KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MASA KINI DAN YANG AKAN DATANG: TINJAUAN PERSPEKTIF RESTORATIF Dedi Vitriyanto Mahasiswa Pasca

Sarjana Kajian Ilm K!"#lisian Uni$!rsi%as In&#n!sia' Ja(ar%a Email : $i%ri)an%#&!&i*)ah##+c#m Abstrak
Korporasi sebagai badan hukum sudah tentu memiliki identitas hukum tersendiri. Identitas hukum suatu korporasi atau perusahaan terpisah dari identitas hukum para pemegang sahamnya, direksi, maupun organ-organ lainnya. Dalam kaidah hukum perdata (civil law), jelas ditetapkan bahwa suatu korporasi atau badan hukum merukapan subjek hukum perdata dapat melakukan aktivitas jual beli, dapat membuat perjanjian atau kontrak dengan pihak lain, serta dapat menuntut dan dituntut di pengadilan dalam hubungan keperdataan. ara pemegang saham menikmati keuntungan yang diperoleh dari konsep tanggung jawab terbatas, dan kegiatan korporasi berlangsung terus-menerus, dalam arti bahwa keberadaannya tidak akan berubah meskipun ada penambahan anggota-anggota ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Nam n sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!" pertanggungjawaban pidana oleh korporasi sebagai pribadi (corporate criminal liability) merupakan hal yang masih mengundang perdebatan. !anyak pihak yang tidak mendukung pandangan bahwa suatu korporsi yang wujudnya semu dapat melakukan suatu tindak kejahatan serta memiliki criminal intent yang melahirkan pertanggungjawaban pidana. Disamping itu, mustahil untuk dapat menghadirkan di korporasi dengan "isik yang sebenarnya dalam ruang pengadilan dan duduk di kursi terdakwa guna menjalani proses peradilan. !aik dalam sistem hukum common law maupun civil law, sangat sulit untuk dapat mengatribusikan suatu bentuk tindakan tertentu (actus reus atau guilty act) serta membuktikan unsur mens rea (criminal intent atau guilty mind) dari suatu entitas abstrak seperti korporasi. Di Indonesia, meskipun undang-undang diatas dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan hukum untuk membebankan criminal liability terhadap korporasi, namun engadilan idana sampai saat ini terkesan enggan untuk mengakui dan mempergunakan peraturan-peraturan tersebut. #al ini dapat dilihat dari sedikitnya kasus-kasus kejahatan korporasi di pengadilan dan tentu saja berdampak pada sangat sedikitnya keputusan pengadilan berkaitan dengan kejahatan korporasi. $kibatnya, tidak ada acuan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai preseden bagi lingkungan peradilan di Indonesia. Dua kasus yang muncul di peradilan sampai dengan saat ini hanya berkaitan dengan pelanggaran lingkungan hidup. endekatan restorati" dipandang sangat e"ekti" dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana korporasi oleh karena konsep yang ditawarkan dalam pendekatan restorati" adalah di samping proses penyelesaiannya lebih cepat dan sederhana, juga dapat meniadakan e"ek samping yang pada umumnya sering terjadi dalam implementasi pendekatan represi" retributi". enerapan pendekatan restorati" sebagai suatu alternati" dalam menyelesaikan tindak pidana khususnya bagi tindak pidana korporasi sebagai suatu kebijakan baru dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia dapat ber"ungsi melengkapi kebijakan sistem peradilan pidana yang ada.

Kata kunci : korporasi, identitas hukum, c#r"#ra%! criminal lia,ili%), ac% s r! s a%a - il%) ac%' criminal in%!n% a%a - il%) min&' !n%i%as a,s%ra(' r!"r!si/ r!%ri, %i/' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/+

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I.

PENDAHULUAN

K#r"#rasi m!r "a(an is%ilah )an- ,iasa &i- na(an #l!h "ara ahli h ( m "i&ana &an (rimin#l#-i n% ( m!n)!, % a"a )an- &alam ,i&an- h ( m lain' (h s sn)a ,i&an- h ( m "!r&a%a s!,a-ai ,a&an h ( m' a%a &alam ,ahasa ,!lan&a &is!, % r!ch%"!rs##n a%a &alam ,ahasa In--ris &!n-an is%ilah l!-al "!rs#n a%a l!-al ,#&)+ P!n-!r%ian s ,j!( h ( m "a&a

"#(#(n)a a&alah man sia &an s!-ala s!s a% )an- ,!r&asar(an % n% %an (!, % han mas)ara(a%' )an- #l!h h ( m &ia( i s!,a-ai "!n& ( n- ha( &an (!waji,an+ P!n-!r%ian )an- (!& a inilah )an- &inama(an ,a&an h ( m+ 0 K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi 1corporate crime2 m!r "a(an salah sa% wacana )an- %im, l

&!n-an s!ma(in maj n)a (!-ia%an "!r!(!n#mian &an %!(n#l#-i+ %orporate crime , (anlah ,aran- ,ar ' m!lain(an ,aran- lama )an- s!nan%iasa ,!r-an%i (!masan+ Ti&a( a&a )an- &a"a% m!n)an-(al ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an 3aman s!r%a (!maj an "!ra&a,an &an %!(n#l#-i % r % &is!r%ai &!n-an "!r(!m,an-an %in&a( (!jaha%an ,!rs!r%a (#m"l!(si%asn)a+ H ( m Pi&ana )an- ,!rla( Di sisi lain' (!%!n% an &i In&#n!sia ,!l m &a"a% m!njan-(a n)a &an s!nan%iasa

(!%in--alan n% ( m!r m s(ann)a+ Salah sa% c#n%#hn)a a&alah Tin&a( Pi&ana P!nc cian Uan1money laundering2 )an- ,ar &i(riminalisasi s!cara r!smi "a&a %ah n 4554+ 6#n%#h lain a&alah (!jaha%an & nia ma)a a%a cyber crime )an- sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini "!n-a% rann)a masih m!n- n&an- %an&a %an)a+ A(i,a%n)a' ,an)a( ,!rm nc lan %in&a(an.%in&a(an a%a (as s.(as s ill!-al' nam n %i&a( &a"a% &i(a%!-#ri(an s!,a-ai crime. 4 Tin&a( "i&ana 1crime2 &a"a% &ii&!n%i/i(asi &!n-an %im, ln)a (!r -ian 1harm2' )an(!m &ian m!n-a(i,a%(an lahirn)a "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana a%a criminal liability.
7

Yan-

"a&a -ilirann)a m!n- n&an- "!r&!,a%an a&alah ,a-aimana "!r%an-- n-jawa,an (#r"#rasi a%a corporate liability m!n-in-a% ,ahwa &i &alam Ki%a, Un&an-. n&an- H ( m Pi&ana 1KUHP2 In&#n!sia )an- &ian--a" s!,a-ai s ,)!( h ( m "i&ana han)alah #ran- "!rs!#ran-an &alam (#n#%asi ,i#l#-is )an- alami 1naturlijkee person2+
0

h%%":88r!"#si%#r)+ s +ac+i&8,i%s%r!am80479:;<=>8700==8786ha"%!r?45II Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' P sa% S% &i H ( m @isnis Fa( l%as H ( m Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:' Hal+ >

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H)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>' hal+009+

Di sam"in- i% ' KUHP j -a masih m!n-an % asas sociates delin)uere non potest &imana ,a&an h ( m a%a (#r"#rasi &ian--a" %i&a( &a"a% m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana+ (!-ia%an a%a a(%i$i%as )an- &ila( (an n% ( &an a%as nama s a%
9

Ji(a s!an&ain)a

(#r"#rasi %!r, (%i

m!n-a(i,a%(an (!r -ian &an har s &i,!ri(an san(si' sia"a )an- a(an ,!r%an-- n-jawa, B A"a(ah "ri,a&i (#r"#rasi i% s!n&iri a%a "ara "!n- r sn)a B A%as &asar "!mi(iran %!rs!, %' "!n lis m!milih j & l ma(alah CKejahatan Korporasi masa kini dan yang akan datang: Tinjauan Perspektif Restoratif &!n-an % j an n% ( m!n&!%!(si sam"ai s!ja h mana(ah (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %!rs!, % &a"a% &i%an-ani &!n-an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' )an- %in&a( "i&ana %!rs!, % &ila( (an #l!h &an #l!h "!-awai a%a (ar)awan' (ar!na i% &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a s a% (#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a' )an- s!rin- j -a &is!, % s!,a-ai D(!jaha%an (!rah " %ihC 1.1 Kejahatan Korporasi @lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar) m!n)!, %(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a%a corporate crime a&alah any criminal o""ense committed by and hence chargeable to a corporation because o" activities o" its o""icers or employees (e.g., price "i*ing, to*ic waste dumping), o"ten re"erred to as +white collar crime.
:

K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a&alah %in&a( "i&ana )an- &ila( (an #l!h &an #l!h (ar!na i%

&a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a s a% (#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a 1s!"!r%i "!n!%a"an har-a' "!m, an-an lim,ah2' s!rin- j -a &is!, % s!,a-ai D(!jaha%an (!rah " %ihC+ Sall)+ A+ Sim"s#n )an- m!n- %i" "!n&a"a% J#hn @rai%hwai%! m!n)a%a(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a&alah Dconduct o" a corporation, or employees acting on behal" o" a corporation, which is proscribed and punishable by law+C ;

9 : ;

R smana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan' h%%":88www+s#l sih ( m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h" H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P ,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pa l' Minn!ss#%a' 0>>5' hal+ 77>+ Sall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%r c% r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+

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Sim"s#n m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa a&a %i-a i&! "#(#( &ari &!/inisi @rai%hwai%! m!n-!nai (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+ ertama' %in&a(an il!-al &ari (#r"#rasi &an a-!n.a-!nn)a ,!r,!&a &!n-an "!rila( (riminal (!las s#si#.!(#n#mi ,awah &alam hal "r#s!& r a&minis%rasi+ Kar!nan)a' )an&i-#l#n-(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %i&a( han)a %in&a(an (!jaha%an a%as h ( m "i&ana' %!%a"i j -a "!lan--aran a%as h ( m "!r&a%a &an a&minis%rasi+ Kedua' ,ai( (#r"#rasi 1s!,a-ai Ds ,)!( h ( m "!r#ran-an Dlegal personsD2 &an "!rwa(ilann)a %!rmas ( s!,a-ai "!la( (!jaha%an 1as illegal actors2' &imana &alam "ra(%!( ) &isialn)a' ,!r-an% n- "a&a an%ara lain (!jaha%an )an&ila( (an' a% ran &an ( ali%as "!m, (%ian &an "!n n% %an+ Ketiga' m#%i$asi (!jaha%an )an&ila( (an (#r"#rasi , (an ,!r% j an n% ( (! n% n-an "ri,a&i' m!lain(an "a&a "!m!n han (!, % han &an "!nca"aian (! n% n-an #r-anisasi#nal+ Ti&a( m!n % " (!m n-(inan m#%i/ %!rs!, % &i%#"an- " la #l!h n#rma #"!rasi#nal 1in%!rnal2 &an s ,.( l% r #r-anisasi#nal+ < K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi m n-(in %i&a( %!rlal s!rin- (i%a &!n-ar &alam "!m,!ri%aan.
=

"!m,!ri%aan (riminil &i m!&ia+ A&a ,!,!ra"a ,!,!ra"a /a(%#r )an- m!m"!n-ar hi hal ini+ (#n$!nsi#nal+ Kedua' "an&an-an mas)ara(a% c!n&!r n- m!liha% (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a%a

ertama' (!jaha%an.(!jaha%an )an- &ila"#r(an #l!h mas)ara(a% han)alah (!jaha%an.(!jaha%an (!jaha%an (!rah " %ih , (an s!,a-ai hal.hal )an- san-a% ,!r,aha)a'&an j -a % r % &i"!n-ar hi+ Ketiga' "an&an-an s!r%a lan&asan h ( m m!n)an-( % sia"a )an- &ia( i s!,a-ai s ,j!( h ( m "i&ana &alam h ( m "i&ana In&#n!sia+ Keempat' % j an &ari "!mi&anaan (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a&alah l!,ih (!"a&a a-ar a&an)a "!r,ai(an &an -an%i r -i' ,!r,!&a &!n-an "!mi&anaan (!jaha%an lain )an- (#n$!nsi#nal )an- ,!r% j an n% ( m!nan-(a" &an m!n-h ( m+ Kelima' "!n-!%ah an a"ara% "!n!-a( h ( m m!n)an-( % (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi masih &inilai san-a% minim' s!hin--a %!r(a&an- %!r(!san !n--an n% ( m!nin&a(lanj %in)a s!cara h ( m+ Keenam' (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi s!rin- m!li,a%(an %#(#h.%#(#h mas)ara(a% &!n-an s%a% s s#sial )an- %in--i+ Hal ini &inilai &a"a% m!m"!n-ar hi "r#s!s "!n!-a(an h ( m+ Ki%a, Un&an-. n&an- H ( m Pi&ana In&#n!sia m!man- han)a m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa )an- m!nja&i s ,j!( %in&a( "i&ana a&alah #ran"!rs#ran-an 1legal persoon2+

