Sip Goldshtein PDF

.. , .. , ..
SIP
-
2005
621.395
63
32.88
.. , .. , ..
SIP: . .: -, 2005. 456 .: .
ISBN 5-8206-0123-8
SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol), IP-
NGN. SIP,
IP- IP , ,
, . SIP,
IP -IP-,
-IP IP-. SIP NGN. SIP
.
ISBN 5-8206-0123-8
.., .., .., 2005

B.S. Goldstein, A.A. Zarubin, V.V. Samorezov
SIP Protocol. Hand-book. BHV, St.Petersburg, 2005.
Information is provided on design principles and functioning of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
which is widely used today in IP Telephony and may be considered the most probable candidate for the leading
role in Next Generation Networks (NGN). SIP messages, Call Control procedures in IP networks and between
IP and PSTN, authentication and data security procedures are described. SIP expansions to provide IP network
interactions with the telephone network when creating and maintaining PSTN-IP-PSTN, PSTN-IP, and IP-PSTN
sessions are considered. The problems of SIP signaling conversion when interacting with other NGN protocols
are set forth. SIP testing issues and ways of implementing a number of existing and new info-communication
services based on SIP are illustrated.
Hand-book
Copyright B. Goldstein, A. Zarubin, V. Samorezov, 2005

............................................................................ 14
1. SIP ........................................... 18
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
SIP IP- .............................................................................................19

SIP ...............................................................................................23
SIP ................................................................................................23
SIP HTTP .................................................................................................................25
SIP................................................................................................................26
2. ........................................................ 29
2.1. .....................................................................29
2.2. UAC...............................................................................29
2.2.1. .............................................................................................................30
2.2.1.1.
2.2.1.2.
2.2.1.3.
2.2.1.4.
2.2.1.5.
2.2.1.6.
2.2.1.7.
2.2.1.8.
2.2.1.9.
2.2.1.10.
2.2.1.11.
Request-URI .............................................................................................. 30
To ..................................................................................................... 30
From ................................................................................................. 31
Call-ID............................................................................................... 32
Cseq ................................................................................................. 33
Max-Forwards.................................................................................... 33
Via .................................................................................................... 33
Contact ............................................................................................. 34
Supported Require ........................................................................ 34
................................................................................. 35
..................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2. ............................................................................................................36
2.2.2.1.
2.2.2.2.
2.2.2.3.
2.2.2.4.
2.2.2.5.
....................................................................................................... 37
.................................................................................................................. 37
Via ............................................................................................................................ 37
3................................................................................................... 37
4................................................................................................... 39
2.3. (UAS) ............................................................................40

2.3.1. ........................................................................................41
2.3.1.1.
2.3.1.2.
2.3.1.3.
2.3.1.4.
....................................................................................................... 41
..................................................................................................... 41
To Request-URI ............................................................................................ 41
............................................................................................... 42
2.3.1.5.
2.3.1.6.
2.3.1.7.
Require..................................................................................................... 42
................................................................................. 43
.......................................................................................................... 43
2.3.2. ...............................................................................................................44
2.3.2.1.
2.3.2.2.
2.3.2.3.
.......................................................................................... 44
tag .................................................................................................... 44
UAS .................................................................................. 45
3. SIP ............................................... 46
3.1. ................................................................................................46
3.2. ...............................................................................................47
3.2.1. .............................................................................................................47
3.2.2. Accept ..............................................................................................................51
3.2.3. Accept-Encoding ...............................................................................................51
3.2.4. Accept-Language ..............................................................................................51
3.2.5. Alert-Info...........................................................................................................51
3.2.6. Allow.................................................................................................................52
3.2.7. Allow-Events......................................................................................................52
3.2.8. Authentication-Info ............................................................................................53
3.2.9. Authorization .....................................................................................................53
3.2.10. Call-ID ..........................................................................................................53
3.2.11. Call-Info ........................................................................................................54
3.2.12. Contact.........................................................................................................54
3.2.13. Content-Disposition .......................................................................................55
3.2.14. Content-Encoding .........................................................................................56
3.2.15. Content-Language.........................................................................................57
3.2.16. Content-Length .............................................................................................57
3.2.17. Content-Type ................................................................................................58
3.2.18. Cseq.............................................................................................................58
3.2.19. Date .............................................................................................................58
3.2.20. Error-Info ......................................................................................................59
3.2.21. Event ............................................................................................................59
3.2.22. Expires..........................................................................................................60
3.2.23. From.............................................................................................................60
3.2.24. In-Reply-To ...................................................................................................60
3.2.25. Max-Forwards ...............................................................................................61
3.2.26. Min-Expires ...................................................................................................61
3.2.27. MIME-Version................................................................................................61

3.2.28.
3.2.29.
3.2.30.
3.2.31.
3.2.32.
3.2.33.
3.2.34.
3.2.35.
3.2.36.
3.2.37.
3.2.38.
3.2.39.
3.2.40.
3.2.41.
3.2.42.
3.2.43.
3.2.44.
3.2.45.
3.2.46.
3.2.47.
3.2.48.
3.2.49.
3.2.50.
3.2.51.
3.2.52.
3.2.53.
3.2.54.
3.2.55.
3.2.56.
3.2.57.
3.2.58.
3.2.59.
3.2.60.
3.2.61.
3.2.62.
3.2.63.
3.2.64.
3.2.65.
5
Organization..................................................................................................62
Path..............................................................................................................62
Priority ..........................................................................................................63
Privacy..........................................................................................................63
Proxy-Authenticate ........................................................................................64
Proxy-Authorization........................................................................................64
Proxy-Require ...............................................................................................65
P-Asserted-Identity........................................................................................65
P-Preferred-Identity .......................................................................................66
P-Media-Authorization ...................................................................................66
The P-Associated-URI ....................................................................................67
P-Called-Party-ID ..........................................................................................67
P-Visited-Network-ID .....................................................................................68
P-Access-Network-Info..................................................................................68
P-Charging-Function-Addresses.....................................................................69
P-Charging-Vector.........................................................................................70
P-DCS-Trace-Party-ID ...................................................................................70
P-DCS-OSPS ................................................................................................71
P-DCS-BILLING-INFO ....................................................................................72
P-DCS-LAES P-DCS-REDIRECT...................................................................72
RAck.............................................................................................................73
Reason .........................................................................................................73
Record-Route................................................................................................74
Refer-To .......................................................................................................74
Reply-To .......................................................................................................74
Require .........................................................................................................75
Retry-After ....................................................................................................75
Route............................................................................................................75
Rseq.............................................................................................................76
Security-Client, Security-Server, Security-Verify...............................................76
Server...........................................................................................................77
Service-Route ...............................................................................................77
Subject .........................................................................................................78
Subscription-State.........................................................................................78
Supported.....................................................................................................79
Timestamp ....................................................................................................79
To.................................................................................................................79
Unsupported .................................................................................................79
3.2.66.
3.2.67.
3.2.68.
3.2.69.
User-Agent ...................................................................................................80
Via ................................................................................................................80
Warning ........................................................................................................81
WWW-Authenticate.........................................................................................81
3.3. .................................................................................89
3.3.1. ..........................................................................................................89
3.3.2. INVITE ...................................................................................................................90
3.3.3. ACK ................................................................................................................91
3.3.4. ANCEL..........................................................................................................91
3.3.5. BYE.................................................................................................................92
3.3.6. REGISTER .......................................................................................................92
3.3.7. OPTIONS ........................................................................................................92
3.3.8. INFO ...............................................................................................................93
3.3.9. PRACK............................................................................................................94
3.3.10. UPDATE ......................................................................................................95
3.3.11. SUBSCRIBE NOTIFY ..................................................................................98
3.3.12. REFER ...................................................................................................... 101
3.3.13. MESSAGE ................................................................................................. 102
3.4. ...............................................................106
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.3.
3.4.4.
3.4.5.
3.4.6.
1 .......................................................................................... 107
2xx ................................................................... 108
3xx ........................................................................... 109
4xx ..................................................................................... 110
5xx ......................................................................................... 113
6xx ......................................... 114
4. .............................. 115
4.1. ...................................................................................................................115
4.2. ..................................................................................116
4.2.1. UAS ................................................................................................................. 116
4.2.2. UAC ................................................................................................................. 118
4.3. .........................................118
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.3.
4.3.4.
UAC .............................................................................. 119

UAC ............................................................................. 121
UAS ................................................................................................................. 121
..................................................................................... 122
4.4. ..............................................................................................................122
4.4.1. ................................................... 124
4.4.2. INVITE- ........................................................................................ 125
4.4.3. INVITE-........................................................... 125
4.4.4. ACK ........................................................................................... 128
4.4.5. -INVITE- ................................................................................... 129
4.4.6. -INVITE ...................................................... 130
4.4.7. .............................................................. 132
4.4.8. ................................................... 132
4.4.9. INVITE- ......................................................................................... 133
4.4.10. -INVITE-................................................................................ 135
4.4.11. ........................................................ 136
4.5. SDL- ..............................................139

4.5.1.
4.5.2.
4.5.3.
4.5.4.
INVITE- ........................................................................................ 139

