting;
.
:
;
;
;
.

124

5.6.
,
. ,
, :
, . .
.
,
( ) .
, ,
, (
). ,
. ,
, . ,
-
.
,
.
, ,
, . ,

.
.
, ,
. ,

, .
.
,
.

, .
,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, .
.
, , "" ,
- .

125

,

. ,
.
(,
, ,
, :
,
. .).
,
. ,
.
.
,
,
.
.
, . ,
3 ( ).
,
( ,
).
(
[0, 1]
),
. (. 5.8).

. 5.8.

126

, ,
, , . . ,
, , , .
, (
, , ). ,
,
, (
) ,

. .
,
(. 5.9).

, "", ,
, :
( )
. (. . "",
,
). (), .
,
.
,
, , ,
(. 5.10). ,
.
, .

. , ,
.

127

.

. (
, ) ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
-,
. .

.
, ,
. .
,
,
. , ?
.
, .

128

, ,
.

,
.
,
, , ,
( ) .
:
. , , , 1R
Naive Bayes.
,
. , ID3,
4.5 .

. ,
SVM.
1R
,
.
Naive Bayes

.
ID3 4.5 ",

, ,
.

.
SVM ,
m- , - 1
( fix )), ,
.

6.1.
6.1.1.

.
. ,
(itemsets), :

i, , ;
.
, , ,
- (. 6.1).

30.00

12.00

10.00

4.00

14.00

15.00

6.1

130

:
/ = {, , , , , }.
/, ,
.
I :

= , , 1 ) .
,
.
, ,
. , ,
:

\ = {, , };
= {, , }.
, ,
:
= {;,2, ...,, ...,rw},
m .
, :

D= {{, , },
{, , },
{, , , , },
{, , }}.
Data Mining D
. 6.2.

6.2

12.00

4.00

14.00

10.00

4.00

15.00

131

6. 2 ()

15.00

10.00

12.00

10.00

4.00

10.00

15.00

10.00

, ip
:

Dt = {Tr | ij Tr;j = 1..n;r = 1..m} D .

,
:

Deoda={{, , },
{, , },
{, , , , }}.
(itemset)
:

F = {ij | ij I J = 1..}.
,

F = {, }.
, , ^- (
2- ).
, F,
:

DF ={Tr \ F ^ T / , r = \..m } ^ D .
:
^{,}={{, , },
{, , , , }}.

132

, F,
(support) F
Supp(F)'
Supp(F) = ^ d .
{, } 0,5, . .
( 1 2), 4.

Suppmjn. (large itemset),
,
:
Supp(F) > Suppmjn.
,
:
Z = {F |S upp(F )> S uppmin}.
Suppmjn = 0,5 :
{} Suppmjn=0,5;
{, } Suppmin= 0,5;
{} Suppmin= 0,75;
{, } Suppmjn= 0,5;
{, , } Suppmjn= 0,5;
{, } Suppmjn0,75;
{} Suppmjn= 0,75;
{, } Suppmin= 0,5;
{} Suppmi =0,75.

6.1.2.

.

, .
.
.

133

S= {..., ip, ..., iq, ...}, q < p.

,
.

S = {(, 02.03.2003), (, 05.03.2003), (, 10.03.2003)}

,
( , , ).
: .

:
= {..., ip, ..., iq, ...}, Tj\zq<p, aiq = ip.
, S, S ;
, S
. ,
S .
S
, S,
. ,
, :
Supp(S) > Suppmin.

:
Z, = {S | SuppCS) > Suppmin}.


/. .
, ,
/ ,
.
,
,
, :

D= {{(), ()},
{(, ), (), (, , )},
{(, , ), ()}}.

134

,
. ,
.
. 6.3.

ID

6.3

(), ()

(, ), (), (:, , )

(, , ), ()

:
1 ,
, , .
, , {(), ()} 2/3, . .
0 1.
{(), ()},
( , ).
.
, ,
.

.
, , . 6.4.

01.01.03

15:04:23

1001

01.01.03

16:45:46

1001

01.01.03

18:32:26

1004

01.01.03

20:07:11

1005

01.01.03

20:54:43

1001

6.4

...

135

I ,
. Ss^
, sid.
(eid, t), eid , a t ,
. ,
sid :
*^sid = {(eid\, tt), (eid2, t2),..., ( eid, /)}.
, . 6.4, :

\ = {{, 15:04:23 01.01.03), (/, 16:45:46 01.01.03), (<q, 20:54:43 01.01.03),...};

\4 = {(, 18:32:26 01.01.03),...};
= {( 20:07:11 01.01.03),...}.