7 =

Ibid. Diin%isari(an &ari S san%#' I+ S+ 0>>5' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr (si S#sial' P!n) s nan' P!n-- naan &an P!n)!,arann)a' s a% S% &i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran- 1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+

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@!r&asar(an KUHP' "!m, a%

n&an-. n&an- a(an m!r j ( "a&a "!n- r s a%a

(#misaris (#r"#rasi ji(a m!r!(a ,!rha&a"an &!n-an si% asi s!"!r%i i% + > S!hin--a' ji(a KUHP In&#n!sia saa% ini %i&a( ,isa &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan n% ( "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h (#r"#rasi' nam n han)a &im n-(in(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an #l!h "!n- r s (#r"#rasi+ Hal ini ,isa (i%a liha% &alam "asal 7>= KUHP )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a s!#ran- "!n- r s a%a (#misaris "!rs!r#an %!r,a%as' mas(a"ai an&il In&#n!sia a%a "!r( m" lan (#r"#rasi )an&in)a%a(an &alam (!a&aan "aili% a%a )an- &i"!rin%ah(an "!n)!l!saian #l!h "!n-a&ilan' &iancam &!n-an "i&ana "!njara "alin- lama sa% %ah n 9 , lan: 0+ ji(a )an- ,!rsan-( %an % r % m!m,an% a%a m!n-i3in(an n% ( m!la( (an "!r, a%an."!r, a%an )an- ,!r%!n%an-an &!n-an an--aran &asar' s!hin--a #l!h (ar!na i% s!l r h a%a s!,a-ian ,!sar &ari (!r -ian &i&!ri%a #l!h "!rs!r#an' mas(a"ai' a%a "!r( m" lan+ 1&an s!%!r sn)a2+ Di @!lan&a s!n&iri' s!,a-ai %!m"a% asal KUHP In&#n!sia' "a&a %an--al 47 J ni 0><;' (#r"#rasi &ir!smi(an s!,a-ai s ,j!( h ( m "i&ana &an (!%!n% an ini &imas ((an (!&alam "asal :0 KUHP @!lan&a 1Sr+2' )an- isin)a m!n)a%a(an an%ara lain: 0+ Tin&a( "i&ana &a"a% &ila( (an ,ai( #l!h "!r#ran-an ma " n (#r"#rasiH 4+ Ji(a s a% %in&a( "i&ana &ila( (an #l!h (#r"#rasi' "!n n% %an "i&ana &a"a% &ijalan(an &an san(si "i&ana ma " n %in&a(an )an- &is!&ia(an &alam "!r n&an-. n&an-anI s!"anjan- ,!r(!naan &!n-an (#r"#rasiI&a"a% &ija% h(an+ Dalam hal ini' "!n-!naan san(si &a"a% &ila( (an %!rha&a": a+ ,+ a%a c+ (#r"#rasi a%a m!r!(a )an- &ima(s & &i a%as ,!rsama.sama s!cara %an-- n- r!n%!n-+ (#r"#rasi s!n&iri' a%a m!r!(a )an- s!cara /a(% al m!m,!ri(an "!rin%ah n% ( m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana )an-

&ima(s &' %!rmas ( m!r!(a )an- s!cara /a(% al m!mim"in "!la(sanaan %in&a( "i&ana &ima(s &'

>

Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia P s%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ >=+

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Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!l m "!r%an-- n-.jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!, %(an #l!h R!mm!lin( &alam , ( n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h ( m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m (an (!m n-(inan m!n n% % "!r%an-- njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s &ah &i(!nal lama s!,!l m KUHP @!lan&a &i, a%+ Hal ini &im n-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an "ra(%is+ Dari s & % "an&an- ini' h ( m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m &ah m!la( (an "!r j (an "a&a (!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h ( m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an &an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ Nam n' %!rl!"as &ari i% ' &alam "!r(!m,an-an s!lanj %n)a h ( m "i&ana m m j -a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!, %+ S!ma(in ,an)a( "!r n&an-. n&an-an &an "!ra% ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar Dalam a% ran.a% ran %!rs!, %' "!m, a% war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana s a% )an- ,!rm nc lan+ n&an-. n&an- m!r j ( "a&a J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha( (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!n hi' ma(a n% (

,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!r n&an-. n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j -a &im n-(in(an waterschapsverordening1"!ra% ran- %!n%an- %a%a - na &an lal

&i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la( E+ Di @!lan&a' (!m n-(inan ini s &ah lama &i(!nal &alam lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rinm!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a sal ran air n% ( m!m,!rsih(an a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihanI(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+ Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla( (an

"!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (as s.(as s "!lan--aran (!waji,an h ( m #l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an m m 1 public nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a j mlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan m!m"!rl as "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n% (.,!n% ( "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ri s )an- %i&a( m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea a%a criminal intent 1o""enses that did not re)uire criminal intent 2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a &#(%rin vicarious liability+ Hal ini &ii( %i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- % r % m!m,!rla( (an (!%!%a"an )an- s!r "a+ P!m,!,anan "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea ,ar &ila( (an s!%!lah m!lal i wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di
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Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (as s /ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited 4tates ' &imana "!m!rin%ah Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!r sahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section. 1.2. Imp ementasi Kebijakan. Analisa s!cara /a(%#r !(s%!nal' s a% (#r"#rasi a&alah s!, ah a,s%ra(si &imana (!jaha%an (##r"#rasi+ Ia %i&a( ,!r&iri &an % m, h )ai% (ar!na a&a (!h!n&a( )an- har s &icari a%a &i%!m (an n% ( % j an %!r%!n% )an- &a"a% &is!, % s!,a-ai a-!n8"!ran%ara' )an- ,!nar.,!nar m!r "a(an #%a( &an (!h!n&a( n% ( m!n-arah(an 1directing mind and will2' ma(a %in&a(ann)a "as%i m!r "a(an %in&a(an &ari "!r sahaan i% s!n&iri+ D!n-an (a%a lain ns r mens rea &ari "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!r"!n hi &!n-an &i"!n hin)a ns r mens rea "!n- r s (#r"#rasi a%a "!la( "!r sahaan %!rs!, %+ @!-i% " la &!n-an actus reus )an- &iw j &(an #l!h ,!r(#ns"irasi n% ( m!n--!la"(an an- &an "!n- r s (#r"#rasi )an- ,!rar%i m!r "a(an actus reus "!r sahaan+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r(#m"l#% a%a m!m"!r#l!h an- &!n-an cara m!ni" + Ji(a m!man- &!mi(ian s!har sn)a P!n-a&ilan

,!r"!n&a"a% ,ahwa %i&a( a&a alasan m!n-a"a s a% (#r"#rasi )an- &a"a% m!n-i(a%(an &irin)a &alam s a% "!rjanjian &!n-an in&i$i& a%a (#r"#rasi lain %i&a( &a"a% m!m!n hi ns r mens rea (!%i(a (#r"#rasi %!rs!, % m!li,a%(an &irin)a &alam "!rjanjian )an- m!nja&i &asar %ama (#ns"irasi &an "!ni" an %!rs!, % &an s!cara m m %!rha&a" "!r sahaan )an- m!r "a(an (!h!n&a( ,!r%in&a( &an m!n-arah(an 1acting and directing will2 &ari "!r sahaan+ Nia% n% ( m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana 1mens rea2 &an %in&a(an h ( mn)a 1actus reus2 m!r "a(an nia% &an %in&a(an &ari "!r sahaan &an ,ahwa (#ns"irasi n% ( "!n--!la"an an- &an "!ni" an m!r "a(an (!jaha%an )an- mam" &iw j &(an #l!h s a% "!r sahaan+ II+ PEM@AHASAN 4+0+ PE!"AN##UN#AN $A%A& PIDANA 'E&A#AI AKI&A" (ELA%AN

HUKU( KE$AHA"AN K)!P)!A'I T!r&a"a%n)a ,!,!ra"a "rinsi" a%a (#ns!" )an- "!n%in-+ Pertama' directing mind &ari s a% (#r"#rasi a%a "!r sahaan %i&a( %!r,a%as han)a sa% in&i$i& saja+ S!j mlah "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi a%a an--#%a &ir!(si ,isa m!m,!n% ( directing mind. Ked*a' /a(%#r -!#-ra/is %i&a(
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 7

,!r"!n-ar h+ Fa(%a ,ahwa s a% (#r"#rasi m!mili(i ,an)a( #"!rasi a%a ca,an- &i &a!rah )an,!r,!&a.,!&a %i&a( a(an m!m"!n-ar hi "!n!n% an in&i$i& .in&i$i& )an- mana )an- m!nja&i directing minds (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an &!mi(ian' s!s!#ran- %i&a( &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari %an-- njawa, han)a (ar!na ia %i&a( &i%!m"a%(an a%a ,!r% -as &i &a!rah &imana "!r, a%an m!lawan h ( m &ila( (an+ Keti+a' (#r"#rasi %i&a( ,isa lari &ari %an-- n- jawa, &!n-an ,!r(ilah ,ahwa in&i$i& .in&i$i& %!rs!, % m!la( (an "!r, a%an m!lawan h ( m m!s(i" n %!lah a&a ins%r (si n% ( m!la( (an %in&a(an lain )an- sah 1%i&a( m!lawan h ( m2+ An--#%a &ir!(si &an "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a m!mili(i (!waji,an n% ( m!n-awasi %in&a( %an& ( "ara "!-awai l!,ih &ari s!(!&ar m!n!%a"(an "an& an m m )an- m!laran- %in&a(an ill!-al+ Keempat' n% ( &a"a% &in)a%a(an ,!rsalah m!la( (an "!r, a%an m!lawan h ( m' in&i$i& sama+ Nam n &alam %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi' an--#%a &ir!(si a%a ,!rsan-( %an har s

m!mili(i criminal intent a%a mens rea+ Directing mind &an mens rea a&a "a&a in&i$i& )an"!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lain )anm!r "a(andirecting mind (#r"#rasi %i&a( ,isa &i(!na(an %an-- n- jawa, a%as "!r, a%an m!lawan h ( m )an- &ila( (an %an"a m!r!(a sa&ari+ Ke ima' n% ( &a"a% m!n!ra"(an %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi har s &a"a% &i, (%i(an,ahwa %in&a(an s!#ran-directing mind a&alah : i2 ,!r&asar(an % -as a%a ins%r (si )an- &i% -as(an "a&an)a' ii2 , (an m!r "a(an "!ni" an 1"raud2 )an&ila( (an %!rha&a" "!r sahaan' &an iii2 &ima(s &(an n% ( &a"a% m!n&a%an-(an (! n% n-an ,a-i "!r sahaan+ Keenam' %an-- n- jawa, (#r"#rasi m!m!rl (an analisa (#n%!(s% al+ D!n-an (a%a lain' "!n!n% ann)a har s &ila( (an ,!r&asar(ancase-to-case basis+ Ja,a%an s!s!#ran&alam "!r sahaan %i&a( s!cara #%#ma%is m!nja&i(ann)a ,!r%an-- n-jawa,+ P!nilaian %!rha&a" (!w!nan-an s!s!#ran- n% ( m!n!%a"(an (!,ija(an (#r"#rasi a%a (!" % san (#r"#rasi )an"!n%in- har s &ila( (an &alam (#n%!(s (!a&aan )an- %!r%!n% 1particular circumstances2+ Dalam hal P!r%an-- n-an Jawa, Pi&ana s!,a-ai a(ai,a% P!r, a%an M!lawan H ( m K!jaha%an K#r"#rasi+ K#r"#rasi s!,a-ai ,a&an h ( m s &ah %!n% m!mili(i i&!n%i%as h ( m %!rs!n&iri+ I&!n%i%as h ( m s a% (#r"#rasi a%a "!r sahaan %!r"isah &ari i&!n%i%as h ( m "ara "!m!-an- sahamn)a' &ir!(si' ma " n #r-an.#r-an lainn)a+ Dalam (ai&ah h ( m "!r&a%a 1 civil law2' j!las &i%!%a"(an ,ahwa s a% (#r"#rasi a%a ,a&an h ( m m!r (a"an s ,j!( h ( m "!r&a%a &a"a% m!la( (an a(%i$i%as j al ,!li' &a"a% m!m, a% "!rjanjian a%a (#n%ra( &!n-an "iha( lain' s!r%a &a"a% m!n n% % &an &i% n% % &i "!n-a&ilan &alam h , n-an (!"!r&a%aan+ Para "!m!-an- saham m!ni(ma%i (! n% n-an )an- &i"!r#l!h &ari (#ns!" %an-- n- jawa, %!r,a%as'