-INVIT- ................................................................................... 143
INVIT- ......................................................................................... 146
-INVIT-.................................................................................... 149
4.6. ..........................................................................................152
4.6.1. REGISTER ................................................................ 154
4.6.2. ............................................................................................................. 156
4.6.2.1.
4.6.2.2.
4.6.3.
4.6.4.
4.6.5.
4.6.6.
.................................................................. 157
................................................................................... 157
............................................................................................................. 158
......................................................................................................... 158
registrar ......................................................................................... 159
........................................................................................................... 159
4.7. REGISTER ................................................................160

4.8. ........................164
4.8.1. OPTIONS ............................................................................................ 165
4.8.2. OPTIONS .......................................................................................... 165
4.9. .....................................................................................167
4.9.1. ........................................................................................................... 167
4.9.2. ........................................................................................................... 168
4.10. ...............................................................................169
4.10.1.
4.10.2.
UAC. INVITE ............................................... 171

UAC. INVITE................................................. 173
4.10.2.1. 1............................................................................................................................... 173
4.10.2.2. 3............................................................................................................................... 174

4.10.2.3. 4xx, 5xx 6xx ............................................................................................................... 174
4.10.2.4. 2............................................................................................................................... 174
4.10.3.
UAS. INVITE ................................................................ 175
4.10.3.1.
4.10.3.2.
4.10.3.3.
4.10.3.4.
...................................................................................................... 176
INVITE............................................................................................ 177
INVITE ..................................................................................................... 177
INVITE ............................................................................................................. 177
4.11. ...............................................................178
4.11.1.
4.11.2.
UAC ............................................................................................................. 179

UAS ........................................................................................................... 180
4.12. ..................................................................183
4.12.1.
4.12.2.
BYE. UAC........................................... 183

BYE. UAS ........................................... 183
5. - SIP ..................................................... 184

5.1. --SIP .............................................................................184
5.2. - ................................................186
5.2.1. ................................................................ 187
5.2.1.1.
5.2.1.2.
5.2.1.3.
5.2.1.4.
5.2.1.5.
5.2.1.6.
......................................................................................... 187
URI ................................................................................................................ 188
Max-Forwards........................................................................................... 188
......................................................................................... 188
Proxy-Require........................................................................................... 189
Proxy-Authorization ................................................................................... 189
5.2.2. .................................................. 189

5.2.3. ................................................................................... 190
5.2.4. ......................................................................................................... 192
5.2.4.1.
5.2.4.2.
5.2.4.3.
5.2.4.4.
5.2.4.5.
5.2.4.6.
5.2.4.7.
.............................................................................................................. 193
Request-URI ........................................................................... 193
Max-Forwards................................................................. 193
Record-Route () ................................................................. 193
................................................................................ 195
............................................................ 195
,
............................................................................................................ 196
5.2.4.8. Via...................................................................................... 199
5.2.4.9. Content-Length ( )............................................ 199
5.2.4.10. ................................................................................................................. 199
5.2.4.11. C ............................................................................................................... 199
5.2.5. .......................................................................................................... 199

5.2.5.1.
................................................................................................. 200

5.2.5.2.
5.2.5.3.
5.2.5.4.
5.2.5.5.
5.2.5.6.
5.2.5.7.
5.2.5.8.
5.2.5.9.
5.2.5.10.
9
................................................ 200
Via.............................................................................. 200
........................................................................................ 201
...................................................... 202
.............................................. 202
Authorization .................................................................... 204
Record-Route ........................................................................ 204
.................................................................................................................... 205
CANCEL ................................................................................................... 206
5.2.6. ...................................................................................................... 206

5.2.7. SIP ................................................................. 207
5.2.8. CANCEL ............................................................................................ 207
5.3. - ..............................................208
5.4. Route Request-URI .....................................................210
5.5. Route Request-URI .....................................................211
5.5.1. - .................................... 211
5.5.2. strict-router.................................................................... 213
5.5.3. -
Record-Route .................................................................................................................. 215
5.6. ...................................................216
6. HTTP- .................................. 218

6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
SIP ..............................................................................................218
-.....................................220
-- ..................................222
Digest ..............................................................................223
7. S/MIME.................... 229
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
S/MIME ..............................................................................................229
S/MIME ..........................................................................................231
..........................................................................................234
SIP- ................................................................................................235
7.4.1. SIP ...................................................................... 236

7.4.2. .................................................................................. 238
8. ............................ 240
8.1. ...............................................................................................................241
2. ..
10
8.1.1.
8.1.2.
8.1.3.
8.1.4.
8.1.5.
......................................................................................... 241
.......................................................................................................... 242
.................................................................................................... 243
........................................................................................................ 244
(DoS-) ................................................................................. 244
8.2. ..................................................................246
8.2.1.
8.2.2.
8.2.3.
8.2.4.
........................................................... 247
SIPS URI................................................................................................................ 248
HTTP-..................................................................................................... 249
S/MIME ........................................................................................................................... 249
8.3. ...............................................250
8.3.1. SIP .......................................................... 250
8.3.2. ......................................................................... 250
8.3.2.1.
8.3.2.2.
8.3.2.3.
8.3.2.4.
............................................................................................................................ 251
........................................................................................................... 252
-.............................................................. 254
DoS-................................................................................................................. 256
9. ............................. 257
9.1. - ...........................................257
9.2. ............................267
10. SIP ............................ 273

10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
........................................................................273
.................................................................274
..................................................................276
...............................................................277
...................................................................278
..........................................................................................279
.................................................................................................280
11. SIP-T ..................................... 281

11.1. SIP-T ..........................................................281
11.2. ...............................................................282
11.2.1.
SIP-T (-IP-) ....................................................... 282

11.2.2.
11.2.3.
11
IP- ....................................................... 284
IP- ....................................................... 285
11.3. SIP-T.................................................................................286
11.3.1.
11.3.2.
11.3.3.
11.3.4.
SIP..................................................................................... 286
...................................................... 286
.................................................. 289
................................... 290
11.4. SIP .........................................290

11.5. .................................................................293
12. ISUPSIP ........................................... 294

12.1. ........................................................................294
12.2. SIP ......................................................295
12.2.1.
12.2.2.
12.2.3.
12.2.4.
12.2.5.
12.2.6.
12.2.7.
ISUP..................................................... 295
MIME ........................................................................ 295
DTMF.................................................. 295
........................ 296
........................................................ 296
....................................... 297
, CANCEL ................................ 297
12.3. ..............................................................................297
12.3.1.
12.3.2.
12.3.3.
12.3.4.
12.3.5.
12.3.6.
12.3.7.
( ) ...................................... 298
( )................................................................. 299
SIP ............................................................................................... 300
ISUP T9 .................................................................................. 302
SIP ....................................................... 303
SIP ........................................................................ 304
.......................................... 306
12.4. SIP-T ISUP-SIP.......................................308

12.4.1.
12.4.2.
12.4.3.
12.4.4.
12.4.5.
12.4.6.
12.4.7.
................................................................... 308
IAM INVITE ...................................... 308
100........................................................................................................... 310
18 ............................................................................................... 310
2................................................................................................ 312
3................................................................................................ 313
4 6 ........................................................................................ 313
12
12.4.8. SIP ISUP ............................................ 313

12.4.9. REL.......................................................................................... 315
12.4.10. ISUP T11................................................................................. 316
12.5. SIP ......................................316

12.5.1.
12.5.2.
12.5.3.
12.5.4.
12.5.5.
12.5.6.
12.5.7.
12.5.8.
12.5.9.
SIP ............................... 317

SIP, ..................... 322
SIP............................................ 327
SIP. .. 331
SIP. ................... 333
. . IAM
interworking ................................................................................................................. 336
. .................................... 339
. .
- .................................................. 342
. ,
.................................................................. 344
13. SIPISUP ........................................... 349

13.1. ..............................................................................349
13.1.1.
13.1.2.
13.1.3.
13.1.4.
13.1.5.
13.1.6.
13.1.7.
( ) ...................................... 349
( )................................................................. 351
7 .......................................................................................... 352
SIP ....................................................................................... 353
.................................................. 354
............................................................... 355
SIP ............................................. 356
13.2. SIP-T SIP-ISUP.......................................358

13.2.1.
13.2.2.
13.2.3.
13.2.4.
13.2.5.
13.2.6.
13.2.7.
13.2.8.
13.2.9.
13.2.10.
INVITE .......................................................................................... 358

INVITE IAM.................................................................... 359
ISUP 7 .................................................................................. 362
CANCEL BYE ...................................................................... 362
REL.......................................................................................... 363
ISDN SIP.................................... 364
ACM .................................................................. 367
........................................................................................ 367
CON ANM .......................................................................... 368
9 .......................................................................................... 369
13
13.2.11. CPG ......................................................................................... 369

13.2.12. ............................................................................................................ 370
13.3. SIP- .....................................370

13.3.1.
13.3.2.
13.3.3.
13.3.4.
13.3.5.
13.3.6.
13.3.7.
SIP ................................................................... 371

SIP .................................................. 378
SIP .................................... 385
C SIP SIP ENUM Query ..................................... 393
SIP : .................... 398
SIP : ,
REL .................................................................................................. 404
SIP :
ANM.......................................................................................................... 407
14. URI.................................... 413