( t).
(, 0:12)
0:00

(, 0:25) (, 0:38)
0:15

0:30

(D, 0:53)
0:45

1:00

(, 1:25)
(, 1:42) (, 1:51)
I
1
1
1:15
1:30
1:45
2:00

. 6.1.

.
, , .

, , . , . 6.1
,
. , ,
{ , } : {(, 0:12), (, 0:25)},
{(, 0:38), (, 1:42)}, {(, 1:25), (, 1:42)}.
: {(, 0:12), (, 1:42)}, {{, 0:12), (, 1:51)},
{(, 0:38), (, 1:51)} {(, 1:25), (, 1:51)}, . .
.

6.1.3.

/
,
, . . ,
, . 6.2.

136

, . 6.1,
:
;
;
D ;
;
D ;

;
;
;
;
.

, /
. , , ,
, :
SuppCTp^SuppO;),
ij .
,
, , ,
. ,
S u p p {K0K0Cb.,
= 2/4, S u p p {Wa, } = 2/4, ..
0, 1 2.
}

,
, ,
, .
, , F - {/1/ /}
F = {Ig | I g /^ +1} ,

137

F = { i j 8 \ i e l g , /^ +1} .
.

. ,
/, .
.

.
, , .

, . . ,
.
:
, , ,
.
,

.

(/; 7)
(ijT). , ,
. , :
.
,
. , , ,
, ,
.

.
, .
, ,
, ,
.

6.2.
, ,
.
Data Mining.
, ,

138

.
:
;
.
:
() (),

(
), /, (
) , .
, :
(, ) ()

, ,
.
,
.
X Y,

1 / , / 7 = .

X = > Y , r X e I , Y G l , X v Y = q>.

.
. :
,
, .
, ;

, . , ,
- , . .
, .
,
;
,
.
, .
, . .
.
.

139

. , ,
F (. . X u Y = F),
, .
, {, , }
:

() () ;
() () ;
() (, ) ;
(, ) () ;
() () ;
() () ;

() (, ) ;
(, ) () ;
() () ;
() () ;
() (, ) ;
(, ) () .

,
. ,
.
.
(support) ,
. , , ,
~> Y , F ,
X Y:
SuPPX^Y =Supp/,

IDf=XuY
\D\

, , ,
, ,
S u p p (05) () S u p p {, , )

1/2.

(confidence) ,
X Y.
=> Y , X ,
, \
C o n f^ r =
I Dx I

= supp
Suppx

, , ,
, ,
, :
Coilf () () 2 / 3 ,
C o n f () ()

2/3,

140
C o n f (, ) (^)

15

Coilf () (, ) 2 / 3 .
, .
Y ^
, Y, . .:
C o n f ^ r = S^ PPvv-' 1' < Supp .
SuppA,
, Y
, => Y.
.
(improvement) ,
. ,
X Y, ,
X , , Y:

=>

_ 1Df=xvy 1_ SuppXuK
\DX \\DY \ Suppx SuppK

,
i m p r (, ) () 0 , 5 / ( 0 , 5 * 0 , 5 ) 2 .

, ,
Y , ,
, .
, . . ,
Y:

X => Y .
, . . SuppHeK = 1-S u p p K.
, ,
, . ,
. , :
(, )

, . . .
.

. , ,
.

141

, .
, :

= {

=> = { ),

= { => = &}
:

X = {/], 12} ^ Y {/3, /4 },

. . , ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
,
: , , .

. , ,
:
. < 10 . < 7.

,
10 ., , , 7 .

6.3.
6.3.1. Apriori
,
, , . Apriori
1994 . (Ramakrishnan Srikant) (Rakesh Agrawal). , :

:
SuppF < Supp^ , E a F .
, 3- {, , }
2- {, }, {,
}, {, }. , ,
{, , }, {, }, {, },
{, }, .

142

Apriori
. /- /-
. : (candidate
generation) (candidate counting).
/- .
/- ,
.
, -.
,
,
/- . 1- 1- .
.
:
Li = { 1- }
(k=2; Lk_!