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&an (!-ia%an (#r"#rasi ,!rlan-s n- %!r s.m!n!r s' &alam ar%i ,ahwa (!,!ra&aann)a %i&a( a(an ,!r ,ah m!s(i" n a&a "!nam,ahan an--#%a.an--#%a ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Nam n sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!" "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h (#r"#rasi s!,a-ai "ri,a&i 1corporate criminal liability2 m!r "a(an hal )an- masih m!n- n&an"!r&!,a%an+ @an)a( "iha( )an- %i&a( m!n& ( n- "an&an-an ,ahwa s a% (#r"#rsi )anw j &n)a s!m &a"a% m!la( (an s a% %in&a( (!jaha%an s!r%a m!mili(i criminal intent)anm!lahir(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana+ Disam"in- i% ' m s%ahil n% ( &a"a% m!n-ha&ir(an &i (#r"#rasi &!n-an /isi( )an- s!,!narn)a &alam r an- "!n-a&ilan &an & & ( &i ( rsi %!r&a(wa - na m!njalani "r#s!s "!ra&ilan+ @ai( &alam sis%!m h ( m common law ma " n civil law' san-a% s li% n% ( &a"a% m!n-a%ri, si(an s a% ,!n% ( %in&a(an %!r%!n% 1actus reus a%a guilty act2 s!r%a m!m, (%i(an ns r mens rea 1criminal intent a%a guilty mind2 &ari s a% !n%i%as a,s%ra( s!"!r%i (#r"#rasi+ Di In&#n!sia' m!s(i" n n&an-. n&an- &ia%as &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan h ( m n% ( m!m,!,an(an criminal liability %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi' nam n P!n-a&ilan Pi&ana sam"ai saa% ini %!r(!san !n--an n% ( m!n-a( i &an m!m"!r- na(an "!ra% ran."!ra% ran %!rs!, %+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% &ari s!&i(i%n)a (as s.(as s (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi &i "!n-a&ilan &an %!n% saja ,!r&am"a( "a&a san-a% s!&i(i%n)a (!" % san "!n-a&ilan ,!r(ai%an &!n-an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+ A(i,a%n)a' %i&a( a&a ac an )an- &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai "r!s!&!n ,a-i lin-( n-an "!ra&ilan &i In&#n!sia+ D a (as s )an- m nc l &i "!ra&ilan sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini han)a ,!r(ai%an &!n-an "!lan--aran lin-( n-an hi& "+ Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!l m "!r%an-- n-.jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!, %(an #l!h R!mm!lin( &alam , ( n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h ( m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m (an (!m n-(inan m!n n% % "!r%an-- njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s &ah &i(!nal lama s!,!l m KUHP @!lan&a &i, a%+ Hal ini &im n-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an "ra(%is+ Dari s & % "an&an- ini' h ( m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m &ah m!la( (an "!r j (an "a&a (!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h ( m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an &an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ Nam n' %!rl!"as &ari i% ' &alam
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"!r(!m,an-an s!lanj %n)a h ( m "i&ana m m j -a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!, %+

S!ma(in ,!rm nc lan+

,an)a( Dalam

"!r n&an-. n&an-an %!rs!, %'

&an

"!ra% ran

a&minis%ra%i/

,ar

)an"a&a

a% ran.a% ran

"!m, a%

n&an-. n&an-

m!r j (

J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha( war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana s a% (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!n hi' ma(a ,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!r n&an-. n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j -a &im n-(in(an n% ( &i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la( E+ Di @!lan&a' (!m n-(inan ini s &ah lama &i(!nal &alam waterschapsverordening1"!ra% ran- %!n%an- %a%a - na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin- m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a sal ran air n% ( m!m,!rsih(an a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihan.(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+ Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla( (an

"!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (as s.(as s "!lan--aran (!waji,an h ( m #l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an m m 1 public nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a j mlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan m!m"!rl as "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n% (.,!n% ( "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ri s )an- %i&a( m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea a%a criminal intent 1o""enses that did not re)uire criminal intent 2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a &#(%rin vicarious liability+ Hal ini &ii( %i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- % r % m!m,!rla( (an (!%!%a"an )an- s!r "a+ P!m,!,anan "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea ,ar &ila( (an s!%!lah m!lal i wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (as s /ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited 4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!r sahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section I+ Tin&a(an )an- &ila( (an s!s!#ran- &i& -a m!la( (an (!jaha%an &a"a% &i ji ,!r&asar(an (a!&ah h ( m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!, % %!rmas ( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an )an- m!r "a(an mala in se a%a "!r, a%an )an- m!r "a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an%!rmas ( mala in se' a&alah "!r, a%an )an- m!lawan h ( m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra% ran )an-

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m!laran-n)a misaln)a m!nc ri' m!ni" ' m!m, n h' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r, a%an )anm!r "a(an mala in prohibita a&alah "!r, a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h ( m a"a,ila a&a a% ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a% ran.a% ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a% ran.a% ran a&minis%rasi in%!rnal s a% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas ( "!r, a%an mala in prohibita' a&a (!m n-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a% ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an h ( man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+ Nam n' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an&ila( (an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas ( (a%!-#ri mala in se' misaln)a' &alam (as s #,li-#r m!s(i" n &ana %!rs!, % &i(!m,ali(an' ns r %in&a( "i&anan)a %i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!, % han)a m!r "a(an ns r "!r%im,an-an n% ( m!m,!ri (!rin-anan h ( man+ Un% ( i% "!rl &i%!l s ri (a!&ah h ( m a"a )an- &ilan--ar B A"a(ah %in&a(an %!rs!, % %!rmas ( m!lan--ar (a!&ah h ( m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il ,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a "!nc rian' "!ni" an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj %n)a &i %!l s ri " la ns r lainn)a s!"!r%i a&an)a mens rea &an actus reus+ Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!l m "!r%an-- n-.jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!, %(an #l!h R!mm!lin( &alam , ( n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h ( m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m (an (!m n-(inan m!n n% % "!r%an-- njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s &ah &i(!nal lama s!,!l m KUHP @!lan&a &i, a%+ Hal ini &im n-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an "ra(%is+ Dari s & % "an&an- ini' h ( m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m &ah m!la( (an "!r j (an "a&a (!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h ( m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an &an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ Nam n' %!rl!"as &ari i% ' &alam "!r(!m,an-an s!lanj %n)a h ( m "i&ana m m j -a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!, %+ S!ma(in ,an)a( "!r n&an-. n&an-an &an "!ra% ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar Dalam a% ran.a% ran %!rs!, %' "!m, a% war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n% ( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana s a% )an- ,!rm nc lan+ n&an-. n&an- m!r j ( "a&a J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha( (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!n hi' ma(a n% (

,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!r n&an-. n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j -a &im n-(in(an

&i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la( E+ Di @!lan&a' (!m n-(inan ini s &ah lama &i(!nal &alam waterschapsverordening 1"!ra% ran- %!n%an- %a%a - na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin-

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m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a sal ran air n% ( m!m,!rsih(an a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihanI(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+ 05 Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla( (an

"!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (as s.(as s "!lan--aran (!waji,an h ( m #l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an m m 1 public nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a j mlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan m!m"!rl as "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n% (.,!n% ( "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ri s )an- %i&a( m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea a%a criminal intent 1o""enses that did not re)uire criminal intent 2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a &#(%rin vicarious liability+ Hal ini &ii( %i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- % r % m!m,!rla( (an (!%!%a"an )an- s!r "a+ P!m,!,anan "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl (an "!m, (%ian mens rea ,ar &ila( (an s!%!lah m!lal i wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (as s /ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited 4tates ' &imana "!m!rin%ah Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!r sahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section I+ 2.2. (ALA IN 'E Tin&a(an )an- &ila( (an s!s!#ran- &i& -a m!la( (an (!jaha%an &a"a% &i ji ,!r&asar(an (a!&ah h ( m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!, % %!rmas ( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an )an- m!r "a(an mala in se a%a "!r, a%an )an- m!r "a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an%!rmas ( mala in se' a&alah "!r, a%an )an- m!lawan h ( m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra% ran )anm!laran-n)a misaln)a m!nc ri' m!ni" ' m!m, n h' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r, a%an )anm!r "a(an mala in prohibita a&alah "!r, a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h ( m a"a,ila a&a a% ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a% ran.a% ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a% ran.a% ran a&minis%rasi in%!rnal s a% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas ( "!r, a%an mala in prohibita' a&a (!m n-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a% ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an h ( man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+
05

Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia P s%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ 055+

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Nam n' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an- &ila( (an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas ( (a%!-#ri mala in se' misaln)a' &alam (as s #,li-#r m!s(i" n &ana %!rs!, % &i(!m,ali(an' ns r %in&a( "i&anan)a %i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!, % han)a m!r "a(an ns r "!r%im,an-an n% ( m!m,!ri (!rin-anan h ( man+ Un% ( i% "!rl &i%!l s ri (a!&ah h ( m a"a )an- &ilan--arB A"a(ah %in&a(an %!rs!, % %!rmas ( m!lan--ar (a!&ah h ( m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il ,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a "!nc rian' "!ni" an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj %n)a &i %!l s ri " la ns r lainn)a s!"!r%i a&an)a mens rea &an actus reus+ 2.,. (EN' !EA DAN A-"U' !EU' Dalam wacana common law' a&a ,!,!ra"a "!n&!(a%an )an- &a"a% &i- na(an m!n!n% (an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi+ n% (

2.,.1. Identification Tests / Directing Mind Theory

@!r&asar(an %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi a%a directing minds theory' (!salahan &ari an--#%a &ir!(si a%a #r-an "!r sahaan8(#r"#rasi )an- %i&a( m!n!rima "!rin%ah &ari %in-(a%an )an- l!,ih %in--i &alam "!r sahaan' &a"a% &i,!,an(an (!"a&a "!r sahaan8 (#r"#rasi+ T!#ri ini &ia&#"si &i In--ris s!ja( %ah n 0>0:' )ai% m!lal i (as s -ennard,s %arrying %o. -td v. $siatic etroleum %o+' K0>0:L A+6+ <5:' a% <07 1H+F+2+ Dalam (as s ini' Ha(im P!n-a&ilan ,!r"!n&a"a% :
D6$7 corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind o" its own anymore than it has a body o" its own8 its active and directing will must conse)uently be sought in the person o" somebody who "or some purposes maybe called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will o" the corporation, the very ego and centre o" the personality o" the corporation9.:or i" &r. -ennard was the directing mind o" the company, then his action must, unless a corporation is not to be liable at all, have been an action which was the action o" the company itsel"99C+ 00

S a% (#r"#rasi a&alah s!, ah a,s%ra(si+ Ia %i&a( " n)a a(al "i(iran s!n&iri &an ,!-i% " la % , h s!n&iriH (!h!n&a(n)a har s &icari a%a &i%!m (an &alam &iri s!s!#ran- )an- n% ( % j an %!r%!n% &a"a% &is!, % s!,a-ai a-!n8"!ran%ara' )an- ,!nar.,!nar m!r "a(an #%a( &an (!h!n&a( n% ( m!n-arah(an 1directing mind and will2 &ari (#r"#rasi %!rs!, %MMJi(a T an F!nnar& m!r "a(an #%a( "!n-arah &ari "!r sahaan' ma(a %in&a(ann)a "as%i m!r "a(an %in&a(an &ari "!r sahaan i% s!n&iri+

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Dalam (as s lain &i In--ris' )ai% (as s 'esco 4upermarkets -td v /attrass K0><4L A+6+ 0:7' Ha(im P!n-a&ilan ,!r"!n&a"a% : +'he person who acts is not speaking or acting "or the company. #e is acting as the company and his mind which directs his acts is the mind o" the company. I" it is a guilty mind then that guilt is the guilt o" the company.;04 Oran- )an- ,!r%in&a( , (an ,!r,icara a%a ,!r%in&a( atas nama "!r sahaan+ Ia

,!r%in&a( seba+ai "!r sahaan' &an a(al "i(irann)a )an- m!n-arah(an %in&a(ann)a ,!rar%i a&alah a(al "i(iran &ari "!r sahaan+ Ji(a a(al "i(irann)a ,!rsalah' ,!rar%i (!salahan i% m!r "a(an (!salahan "!r sahaan+ D!n-an (a%a lain ns r mens rea &ari "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!r"!n hi &!n-an &i"!n hin)a ns r mens rea "!n- r s (#r"#rasi a%a "!r sahaan %!rs!, %+ @!-i% " la &!n-an actus reus )an- &iw j &(an #l!h "!n- r s (#r"#rasi )an- ,!rar%i m!r "a(an actus reus "!r sahaan+ T!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi ini % r % &ia&#"si #l!h Kana&a+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% &alam (as s 3. v. :ane 3obinson -td+' &imana "!r sahaan :ane 3obinson &an & a #ran- &ir!(% rn)a )anm!r "a(an "!n-!l#la )an- a(%i/' &alam %in-(a% ,an&in-' &i&a(wa m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana ,!r(#m"l#% a%a ,!r(#ns"irasi n% ( m!n--!la"(an an- &an m!m"!r#l!h an- &!n-an cara m!ni" + 2.7+4+ Doktrin Vicarious ia!"i"ity D#(%rin )an- "a&a m lan)a &ia&#"si &i In--ris ini s!,a-aimana &is!, %(an &i "!nj!lasan s!,!l mn)a' m!n)!, %(an ,ahwa (#r"#rasi ,!r%an-- n-jawa, a%as "!r, a%an )an- &ila( (an #l!h "!-awai."!-awain)a' a-!n8"!ran%ara a%a "iha(."iha( lain )an- m!nja&i %an-- n- jawa, (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an (!salahan )an- &ila( (an #l!h salah sa% in&i$i& %!rs!, %' (!salahan i% s!cara #%#ma%is &ia%ri, si(an (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+

12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liabilit . di akses hari !elasa tgl 2" #ebruari 2$1%, &am 1$.1" 'ib.