14.1. SIP URI ..............................................................................................413
14.2. ISUP tel URL .................................415
14.3. tel URL ISUP .................................416
15. , SIP............ 417

15.1.
15.2.
15.3.
15.4.
SIP ......................................................417
SIP .................................................................................421
SIP ................................................................................422
PINT SPIRITS .......................................................................................................427
16. Quo Vadis? ................................................................. 430

16.1. SIP .....................................................................................430
16.2. SIP 3G ......................................................................................431
16.3. NAT..........................................................................................................440
................................................................. 443
.............................................................................. 449
............................................................................ 452

1850 ;
. (IETF) 1996
draft-ietf-mmusic-sip-00, SIP,
.
MMUSIC ,
Multiparty Multimedia Session
Control. ,
-. Session Announcement
Protocol (SAP), Session Description Protocol (SDP) [37], Real-Time Streaming Protocol
(RTSP) [64] Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) [61], . draft-ietf-mmusic-sip-00 1996 . draft-ietf-mmusic-sip-01,

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol).
, 1996 IETF : Session Invitation Protocol,
(Handley) (Schooler), Simple Conference Invitation Protocol
(SCIP), (Schulzrinne). Session
Invitation Protocol . , . User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) SDP .
15
SCIP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [69]. SCIP

Internet-, Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transport
Protocol (SMTP), SDP .
Session Invitation Protocol, SCIP . 1996 Session Initiation Protocol, . Session Invitation Protocol SIP UDP
SDP. SCIP SIP TCP
IETF ( SMTP HTTP).
SIP/2.0, SIP/1.0, Session Invitation Protocol.
11
draft-ietf-mmusic-sip, , , 1999 .
draft-ietf-mmusic-sip-12, 6 ,
SIP, IETF (Internet Engineering
Task Force) 1999 . RFC 2543, , (Rosenberg)

.
RFC 2543
;
SIP . SIP RFC 3261, . IETF, , RFC 3261 , .. RFC 2543,
, , SIP
.
, SIP
NGN (Next Generation Network) , , :
, . , /
.
.
16
SIP IETF MMUSIC

:
,
, ,
REGISTER;
, SIP;
SIP, ;
,
IETF
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol,
RFC 2205), RTP (Real-Time
Transport Protocol, RFC 1889), RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol, RFC 2326),
SDP (Session Description Protocol, RFC 2327);
.323, MGCP, MEGACO/
H.248, DSS1 7, SIP SIP-, .164 .
, SIP
IP-. .323, (ITUT), , , IP-
. , ,
NGN (Next Generation Network) .323.
, SIP, IETF ,
,
NGN.
17
SIP ,
(7, R1.5, E-DSS1, V5 .), . 1
SIP . , SIP- , , SIP-
SIP.
1.
SIP
,
()
TDM
IP-
:
Softswitch
V5.1/V5.2 MEGACO/H.248, MGCP, SIP
Softswitch 7, E-DDS1
SIP/SIP-T, H.323

: ;
; ; ; .

(//)

( , IP-)

SIP 1 . 1 . 2
SIP
.
3. ..
18
3 SIP,
, - SIP, , ,
.. SIP.
SIP .
SIP .
SDP-,
IP- , SIP .
SIP SIP-T,
11 SIP.
ISUP SIP, SIP ISUP, 12 13, .
14 SIP URI.
,
,
,
, , .
, , , SIP URI .

SIP - NGN
, , - - , - - SNT,
. . . . -.
, .
1. SIP
1.1. SIP IP-

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) IP- , ,
.
, HTTP SMTP.

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) SIP (. 1.1), , SIP . UDP TCP. UDP
, TCP, (
),

. , .
, ,
TCP-,
TCP-.
IP-
: , , .
20
1

,
/, ,
.

(SIP)
( )
- 7
- 4
TCP UDP
( )
IPv4 IPv6
( )
PPP, AAL5, ATM, Ethernet, V.34
( )
UTP5, .
( )
. 1.1.
- 3
- 2
- 1
SIP TCP/IP
,
SIP .
SDP (Session
Description Protocol). SDP
SIP. (,
, , ), SIP
SDP. IETF
RTP, SIP
.
SIP .
SIP
21
SIP : ,
, (.. ,
, ), ,
(.. , ). ,
SIP . SIP :
,
multicast-, ;
, -, , ,
(.. ) ;
-.
, SIP
, .. . ,
. 1.1. . , ,
.
22
1
1.1.
SIP
SIP
H.323
MGCP
MEGACO
ISUP
H.248
IP-
IP-
TDM
Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-Peer
Master-Slave
Master-Slave
Peer-to-Peer

Q.931 [25]

MGCP

Q.700 [26]
IETF- RFC
ITU-T
. RFC
. ITU-T IETF
. ITU-T
v1-1996, v2-1998,
v3 -1999
. .
,

13
. H.225 RAS
30 ,
H.245 - 72 ,
H.255.0 13
.
44
60
. .
SDP

H.245

SDP

SDP

ISUP

(

)
IP
IP
QoS
.
. (

)
QoS
IP
QoS
IP
QoS
(
IP-

DNS
IP-,
,
IP-

.
IP-

.
.ITU-T
E.164,
,

Loop
IPSec, TLS,
SSL HTTP Digest
H.235, IPSec
TLS
IPSec,
TLS, SSL
IPSec,
TLS, SSL

ASN.1
SIP
23
1.2. SIP

IP- SIP
, .
URL (Universal
Resource Locators), SIP URL. SIP-
@,
@,
@IP-,
@.
, . , .
- , .
,
. IP-
Domain Name Service (DNS). SIP-
IP-, .
SIP sip:, ,
SIP-, .. (, tel:).
SIP-:
sip: Alexander@niits.ru
sip: User1@192.168.0.215
sip: 333-26-27@sip-gateway.ru
1.3. SIP
SIP , ,
SIP , ,
, . ,
SIP, , ,
SIP, , .
24
1
SIP .
SIP . - (Backus-Naur Form,
BNF), [26] SDL. BNF- SIP
RFC 3261, SIP 3
.
. , . 10.
. ,

SIP, ,
. ,
. ,
, . SIP ,
, , , :
UA (User Agents) SIP, , . , -
.
- (Proxy servers) (stateful) (stateless);
,
, . (IPCC)
.
SIP
25
(Redirect servers)
. ,
.
(Registration servers)
, SIP .
, UA - (stateful proxy-servers) , - (stateless proxy-servers),
, .
, , ,
. (state machine), .
, , (transaction user, TU). SIP, stateless
-, . TU , IP-,
, , .
TU, , .
, , , .
CANCEL, ,
.
1.4. SIP HTTP

SIP HTTP, . SIP, HTTP /.
UA, , , UA, , .
4. ..
26
1
Web-, URL, www.niits.ru. , Web-, Web- NIITS.
SIP . UA, ,
UAC, UA, , UAS.
SIP.
, UAC SIP , UAS . SIP
, UAS, c REGISTER, (registrar).
4.6 UAC UAS REGISTER. 4.8 UAC UAS OPTIONS,
UA. , SIP [57], .
1.5. SIP

SIP- UA.
INVITE RFC 3261 , .
SUBSCRIBE REFER.
SIP UA (UAC),
UA (UAS). UAC SIP SIP. UA SIP .
, UA ,
SIP . . 1.2 UAC.
UAC , , UAC, , . 4.1 ,
.
SIP
27
SIP . 1.2 INVITE, . ,

. 4.10 , . 4.11 ,
INVITE
. 4.12 , .

IP- DNS (Domain Name
System), . INVITE
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) SIP , , , .
Trying (100) UA CALL PROCEEDING Q.931 , . Trying
, (redirect) .
UA1
UA2
Invite
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200 OK
ACK
BYE
200 OK
. 1.2.
UA
28
1
. 1.1 Q.931 [25] , . 1.2 SIP DSS1 ISDN.
1.2.
SIP DSS1
SIP
INVITE
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200
DSS1
Q.931 SETUP
Q.931 CALL Processing
Q.931 ALERTING
Q.931 CONNECT
(. 1.2) UA2,
UA1 Ringing (180).
ALERTING, DSS1 Q.931.

Ringing PDD (postdial delay).
, UA 200 . UA ACK,
INVITE. ACK SDP, .
INVITE 200 SETUP CONNECT Q.931.