; ++)

= Apriorigen(Fk-1)

//

t D
Ct = subset (Ck, t) //
Ct
.count ++


Lk = { | .count >= Suppmm} //

= \^jLk

, :
Lk ^- ,
.
(ij < ip, j <) F
Supp/r> Suppmin:
4 {(^1 >Supp,),(F2,Supp2), ..^(F^Supp^)},
Fj
Ck ^- .
(/, < ip, j < )
F Supp.

143

.
1. k = 1 1- ,
Suppmjn.
2 . = k + 1.
3. ^- ,
, .
4. ^-
. ^- ( - 1)
.
{ - 1 )-
( - 1)- q.
q , ,
(p.item -\ < q.item -1). - 2
(p.item] = q.itemb p.item 2 = q.item2, ..., p.iterru _2 = q.item*_2).
SQL- .
insert into Ck
select p.itemx, p.item2,
from Lit.! p, Lk_i q

p.itemk_lf q.item^!

where p.itemx = q.itemlf p.item2 = q.item2, .

p.item^! < q.itemk_!

p.itemk_2 = q.itemk_2,

5. D ,
*, .
, ( - 1 )
, . .
Lk-\. :

(1) - s
(s g Lk_!)

6. *
.
7. Lk *,
Suppmin. 2.

.

, . 6.1,
Suppmin = 0,5. \
( ) (. 6.5).

144

Supp

{0}

{1}

0,5

{2}

0,75

{4}

0,25

{3}

0,75

{5}

0,75

6.5

2, 3, 5
6 , :
Z ,= {{1}, {2},{3}, {5}}.
.
2 - , (. 6 .6 ).

Supp

{ U2}

0,25

{}

0,5

{ 1, 5}

0,25

{2 ,3 }

0,5

{2 ,5 }

0,75

{ 3, 5}

0,5

6.6

2, 4, 5 6 , :
1 2 = {{1,3}, {2,3}, {2,5}, {3,5}}.

3-
. (. 6.7).

Supp

{2, 3, 5}

0,5

6.7

145

, :
1 = { { 2 ,3 ,5 } } .
4- ,
:
L = L xu Z 2 u Z 3 - {{1}, {2 }, {3}, {5}, {1 , 3}, {2, 3}, {2, 5}, {3, 5}, {2, 3, 5}}.

. ,
.
,
-. -
, .
.
- , .
, ,
-. ,
, , ,
- .
, -, . .
, -.
- - , .
,
-, ,
.
- - ,
. ""
,
, Ck n 1 - .
- . ,
, - . .
- ^-, ,
. , ,
,
.
""
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, .

146

( + 1 )-
. .

6.3.2. Apriori
AprioriTid Apriori.

,
(^- )
, TID ,
.
<TID, {Fk}>, Fk
^- ,
TID. } = D
,
}, . > 1
, .
, ,
:
<T.TID, {cGC k| cg
TID (. .
) .
^- ,
. ,
. ,
, , . .
.
, , . .
^- ,
.
Apriori MSAP (Mining
Sequential Alarm Patterns), .
:
Lk ,

\.

147

MSAP , ,
(Urgent Window).
, .
, Apriori.

, ,
.

.

.

.


.
,
.

, .
(support) ,
.
(confidence) , ,

.
(improvement) ,
.
.
.
.
Apriori , :

.

7.1.
30- .
,
60- 70- .
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
( ).
,
,
unsupervised learning.
, .
,
(descriptive).
-
, . ,
, .
,
. .
Data Mining,
, ,
.

150

,
,
. , ,
- ,

. ,
,
,
.

, ,
.

, .
(cluster), , , .
, , , ,
.
.

( )
,
.

( ) .

.
,
.
, .
-, (
). , , ,
, ,
.
-,
() (
). , , /
().
():
(/ ), (
), ( ).

151

.
,
, .
:
1)

, ,
/
;

2)

, ,
0...1. ,
.

JI. .
, ,
. ,
,
. J1. ,
: "... ,
,
".
,
,
. ,
. , ,
.
, ,

.
, , .
, , ,
.
, .
.
,
,

.
,
. ,

152

, .
, ,
, .
,
. ,
.

7.1.1.
:
;
.
:
( );
;
.
.
/,
. F
/ , . . F: I . F
, .
.
/ :
/ = {/ /2,

- } ,

ij .
,
30-
. . ( ).
Iris setosa, Iris versicolor Iris virginica.
50
: , . . 7.1
.
:
ij

{ \92-, ? Xfa9 ..., }.