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D!n-an (!salahan )an- &ila( (an #l!h salah sa% in&i$i& %!rs!, %' (!salahan i% s!cara #%#ma%is &ia%ri, si(an (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+ Dalam hal ini (#r"#rasi ,isa &i"!rsalah(an m!s(i" n %in&a(an )an- &ila( (an %!rs!, % %i&a( &isa&ari a%a %i&a( &a"a% &i(#n%r#l+ @!r&asar(an hal ini' %!#ri ini &i(ri%i( (ar!na %i&a( m!m"!& li(an ns r mens rea 1guilty mind2 &ari m!r!(a )an&i,!,an(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an+ P!n-a&ilan &i In--ris &an Kana&a %!lah m!n#la( &#(%rin ini' &an m!n-a&#"si %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi+ Nam n' "!n&!(a%an &#(%rin ini masih &i- na(an &i "!n-a&ilan /!&!ral Am!ri(a S!ri(a%+ 07 Di In&#n!sia' &#(%rin ini &i%!ra"(an &alam Un&an-. n&an- N#+47 %ah n 0>>< %!n%anFin-( n-an+ 2.,.,. The #orporate #u"ture Mode" P!n&!(a%an j!nis ini &i- na(an #l!h A s%ralia+ Is%ilah corporate culture &a"a% (i%a liha% &alam $ustralian %riminal %ode $ct &i&!/inisi(an s!,a-ai ,!ri( % : Dan attitude, policy, rule, course o" conduct or practice e*isting within the body corporate generally or in the part o" the body corporate in which the relevant activities take place;. Yai% s a% ,!n% ( si(a"' (!,ija(an' a% ran' ran-(aian "!r, a%an a%a "ra(%!( )an- "a&a 0>>: 1Un&an-. n&an- Pi&ana A s%ralia2 )an-

m mn)a %!r&a"a% &alam % , h (#r"#rasi a%a &alam ,a-ian % , h (#r"#rasi &imana (!-ia%an. (!-ia%an %!r(ai% ,!rlan-s n-+ M!n r % n&an-. n&an- ini' %an-- n- jawa, "i&ana ,isa &ija% h(an a"a,ila %!r, (%i ,ahwa : Pertama' &!wan &ir!(si (#r"#rasi &!n-an s!n-aja a%a &!n-an %i&a( ha%i.ha%i 1c!r#,#h2 m!la( (an %in&a(an.%in&a(an 1conduct2 )an- r!l!$an' a%a s!cara %!r, (a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a s!cara %i&a( lan-s n- m!n-!sah(an 1authori<e2 a%a "!r, a%an "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an+ m!n-i3in(an 1permit2 "!rw j &an

07

6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he %riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety =""ences' Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r " An-!l!%%i 1Mana-!m!n% Fa,# r Faw)!rs2' hal+ =' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/86MF?454557?45Pa"!r+' &i a(s!s hari Ra, ' 4; P!,r ari 4509' jam 09+7: Gi,+

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Ked*a' a-!n manaj!rial (#r"#rasi %in-(a% %in--i 1s!"!r%i &ir!(si' (#misaris' manaj!r2 s!cara s!n-aja' m!n-!%ah i ,!nar a%a %i&a( ha%i.ha%i %!rli,a% &alam %in&a(an.%in&a(an )an- r!l!$an' a%a s!cara %!r, (a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a s!cara %i&a( lan-s n- m!n-!sah(an 1authori<e2 a%a m!n-i3in(an 1permit2 "!rw j &an "!r, a%an "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an+ Keti+a' a&a , &a)a a%a (!,iasaan &alam % , h (#r"#rasi )an- m!n-ins%r (si(an' m!n&#r#n-' a%a m!n-arah(an &ila( (ann)a %in&a(an.%in&a(an "!lan--aran 1non compliance2 %!rha&a" "!ra% ran."!ra% ran %!r%!n% + Keempat' (#r"#rasi -a-al m!m,!n% ( &an m!m"!r%ahan(an , &a)a )an- m!n n% % (!"a% han 1compliance2 %!rha&a" "!ra% ran."!ra% ran %!r%!n% + 09+ Di Kana&a' ,!n% ( "!n&!(a%an ini &i%#la( (ar!na &inilai %!rlal (a, r a%a samar.samar ji(a &i%!ra"(an n% ( m!n!n% (an mens rea (#r"#rasi+ 2.,... $ggregation Test M!n r % %!#ri ini' &!n-an cara m!nj mlah(an 1a--r!-a%in-2 %in&a(an 1ac%s2 &an (!lalaian 1#missi#n2 &ari & a a%a l!,ih #ran- "!r#ran-an )an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!r sahaan' ns r ac% s r! s &an m!ns r!a &a"a% &i(#ns%r (si(an &ari %in-(ah la( Kn#wl!&-! a%a D#(%rin P!n-!%ah an K#l!(%i/+ Am!ri(a S!ri(a% j -a m!n-a&#"si %!#ri ini+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% &alam sa% (as s' )ai% .nited 4tates v. !ank o" /ew 5ngland 10>=<2 =40 F4& =99+ @an( #/ N!w En-lan& &i&a(wa &!n-an % & han s!cara s!n-aja %i&a( m!la"#r(an s a% %ransa(si ma%a an-+ T & han ini %!r, (%i (ar!na )an- &ian--a" s!,a-ai J"!n-!%ah anE ,an( m!r "a(an %#%ali%as &ari s!m a )an- &i(!%ah i #l!h "ara "!-awai &alam r an- lin-( " (!w!nan-an m!r!(a+ 0: 1c#n& c%2 &an "!n-!%ah an 1(n#wl!&-!2 &ari ,!,!ra"a in&i$i& + Inilah )an- &is!, % &!n-an D#c%rin! #/ 6#ll!c%i$!

09
0:

I,i&' hal 00 h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%)' &ia(s!s hari Ra, %-l 4; P!,r ari 4509' jam 45+4: Gi,+

2.,./. %"ame&orthiness Test

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G#,!r% m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a s a% (#r"#rasi %i&a( m!la( (an %in&a(an "!nc!-ahan a%a m!la( (an & ! &ili-!nc! - na m!n-hin&ari m!la( (an s a% %in&a( "i&ana' ma(a hal ini a(an %am"a( &ari , &a)a &an (!"!rca)aann)a )an- %!rc!rmin &ari s%r (% r' (!,ija(an' "ra(%!( &an "r#s!& r )an- &i%!m" h #l!h (#r"#rasi %!rs!, %+ T!#ri ini m!n#la( "!mi(iran ,ahwa (#r"#rasi har s &i"!rla( (an sama s!"!r%i haln)a #ran- "!r#ran-an &an m!n& ( n- ,ahwa har s a&a (#ns!" h ( m lain n% ( m!n)#(#n"!r%an-- n-jawa,an s ,)!(.s ,)!( h ( m "ictitious 1(#r"#rasi2+ Hal ini m!r!/l!(si(an s%r (% r (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi m#&!rn )an- m mn)a %!r&!s!n%ralisasi &an &imana (!jaha%an %i&a( %!rlal &i(ai%(an &!n-an "!r, a%an jaha% a%a (!lalaian in&i$i& al' %!%a"i l!,ih (!"a&a sis%!m )an- -a-al n% ( m!n-a%asi "!rmasalahan "!n-awasan &an "!n-a% ran r!si(#+ 0; 4+9+ PENYEFESAIAN RESTORATIF 4+9+0+ K#ns!" P!n&!(a%an R!s%#ra%i/+ K#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!r "a(an s a% "!r(!m,an-an &ari "!mi(iran man sia )an- &i&asar(an "a&a %ra&isi.%ra&isi "!ra&ilan &ari "!ra&a,an ,an-sa.,an-sa ara, " r,a' ,an-sa Y nani' &an ,an-sa R#mawi &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalah %!rmas ( m!n)!l!sai(an masalah %in&a( "i&ana+ 0< Dalam "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lal i "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i$!' s a% (#n/li( a%a (!r sa(an )an- %im, l a(i,a% %in&a( "i&ana a&alah &i"an&an- s!,a-ai s a% (#n/li( )an%!rja&i &alam h , n-an an%ara an--#%a mas)ara(a% )an- har s &is!l!sai(an &an &i" lih(an #l!h s!l r h "iha( s!cara ,!rsama.sama+ Fin-(aran "!n)!l!saian ,!r" sa% (!"a&a (!s!im,an-an m!lal i "!m,!rian (!s!m"a%an %!rha&a" (#r,an %in&a( "i&ana+ n% ( ,!r"!ran &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MEFAFUI PENDEKATAN

0; 0<

I,i&+ R /in s H#%ma lana H %a r (' enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati"' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+ 057+

Um,r!i% m!nj!las(an ,ahwa:

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3estorative justice is a +victim-centered response to crime that allows the victim, the e""ender, their "amilies, and representative o" the community toaddress the harm caused by the crime;. 1 K!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah s!, ah D%an--a"an %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r" sa%(an "a&a (#r,an' "!la( %in&a( "i&ana' (!l ar-a.(!l ar-a m!r!(a' &an "ara "!rwa(ilan &ari mas)ara(a% "i&anaC+2 M!n r % "!n&a"a% "!n lis' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!s n-- hn)a %!lah &i(!nal &an &i"ra(%!((an &i In&#n!sia &alam lin-( " h ( m a&a%+ Ji(ala &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana ,!r&asar(an h ( m ,ara% s!%ia" %in&a( "i&ana a&alah "!lan--aran h ( m %!rha&a" n!-ara , (an #ran-."!r#ran-an s!cara "ri,a&i' ma(a &alam h ( m a&a% s a% %in&a( "i&ana &a"a% &i"an&ans!,a-ai s a% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" #ran-."!r#ran-an' s a% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" s a% -#l#n-an (!l ar-a a%a s a% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" s a% &!sa' s!hin--a m!r!(a masin-.masin,!rha( n% ( m!n- r sn)a+ @!r(!naan &!n-an "ra(%i( "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i In&#n!sia' @rai%hwair! m!n-a%a(an:0= +Indonesia is a nation with wonder"ul resources o" intracultural restorative justice. 'raditions o" musaywarah decision by "riendly cooperation and deliberation-traverse the archipelago. $dat law at the sama time allows "or devercity to the point o" local criminal laws being written to complement universal national laws.; 1 In&#n!sia a&alah s!, ah ,an-sa &!n-an s m,!r &a)a )an- san-a% m!na(j ,(an &ari "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ lin%as , &a)a+ Tra&isi.%ra&isi m s)awarah O"!n-am,ilan (!" % san m!lal i ramahn)a (!rja sama &an "!r%im,an-an )an- c!rma%O%!rs!,ar &i (!" la an ini+ H ( m a&a% &!n-an (!an!(ara-amann)a "a&a saa% )an- ,!rsamaan &i"!r%im,an-(an &!n-an h ( m "i&ana l#(al )an- %!r% lis &!n-an % j an n% ( m!l!n-(a"i h ( m nasi#anal )an- ,!rsi/a% ni$!rsal2+ n% ( m!nan-ani (!r sa(an &an (!r -ian )an- &ia(i,a%(an #l!h %in&a(