RTCP (Real-Time Control Protocol), . ,
, BYE .
UDP,
.
,
UAC UAS ( 2) SIP ( 3).
2.
2.1.
SIP UA (User
Agent), UAC
(User Agent Client), , UAS (User Agent Server), .
UAC UAS ,
. .
2.2. UAC

UA, ,
. ( SIP-, ..).
30
2.2.1.
, UAC, :
, ;
Request-URI SIP;
: To, From, CSeq, Call-ID, Max-Forwards
Via.
, Request-URI, SIP-.
SIP-, , ,
, ,
,
. 3, , .
2.2.1.1.
Request-URI
Request-URI ,
. Request-URI
, URI To. REGISTER;
Request-URI REGISTER
4.6 4. (privacy)

Request-URI To , ,
UA , Request-URI .
Request-URI
. URI,
, UAC
. UA (service provider),
-SIP .
URI, -.
Request-URI Route, 4.3 ( ,
31
), Request-URI URI
.
2.2.1.2.
To
To (address-of-record) , .
,
. To SIP SIPS URI. SIPS ,
(,
TLS).
URI- (,
tel [75]. SIP SIP URI,
, TLS,
SIPS URI. To .
To . , (, anton);
UA , .
SIP- (user part) ,
UA ,
@ SIP URI (, sip:anton@niits.ru).
To tag.
tag To
(, , ), SIP-. Tag To tag From Call-ID
. , tag .
To:
To: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>
2.2.1.3.
From
From , , . ,
To, URI , , (display name),
32
2
. SIP-
, , (,
). , URI From IP- FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) ,
UA, .
From
(display name). , UAC
Anonymous.
From , UA, ,
. UA
, ,
URI, .
, , ,
From .
From tag, UA.
:
From: Anton <sips:anton@niits.ru> 9;tag=a48s
From: sip:+79213434329@gateway.protei.ru;tag=887s
From: Anonymous <sip:c8oqz84zk7z@privacy.org>;tag=hyh8
2.2.1.4.
Call-ID
Call-ID ,
. ,
UA .
, Call-ID UAC
. SIP-
, , Call-ID, , UA.
, (, ), Call-ID (. . 4 2.2.2.5).
33
Call-ID
[12];
Call-ID. localid@host.
Call-ID .
:
Call-ID: f81d4fae-7dec-11d0-a765-00a0c91e6bf6@niits.ru
2.2.1.5.
CSeq
CSeq
. . , REGISTER,
. 32-
, 231. CSeq
. :
CSeq: 4711 INVITE
2.2.1.6.
Max-Forwards
Max-Forwards
. , .
0 , ,
483 (Too Many Hops). UAC
Max-Forwards . : 70.
, ,
SIP , ,
- .
,
.
2.2.1.7.
Via
Via (, -), (location),
. SIP- Via , .
UAC , Via.
5. ..
34
2
SIP 2.0. Via
branch, ,
. , . branch , UA.
CANCEL - ACK
, 2. CANCEL branch, , . - ACK
, 2, branch,
INVITE, . .
branch, Via SIP, z9hG4bK. , magic cookie,
, , , ,
.
Via (maddr, ttl sent-by) SIP.
2.2.1.8.
Contact
Contact SIP SIPS URI,
UA, (
). SIP SIPS URI , , , ,
INVITE. Contact ,
.. Contact URI, UA
, URI , . Request-URI
Route SIPS URI, Contact SIPS
URI. Route -.
2.2.1.9.
Supported Require
UAC SIP,
SIP-, , UAC
Supported
35
(option tag) . ption-tag SIP SIP,

RFC.
- , .
, RFC, Standard, Supported , -
. UAC
, UAS , UAC
, Require, option-tag . UAC
, -
, Proxy-Require,
option-tag .
2.2.1.10.
, , , ,
.
SIP- MIME
[18]. , ( Content-Disposition, Content-Encoding,
Content-Language, Content-Length, Content-Type, 3.2).
2.2.1.11.
.
-,
DNS-, [56]: SIP:
Locating SIP Servers. strict router (-,
Request-URI Route),
DNS- Request-URI,
.
Route Request-URI, Route .
36
2
, , .
, URI Locating SIP
Servers, Request-URI SIPS-, UAC
, URI SIPS URI.

. Request-URI SIPS URI,

TLS. ,
, Route.
,
-. - ; URI.
Route, ,
Route, , Route Request-URI, UA. , UA,
-,
, Route,
-. ,
-, Record-Route,
. ,
Route,
-.
UAC , SIP: Locating SIP
Servers, [56] stateful SIP-, ,
.
, Via branch .
2.2.2.
SIP, .
37
(transaction user, TU). TU , .

.
2.2.2.1.

, ,
SIP-; .
, (timeout error),
408 (Request Timeout). SIP
(fatal transport error), 503
(Service Unavailable). UDP
TCP.
2.2.2.2.

UAC , x00 ,
x00 . , UAC 431,
, , 400 (Bad
Request). UAC , 100, 183 (Session Progress). UAC 100, 183.
2.2.2.3.
Via
Via, UAC
, , -,
.
2.2.2.4.
3
(, 301), () Contact
, .
(target
set), URI Request-URI .
38
2
, 3, target set. UAC , URI, Contact,
target set. , 3,
URI target set .
SIPS URI Request-URI,
-SIPS URI, URI.
target set , UAC ,
, target set .
q Contact. q
, Contact, 0 1.
. q q .
q, q.
, SIP-
. , . ( 399).
, ( ), (TU) .
, ;
. ,
.
.
, 3, UAC URI
target set Request-URI, method-param header.
header , , .
39
(, Contact) .
.
,
,
.
,
. , :
sip:anton@niits.ru?Subject=organization&Call-Info=http://www.niits.ru,
Subject
, HTTP URL
Call-Info.
, UAC To, From Call-ID,
, UAC, ,
Call-ID . ,
, , branch
Via. , , , ,
. Contact
.
2.2.2.5.
4
4xx UA
, .
401 (Unauthorized) 407 (Proxy Authentication Required) ,
. , UAC
.
413 (Request Entity Too Large) ,
, UAS . UAC
, .
40
2
415 (Unsupported Media Type) , , , UAS.
UAC ,
Accept,
Accept-Encoding
Accept-Language, .
416 (Unsupported URI Scheme) , URI, Request-URI, . UAC
, SIP URI.
420 (Bad Extension) ,
Require Proxy-Require, option-tag ,
- UAS. UAC
, ,
Unsupported .
494 (Security Agreement Required)
.
Security-Server ,
. UAC .
.
Call-ID, To From, , CSeq ,
. 4
.
2.3. (UAS)
UAS ,
, ,
- .
41
2.3.1.

, . , . ,
, , .
UAS ( , ,
).
2.3.1.1.

( ), UAS . UAS ,
, 405 (Method Not Allowed); Allow, ,
UAS. ,
.
2.3.1.2.

UAS , ,
. UAS
, .
2.3.1.3.
To Request-URI
To
. , To UAS, UAS .
, UAS ,
URI (, tel) To, To
,
UAS. UAS, , ,
403 (Forbidden) ( 4.4) .
6. ..
42
2
Request-URI UAS, . Request-URI ,
, ,
416 (Unsupported URI Scheme). Request-URI ,
UAS , , 404 (Not Found). UA, REGISTER,
(address-of-record)
, , Request-URI . Request-URI Contact , UA
.
2.3.1.4.

tag To, UAS
(UAS core) .
tag From, Call-ID CSeq
, ,
, UAS 482 (Loop Detected)
. , , , - -. UAS
482 (Loop Detected) .
2.3.1.5.
Require
UAS , , Require ( ).
Require UAC, UAS
SIP-, . UAS -
option-tag, Require, 420 (Bad
Extension). UAS Unsupported , Require . , Require
Proxy-Require CANCEL,
ACK, , 2xx.
, .
43
ACK, 2xx,
Require Proxy-Require, , :
UAC UAS:
INVITE sip:vladimir@protei.ru SIP/2.0

Require: 100rel
UAS UAC:
SIP/2.0 420 Bad Extension

Unsupported: 100rel
,
, , , , .
- , . ,
, , ,
.
2.3.1.6.

, UAS , ;
UAS ,
. (
Content-Type), ( Content-Language) ( Content-Encoding), (
Content-Disposition), UAS
415 (Unsupported Media Type). , , Accept
, UAS. , UAS, Accept-Encoding , .
UAS ,
Accept-Language , UAS. ,
.
2.3.1.7.

UAS ,
Supported . ,
44
2
SIP- , . , , 421 (Extension Required).
, . Require . , 421, Require, .
, Supported
. ,
.
2.3.2.
UAS , , . ,
. , ,
UAS , .
2.3.2.1.

, , , UA INVITE.

, INVITE. 100 (Trying)
Timestamp (
, UAC UAS). RTT. , UAS ,
Timestamp .
, .
2.3.2.2.
tag
From ,
Call-ID, Cseq Via Call-ID, Cseq Via
. , Via
Via . tag
To, To , .
45
To tag, URI To
URI To ; , UAS tag To
( 100 (Trying), tag ). tag , ( 100 (Trying)).
2.3.2.3.
UAS
UAS (stateless) UAS,
. , , UAS (stateful), . stateless UAS
, , . UAS stateless ,

. Stateless UAS :
SIP . stateless UAS , . ,
, , , ,
, UAS.
stateless UAS :
stateless UAS (1xx) ;
stateless UAS ;
stateless UAS ACK;
stateless UAS CANCEL;
tag To
, tag.
, stateless UAS , stateful UAS.
UAS , .
3. SIP
3.1.
1 , SIP ,
ISO 10646 UTF-8 [77]. SIP ,
.
.
(. 3.1) :
;
;
, ;
().
,
CRLF. , .

SIP-. ,
, . , , , .
SIP
47

. 3.1.
SIP
,
, , .. .
. , SIP-
HTTP/1.1, SIP
HTTP, 1.
SIP .
ACK, INVITE OPTIONS , , SDP, BYE, ,
.
3.2.
3.2.1.
SIP- HTTP-
. , SIP HTTP/1.1 .
, :
:

(SP) .