, ,
, .

153

:
Xh = {vh\ Vh2,

.
:
{\, ?2, ? Cb >

,
/:
= {/ ip \ij e l , i p e I d(ij9 ip) < },

,
; d{ij9 ip) ,
.

7.1

5,1

3,5

1,4

0,2

Iris setosa

4,9

3,0

1,4

0,2

Iris setosa

4,7

3,2

1,3

0,2

Iris setosa

4,6

3,1

1,5

0,2

Iris setosa

5,0

3,6

1,4

0,2

Iris setosa

51

7,0

3,2

4,7

1,4

Iris versicolor

52

6,4

3,2

4,5

1,5

Iris versicolor

53

6,9

3,1

4,9

1,5

Iris versicolor

54

5,5

2,3

4,0

1,3

Iris versicolor

55

6,5

2,8

4,6

1,5

Iris versicolor

101

6,3

3,3

6,0

2,5

Iris virginica

102

5,8

2,7

5,1

1,9

Iris virginica

103

7,1

3,0

5,9

2,1

Iris virginica

104

6,3

2,9

5,6

1,8

Iris virginica

105

6,5

3,0

5,8

2,2

Iris virginica

154

d(ij, ip)
ij ip, :
) d{i), ip) > 0 , /, ip;
) d(ij, ip) = 0 , , /} = ip;
) d(ip ip) = d(ip ip);
) d{ / 1, ip) < c/(if, ir) +d(ir, ip).
d{ip ip) , ,
. ,
.
, ,
D.
/.
/(/, ip) j . ,
:

d ( e u e2)

D = d ( e 2,e])
d (e n,e])

d ( e l,en)

d ( e 2,en)

d (e n,e2)

.
,
:
(D + Dm) / 2.

7.1.2. , ,


- Rm.
.
,
.
:
X 0 c :R m , w-
;
, = (,

) () , / = 1,(2 ;

155

,
1^
- =
2^xi ;
Q /=i
1

S = ------ ~ / ~ ( ).
/=i
, .
.
,
.
(. . 7.1.1):
(7>
.
.
, ,
() (. .
).

d H^xn xj ) = Y ) <>-

(7-2)

. ,
"",
- (- ).

dx (xi,.) = max | x - x | .
7

1< t < m

(7.3)

'

,
,
. ,
( ),
:
<**/(*,>*/) = (*, ~Xj ) S~\ x, - Xj ) .

(7.4)

, .
:

156

(7.5)

, ,
.
, ,
,
.
.

7.2.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. . 7.1
, . 7.1.
7,5 -1

4,5 4

2,5

3,5

. 7.1.

4,5

157

, ,
.
,
, , . 7.2.

2,5

3,5

4,5

. 7.2.

,
.
.
, ,
.

.

, . . - .

158

.
. . ,
.
(dendrograms).
( . dendron ).
.
, . 7.3.

7.3.
7.3.1.
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, .
. ,


.
, , ,
?

.
.
.


, ,
.
.
,
(),
.
, .

,
.

159

, ().
, ,
,
() . :
, ,
,
. ,
.
:
) ,

( );
) (),
,
( ).

7.3.2.

/ :
I {^*1}? ^2 {7*2}? ? {//77}

(
, cCJ) . ,
m- 1 , :
] ~ {7 1 }? 2~ {/2}? ? {ip, iq) ,..., {im}.

, ,
( - 2), (-3), (-4) . .
,
/.

.
.

,
:
= CLpd , + , +

+ * I '

160

q
s,
,
a p, a q, .
. 7.2 , < .
7. 2

-
(Nearest neighbor)

1/2

1/2

1/2

(Furthest neighbor)

1/2

1/2

1/2

,

(Median
clustering)

1/2

1/2

1/4

(Between-groups linkage)

1/2

1/2

(Within-groups linkage)

(Centroid clustering),
.
,


,

(Ward's method).



,

- ,

+ ,

+ +

kp

+ ,

+ +

161

, ,
/ .

.
.
, . ,
I
.
1965 .
\ = I.
,
.
, ,
Dc \=\/Nc\ X X d(iP, iq) V ip, i4 e C.

\
.

, ,
, \, , 2.
\ pop,
, . .
,
\.
,
.
,
. .
1990 .
,

= max d(iP9 iq) V ip, iq e .

,
(. . ),
.