0=

I,i&' hlm+ 05>+

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Marc Anc!l m!n-a%a(an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana a&alah m!r "a(an masalah (!man siaan &an masalah s#sial (a human and social problem2 )an- %i&a( &a"a% &is!l!sai(an s!cara m!n)!l r h m!lal i (#ns!"si (!a&ilan &is%ri, %i$! a,s%ra(' (!,ija(sanaan "i&ana )an- har s &i"!r- na(an &alam "!r%an-- n-jawa,ann)a har s ,!r%#la( "a&a (#ns!"si "!r%an-- n-jawa,an )an- ,!rsi/a% "ri,a&i (individual responsibility2+ K#ns!" in&i$i& a%a ,a-aimana" n j -a' %i&a( &a"a% m!n-a,ai(an (!n)a%aan m!n-!nai "!rasaan in&i$i& "!r%an-- n-jawa,an )an- ,!rsi/a% "!r#ran-an+ M!n r % h!ma% "!n lis' &alam (!,ija(an h ( m masa (ini' "!ma(naan %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana )an- &isam"ai(an #l!h Marc Anc!l , (an han)a s!,a-ai "!n-!jawan%ahan a%as "!n-a( an &an "!n-har-aan %!rha&a" ha(.ha( asasi man sia )an- s &ah m!nja&i "rinsi" "#(#( &alam s!%ia" N!-ara h ( m' %!%a"i j -a m!r "a(an "!m,!rian (!s!im,an-an %!rha&a" ha(.ha( (#r,an )an- s!cara n#rma%i/ masih ,!l m &a"a% &i,!ri(an s!cara ma(simal #l!h sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana+ D!n-an a&an)a "an&an-an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana , (an s!ma%a.ma%a s!,a-ai "!lan--aran %!rha&a" h ( m n!-ara %!%a"i j -a m!r "a(an "!r, a%an )an- m!nim, l(an (!r -ian ,a-i mas)ara(a% (h s sn)a (#r,an )an- lan-s n- m!rasa(ann)a' ma(a m &ah &i"ahami "!r%an-- n-jawa,ann)a , (an &i% j (an (!"a&a n!-ara %!%a"i l!,ih &i" sa%(an (!"a&a (#r,an s!,a-ai ,!n% ( "!r%an-- n-jawa,an )an- har s &i%!, s m!lal i "!m,!rian -an%i r -i ,a-i si (#r,an &an , (an (!"a&a n!-ara+ M!n r % M la&i'
0>

&an mas)ara(a% %!n%an-

har s &ia( i ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an (#ns!" (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ %i&a(

%!rl!"as &ari "!r(!m,an-an ilm "!n-!%ah an %!n%an- (#r,an (!jaha%an 1 victimology2' )an&i"!l#"#ri #l!h P#n H!n%i-' s!#ran- ahli (rimin#l#-i "a&a %ah n 0>90 &an m!n&!ls#hn "a&a %ah n 0>9<+ P!r(!m,an-an ini m!lal i ,!,!ra"a %aha"+ Taha" "!r%ama (panel victimology>interactionist victimology2 )an- m!l!(a% "a&a h ( m "i&ana &an (rimil#l#-i m!liha% (#r,an s!,a-ai "ar%isi"an &an "!n)!,a, %!rja&in)a s a% (!jaha%an (ar!na (!salahann)a s!hin--a hal ini m!r "a(an s a% &i"!r%im,an-(an &alam "!mi&anaan "!la( +
0>

hal )an- har s

M la&i' KKR &an K!a&ilan R!s%#ra%i/' h%%":88www+(#m"as+c#m8(#m"as.c!%a(85:598408#"ini80<50770+ h%m' &i a(s!s hari Kamis' 4< P!,r ari 4509' jam 07+7: wi,+

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Taha" (!& a 1general victimology2 )an- ,!r(!m,an- s!%!lah "!ran- & nia II 10>:;2' m!r "a(an s% &i %!n%an- $ic%imi%as &alam ran-(a n% ( m!nc!-ah %!rja&in)a (#r,an m!lal i %in&a(an "!nc!-ahan &an ,an% an "a&a (#r,an 1victim assistance2+ Taha" (!%i-a ,!r(!m,an- "a&a %ah n 0><5.an m!nan&ai $ic%im#l#-i s!,a-ai s a% &isi"lin "!n!li%ian+ Hal ini !ra% (ai%ann)a &!n-an a(%i/i%as 'he world 4ociety o" ?ictimology (@4?). Pa&a %aha" ini victimology &iar%i(an s!,a-ai s a% s% &i ilmiah %!n%an- %in-(a%' ha(!(a% &an (a sa $ic%imisasi (riminal' (#ns!(w!nsin)a %!rha&a" #ran-.#ran- )an- %!rli,a% &an r!a(si )an- &i%im, l(an m!lal i mas)ara(a%' (h s sn)a "#lisi &an sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana ma " n "ara "!(!rja s#sial &an "r#/!si#nal+ Taha" (!!m"a% &i"!l#"#ri #l!h S!"ar#$ic "a&a %ah n 0>=<' )an- m!m"!rl as jan-(a an &!/inisi $i(%im#l#-i s!hin--a m!nca( " (#r,an "!lan--aran HAM 1victims o" human right abuses2 s!,a-ai is s!n%ral $ic%im#l#-i &an m!n-!l ar(an &ari &!/inisi' (#r,an ,!ncana alam &an (!c!la(aan (ar!na &i"an&an- %!rlal l as &ari sisi ilmiah+ Dalam hal ini (#r,an &iar%i(an s!,a-ai #ran-.#ran- )an- s!cara in&i$i& al a%a (#l!(%i/ %!lah m!n&!ri%a /isi( a%a m!n%al' !m#si#nal' (!r -ian !(#n#mi a%a "!lan--aran s ,%ansial %!rha&a" ha(.ha( / n&am!n%aln)a' m!lal i "!r, a%an."!r, a%an h ( m "i&ana' %!rmas ( "!n)alah- naan (!( asaan 1abuse o" power2+ P!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!ma(nai ,ahwa (!a&ilan i% &a"a% %!rca"ai ,ila "r#s!s

"!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana &a"a% m!li,a%(an s!l r h "iha( )an- %!rli,a% &a"a% m!n!n% (an (#ns!" "!n)!l!saian "!m,!rian san(si+ P!ma(naan ini %!lah m!m,awa "!r-!s!ran "ara&i-ma &alam m!mahami (#ns!" "!m,!rian (!a&ilan )an- a&a &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana+ Di(a%a(an &!mi(ian (ar!na &alam (#ns!" s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a m mn)a' (!a&ilan &ian--a" %!lah %!rca"ai ,ila "!la( &a"a% &i,!ri san(si #l!h N!-ara &an (#r,an %i&a( m!n&a"a% %!m"a% &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a' s!&an-(an &alam (#ns!" (!ran-(a (!rja (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i// "!la( %in&a( "i&ana' (#r,an &an (!s!l r han mas)ara(a% &ili,a%(an &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana s!cara lan-s n- &an ,!r/#( s (!"a&a "!m lihan )an- &i&!ri%a(an (#r,an 1victim-centred2' 45 s!&an-(an N!-ara ,!r/ n-si s!,a-ai "!m,!ri /asili%as &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana+
45

R /in s H#%ma lana H %a r (' 04:.04;+

enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati" ' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+

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4+:

PRINSIP.PRINSIP PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF @!,!ra"a "rinsi"."rinsi" )an- ,!rla( s!cara ni$!rsal )an- m!l!(a% &alam (#ns!"

"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana' an%ara lain s!,a-ai ,!ri( %: a2 Prinsi" P!n)!l!saian )an- A&il 1Due rocess2 Dalam s!%ia" sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &i s!l r h n!-ara' (!"a&a %!rsan-(a s!lal &i,!ri(an ha( n% ( m!n-!%ah i %!rl!,ih &ah l %!n%an- "r#c!& ral."r#s!& ral "!rlin& n-an %!r%!n% (!%i(a &iha&a"(an "a&a "!n n% %an' a%a "!n-h ( man+ Pr#s!s "!ra&ilan 1& ! "r#c!ss2 har slah &ian--a" s!,a-ai ,!n% ( "!rlin& n-an m!m,!r (!s!im,an-an ,a-i (!( asaan n!-ara m!la(sana(an h ( man &ari s a% " % san h ( man+40 n% ( n% ( m!nahan' m!mn n% %' &an

,2 P!rlin& n-an )an- s!%ara Dalam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lal i "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' (!a&ilan har s %im, l &ari s a% "r#s!s salin- m!mahami a(an ma(na &an % j an (!a&ilan i% ' %an"a m!man&an- s ( ' j!nis (!lamin' a-ama' asal ,an-sa' &an (!& & (an lainn)a+ T!r&a"a% (!ra- an %!n%an- (!mam" an sis%!m "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an s a% masalah &an m!m,!ri(an Drasa (!a&ilanC "iha(
44

&ian%ara "ara "ar%isi"an )an- ,!r,!&a.,!&a' (ar!ns &a"a% saja salah sa%

m!m" n)ai (!l!,ihan (!( a%an !(#n#mi' in%!l!(% al' "#li%i(' a%a ,ah(an /isi(' &alam s a% "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/+

s!hin--a a(an %!rja&i s a% (!%i&a(s!%araan &i an%ara "ara "iha( )an- ,!r"ar%isi"asi

c2 Ha(.Ha( K#r,an Dalam s a% "!n)!l!saian s a% masalah m!lal i "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' ha(. ha( (#r,an "!rl m!n&a"a% "!rha%ian' (ar!na (#r,an a&alah "iha( )an-

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,!r(!"!n%in-an )an- s!har sn)a m!m" n)ai (!& & (an 1h ( m2 &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a+

40

44

Pan N!ss &an S%r#n-' 0>><' hlm+ 0:' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!n!n %-l 7 mar!% 4509' jam 05+7: wi,+ Gri-h%' 0>>0' hlm+ ;=' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!n!n %-l 7 mar!% 4509' jam 07+4: wi,+

R#wlan& ,!r"!n&a"a%' ,ahwa (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an (#r,an s!rin,!rsim"an-an &!n-an (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an n!-ara+

47

Para "!n& ( n- %!rha&a"

(#ns!" "!rlin& n-an ,a-i ha(.ha( (#r,an j -a ,!r"an&an-an a&alah j!las %i&a( a&il ,a-i (#r,an ,ila n!-ara l!,ih m!n-in&ah(an (!, % han.(!, % han ma%!rial' "si(#l#-i' h ( mm' ,a-i "!la( "!lan--ar' s!m!n%ara n!-araa %i&a( m!m,!ri(an %an-- n- jawa,n)a a%as (!hi& "an )an- la)a( ,a-i (#r,an+ 49 &2 Pr#"#rsi#nali%as Ga-asan "airness &i &alam sis%!m r!s%#ra%i/ &i&asar(an "a&a (#ns!ns s "!rs!% j an )an- m!m,!ri(an "ilihan al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalah s!&an-(an "!n-!r%ian "r#"#rsi#nali%as a&alah ,!r(ai%an &!n-an lin-( " (!samaan san(si.san(si "!n&!ri%aan )an- har s &i(!na(an "a&a "!lan--ar )an- m!la( (an "!lan--aran+ Pa&a "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a m mn)a' "r#"#rsi#nali%as &ian--a" %!lah %!r"!n hi ,ila %!lah m!m!n hi s a% "!rasaan (!a&ilan r!%ri, %i/ 1(!s!im,an-an %im,al! ,ali( an%ara punish &an reward2' s!&an-(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a% m!m,!rla( (an san(si.san(si )an- %i&a( s!,an&in- %!rha&a" "!lan--ar )anm!la( (an "!lan--ran )an- sama+
4:

@!,!ra"a (#r,an m n-(in han)a m!n-in-in(an

"!rmin%aan maa/ )an- ,!rsahaja' s!m!n%ara (#r,an.(#r,an lainn)a m n-(in m!n-hara"(an r!s%#rasi "!n h &ari "!lan--ar+ !2 Pra& -a Ta( @!rsalah Dalam "!ra&ilan "a&a m mn)a' n!-araa m!mili(i ,!,an "!m, (%ian n% ( m!m, (%i(an (!salahan %!rsan-(a+ S!ja( &an sam"ai ,!,an "!m, (%ian i% &ila( (an' %!rsan-(a har s &ian--a" %i&a( ,!rsalah+ @!r,!&a haln)a &!n-an "r#s!s
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 22

r!s%#ra%i//' )an- m!ns)ara%(an s a% "!n-a( an ,!rsalah m!r "a(an s)ara% &a"a% &ilanj %(ann)a lin-(aran "!n)!l!saian+ Dalam "r#s!s."r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' ha(.ha( %!rsan-(a m!n-!nai "ra& -a %a( ,!rsalah &a"a% &i(#m"r#mi(an &!n-an cara' )ai% %!rsan-(a m!mili(i ha( n% ( m!la( (an %!rminasi "r#s!s r!s%#rasi &an m!n#la( "r#s!s "!n-a( an ,ahwa ia ,!rsalah' &an s!lanj %n)a m!milih #"si "r#s!s /#rmal &imana (!salahan har s &i, (%i(an+ 4;
47

49
4:

R#wlan&' 0>>4' hlm+ 0=>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 04+7: wi,+ Karm!n' 0>>5' hlm+ 700' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 07+45 wi,+ Garn!r' 0>>9' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 05+7: wi,+ M##r!' 0>>7' hlm+ 0>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 07+4: wi,+

4;

/2 Ha( @an% an K#ns l%asi a%a P!nas!ha% H ( m Dalam "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' a&$#(a% a%a "!nas!ha% h ( m m!mili(i "!ran )an- san-a% s%ra%!-is n% ( m!m,an- n (!mam" an "!lan--ar &alam m!lin& n-i ha(n)a vis a vis ,an% an "!nas!ha% h ( m+ Dalam s!m a %aha"an "r#s!s in/#rmal )an- r!s%#ra%i/' %!rsan-(a &a"a% &i,!ri in/#rmasi m!lal i ,an% an "!nas!ha% h ( mm m!n-!nai ha( &an (!waji,ann)a )an- &a"a% &i"!r- na(an s!,a-ai "!r%im,an-an &alam m!m, a% (!" % san+ 4<

4+; MODEF SISTEM PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF P!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lal i "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i// %i&a( a(an m!nja&i s a% r!ali%as )an- &a"a% &iim"l!m!n%asi(an ji(a %i&a( &a"a% &i,an- n a%a &i(!m,an-(an s a% m#&!l s%r (% ral &!n-an "ara&i-m r!s%#ra%i/ )an- a(an m!nja&i "ilihan al%!rna%i/ &alam sis%!m h ( m "i&ana+ M!n r % Pan N!ss' ,!,!ra"a m#&!l "!n&!(a%an s!,a-ai "ilihan al%!rna%i/ )an- &a"a% m!n--am,ar(an %!m"a% &an (!& & (an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam sis%!m h ( m "i&ana s!,a-ai ,!ri( %: 4= 4+;+0+ Uni/i!& S)s%!m Dalam mas)ara(a% )an- s!ma(in sa&ar a(an "!n%in-n)a (!s!%araan &alam h ( m m!liha% hi"#%!sa 6hris%i!' )ai% ,ahwa n!-ara %!lah m!nc ri (#n/li( &ari "ara "iha( m!nja&i s a% "ilihan
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 23

)an- &a"a% m!m,!r "an&an-an n% ( m!m$isi(an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!n--an%i(an "!ra&ilan "i&ana+ 4+;+4+ D al Trac( S)s%!m M#&!l dual track system ini &a"a% &i, a% m!nja&i s a% "!n&am"in- al%!rna%i/ ,!rsama s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana )an- a&a+ Ji(a (!s!"a(a%an m!mas (i "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/ %i&a( &a"a% &ica"ai 1&!n-an (#ns!ns s s!m a "iha( )an- ,!r(!"!n%in-an2 ma(a sis%!m "!n-a&ilan "!ra&ilan "i&ana a(an %!%a" %!rs!&ia+ Ja&i' &alam hal ini "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i%!m"a%(an m!n& & (i "#sisi "rim!r s!&an-(an l!m,a-a.l!m,a-a /#rmal a&alah ,!r"!ran s!,a-ai s a% ns r "!n& ( n-' s!,a-aimana m#&!l "!ra&ilan "i&ana J!"an- "a&a &asarn)a %!r&iri &ari s a% sis%!m & a jal r+ 4> )an- sis%!m "!ra&ilan /#rmaln)a sama &!n-an ma)#ri%as n!-ara &!m#(rasi in& s%ri'

4< 4= 4>

M##r! &an 6#nn!l' 0>>9' hlm+ ;<' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 0;+9: wi,+ R /in s H#%ma lana H %a r (' enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati" ' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+ 090+ Hal!)' 0>>;' hlm+ 7:0' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!j s%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 0<+:: wi,+

&!n-an h ( m "i&ana ma%!riil &an h ( m "i&ana /#rmiln)a m!n-a% r jalann)a "r#s!s s a% (as s %in&a( "i&ana+

4+;+7+ Sa/!- ar& S)s%!m M#&!l ini a&alah s a% m#&!l )an- &irancan- n% ( m!nan-ani %in&a( "i&ana m!lal i "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' &i mana "r#-ram."r#-ram r!s%#rasi a(an m!nja&i sarana %ama n% ( m!nan-ani "!rmasalahan."!rmasalahan %in&a( "i&ana ma(a hal ini ,!rar%i ,ahwa a(an %!rja&i s a% "!ralihan ,!sar &ari s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a m mn)a )an- a(an m!n-alami r!& (si (! s)s%!m (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/+

4+;+9+ H),ri& S)s%!m

Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 24

Dalam m#&!l ini' "r#s!s "!n!n% an a%a "!n!%a"an s!s!#ran- ,!rsalah &i"r#s!s &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a m mn)a &an (!m &ian &alam"r#s!s "!n!n% an san(si ma(a (#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a% &i- na(an n% ( m!n!n% (an j!nis san(sin)a+ Dalam system hybrid' ,ai( r!s"#n "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i// ma " n r!s"#n "!ra&ilan "i&ana (#n%!m"#r!r &i"an&an- s!,a-ai ,a-ian.,a-ian n#rma%i/ &ari sis%!m "!ra&ilan+ Mar%in Gri-h% m!n-a%a(an' ,ahwa sis%!m "!n-a&ilan a(an han)a &i"!rl (an &alam s!j mlah (as s.(as s %!r%!n% &i mana "!m lihan a%a r!"arasi s (ar!la %i&a(lah c ( "' s!"!r%i "!lan--ar m!n#la( n% ( m!la( (an "!m lihan a%a r!"arasi s!cara s (ar!laH (#r,an m!n!rima "!m lihan a%a r!"arasi )an- %i&a( s!s ai &!n-an m!m!n hi hara"an " ,li(H "!lan--ar m!n#la( a%a %i&a( m!n-a( i %!lah m!la( (an "!lan--aranH "!m!njaraan a%a "!m,a%asan."!m,a%asan (!,!,asan si "!lan--ar &i"!rl (an n% ( m!lin& n-i " ,li(+

III+

PENUTUP III+0+ K!sim" lan

U"a)a "!n!-a(an h ( m %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i In&#n!sia &i m lai s!ja( %ah n 0>:5.an )an- (!m &ian &ii( %i &!n-an ,!,!ra"a (!%!n% an "!r n&an-. n&an-an )an,ar )an- m!n-a% r %!n%an- "!n!-a(an h ( mm a%a "!mi&anaan %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi' nam n "a)a %!rs!, % ,!l m &a"a% m!m,!r rasa (!a&ilan (!"a&a mas)ara(a%

(h s sn)a %!rha&a" (#r,an+ K#n&isi %!rs!, % %i&a( %!rl!"as &ari ( ran-n)a "!nilaian %!rha&a" ha(.ha( (#r,an &alam "!r m san (!,ija(an "i&ana &alam sis%!m "!r n&an-. n&an-an )anm!n-a% r %!n%an- "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i In&#n!sia+ U"a)a "!nan-- lan-an masih l!,ih m!n!(an(an "!n&!(a%an )an- ,!rsi/a% r!"r!si/ &an r!%ri, %i/ )an- c!n&!r n- l!,ih m!n!(an(an as"!( "!m,alasan n% ( m!m,!r !/!( j!ra (!"a&a "!la( m!n-a(i,a%(an (!"!n%in-an si (#r,an ( ran- %!rwa(ili &an s!rin- %!ra,ai(an+ P!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i"an&an- san-a% !/!(%i/ &alam m!nan-- lan-i %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi #l!h (ar!na (#ns!" )an- &i%awar(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah &i sam"in"r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a l!,ih c!"a% &an s!&!rhana' j -a &a"a% m!nia&a(an !/!( sam"in- )an"a&a m mn)a s!rin- %!rja&i &alam im"l!m!n%asi "!n&!(a%an r!"r!si/ r!%ri, %i/+
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 25

P!n!ra"an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!,a-ai s a% al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana (h s sn)a ,a-i %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi s!,a-ai s a% (!,ija(an ,ar &alam s)s%!m h ( m "i&ana In&#n!sia &a"a% ,!r/ n-si m!l!n-(a"i (!,ija(an sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana )ana&a+

III+4+

Saran.Saran

Fan-(ah.lan-(ah &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi' &a"a% &ila( (an s!,a-ai ,!ri( %: 02 P!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &a"a% &is!l!sai(an %!rl!,ih &ah l m!lal i "!n&!(a%an "!rs asi/ n% ( m!n-hin&ari "!n-!l aran ,ia)a &an (!r -ian )an- a(an hilan- 1"#%!n%ial l#s%2+ 42 P!rl n)a &i,!n% ( (!,ija(an l!-islasi )an- m!m,!ri(an & ( n-an ) ri&is a-ar: a2 s%r (% r (!l!m,a-aan "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!m" n)ai %!m"a% (!& & (an &alam sis%!m h ( m "i&ana &i In&#n!siaH ,2 %!r&a"a% lan&asan )an- "as%i s!,a-ai "!&#man ,a-i "ara a"ara% "!n!-a( h ( m a%a sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &alam m!la(sana(an % -asn)a m!la( (an "!nan-anan &an "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasiH c2 "r#s!s s#sialisasi %!rha&a" mas)ara(a% a-ar &a"a% m!n!rima (#ns!" "!m,!rian san(si m!lal i "!n-- naan %!#ri responsive regulation+

---------------

Terima kasih, Terima Kasih, Terima

Kasih. ------------------

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0=

S "#m#' @a,.@a, %!n%an- H ( m A&a%' P!n!r,i% Uni$!rsi%as' 0>;7' Hlm+ >;+

0;

I,i&+

Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII

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Pertan++*n+ja0aban Pidana o eh Pen+*r*s Korporasi Dalam (#r"#rasi a%a "!r sahaan' "ara an--#%a &ir!(si &an (#misaris s!,a-ai salah sa% #r-an $i%al &alam ,a&an h ( m %!rs!, % m!r "a(an "!m!-an- amanah 1"iduciary2 )an- har s ,!r"!rila( s!,a-aimana la)a(n)a "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan+ Di sini (#misaris &an &ir!(% r &a"a% &i&asar(an "a&a %!#ri m!mili(i "#sisi "iducia &alam "!n- r san "!r sahaan &an m!(anism! h , n-ann)a har s s!cara "air. M!n r % "!n-alaman common law h , n-an i% "iduciary duty.K74L H , n-an "iduciary duty %!rs!, % &i&asar(an a%as (!"!rca)aan &an (!rahasiaan 1trust and con"idence2 )an- &alam "!ran ini m!li" %i' (!%!li%ian 1scrupulous2' i%i(a& ,ai( 1good "aith2' &an (!%!r s%!ran-an 1candor2+K77L Dalam m!mahami h , n-an "!m!-an(!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary relationship2 %!rs!, %' common law m!n-a( i ,ahwa #ran- )anm!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary2 s!cara na% ral m!mili(i "#%!nsi w!w!nan-n)a+ Ol!h s!,a, i% (!"a&a s%an&ar )an- %in--i+K79L n% ( m!n)alah- na(an h , n-an "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan %!rs!, % har s &i&asar(an