48
3
. , :
Subject:
Subject :
Subject :
Subject:
,
(SP) (HT). (line break) (whitespase) SP. .
Subject: , , !
Subject: ,
,
!
.
, -
(Via, Route, Record-Route, Proxy-Require, Max-Forwards, Proxy-Authorization
), , .
.
,
, .
: ,
;
. WWW-Authenticate, Authorization, Proxy-Authenticate
Proxy-Authorization.
, , SIP- .
SIP , , ,
. , , :
Route:
Subject:
Route:
<sip:anton@niits.ru>
<sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
SIP
49
Route:
<sip:alexander@niits.ru>
Route:
Route:
Subject:
<sip:anton@niits.ru>, <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
Subject:
Route:
<sip:anton@niits.ru>, <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>,
, :
Route: <sip:anton@niits.ru>
Route: <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
Route: <sip:alexander@niits.ru>
Route: <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
Route: <sip:anton@niits.ru>
Route: <sip:alexander@niits.ru>
Route: <sip:anton@niits.ru>,<sip:alexander@niits.ru>,
<sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
.
UTF-8 (tokens), (whitespace),
, .
, , :
: ; = ;
=
, , .
, . , , - .
, , ,
.
Contact: <sip:anton@niits.ru>;
expires=3600
CONTACT:
<sip:anton@niits.ru>; ExPiReS=3600. Content-Disposition: session;
handling=optional content-disposition: Session; HANDLING=OPTIONAL.
7. ..
50
3
:
Warning:370 niits.ru
Warning:370 niits.ru
.
, .
(,
), .
SIP, UDP, ,
, . , , SDP. (. 3.1)
.
3.1.
E
F
I
K
L
M
S
O
R
T
U
V

Content-Type
Content-Encoding
From
Call-ID
Supported
Content-Length
Contact ( moved)
Subject
Event
Refer-To
To
Allow-Events
Via
SIP
51
3.2.2. Accept
Accept , .
,
, , , , ,
. Accept ,
. Accept, application/sdp.
Accept:application/sdp;level=1, application/x-private, text/html
3.2.3. Accept-Encoding
Accept-Encoding Accept, .
. : Accept-Encoding: identity,
: . ,
identity.
HTTP,
, identity ( ) . :
Accept-Encoding:gzip
3.2.4. Accept-Language
Accept-Language , , ,
, . , , .

q. :
Accept-Language:da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7
3.2.5. Alert-Info
Alert-Info, INVITE,
UAS.
52
180 (Ringing), UAC.

-
. .
SIP-,
.
:
Alert-Info:http://www.niits.ru/sounds/moo.wav
3.2.6. Allow
Allow c ,
, . , UA, ACK CANCEL, .
Allow , UA
; ,
, .
Allow ( OPTION) .
:
Allow:INVITE, ACK, OPTIONS, CANCEL, BYE
3.2.7. Allow-Events
Allow-Events, , ,

event package,
( ) ( ).
, , Allow-Events, ,
SUBSCRIBE NOTIFY
, event package .
, event package, Allow-Events, , , ,
SIP
53
INVITE, , OPTIONS. ,
Allow-Events -. :
Allow-Events:refer
3.2.8. Authentication-Info
Authentication-Info
HTTP Digest. UAS
2 , ,
, Authorization.
:
Authentication-Info:nextnonce=47364c23432d2e131a5fb210812c
3.2.9. Authorization
Authorization . Proxy-Authorization
, . ,
, .
Authorization 6.4. :
Authorization:Digest username=Anton, realm=niits.ru,
Nonce=84a4cc6f3082121f32b42a2187831a9e,
Response=7587245234b3434cc3412213e5f113a5432
3.2.10. Call-ID
Call-ID . ,
. :

Call-ID.
- , .
@. Call-ID .
54
3
:
Call-ID:f81d4fae-7dec-11d0-a765-00a0c91e6bf6@niits.ru
i:f81d4fae-7dec-11d0-a765-00a0c91e6bf6@192.0.2.4
3.2.11. Call-Info
Call-Info
, :
. URI, ,
purpose. icon ,

. info , , web-. card ,
, , , .., , Vcard (vCard MIME Directory Profile [10]
LDIF (The LDAP Data Interchange Format [31].
Call-Info . URI, , , ..
, UA Call-Info
, SIP-,
, SIP-.
UA; -. :
Call-Info:<http://www.serv1.niits.ru/anton/photo.jpg>;purpose=icon,
http:/www.serv1.ru/anton/;purpose=info
3.2.12. Contact
Contact URI,
. , Contact
, . Contact (display name),
. Contact
q expires. ,
REGISTER, 3.
SIP
55
, URI < >.

, URI, .
, ,
, .
, URI ,
, , . <
(LWS). To From.
Contact , Location
HTTP. HTTP ,
. URI
,
, . :
Contact:Alexander <sip:alexander@niits.ru>
;q=0.7; expires=3600,
Alexander <mailto:alexander@niits.ru>;q=0.1
3.2.13. Content-Disposition
Content-Disposition ,
, multipart .
SIP , Content-Type.
SIP
Content-Disposition. session ,

. render ,
.
Content-Disposition ,
application/sdp Content-Disposition session,
render.
56
3
icon , , ; UA,
; ,
. alert , ,
, , , ,
; , ,
180 (Ringing).
MIME- Content-Disposition,
, , .
handling-param UAS Content-Disposition Content-Type.
optional required.
handling-param , required. , Content-Disposition , MIME- ontent-Disposition .
render. :
Content-Disposition:session
3.2.14. Content-Encoding
Content-Encoding
. , ,
, ,
, Content-Type.
, Content-Encoding , . ,
, . .
SIP
57
.
. UAS ,
Accept-Encoding . :
Content-Encoding:gzip
3.2.15. Content-Language
Content-Language
( ).
- , .
Content-Language ,
.
Content-Language
, . :
Content-Language:fr
3.2.16. Content-Length
Content-Length
( ) , .
, ,
. - ( TCP), Content-Length .
, . Content-Length
, .
, Content-Length .
Content-Length cgi- , .
:
Content-Length:349
8. ..
58
3.2.17. Content-Type
Content-Type ,
. Content-Type ,
. , Content-Type , ,
(, -).
:
ontent-Type:application/sdp
c: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-4
3.2.18. CSeq
CSeq , . , , .
: 1 232
. . CSeq , , .
. :
CSeq:4711 INVITE
3.2.19. Date
Date .
HTTP/1.1, SIP
[23] , GMT, [23]
. Date
.
, GMT. :
Date:Sat, 13 Nov 2010 23:29:00 GMT
SIP
59
3.2.20. Error-Info
Error-Info
, .
SIP
, .
, ,
, ,
,
Error-Info . ,
.
UAC SIP SIPS URI Error-Info ,
Contact , INVITE, .
,
, , , sip, tel. :
SIP/2.0 404 The number you have dialed is not in service
Error-Info:<sip:not-in-service-recording@niits.ru>
3.2.21. Event
(
event package),
(subscription) (notification).
NOTIFY SUBSCRIBE
(event-type) id ( ) . Event, id,
. . .
Event:refer; id=1234
60
3.2.22. Expires
Expires ,
.
. REGISTER INVITE. REGISTER
, .
INVITE , URI -.
, .
0
(232 1), . :
Expires:5
3.2.23. From
From URI , (, ).
From .

. , , (display name) Anonymous.
, URI , ,
, .
From , URI
. , , . ,
. :
From:Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru> ;tag=a48s
From:sip:+79213434329@gateway.protei.ru;tag=887s
3.2.24. In-Reply-To
In-Reply-To
(Call-ID) , .
SIP
61
In-Reply-To .
.
, .. , ,
. . :
In-Reply-To:70710@lonis.ru, 17320@niits.ru
3.2.25. Max-Forwards
Max-Forwards SIP-, , .
0 255, , .
, .
70.
Max-Forwards , . :
Max-Forwards:6
3.2.26. Min-Expires
Min-Expires , SIP- . , Contact,
registrar.
0 (232 1). 423 (Interval
Too Brief). :
Min-Expires:60
3.2.27. MIME-Version
MIME-Version MIME-,
. :
MIME-Version:1.0
62
3.2.28. Organization
Organization , SIP-, .
. :
Organization:Niits
3.2.29. Path
UA , ,
-. REGISTER
-. REGISTER . Path.
REGISTER 2 .
Path REGISTER
SIP-, . Path :
- , . , , Route,
.
REGISTER ,
. UA ,
,
.
Path Record-Route ,
REGISTER 2 , , Record-Route .
, Record-Route , Path .
Path ,
Route. Path SIP,
option-tag path Supported. :
Path:<sip:P3.niits.ru;lr>,<sip:P1.niits.ru;lr>
SIP
63
3.2.30. Priority
Priority .
SIP-
UA. ,
. ,
Priority, , normal. Priority
, , . : non-urgent (), normal (),
urge () emergency (); . , emergency
. :
Subject: !
Priority:emergency
Subject:
Priority:non-urgent
3.2.31. Privacy
SIP-, , ,
, . , , .
, (privacy services). Privacy.
UA Privacy, , .
: header, session, user, none,
critical. header ,
( Via Contact),
.
session , (), , , ,
64
3
SDP-. , IP-, , .
user -, ,
,
, .
user REGISTER.
none ,
. critical ,
, .
, none,
user, header session,
; ()
critical.
3.2.32. Proxy-Authenticate
Proxy-Authenticate , , , , -
Request-URI. 407
(Proxy Authentication Required) 401 (Unauthorized).
6.4. :
Proxy-Authenticate:Digest realm=niits.ru,
Qop=auth, nonce=f84f1cec41e6cbe5aea9c8e88d359,
Opaque= , stale=FALSE, algorithm=MD5
3.2.33. Proxy-Authorization
Proxy-Authorization -, . ,
-, .
SIP
65
,
,
.
Proxy-Authorization Authorization , .
,
,
. 6.4.
:
Proxy-Authorization: Digest username=Anton, realm=niits.ru,
Nonce=c60f3082ee1212b402a21831ae,
response=245f23415f11432b3434341c022
3.2.34. Proxy-Require
Proxy-Require -,
. :
Proxy-Require:100rel
3.2.35. P-Asserted-Identity
P-Asserted-Identity SIP, ( ), , ( , ). URI , ,
. URI sip, sips, tel.
;
sip sips, tel. (Trust Domain).
- , , , . , , -
P-Asserted-Identity, , , P-Asserted-Identity
. - , ,
9. ..
66
3
P-Asserted-Identity,
.
-, - UA, c
,
P-Asserted-Identity, . :
P-Asserted-Identity: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>
P-Asserted-Identity: tel:+79213434329
3.2.36. P-Preferred-Identity
P-Preferred-Identity ,
-, . ,
P-Asserted-Identity,
. P-Preferred-Identity
sip, sips, tel. ; sip sips,
tel. :
P-Preferred-Identity:Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>
3.2.37. P-Media-Authorization
P-Media-Authorization (QoS) SIP.