162

7.3.3.

,
().
.
( ) ,
().
,
. :
( ) ,
;
:
d 2A [mj9c ^ j = 1 ^ - ^ || = {mj - ^ )

mj

(7-6)

. ,
;
;
/;
J=J(M , d , , U);
.

-means (Hard-c-means)
. 7.1.

.
(. 7.4). .

. , ,
, ,
. , /.
1, 2 3.
.
,
. ,
(,
). . 7.5 .

163

. 7.4.

. 7.5.

.
,
. , ,

164

. . 7.6
. , ,
, (
1, 2, 5 .).
, .

. 7.6.

,
(, ) .
.
, ,
Iris setosa.
.
, .
,
.
, .
,

, .
,
, ,
, (
),

165

.
.
,
.
, ^- ,
,
.

,
, .
:
M = {m}}dJ=], d ()
;
, (7.6);
= {(/)}^=1,
d

.(') _ 221d

uomj

(7.7)

, 1< i < c ,

U = {utj},
1 np\\d{m ,,(/)) = m in d(m [1))
1< <

(7.8)

<1

(7.9)

(7.10)
,
.
, .

166

.
1. (,
), 8 (
), / = 0 .
2. :

---------- l5^

c-

(71)

I
/=1

3. ,
,
ij

[0

( 7) 2)

4. | t /(0 _ ^/</_,)| < 8 . ,

, 2 / = / + 1 .
,
,
.

.


.
Fuzzy C-Means.

Fuzzy -Means
.
,

.
.

167

:
= { ^ =], d ()
;
(. (7.6));
= {(,)}^=1,

c<'>=J=L-----------,

15=, -,

(7.13)

"

-1

U = {utJ},
uv = ------------ !---------- ,

(7.14)

^ ( / ,, (,)) '
\ \ d 2A(mj,c{k))

(75>

/=1 7=1

we( l , ) ( ),
. w = 2;
:
uij [, 1];

5 =1;
/=1

< t,u v <d,

(7.16)

=1

,
,

.

.
1 . 2 < c < d .
2.
.

168

3. 8 .
4. w e ( 1, ), w = 2.
5. (,
).
6. () :
" ) ,

------------- .

1 / .

(7.17)

10

7=1

7.
() :
d A(*, >/ ) ^

~ mj

~ 1)

1 8)

8. :
^ ------------------------- 1 < / < ,

1< j < d ,

(7.19)

=1

(7.16).
9. |t / (/) 1 / (/-1)|| < 8 . ,
, 7 / = / + 1.
A:-means,
, (. 7.7),

. .

-

(. 7.8), .
,
, .

169

170

,
:
Z (</)"/ - <>)(, ~ </)
F 0) = --------------------------------- ,

(7.20)

7=1

Xjk - F^l\ ,* -

,
. ,1...,(_1)
/- , />7
. . 7.9.

. 7.9.
-

. :
d\ " = ((,) - / ) } (<,) - mi ) >

( 7 -2 1 )

171

0) = ^|/ (-)|+1

( 7 .2 2 )

a F (,) (7.20).
:
M = {w7}^=, , d ()
;
, (7.21) (7.22);
= {(/)}^=1,
d

(0 = >=1_____
| ---------- }

I< ,

(7.23)

= ------------------------- >

(7-24)

1<

U = { },

( 2

d \ , .(//, c(t)) y

=\

(/,/,) =

(/,(,)),

(7.25)

/=1 7=1

we( l ,

( );

:
[0, 1];

2>=1;
/=1

<<</,

(7.26)

/=1

,
,

.

172

.
1. 2 < c < d .
2.

> 0.

3. w e ( 1 , ), 2.
4. ,
.
5. :

).(/) _ iz !d

1< / < .

(7.27)

6. :
a
(>)

(7.28)

7.
^ /2.((c/('),/y) = (c/(') - w / ) |F (,)|r+1 ( f (,)) ' { - ^ .

(7.29)

8.
,

(7.30)

(7.26).
9. ||f7(/) - / ()||< 8 . ,
, 5 1 = 1+ 1.
,
. -

173

,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,

,
( ,
,
.). ,

,
. :
;
, ;
()
.
:
, ,
, , , .

, ,
;
,
( ),
, ( )
,
, ,
;
,
.

,
. Fuzzy C-Means, ,

174

,
.
,
,
, (
).
,
.

, .
,
.