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N!-ara.n!-ara common law s!"!r%i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %!lah m!m" n)ai s%an&ar )an- j!las n% ( m!n!n% (an a"a(ah s!#ran- &ir!(% r &a"a% &imin%ai "!r%an-- n-jawa,ann)a &alam %in&a(an )an- &iam,iln)a' )ai% &i&asar(an "a&a s%an&ar duty o" loyality &an duty o" care. K!waji,an %ama &ari &ir!(% r a&alah (!"a&a "!r sahaan s!cara (!s!l r han , (an (!"a&a "!m!-an- saham ,ai( s!cara in&i$i& ma " n (!l#m"#(+K7:L 's!s ai &!n-an "#sisi s!#ran&ir!(% r s!,a-ai s!, ah trustee &alam "!r sahaan+ P#sisi ini m!n-har s(an s!#ran- &ir!(% r n% ( %i&a( ,!r%in&a( c!r#,#h &alam m!la( (an % -asn)a 1duty o" care2K7;L+ S!lain i% &alam m!la( (an % -asn)a %!rs!, % s!#ran- &ir!(% r %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il (! n% n-an n% ( &irin)a s!n&iri a%as "!r sahaan 1duty o" loyality ).K7<L P!lan--aran %!rha&a" (!& a "rinsi" %!rs!, % &alam h , n-ann)a &!n-an :iduciary Duty &a"a% m!n)!,a,(an &ir!(% r (!"a&a "ara "!m!-an- saham ma " n (!"a&a "iha( lainn)a+K7=L D#(%rin a%a "rinsi" "iduciary duty ini &a"a% (i%a j m"ai &alam Un&an-. n&an- N#+0 %ah n 0>>: %!n%an- P!rs!r#an T!r,a%as+ M!n r % Pasal l<> a)a% 102 UUPT "!n- r san PT &i"!rca)a(an (!"a&a Dir!(si F!,ih j!lasn)a "asal =4 UUPT m!n)a%a(an' ,ahwa Dir!(si ,!r%an-- n- jawa, "!n h a%as "!n- r san "!rs!r#an n% ( (!"!n%in-an &an % j an "!rs!r#an s!r%a m!wa(ili "!rs!r#an ,ai( &i &alam ma " n &i l ar "!n-a&ilan+ S!&an-(an Pasal =: UUPT m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa s!%ia" an--#%a Dir!(si waji, &!n-an i%i(a& ,ai( &an "!n h %an-- n- jawa, m!njalan(an % -as n% ( (!"!n%in-an &an saha P!rs!r#an+ P!lan--aran %!rha&a" hal ini &a"a% m!n)!,a,(an Dir!(si ,!r%an-- n- jawa, "!n h s!cara "ri,a&i a"a,ila )an- ,!rsan-( %an ,!rsalah a%a lalai m!njalan(an % -asn)a %!rs!, %+ Dalam (#n%!(s &ir!(% r' san-a% "!n%ins%an&ar "!rila( j j r+K7>L Un% ( m!m,!,an(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an %!rha&a" &ir!(% r a%a "!n- r s (#r"#rasi' ma(a 1standart o" conduct2 n% ( m!n-#n%r#l "!rila( &ari "ara &ir!(% r )ann% ( &imin%ai "!r%an-- n- jawa,an h ( mn)a s!cara "ri,a&i %!rha&a" "!r, a%an )an- &ila( (ann)a' ,ai(

m!m" n)ai "#sisi &an (!( asaan ,!sar &alam m!n-!l#la "!r sahaan' %!rmas ( m!n!n% (an n% ( m!lin& n-i "iha(."iha( )an- a(an &ir -i(an a"a,ila s!#ran- &ir!(% r ,!r"!rila( %i&a( s!s ai &!n-an (!w!nan-ann)a a%a ,!r"!rila( %i&a(

har s &i, (%i(an a&an)a "!lan--aran %!rha&a" (!( asaan (!waji,an (!w!nan-an )an&imili(in)a+ P!n- r s (#r"#rasi &alam hal ini har s &a"a% &i, (%i(an %!lah m!lan--ar good
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 29

"aith )an- &i"!rca)a(an "a&an)a &alam m!njalan (#r"#rasi a%a "!r sahaan' s!,a-aimana &ia% r &alam "rinsi" "iduciary duty+ Ji(a (i%a m!n-h , n-(ann)a &!n-an identi"ication theory &alam wacana common law s!,a-aimana %!lah &i rai(an &ia%as' (!salahan )an- &ila( (an #l!h an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a han)a &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a (#r"#rasi ji(a m!m!n hi s)ara%: i2 %in&a(an )an&ila( (an #l!h m!r!(a ,!ra&a &alam ,a%as % -as a%a ins%r (si )an- &i,!ri(an "a&a m!r!(a' ii2 , (an m!r "a(an "!ni" an )an- &ila( (an %!rha&a" "!r sahaan' iii2 &ima(s &(an n% ( m!n-hasil(an a%a m!n&a%an-(an (! n% n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an (a%a lain' ji(a salah sa% s)ara% ini %i&a( &i"!n hi' ma(a (!salahan %!rs!, % %i&a( &a"a% &i"i( l #l!h (#r"#rasi' nam n har s &i"i( l s!cara "ri,a&i #l!h #r-an (#r"#rasi )an- m!la( (an %in&a(an %!rs!, %+

&*siness $*d+ment !* e @!r(ai%an &!n-an %in&a(an an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi )an- m!n-am,il %in&a(an n% ( (!"!n%in-an &an (! n% n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi' %!r&a"a% " la &#(%rin &alam h ( m (#r"#rasi )an- m!lin& n-i "ara &ir!(% r )an- ,!ri%i(a& ,ai( %!rs!, % s!,a-aimana %!r&a"a% &alam %!#ri !usiness (udgment 3ule )an- m!r "a(an salah sa% %!#ri )an- san-a% "#" lar n% ( m!njamin (!a&ilan ,a-i "ara &ir!(% r )an- m!m" n)ai i%i(a& ,ai(+ P!n!ra"an %!#ri ini m!m" n)ai misi %ama' )ai% n% ( m!nca"ai (!a&ilan' (h s sn)a ,a-i "ara &ir!(% r s!, ah "!r sahaan %!r,a%as &alam m!la( (an s a% (!" % san ,isnis+ K95L Salah sa% %#la( ( r n% ( m!m % s(an a"a(ah s a% (!r -ian %i&a( &is!,a,(an #l!h (!" % san ,isnis 1business judgment2 )an- %i&a( %!"a% s!hin--a &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari "!lan--aran "rinsi" duty o" care a&alah: pertama, m!mili(i in/#rmasi %!n%an- masalah )an- a(an &i" % s(an &an "!rca)a ,ahwa in/#rmasi %!rs!, % ,!nar Kedua, %i&a( m!mili(i (!"!n%in-an &!n-an (!" % san &an m!m % s(an &!n-an i%i(a& ,ai(+ Ketiga, m!mili(i &asar rasi#nal n% ( m!m"!rca)ai ,ahwa (!" % san )an- &iam,il a&alah )an- %!r,ai( ,a-i "!r sahaan+K90L S!hin--a' a"a,ila %!r, (%i ,ahwa %in&a(an a%a (!" % san )an- &iam,il #l!h &ir!(% r n% ( m!m,!rla( (an s a% (!,ija(an (#r"#rasi )an- &i&asar(an a%as business judgment )an- %!"a% &alam ran-(a m!raih (! n% n-an s!,an)a(.,an)a(n)a ,a-i (#r"#rasi' ma(a a"a,ila %!rn)a%a %in&a(an )an- &iam,il
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 30

%!rs!, % m!nim, l(an (!r -ian )an- m!lahir(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana' %i&a( &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a "ri,a&i "!n- r s 1&ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a2' %!%a"i &i,!,an(an "a&a (#r"#rasi+ P!r%an-- n-jawa,an #l!h "!n- r s han)a &im n-(in(an a"a,ila %!r, (%i %!rja&i "!lan--aran duty o" care &an duty o" loyalty. A"a,ila (i%a m!m,an&in-(an &!n-an "ra(%!( )an- &ila( (an &i @!lan&a' (i%a &a"a% m!liha% s a% beschikking %an--al 0> N#$!m,!r 0>=<' NJ 0>=;' 04:' #oge 3aad' )an- m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa s!s!#ran- ,ar &a"a% &i(a%a(an s!cara /a(% al m!mim"in &alam (#n%!(s %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ji(a ia m!n-!%ah i %!rja&in)a %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!rsan-( %an 1)an- &alam (as s ini m!n)an-( % &!n-an "!mals an s ra%2+ Nam n (!,ija(an ini &inilai ( ran- %!"a% (ar!na "ara "!mim"in8&ir!(si8"!ja,a% (#r"#asi lainn)a )an- %i&a( s!cara lan-s n- %!rli,a% a%a ,!(!rja s!ram"an-an %!r,!,as &ari %an-- n- jawa,+ K94L K!m &ian &alam (!" % san ,!ri( %n)a &alam (as s )an- sama' %an--al 0; D!s!m,!r 0>=;' NJ 0>=<' 740' maj!lis ha(im m!m,!ri(an "!r%im,an-an )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa &i(a%a(an m!mim"in /a(% al a"a,ila / n-si#nari a%a "!ja,a% )an- ,!rsan-( %an s!(ali" n ,!rw!nan- &an s!cara mas ( a(al &a"a% m!la( (ann)a j s%r %i&a( m!la( (an lan-(ah.lan-(ah n% ( m!nc!-ah %in&a(an %!rlaran- &an s!cara sa&ar m!n!rima (!s!m"a%an )an- (!m &ian m nc l a-ar %in&a(an %!rlaran- %!rs!, % %!rla(sana+ Dalam si% asi %!rs!, %' m!n r % "!n-a&ilan' &ian--al s!n-aja m!n& ( n- &ila( (ann)a %in&a(an %!rlaran- i% + Dalam (as s )an- &i"!ri(sa' "!n!rimaan a%as %in&a( "i&ana %!rs!, % &ian--a" %!rja&i ji(a )an- ,!rsan-( %an m!n-!%ah i ,ahwa &ila( (ann)a %in&a( "i&ana s!cara /a(% al #l!h (#r"#rasi 1s a% ,an(2 ,!r(ai%an lan-s n- &!n-an a"a )an&i&a(wa(an+ K97L Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i Kana&a' ,!r&asar(an Un&an-. n&an- H ( m Pi&ana Kana&a' &ir!(si &an "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &a"a% ,!r%an-- n- jawa, s!cara "ri,a&i+ Al%!rna%i/ lain )an- &im n-(in(an a&alah m!r!(a j -a &a"a% &i% n% % s!,a-ai "iha( a%as %in&a(an )an- &ila( (an #l!h in&i$i& )an- lain+K99L

Pri$a%! M!m,!rEs @ill 6.4=9 K9:L %!lah m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa "!nja% han "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" &ir!(si &an "!ja,a%."!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &imana m!r!(a ,!r%in&a( s!n&iri. s!n&iri a%a ,!rsama.sama &!n-an #ran- lain' &an m!nsah(an 1authori<e2 %in&a(an a%a

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(!lalaian )an- m!nja&i %in&a( (!jaha%an+ Ji(a &ir!(si a%a

"!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a: i2

m!n-!%ah i a%a s!har sn)a m!n-!%ah i ,ahwa %in&a(an a%a (!lalaian i% m!r "a(an %in&a( "i&ana' ii2 m!n-!%ah i ,ahwa %in&a(an i% &ila( (an a%a a(an &ila( (an' &an iii2 %i&a( a%a -a-al m!n-am,il lan-(ah )an- m!m n-(in(an n% ( m!nc!-ah &ila( (ann)a %in&a(an i% ' ma(a m!r!(a &a"a% &i"i&ana a%a &i,!n,an(an %an-- n- jawa,+ K9;L Kesimp* an D!n-an "!r%im,an-an &am"a( )an- &a"a% &i%im, l(an #l!h (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi ,ai( ,a-i mas)ara(a%' "!r!(#n#mian' "!m!rin%ahan &an as"!(.as"!( lainn)a )an- ,!r,aha)a' ,ah(an l!,ih s!ri s &i,an&in-(an &!n-an &am"a( )an- &i%im, l(an #l!h ,!n% (.,!n% ( (!jaha%an )an(#n$!nsi#nal' ma(a har s a&a (#nsis%!nsi &an lan&asan )an- s#li& &alam h ( m n% ( &a"a% m!m,!,an(an "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+ Dalam ,!r,a-ai har s %!r&a"a% "!n-a% ran m!n)an-( % "!r%an-- n-jawa,an ini+ S!lain i% ' &i"!rl (an "!rha%ian s% &i )an- l!,ih m!n&alam' ,ai( &i (alan-an a(a&!mis' "r#/!si#nal ma " n a"ara% "!n!-a( h ( m' - na m!m,an- n s a% (!ran-(a %!#ri%is ,a-i "a)a "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi+ Hal ini h!n&a(n)a &iim,an-i " la &!n-an har s mam" &an (r!a%i/ n% ( m!la( (an %!r#,#san.%!r#,#san h ( m+

"!nin-(a%an ( ali%as &an (!mam" an "ara "!n!-a( h ( m )an- a(an m!n!ra"(ann)a+ M!r!(a

DA1"A! PU'"AKA @lac(' H!nr) 6am",!ll' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P ,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pa l' Minn!ss#%a' 0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+ Din!' Jan!%' %ompany -aw' Macmillan Pr!ss F%&+' 0>>=+ F!r- s#n' G!rr)' %orruption and %riminal -iability' h%%":88www+icclr+law+ ,c+ca8 P ,lica%i#ns8 R!"#r%s8 F!r- s#nG+PDF