(denial-of-service). , ,
. P-Media-Authorization -, QoS,
( 100),
1 2 UA,
INVITE, ACK, UPDATE PRACK UAS. P-Media-Authorization
QoS.
SIP
67
UA /
-,
QoS, ,
( RSVP SIP
, P-Media-Authorization,
PATH).
QoS (). P-Media-Authorization SIP- , offer answer
(SDP- SDP- ).
3.2.38. P-Associated-URI
, SIP,
.
P-Associated-URI 200 (OK) REGISTER
. registrar , P-Associated-URI 200 (OK)
REGISTER, , UA , ,
, .
3.2.39. P-Called-Party-ID
P-Called-Party-ID -, ,
INVITE. Request-URI - ( Request-URI ). Request-URI, , . , P-Called-Party-ID,
UAS , INVITE (,

- INVITE.
, ,
. :
P-Called-Party-ID:sip:anton-work@niits.ru
68
3.2.40. P-Visited-Network-ID
, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Progect), (home network)
(visited network).
(roaming agreements)
. , , , .
UA, ,
, UA. , .

UA .
P-Visited-Network-ID - (home proxy) ,
UA; - . , - , - UA. , P-Visited-Network-ID
REGISTER, .
,
, P-Visited-Network-ID
. . :
P-Visited-Network-ID:Visited network number 1
3.2.41. P-Access-Network-Info
UA SIP- , (
) -,
UA, P-Access-Network-Info.
, UA IP-.
, -,
UA -, . -, , P-Access-Network-Info
SIP
69
, ,
. , , ; ,
, - ( ). ,
- P-Access-Network-Info.
, , -, , ,
- ,
, , ,
. - .
3.2.42. P-Charging-Function-Addresses

.
- SIP, , SIP-, .
, -.
3GPP , : Charging Collection Function (CCF) Event Charging
Function (ECF). CCF (postpaid), ECF
(prepaid).
- SIP, SIP-, P-Charging-Function-Addresses
; , .
,
F ECF, -
, . -, , , ,
.
. :
P-Charging-Function-Addresses:ccf=192.1.1.1; ccf=192.1.1.2;
ecf=192.1.1.3; ecf=192.1.1.4
70
3.2.43. P-Charging-Vector
. ,
-, ,
SIP, .
() , .

. ( - SIP)
. : IMS Charging Identity (ICID), -,
ICID, Inter Operator Identifiers (IOI). ICID , . . ICID
. :
IP- - SIP,
. IOI ,
.
P-Charging-Vector.
P-Charging-Vector - SIP , . - SIP, ,
P-Charging-Vector, ICID
.
, , . :
P-Charging-Vector:icid-value=1234bc9876e;
icid-generated-at=192.0.6.8;
orig-ioi=home1.protei.ru
3.2.44. P-DCS-Trace-Party-ID
, ,
(ustomer originated
trace), -
SIP
71
. SIP
, .
, , UAC,
INVITE P-DCS-Trace-Party-ID.
.
, Request-URI,
, , P-DCS-Trace-Party-ID. UAC, , P-DCS-Trace-Party-ID .
3.2.45. P-DCS-OSPS
, . ,
, ,
. , , .
(BLV)
(EI),
OSPS (Operator Services Position System).
SIP- , , P-DCS-OSPS.
, .
: BLV (busy line verification), EI (emergency
interrupt) RING (operator ringback). INVITE, P-DCS-OSPS BLV EI,
, UAS UAC c , .
EI RING ,
UPDATE. P-DCS-OSPS
UAC, . ,
- (Media Gateway Controller). :
P-DCS-OSPS:BLV
72
3.2.46. P-DCS-BILLING-INFO

.
- SIP . , -, ,
, . (ccounting records)
, , . P-DCS-BILLING-INFO
, ,
, , , , , .

, . -
UA,
.
3.2.47. P-DCS-LAES P-DCS-REDIRECT

P-DCS-LAES , - , SIP (Lawfully Authorized Electronic
Surveillance). , , , .
SIP,
, -,
. -
, .
P-DCS-Redirect , .
, . -
, .
SIP
73
3.2.48. RAck
RAck PRACK
.
. ,
RSeq .
CSeq .
RAck . :
RAck:776656 1 180
3.2.49. Reason
SIP- .
, CANCEL -, ,
. ,
, . ,
, Reason, CANCEL
; ,
, .
SIP-.
Reason. Reason
. , HERFP (Heterogeneous Error Response Forking Problem), , , ,
, ,
.
Reason ,
, CANCEL ,
.
SIP cause, SIP-.
Q.850 cause, , ,
ITU-T Q.850 DSS1 OKC7 (
10. ..
74
3
ISUP). SIP-
Reason, (,
SIP, Q.850). SIP Reason, .
,
. :
Reason:SIP ;cause=200 ;text=Call completed elsewhere
Reason:Q.850 ;cause=16 ;text=Terminated
3.2.50. Record-Route
Record-Route -
,
-. :
Record-Route:<sip:serv10.protei.ru;lr>,
<sip:site3.niits.ru;lr>
3.2.51. Refer-To
Refer-To REFER URI
(call transfer). , , , ,
REFER. . Refer-To
Contact, Route/Record-Route,
5.2, . :
Refer-To:sip:alexander@niits.ru
3.2.52. Reply-To
Reply-To URI, From. , URI ,
. ,
, Reply-To , , .
SIP
75
URI , , , . :
Reply-To:Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
3.2.53. Require
Require UAC , UAS
, .

() option-tag;
SIP-, . :
Require:100rel
3.2.54. Retry-After
Retry-After 500 (Server Internal
Error) 503 (Service Unavailable), ,
, 404
(Not Found), 413 (Request Entity Too Large), 480 (Temporarily Unavailable), 486 (Busy
Here), 600 (Busy), 603 (Decline), , .
( ).
duration ,
, .
, , . ,
. :
Retry-After:18000;duration=3600
Retry-After:120 (Im in a meeting)
3.2.55. Route
Route -. ,
Route, 5.2. :
Route:<sip:site5.niits.ru;lr>,
<sip:serv3.protei.ru;lr>
76
3.2.56. RSeq
RSeq . 1 (232-1).
( ) RSeq .
RSeq
. :
RSeq: 988789
3.2.57. Security-Client, Security-Server, Security-Verify

, UAC SIP,
UAS, - , .
SIP. , , Security-Client , -, . , .
494 (Security Agreement Required)
Security-Server , .
.
, q , . . SIP-,
, . Security-Verify,
,
Security-Server. , , Security-Verify ,
,
. : digest, tls,
ipsec-ike, ipsec-man. :
Security-Client: digest
Security-Server: tls;q=0.2
Security-Verify: ipsec-ike; q=0.1
SIP
77
3.2.58. Server
Server ,
. , ,
, . :
Server:HomeServer v2
3.2.59. Service-Route
Service-Route, SIP, REGISTER ,
,
service route, ..
, . UA
,
, .
Service-Route -. UA , -,
. Service-Route
, Route. ,
lr.
,
(R), -,
HSP (home service proxy), (DBMS) -
, (P2). UA1
- P1 REGISTER ;
Service-Route, , UA1
, , , P2 HSP,
.., , INVITE UA2
Service-Route Route. :
Service-Route:<sip:p2.home.protei.ru;lr>,
<sip:hsp.home.protei.ru;lr>
78
-
1
UA1
-
2
UA2
. 3.2.
-
HSP
, Service-Route
3.2.60. Subject
Subject , . :
Subject:
s:
3.2.61. Subscription-State
Subscription-State NOTIFY
. active, pending terminated.
active , .
pending , , - . terminated ,
. active pending, expires,
;
. terminated,
reason retry-after, ,
. :
Subscription-State: terminated;reason=noresource
SIP
79
3.2.62. Supported
Supported , UAC UAS.
option-tag, UAC UAS. , . ,
, ACK.
:
Supported:sip-cc, sip-cc-02, timer