7.4.

7.4.1.


^ ,..., ^.
1 k- R
\ ... . ,
R eF (Xxx...xXk).
2 k- R
\ = ..= = X. ,
* ).
3 ()
R , = 2.
ReF(X\ 2).
R e F (X 2).
[ 1.\ -

-
|*() .

, /
X.

175

,
.

X ,
[0, 1]. , :

\ix { x )\U ->{0, 1};

* ) : /- > [ 0 , 1];

f l,
0,

X^U

&

^ .

),

X , .

.
, (
,
R c X 2).
4 . R
, \ / (, x)eR. , R
.
5 . R , Vxe X (, x)R. , R
.
[ 2. \

, . .
, ,
.
} 2 X , ( x \)e R (2, x2)gi?.
6 . R
, ( 2)/? (2, X\)eR Vx,,x2 g I .
, R .
? . R
, (xb x2)ei? (2, xi)e/? \ = 2
Vx1?x2 X . , R
.
\3 3 .:

, . .

176

, ,
.
8 . R ,
Vx,,2,3 X (;ci,X2)ei? (2, ) ()/?.
, R .
9 . R
, .
10 . R
, , .
11 . R
, ,
.
1 2 . R
,
(jti, x2)e R (2, X\)eR \/] ,2 X .
.

, . . ReF(x2).
13 .
13.1 . R
,
((*,*)) > 0 .
, R .
13.2 -.
-, |n/e((x,x)) > , > 0 .
13.3 -. - ,
|ii/e((x,x)) = , > 0 V i g J .
13.4 . [iR((x,x)) = \
R ,
VxeX.
13.5 . |?((*,*)) = 0 \ /
R ,
.

177

[ 4. \

,

X:
(7.31)
, - ,
, .
14 .
14.1 . R
, \/],2 /^ , ^ ) ) > 0

14.2 .
R ,
Vjc, , 2 g X
( ,, 2)) > 0 |/((*,, 2)) = |/{(2, ])) > 0.
14.3 -. R
-, \/]92 ((*,,*2) ) >
^ ( ( * 2 , *, ) ) > > 0 .
14.4 -.
R - ,
Vjc, , 2 X |/((jc,, 2)) > [iR((*,, 2)) = |/((2, ])) >
> 0.
14.5 -.
R -
, - ,
\/]92 |1 ((,, 2)) = |n/e((x,, 2)) = \iR((x2, )) =
> 0.
14.6 . R
, , ^ ( ( , , ^ ) ) = 1
[xR((2, jc, )) = 1 Vx,, 2 X .
14.7 . R
, ^ ( ( , ,^ ) ) > 0
|n7?((*2 >*i)) > 0 } = 2 Vx,,x2 e X .

178

(----------------- 1
\
,

X :
.

_ i

" \

/q

, - ,
, .
[ ( ).

,
,
. 13 14,
,

,
,
.
, , ,

.
15 -. R ,
-, -.
-,

-:
| , ) ) = 1

>

V jc j 92

\/.

^((,,2)) = |ii^((x2 ,x| ))>

------------------------,

[ 7.
,
, . ., , ,
,
,
,
.

179

:
;
b
.
,
. ,
.

16 , w-
, , ,
.
, .

d.
Q ( X q ), -.
, d , ,
", q".
,
.
17 .
0 [iX) : X - [ 0 , 1] 0 ,
:

(7.33)

,

( ) .
* 8._\ ,

d , a [iX) (0) = 1 .

|^ .
18
,
X.

180

17 18

.

.
-
, -
17. , 16 17 8

:
(7.34)

(7.35)
1 \
<1,(2]
. ^

,
18 .
.
, ,
,
, ( 1).
{. ,
,
Xt ( 0 ).
,
(, d(x q, ), q ,
= l , Q ), .

,
, ,
, .
1 2
" , kxi" . 7.10.
1 , 2 '.

181

. 7.10.

:
Q ,
, q";
,
,
,
( q)\


.

-

- ,
.
.
19
0 ^ : X 2 -> [0 , 1]
xQ X , :

5*0(*! .*2 ) = ,0(*1) - -*2) I *

(I () .

(7-36)

182

, ^
-.
,
X. :
^X[(a,b) ... (, 6 ) , ^ ( a , b ) .
: " \ ...
,
^. ,
.
20 X
: X 2 ->[ 0 , 1 ],
, ) = & 1( , ..., ^ ( * , 6 )),

/-, , (, ) ,

(7.37)
i-\Q ,

a , b e X . , ,

X.
20 ,
X, -.
:
-,
2 0 ,
X;


;
,
, ,
.

