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' (c) GMSE GmbH 2006 ' Algorithm to deskew an image. Imports System.Drawing Imports System.Drawing.

Imaging Public Class main Public Shared Sub Main() Dim fnIn As String = "d:\skewsample_in.tif" Dim fnOut As String = "d:\skewsample_out.tif" Dim bmpIn As New Bitmap(fnIn) Dim sk As New gmseDeskew(bmpIn) Dim skewangle As Double = sk.GetSkewAngle Dim bmpOut As Bitmap = RotateImage(bmpIn, -skewangle) bmpOut.Save(fnOut, ImageFormat.Tiff) MsgBox("Skewangle: " & skewangle) End Sub Private Shared Function RotateImage(ByVal bmp As Bitmap, ByVal angle As Double) As Bitmap Dim g As Graphics Dim tmp As New Bitmap(bmp.Width, bmp.Height, PixelFormat.Format32bppRgb) tmp.SetResolution(bmp.HorizontalResolution, bmp.VerticalResolution) g = Graphics.FromImage(tmp) Try g.FillRectangle(Brushes.White, 0, 0, bmp.Width, bmp.Height) g.RotateTransform(angle) g.DrawImage(bmp, 0, 0) Finally g.Dispose() End Try Return tmp End Function End Class Public Class gmseDeskew ' Representation of a line in the image. Public Class HougLine ' Count of points in the line. Public Count As Integer ' Index in Matrix. Public Index As Integer ' The line is represented as all x,y that solve y*cos(alpha)x*sin(alpha)=d Public Alpha As Double Public d As Double End Class ' The Bitmap Dim cBmp As Bitmap ' The range of angles to search for lines Dim cAlphaStart As Double = -20 Dim cAlphaStep As Double = 0.2 Dim cSteps As Integer = 40 * 5 ' Precalculation of sin and cos. Dim cSinA() As Double Dim cCosA() As Double ' Range of d Dim cDMin As Double Dim cDStep As Double = 1

Dim cDCount As Integer ' Count of points that fit in a line. Dim cHMatrix() As Integer ' Calculate the skew angle of the image cBmp. Public Function GetSkewAngle() As Double Dim hl() As gmseDeskew.HougLine Dim i As Integer Dim sum As Double Dim count As Integer ' Hough Transformation Calc() ' Top 20 of the detected lines in the image. hl = GetTop(20) ' Average angle of the lines For i = 0 To 19 sum += hl(i).Alpha count += 1 Next Return sum / count End Function ' Calculate the Count lines in the image with most points. Private Function GetTop(ByVal Count As Integer) As HougLine() Dim hl() As HougLine Dim i As Integer Dim j As Integer Dim tmp As HougLine Dim AlphaIndex As Integer Dim dIndex As Integer ReDim hl(Count) For i = 0 To Count - 1 hl(i) = New HougLine Next For i = 0 To cHMatrix.Length - 1 If cHMatrix(i) > hl(Count - 1).Count Then hl(Count - 1).Count = cHMatrix(i) hl(Count - 1).Index = i j = Count - 1 While j > 0 AndAlso hl(j).Count > hl(j - 1).Count tmp = hl(j) hl(j) = hl(j - 1) hl(j - 1) = tmp j -= 1 End While End If Next For i = 0 To Count - 1 dIndex = hl(i).Index \ cSteps AlphaIndex = hl(i).Index - dIndex * cSteps hl(i).Alpha = GetAlpha(AlphaIndex) hl(i).d = dIndex + cDMin Next Return hl End Function Public Sub New(ByVal bmp As Bitmap) cBmp = bmp End Sub ' Hough Transforamtion:

Private Dim Dim Dim Dim

Sub Calc() x As Integer y As Integer hMin As Integer = cBmp.Height / 4 hMax As Integer = cBmp.Height * 3 / 4

Init() For y = hMin To hMax For x = 1 To cBmp.Width - 2 ' Only lower edges are considered. If IsBlack(x, y) Then If Not IsBlack(x, y + 1) Then Calc(x, y) End If End If Next Next End Sub ' Calculate all lines through the point (x,y). Private Sub Calc(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer) Dim alpha As Integer Dim d As Double Dim dIndex As Integer Dim Index As Integer For alpha = 0 To cSteps - 1 d = y * cCosA(alpha) - x * cSinA(alpha) dIndex = CalcDIndex(d) Index = dIndex * cSteps + alpha Try cHMatrix(Index) += 1 Catch ex As Exception Debug.WriteLine(ex.ToString) End Try Next End Sub Private Function CalcDIndex(ByVal d As Double) As Double Return Convert.ToInt32(d - cDMin) End Function Private Function IsBlack(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer) As Boolean Dim c As Color Dim luminance As Double c = cBmp.GetPixel(x, y) luminance = (c.R * 0.299) + (c.G * 0.587) + (c.B * 0.114) Return luminance < 140 End Function Private Sub Init() Dim i As Integer Dim angle As Double ' Precalculation of sin and cos. ReDim cSinA(cSteps - 1) ReDim cCosA(cSteps - 1) For i = 0 To cSteps - 1 angle = GetAlpha(i) * Math.PI / 180.0# cSinA(i) = Math.Sin(angle) cCosA(i) = Math.Cos(angle) Next ' Range of d:

cDMin = -cBmp.Width cDCount = 2 * (cBmp.Width + cBmp.Height) / cDStep ReDim cHMatrix(cDCount * cSteps) End Sub Public Function GetAlpha(ByVal Index As Integer) As Double Return cAlphaStart + Index * cAlphaStep End Function End Class

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