SIP .
3.2.63. Timestamp
Timestamp , UAC UAS.
SIP RTT
( ). :
Timestamp:54
3.2.64. To
To . ,
. tag .
To
From. :
To:The Operator <sip:operator@server10.protei.ru>;tag=287447
t:sip:+79213434329@gateway.protei.ru
3.2.65. Unsupported
Unsupported , UAS. 420 (Bad Extension).
:
Unsupported:100rel
80
3.2.66. User-Agent
User-Agent , . UA ,
. UA ,
. :
User-Agent:Softphone Beta1.5
3.2.67. Via
Via SIP, . , ,
, , , .
, : - . branch Via - . Via
, ,
, , ,
. : maddr, ttl, received branch.
: UDP, TCP, TLS SCTP. SIPS
URI, SIP, TLS.
:
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK87asdks7
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.1:5060 ;received=192.0.2.207
;branch=z9hG4bK77asjd
(multi-homed host)
192.0.2.1 192.0.2.207. , , . ,
serv1.niits.ru
Via, .
, . -
SIP URI, ,
: /, :
SIP
81
Via:SIP /2.0/UDP serv3.niits.ru: 4000;ttl=16

;maddr=224.2.0.1;branch=z9hG4bKa7c6a8dlze.1
Via , : , , ,
( SIP/2.0/UDP serv3.niits.ru:4000)
,
.
3.2.68. Warning
Warning , ,
.
Warning ,
. , .
, , Accept-Language
Content-Language . (warn-code) (warn-text)
. ,
.
3. 300 329 (keywords) , 330 339
, , 370 379 ,
, 390 399 , .
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
:
Warning:307 serv1.niits.ru example
Warning:301 serv1.niits.ru E.164
3.2.69. WWW-Authenticate
WWW-Authenticate , , , ,
11. ..
82
3
- Request-URI.
407 (Proxy Authentication Required) 401 (Unauthorized). 6.4. :
WWW Authenticate: Digest realm=niits.ru,
Qop=auth, nonce=f84f1cec41e6cbe5aea9c8e88d359,
Opaque=, stale=FALSE, algorithm=MD5
SIP v. 2.0
- . 3.3.
- ,
- .
a - ,
m - ,
d - ,
r - , , ,
.

.
C ,
M ,
M* , /
,
,
* , ,
F ,
N/A ,
T , -
.
- ,
.
SIP
3.2.
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
330
331
83

-

Multicast-
Unicast-
370
399
,
,
,
,
,
,

, ,
-,
,
-,
,
-,
,
, ,
multicast-
unicast-
(,
firewall)
, ,
-,

log-. , ,

84
3.3. SIP v. 2.0
ACK
BYE
CAN
INV
OPT
REG
IFO
SUB
NOT
PRK
UPD
REF
MSG
Accept
M*
Accept
M*
N/A
Accept
415
N/A
M*
AcceptEncoding
AcceptEncoding
M*
N/A
AcceptEncoding
415
N/A
M*
AcceptLanguage
AcceptLanguage
M*
N/A
AcceptLanguage
415
N/A
M*
Alert-Info
a, r
N/A
Alert-Info
180
a, r
N/A
Allow
N/A
Allow
M*
M*
Allow
N/A
Allow
405
Allow-Events
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Allow-Events
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Allow-Events
489
N/A
AuthenticationInfo
N/A
Authorization
SIP
85
ACK
BYE
CAN
INV
OPT
REG
IFO
SUB
NOT
PRK
UPD
REF
MSG
Call-ID
Call-Info
a, r
N/A
N/A
N/A
Contact
Contact
Contact
Contact
Contact
485
Contact
4xx-6xx
ContentDisposition
N/A
ContentEncoding
ContentLanguage
N/A
ContentLength
A, r
Content-Type
Cseq
,
.

Date
Error-Info
300-699
N/A
Event
N/A
N/A
Expires
In-Reply-To
N/A
Max-Forwards
a, m, r
Expires
86
ACK
BYE
CAN
INV
OPT
REG
IFO
SUB
NOT
PRK
UPD
REF
MSG
From
. /

Min-Expires
423
N/A
N/A
MIME-Version
N/A
N/A
Organization
A, r
Path
a, r
Path
Priority
a, r
Privacy
a, m, r, d
N/A
ProxyAuthenticate
407
a, r
ProxyAuthenticate
401
a, r
N/A
N/A
N/A
ProxyAuthorization
d, r
Proxy-Require
a, r
P-AccessNetwork-Info
D, r
P-AssertedIdentity
A, d, r
N/A
P-AssociatedURI
P-CalledParty-ID
A, m, r
P-ChargingVector
A, d,m,r
P-ChargingFunctionAddresses
A, d, r
P-DCSBilling-Info
A, d, m, r
N/A
P-DCS-LAES
A, d, r
N/A
P-DCSRedirect
A, d, r
N/A
SIP
87
ACK
BYE
CAN
INV
OPT
REG
IFO
SUB
NOT
PRK
UPD
REF
MSG
P-DCS-OSPS
D, r
N/A
P-DCS-TraceParty-ID
D, r
N/A
P-MediaAuthorization
A, d
N/A
N/A
A, d
N/A
N/A
101199
A, d
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
P-PrefferedIdentity
A, d, r
N/A
P-VisitedNetwork-ID
A, d
RAck
N/A
Reason
Record-Route
A, r
N/A
Record-Route
18
M, r
N/A
Record-Route
M, r
N/A
Record-Route
401, 484
M, r
Refer-To
Reply-To
Require
Retry-After
404,
413, 480, 486,
500, 503, 600
603
Route
RSeq
Security-Client
N/A
a, r
a, d, r
N/A
N/A
A, r, d
N/A
88
ACK
BYE
CAN
INV
OPT
REG
IFO
SUB
NOT
PRK
UPD
REF
MSG
SecurityServer
421, 494
N/A
Security-Verify
A, r, d
N/A
Server
SubscriptionState
N/A
Subject
Supported
M*
N/A
N/A
Supported
M*
M*
N/A
N/A
Timestamp
Unsupported
420
User-Agent
Via
a, m, r
Via
d, r
Warning
Warning
WWWAuthenticate
401
a, r
WWWAuthenticate
407
a, r
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SIP
89
3.3.
3.3.1.
SIP- Request-Line
. Request-Line , Request-URI
, (, ACK sip:anton@niits.ru SIP/2.0).
Request-Line
(CRLF). , ,
. (LWS
RFC 822) .
. 3.3.
Request-URI
CRLF
Request-Line

IETF RFC 3261 6 : REGISTER , INVITE, ACK
ANCEL , BYE ,
OPTION
. , SIP,
, ,
. , .
Request-URI
Request-URI SIP SIPS URI. ,
. Request-URI ,
<>.
SIP Request-URI , sip sips, tel;
12. ..
90
3
-SIP URI . SIP URI, SIPS URI,
.
Request-URI , , , Request-URI
-, .

,
SIP-, , . ,
SIP-, SIP-Version SIP/2.0.
SIP-Version ,
.
3.3.2. INVITE
INVITE
. , ( ),
. INVITE
, ,
, .
,
, , , SIP-.
INVITE .
INVITE,
.
. 3.4 INVITE.
Anton (anton@niits.ru)
Alexander (alexander@niits.ru). - (serv1.niits.ru).
From , .
SIP
91
INVITE sip:alexander@serv1.niits.ru SIP/2.0

Via:SIP/2.0/UDP kton.niits.ru
From:Anton<sip:anton@niits.ru>
To:Alexander<sip:alexander@niits.ru>
Cseq:1INVITE
Call-ID:3298420296@kton.niits.ru
Content-Type:application/sdp
Content-Length: ...
o=bell53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 128.3.4.5
v=0
C=IN IP4 kton.niits.ru
m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 3 4
. 3.4.
INVITE
SDP, 3456
RTP , :
0 PCMU, 3 GSM 4 G.723.
3.3.3. ACK
ACK INVITE. ,
INVITE, ..
, INVITE. ACK , .
3.3.4. ANCEL
CANCEL ,
CANCEL, Call ID, To, From CSeq,
, . , CANCEL , -
. ,
,
CANCEL.
92
3.3.5. BYE
BYE . , BYE,
() 200 ().
3.3.6. REGISTER
REGISTER
. :
, .
From . , , .
Contact ,
INVITE.
REGISTER Contact , .
*.
Expires , . , 1 , .
REGISTER
Expires, 0,
Contact.
3.3.7. OPTIONS
OPTIONS
.
. ,
. .
SIP
93
SIP , . IETF .
: INFO, PRACK, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE.
3.3.8. INFO
INFO SIP .
INFO SIP-,
, SIP.
,
, SIP .
INFO ,

.
- SIP,
Record-Route
INVITE.