7.4.2. -

X
.
.
,
,

183

,
.
21 . R
, V x 19x2,x3 e X |Lifl((xj,x2))> 0 7(2 , 3)) >
|((,, 3)) > 0 .
22 -. R
-, 7(,,2) ) > [iR((2, 3)) >
^ ( ( ^ ) ) > Vx,,x2 ,x3 e X > 0 .
[?. :

|/(1,2)) = 1

/((2 ,3)) = 1

|/(1,)) = 1 ,
.
23 -. R
-, Vx,,x2 ,x3 e X
(*|>*)) = ( * 1>*2 ))> (* 2 >*)))> T - t - .
MIN-. R MIN-, Vx,, 2, 3 X
Ixr ((*1 >*?)) = min(|aft ((,, 2)),

((2, ,))).

1?10.\ ( ).
( 6 ),

,

(
13.1 13.5), ( 14.1 14.7)
( 2123).
-, ,
, -
,
, , ,
-.
.
2 4 -.
R -,
, - -.

184

--------------------- ,
[ 11.} ( --

). -
,
,
, ,
.
25 R ,
X, ,
:

I* 1

R = \jR '.

(7.38)

/=1

.
26 . : [, 1][0, 1]>[0, 1]
(/-), , ,
(,\) = V ae[0, 1].
, /- :
(,) = ( , ) ;
(, (, z )) = ( (, \ z) ;
( , ) < ( , ')
(,1) =

< ' ;

\/ [0,1].

, ,
( , )< m \n { x ,y } .
27 t-. .
- ( B)(t) = T(A(t),B(t)) \/t X .
28 .
S :[ 0 , 1] [0 , 1] [ 0 , 1]
(-), , ,
S(a90) = , \ / [0, 1].
, - S :
S( jc, ) = S ( y , ) ;
S (x ,S (y,z)) = S (S (x ,y),z) ;

185

S (x ,y )< S (x ',y ')

S(x, 0) =

< ' ;

\/ [0 , 1].

, ,
S (x,y) > { , } .
29 -. S . - ( B)(t) = S(A(t), B(t))
VteX.

[ 12. \ (

.) (7.38)

, :
^ = {aik)i=\...N ~ { b k j } ^ ~ iCij} i=\...N j
k=\...

k=\...Q

Cij = S(T{an,blj),

(7.39)

j =\...M

n a lQ,b0j) ) = Q
S n a lk,bkj) ,

(7.40)

S -, a -;
R" = R - R = R"~' R ,
n

(7.41)

A vj B = S(A ,B ),

(7.42)

R X=R\

S -.
1. R -,
: R R2 ... R" ....

, Rk Rk l > \ .
Rk Rk+' , My (jc, j^) <

(jc, ) . , Rc: R2 .

12 (7.41) :
] = S(T(rn , ),..., T(rlQ,r(Jl)) = S T ( r lk,rkj).

, (;()<{;}, a S(x t)> {(}. Tk - T { r jk,rkj).

i

= i k = j --

186

< min{r,/?^} = min {ri r rJf} = min{l,rjj} = rlj, * i k ^ j o

Tk < m in { ^ ,^ .} . S T(rllc,rk ) > max{r ,{*}}. 7

=\

k*i
k*j

:
1) > {7^}. max { , {7^}} = ;
k*i

k*i

2) < {} =

. max {; , max {7; }} = Tkttm>rtf.

k*i
*j

k*i
j

2,

= S T ( r lk,rkj)>m ax{rlj,max{Tk} } > r lj Vi , j

=\

, ,

k*i
* I

< \xr2 ( , ) , R R2 .

, R2 R3,..., Rk R k+l, ,
, R = R2 ; ...; R" =... -.
.
L, R! , R
-, -.
: 2
rt >

R2 :

rik >

> ,

\/ = \9\ \ . R 1:

> , rk{ki > ,..., _ > , rqp > a

V,,...,M = 1,| X | .

, , R -, )^ >
V i, = l J F j .

2.

/=1

R \
- R X R ^ .
^ . 3 ^ . .
12
. \\ .
R = [^)R! = S Rl .
/=i
,=1

187

\\
(\\ ;
= S Rl = sup S R 1

' - 1 /
- , S{xt) > max{jc,}. , sup(5'(x/)) = max{jt,}.