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Gr#ss' H)man' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>' hal+009+ K!!nan' D!nis N J#s!"hin! @iscar!' 4mith 2 Keenan,s %ompany -aw :or 4tudents' Financial Tim!s' Pi%man P ,lishin-' 0>>;+ Khanna' P+S' %orporate %riminal -iability0 @hat 09<<' Th! Har$ar& Faw R!$i!w Ass#cia%i#n' 0>>; Fi"%#n' Phili" &an A,raham H!r3,!r-' .nderstanding %ompany -aw, @ris,an!' Th! @##( Faw 6#m"an) F%&' 0>>4+ Fi%%l!' 6hris%#"h!r M+ N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he %riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety =""ences, Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r " An-!l!%%i 1Mana-!m!n% Fa,# r Faw)!rs2' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/8 6MF?454557?45Pa"!r+"&/ Pr#&j#&i(#r#' Girj#n#' $sas-asas #ukum idana di Indonesia' E&+4' 6!%+;' @an& n- : Er!sc#' 0>=>+ R!mm!lin(' Jan' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia P s%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557 R smana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan ' urpose Does It 4erveA' 05> Har$+ F+R!$+

h%%":88www+s#l sih ( m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h" Sc#%%' 6hari%)' D%aveat ?endor0 !roker-Dealer -iability .nder the 4ecurities 5*change $ct 'C S!c ri%i!s R!- la%i#n Faw J# rnal' 1P#l+ 0<' 0>=>2 S!li-man' J#!l' %orporations %ases and &aterials' Fi%%l! @r#wn an& 6#m"an) @#s%#n N!w Y#r( T#r#n%# F#n&#n' 0>>:+ Sim"s#n' Sall) S+' S%ra%!-)' S%r c% r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+

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Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' P sa% S% &i H ( m @isnis Fa( l%as H ( m Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:+ S#!san%#' F+6' Uni$!rsi%as Di"#n!-#r#' 'he 4pectrum o" %orporate %rime in Indonesia' h%%":88www+aic+-#$+a 8" ,lica%i#ns8"r#c!!&in-s8048s#!san%#+"&/ S san%#' I+ S' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr (si S#sial' P!n) s nan' P!n-- naan &an P!n)!,arann)a' s a% S% &i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran-' 0>>5 1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+ Pa-%s' D!%l!$ F+, !asic %orporation -aw &aterials-%ases 'e*t, 1N!w Y#r(: Th! F# n&a%i#n Pr!ss Inc+ 0>=>2 h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i

K0L Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' P sa% S% &i H ( m @isnis Fa( l%as H ( m Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:' Hal+ >+ K4L H)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>' hal+009+ K7LR smana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan' h%%":88www+s#l sih ( m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h" K9L H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P ,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pa l' Minn!ss#%a' 0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+ K:L Sall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%r c% r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+ K;L Ibid. K<LDiin%isari(an &ari S san%#' I+ S+ 0>>5' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr (si S#sial' P!n) s nan' P!n-- naan &an P!n)!,arann)a' s a% S% &i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+ K=L Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal- asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia P s%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ >=+

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K>L Ibid. hal+054+ K05L Girj#n# Pr#&j#&i(#r#' $sas-asas #ukum idana di Indonesia' E&+4' 6!%+;' @an& n- : Er!sc#' 0>=>' hal+::+ K00L Pasal 9; Un&an-. n&an- N#m#r 47 %ah n 0>>< %!n%an- Fin-( n-an Hi& " m!n)!, %(an : A)a% 102: Ji(a %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana &ima(s & &alam @a, ini &ila( (an #l!h a%a a%as nama ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' % n% %an "i&ana &ila( (an &an san(si "i&ana s!r%a %in&a(an %a%a %!r%i, s!,a-aimana &ima(s & &alam Pasal 9< &ija% h(an ,ai( %!rha&a" ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain %!rs!, % ma " n %!rha&a" m!r!(a )an- m!m,!ri "!rin%ah n% ( m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana %!rs!, % a%a )an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!mim"in &alam "!r, a%an i% a%a %!rha&a" (!& a.& an)a+ A)a% 142: Ji(a %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana &ima(s & &alam @a, ini' &ila( (an #l!h a%a a%as nama ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' &an &ila( (an #l!h #ran-.#ran-' ,ai( ,!r&asar(an h , n-an (!rja ma " n ,!r&asar h , n-an lain' )an- ,!r%in&a( &alam lin-( n-an ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' % n% %an "i&ana &ila( (an &an san(si "i&ana &ija% h(an %!rha&a" m!r!(a )an- m!m,!ri "!rin%ah a%a )an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!mim"in %an"a m!n-in-a% a"a(ah #ran-.#ran- %!rs!, %' ,ai( ,!r&asa h , n-an (!rja ma " n ,!r&asar h , n-an lain' m!la( (an %in&a( "i&ana s!cara s!n&iri a%a ,!rsama.sama+ A)a% 172: Ji(a % n% %an &ila( (an %!rha&a" ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' "an--ilan n% ( m!n-ha&a" &an "!n)!rahan s ra%.s ra% "an--ilan i% &i% j (an (!"a&a "!n- r s &i %!m"a% %in--al m!r!(a' a%a &i %!m"a% "!n- r s m!la( (an "!(!rjaan )an%!%a"+ A)a% 192: Ji(a % n% %an &ila( (an %!rha&a" ,a&an h ( m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' )an- "a&a saa% "!n n% %an &iwa(ili #l!h , (an "!n- r s' ha(im &a"a% m!m!rin%ah(an s "a)a "!n- r s m!n-ha&a" s!n&iri &i "!n-a&ilan+ K04L ?icarious -iability a&alah "!m,!,anan "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "a&a s!s!#ran- a%as %in&a(an )an- &ila( (an #l!h #ran- lain' s!ma%a.ma%a ,!r&asar(an h , n-an an%ara (!& a #ran- %!rs!, %+ K07L $ctus 3eus a%a guilty act a&alah "!r, a%an m!lawan h ( m )an- m!n-a(i,a%(an "!la( ,!r%an-- n- jawa, s!cara "i&ana ji(a ns r mens rea j -a % r % %!r, (%i+ K09L &ens rea a%a gulty mind a&alah salah sa% ns r &ari "!r%an-- n-jawa,an "i&ana' &is!, % j -a &!n-an "!n-!%ah an a%a % j an )an- salah+ K0:L F+6 S#!san%#' Uni$!rsi%as Di"#n!-#r#' 'he 4pectrum o" %orporate %rime in Indonesia' h%%":88www+aic+-#$+a 8" ,lica%i#ns8"r#c!!&in-s8048s#!san%#+"&/ K0;L Jan R!mm!lin(' =p.%it' hal+055+

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K0<L Buasi-public corporations a&alah (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )an- %i&a( s! % hn)a ,!rsi/a% " ,li(' &alam ar%i ,!r(!rja n% ( % j an "!m!rin%ahan' %!%a"i #"!rasi a%a a(%i$i%as &ari (#r"#rasi %!rs!, % % r % m!m,!ri(an (!n)amanan' (!m &ahan' a%a (!s!jah%!raan (hala)a( m m' s!"!r%i "!r sahaan %!l!"#n' -as' air' lis%!ri(' &an "!r sahaan+ 1@lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar)2 K0=L P+S+ Khanna' %orporate %riminal -iability0 @hat urpose Does It 4erveA' 05> Har$+ F+R!$+ 09<<' Th! Har$ar& Faw R!$i!w Ass#cia%i#n' 0>>;' hal+4 K0>L5lkins $ct a&alah Un&an-. n&an- /!&!ral Am!ri(a S!ri(a% 10>572 )an- m!n& ( n"!la(sanaan Interstate %ommerce $ct 1 n&an-. n&an- "!r&a-an-an an%ara n!-ara ,a-ian2 &!n-an m!laran- "!m#%#n-an har-a &an ,!n% (.,!n% ( "!rla( an is%im!wa lainn)a %!rha&a" jasa "!n-an-( % 1shipper2 )an- ,!sar 1!lack,s -aw Dictionary2+ K45LG!rr) F!r- s#n' %orruption and %riminal -iability' h%%":88www+icclr+law+ ,c+ca8P ,lica%i#ns8 R!"#r%s8 F!r- s#nG+PDF' hal+ : K40L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%) K44L G!rr) F!r- s#n' =p.%it' hal+ :+ K47L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he %riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety =""ences' Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r " An-!l!%%i 1Mana-!m!n% Fa,# r Faw)!rs2' hal+ :' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/86MF?454557?45Pa"!r+"&/ K49L Ibid' hal+;+ K4:L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%) K4;L G!rr) F!r- s#n' =p.%it' hal+<+ K4<L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' =p.%it, hal+ =+ K4=L Ibid' hal+00 K4>L Ibid. K75L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%) K70L Ibid. K74L 7<: U+S+ 0=5' 0>:.0>; 10>;:2+ K77L T!#ri "iduciary duty a&alah s a% (!waji,an )an- &i%!%a"(an n&an-. n&an- ,a-i s!s!#ran)an- m!man/aa%(an s!s!#ran- lain' &imana (!"!n%in-an "ri,a&i s!s!#ran- )an- &i r s #l!h "ri,a&i lainn)a' )an- si/a%n)a han)a h , n-an a%asan.,awahan s!saa%+ Oran- )an- m!m" n)ai (!waji,an ini har s m!la(sana(ann)a ,!r&asar(an s a% s%an&ar &ari (!waji,an 1standard o"
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duty2 )an- "alin- %in--i s!s ai &!n-an )an- &in)a%a(an #l!h h ( m+ S!&an-(an "iduciary ini a&alah s!s!#ran- )an- m!m!-an- "!ran s!,a-ai s a% wa(il 1trustee2 a%a s a% "!ran )an&isama(an &!n-an s!s a% )an- ,!r"!ran s!,a-ai wa(il' &alam hal ini "!ran %!rs!, % &i&asar(an (!"!rca)aan &an (!rahasiaan 1trust and con"idence2 )an- &alam "!ran ini m!li" %i' (!%!li%ian 1scrupulous2' i%i(a& ,ai( 1good "aith2' &an (!%!r s%!ran-an 1candor2+ :iduciary ini %!rmas ( h , n-an s!"!r%i' "!n- r s a%a "!n-!l#la' "!n-awas' wa(il a%a wali' &an "!lin& n- 1- ar&ian2+ T!rmas ( j -a &i &alamn)a s!#ran- lawyer )an- m!m" n)ai h , n-an "iduciary &!n-an client.n)a+ H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac( ' @lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar)' hal+ ;4:+ K79L 6hari%) Sc#%%' D6a$!a% P!n&#r: @r#(!r.D!al!r Fia,ili%) Un&!r %h! S!c ri%i!s EAchan-! Ac%'C 4ecurities 3egulation -aw (ournal' 1P#l+ 0<' 0>=>2' hal+ 4>0+ K7:L Fiha%' Jan!% Din!' %ompany -aw. 4weet 2&a*well,s 'e*tbook 4eries' Sw!!% N MaAw!ll' 4550' hal 40<+ K7;L D!nis K!!nan N J#s!"hin! @iscar!' 4mith 2 Keenan,s %ompany -aw :or 4tudents' Financial Tim!s' Pi%man P ,lishin-' 0>>;' hal 70<+ K7<L J#!l S!li-man' %orporations %ases and &aterials' Fi%%l! @r#wn an& 6#m"an) @#s%#n N!w Y#r( T#r#n%# F#n&#n' 0>>:+ K7=L Phili" Fi"%#n &an A,raham H!r3,!r-' .nderstanding %ompany -aw, @ris,an!' Th! @##( Faw 6#m"an) F%&' 0>>4' hal 794+ K7>L Jan!% Din!' %ompany -aw' Macmillan Pr!ss F%&+' 0>>=' hal 0<>+ K95L T!#ri !usiness judgment rule m!n-alami "!r(!m,an-ann)a s!,a-ai ) ris"r &!nsi &alam Prinsi" 6#mm#n Faw &i Am!ri(a &im lai &!n-an (!" % san F# sianna S "r!m! 6# r%' &alam (as s P!rc) P Milla &#n "a&a %ah n 0=4>+ Fiha% D!nnis J+ @l#c(' Nanc) R+ @ar%#n &an S%!"h!n A+ Ra&in' 'he !usiness judgment 3ule :iduciary Duties o" %orporate Directors, Pr!n%ic! Hall law N @ sin!ss' Thir& !&i%i#n' 0>>5' hal 9 K90L D!%l!$ F+ Pa-%s, !asic %orporation -aw &aterials-%ases 'e*t, 1N!w Y#r(: Th! F# n&a%i#n Pr!ss Inc+ 0>=>2 hal 404+ ' liha% j -a R#,!r% 6harl!s 6lar(' %orporate -aw' @#s%#n NT#r#n%#: li%%l!' @r#wn an& 6#m"an)' 0>=;' hal 047 )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa !usiness (udgement 3ule adalah + a presumption that in making a business decision, the director o" corporation acted on an in"ormed basis in good "aith and in the the honest belie" that the action was taken in the best interest o" the company;. K94L Jan R!mm!lin(' =p.%it' hal+000+ K97L Ibid. K99L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Sa$#lin!' =p.%it' hal+<+

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K9:L Un&an-. n&an- ini a&alah "!ra% ran )an- &i%!%a"(an n% ( m!n-a&!m!n a%a m!nam,ah (!%!n% an isi enal %ode Kana&a' m!n)an-( % (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi ,!s!r%a "ara "!n- r sn)a+ K9;L Ibid.

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