R=

\\
(\ \
fm
, R = [ j R l = S Rl = sup S Rl = m ax |S ' R 1 . /=i

1 2 . . ,

[\x\ .]
, , max j S Rl = R|x |. ,

M
\x\
f\x\
[\x\ .]
R = ( J Rl = 5 R' = sup 5 R' J = max | S Rl j =

.
.
3. -
-.

R\ ?2 -. , R = R^ u /?2
-.
/? = /?, u /?2 = S(Rl,R2) >max{ R],R2} .
, R .
,
-,
* , ) ^ { ^, (*>*)> /?2 (X*)} = { 1, 1} = 1 ,
(,) < 1 , , |,) = 1 .
, R .
, R
. R\ R2 - :
(X ) ^
( , ) =
(, ) > ,
(, ) >
\iR ( y 9x) = \iR (9 ) >
,

\/9 . ,
(9) >

(*,>>)>

*(*>>0 ^ 5 ,(* ) , 1^ 2 (*)}^- (,X ) > {|( , ) , ( , ) } > ,

. . R a -. ,
- S:
= S( H

()) = S ( H O'.*). , (,)) = ,0 ,

188

\iR(x9y) =

= [iR( y 9x ) > a 9 . . R --

. - ,
-,
. , :
|Hy?(jc, jc) = 1 \ / X ;
/;,>) = |1 /,< ) >
.

\ / 9 --

, R a - ,
.
.
[ 1. \ 1 3, ,

a -
-.
1. -
a - X.

-:

|( ( * , )) = 1 \ / X ;

((|, 2) ) > ^ ( ( x ,,x 2)) = ^ ( ( x 2, x , ) ) > a

a >

VjC| ,jc2 X .

a -:

( ( , ) ) = 1 \ / ;

\iR((xx, 2) ) > /(,,2)) = |/(2 ,1) ) >

>

\/]92 X ;
((**2) ) ^

7(2 ,3) ) >

\xR((xl9x3) ) > a

\/]9193 > 0 .

3 , -
a -. ,
, a -,
. ,
a - a -.

189

2 ]^ >
^(^^^,

|(/?.;7 ) > .

V/, j = 1,| X | , . .

, ) > ,

a - -.
, ,
a - a -.
.
.
30 - X
ajnf, X
a -, a > ajnf
. , a -
-.
31 a -. - a L > ajnf.
.
4 ( ). R
X
, X
.
2. a -
X ,
X .

11, a -,
, 4 ,
X
, X
. .
.
32 -
a , e [ a inf,l),

R (a L, ) * ( ,) V / * . / .

R (a L ), ,

190

-


.
-
.
: = {/}^1? , = (xiU...!)xin) , x ^ e R ,
n , Q = | X | X.

- X.

- -. MIN- -.
1. xi = (xiU...,xm)
( 18) (7.34):

=1

d( x ,xt)
|Ujc (*/) = 1----------- ---------- 9
XJ]<,>**))

2.

( 19) (7.36):
( * .. * / ) =

I 1 \ ( * / ) - ) 1 , Uj , q = 1, Q-

3. X (
20) (7.37):

l(a,b) = (%

(a,b)) = m j n ^ (a,b), a , b e X .
/=1,0 '

-
X.
4.
X , 25, 12,
2 -
-.
, :

191

. 7.11.

q - 2 , Q
/.

2, ^
.

--

- ^

--

.
. 7.11.

-

-,

192

, .
-,
,
a - (
)
" "
,
-.
, -,
, .
-,
.
.

-

.
1. .
,
,
, .
: X = { ..., % } (. 7.3).

7.3

(0,5; 3)

*13

(0,35; 2,7)

(0,09; 1,1)

*8

(0,4; 3)

*14

(3,4; 0)

*3

(0,1; 0,9)

(0,42; 2,5)

*15

(3,6; 0)

*4

(0,12; 0,9)

*10

(0,48; 2,5)

*16

(3,6; 1)

*5

(0,4; 2)

\ ]

(0,45; 2,8)

*17

(3,4; 1)

*6

(0,5; 2)

*12

(0,45; 2,2)

*18

(3,5; 0,5)

X,

( , ; 1)

*2

X
(. 7.12).
, - X
.