INFO, .
INFO :

;
DTMF-, ;

;
( );
.
94
3
, INFO, , .
INFO . , ,
, 200 (OK). ,
415 (Unsupported Media Type).
INFO . UAS, CANCEL
INFO, 487 (Request Cancelled), .
INFO -, , , BYE. INFO [11].
3.3.9. PRACK
SIP ,
, . ( ).
, ( ). ,
,
.
SIP
( option tag 100rel).
, 2 INVITE.
TU ( ) , .
, PRACK.
PRACK , ACK, .
PRACK SIP-, BYE, .. (hop-by-hop) stateful -.
SIP
95
, BYE ( ACK), PRACK

. UAS
1 ( 100) , Supported
option tag 100rel. , UAC
. , UAC
. UAC Require option tag 100rel. , RSeq ( 1 231 1).
UAS
.
, .
UAC PRACK
,
. PRACK RAck, .
PRACK 1, .. UAC
PRACK,
.

UAS PRACK. PRACK , 2.
, UAS
.
RSeq
.
PRACK [55]. PRACK . 3.5.
3.3.10. UPDATE
,
(, ) INVITE. , (early media) ,
96
3

, INVITE .
, ,
. re-INVITE (INVITE, , . 4.11) ,
re-INVITE , . , UPDATE
( )
.
Anton
Vladimir
INVITE
180
PRACK
200 ( PRACK)
. 3.5.
PRACK
UPDATE .
INVITE-. Allow INVITE,
, UPDATE , . INVITE-
. ( ) Allow
UPDATE.
( ) UPDATE, offer (
SDP), .
SIP
97
answer ( , SDP). , UPDATE offer,

answer 2 UPDATE.
UA -2 UPDATE,
.
UPDATE offer (, , ) , offer, INVITE, , , PRACK UPDATE answer. , INVITE-
. ,
answer, offer,
re-INVITE UPDATE.
UPDATE , (target refresh request). UPDATE [51]. UPDATE . 3.6.
Vladimir
Anton
INVITE(c offer 1)
180 (c answer 1)
UPDATE (c offer 2)
200 (c answer 2)
UPDATE (c offer 3)
200 (c answer 3)
200 ( INVITE)
ACK
. 3.6.
13. ..
UPDATE
98
3.3.11. SUBSCRIBE NOTIFY

SIP , , .
: ( ), buddy lists
( ), ( )
.
SIP
,
, ( ,
), , .
. 3.7.

(UA)

(UA)
1. SUBSCRIBE
2. 200
3. NOTIFY
4. 200
5. NOTIFY
6. 200
123456. 3.7.
SIP
99
SUBSCRIBE . SUBSCRIBE
, . (subscriber ,
) ,
SUBSCRIBE. SUBSCRIBE
, ,
UAC. ,
,
SUBSCRIBE: Request URI, Event , , .
Request URI
,
(notification), ,
(, sip:vladimir@protei.ru
URI
(user presence state), ).
SUBSCRIBE Event,
, . , , . event
package . Event id. . event package SUBSCRIBE (
event package). , , , , , /
. SUBSCRIBE Allow, , event package .
,
SUBSCRIBE id
Event , .
. , , ,
Expires .
100
3
SUBSCRIBE .
(notifier , ) ,
.
, event package, ,
, , , 200 (OK).
202 (Accepted). , , ,
, . ,
NOTIFY, .
NOTIFY ,
SUBSCRIBE ( ).
,
, NOTIFY. , NOTIFY SIP , ,
SUBSCRIBE, . , .
NOTIFY, , SUBSCRIBE, Event event package, ; id SUBSCRIBE.
NOTIFY , event
package. . NOTIFY Subscription-State active, pending, terminated.
active , .
pending , ,
- . terminated , . NOTIFY
,
( , NOTIFY Event).
, 200 (OK). SUBSCRIBE NOTIFY [50].
SIP
101
3.3.12. REFER
REFER, ,
( Request-URI) , , .
,
(Call Transfer). , Anton Vladimir , Vladimir Alexander,
Anton SIP UA REFER SIP- Vladimir, Alexander.
Vladimir , UA
Alexander, . UA Vladimir
UA Anton,
Alexander.
, REFER
, BYE. REFER Refer-To.
, , , REFER. ,
sip:anton@niits.ru.
, UAS 202 (Accepted)
, REFER-. UA . , REFER,
, , SUBSCRIBE. REFER
, refer. NOTIFY. NOTIFY
, UA, REFER, .
To, From Call-ID
NOTIFY
REFER, REFER SUBSCRIBE.
NOTIFY Event refer. NOTIFY
message/sipfrag ( message/sipfrag
[67]),
; .
102
NOTIFY , . refer
, . ,
NOTIFY NOTIFY NOTIFY, .
NOTIFY Subscription-State terminated ( ) reason noresource.
REFER [68]. . 3.8
Anton Alexander , Alexander .
3.3.13. MESSAGE
(Instant Messaging) , .
, . ,
( ) , .
MESSAGE
(instant messages), , SMS.
. (IM) , , , , .
.

(IM), MESSAGE . Request-URI , ,
,
, . , ,
,
.
SIP
103
Anton
Alexander
Vladimir
1. REFER
2. 202 Accepted
3. NOTIFY
4. 200
INVITE
6
5. NOTIFY
6. 200
. 3.8.
REFER
1
REFER sip:alexander@niits.ru SUP/2.0
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP ant.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bK2293940223
To:<sip:alexander@niits.ru>
From:<sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=193402342
Call-ID: 898234234@ant.niits.ru
CSeq:93809823 REFER
Max-Forwards:70
Refer-To:( URI)
Contact:sip:anton@niits.ru
Content-Length:0
5
NOTIFY sip:anton@niits.ru SIP/2.0
To:<sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=193402342
From:<sip:alexander@niits.ru>;tag=4992881234
Call-ID:898234234@ant.niits.ru
CSeq:1993403 NOTIFY
Max-Forwards:70
Event:refer
Subscription-State: terminated;reason=noresource
Contact:sip:alexander@niits.ru
Content-Type: message/sipfrag;version=2.0
104
3
, . MIME- ( text/plain),
message/cpim. , message/cpim
IM-, ,
IM-, , , message/cpim,
.
MESSAGE Contact. MESSAGE - . , UA
, , 200
(OK); , ,
, . MESSAGE
. UAC MESSAGE . (IM)
Instant Message URI im:user@domain. URI im ,
URI ( SIP URI). UA- IM URI, SIP URI
Request-URI MESSAGE .
. Anton
Alexander , niits.ru; -.
MESSAGE [7].
-
Anton
Alexander
1. MESSAGE
2. MESSAGE
3. 200
4. 200
. 3.9.
MESSAGE
SIP
105
MESSAGE sip:alexander@niits.ru SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv3.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bK776sgdkse
Max-Forwards:70
From:sip:anton@niits.ru;tag=49583
To:sip:alexander@niits.ru
Call-ID: asd88asd77a@1.2.3.4
CSeq:1 MESSAGE
Content-Type:text/plain
Content-Length:30
Alexander, .
SIP . 3.4.
3.4.

SIP

INVITE
ACK
.
INVITE
BYE
. , .
CANCEL
Call-ID, To, From Cseq,

CANCEL

(
)

REGISTER
OPTION
INFO
PRACK
UPDATE
SUBSCRIBE
NOTIFY
REFER
MESSAGE
14. ..
,

,
,
(instant massages)
106
3.4.
SIP-
Status-Line . Status-Line : (Status-Code) (Reason-Phrase),
(SP). (R)
(LF) CRLF.
Status - Code
. 3.10.
Reason - Phrase RLF
Status-Line
,
. Reason-Phrase , Status-Code,
.
Reason-Phrase : -
,
Accept-Language . .
.
,
.
. , , , , ..
SIP .
,
. : .
, . ,
, 1. ,
2, 3, 4, 5 6.
, .
SIP
107
3.4.1. 1

,
. 1, ,
200 .
ACK; UA
100rel 1
PRACK.
.
3.5. SIP
100
180
181
182
183
Trying. . , ,
. ,
, INVITE.
1 , stateful -.
, , - SIP-
Ringing. .
UA
Call Is Being Forwarded. - . -
, ,
Queued. , .
, . Reason-Phrase
, ,
5 . 15 .
182 (Queued), ,

Session Progress. ,
,
,
. , , SIP
, Session Progress SDP-
.

108
3.4.2. 2xx
2 , .
. 3.6.
3.6. SIP
200
202
OK.
200 INVITE ,
,
200 BYE ,
200 CANCEL ,
200 REGISTER ,
200 OPTIONS
,
Accepted. , . ,
,
202 .
,
.
,
SIP
109
3.4.3. 3xx
3 (. 3.7)
, .
3.7. SIP-
300
301
302
305
380
Multiple Choices. .
, .
,
. UA
, Accept
Moved Permanently.
, ,
Contact .
, ,
.
,
404 (Not Found)
Moved Temporarily.
, Contact .
, . Request-URI
, Contact .
Expires expires
Contact. - URI
. ,
- .
URI ,
Use Proxy. ,
-. ,
-, Contact.
UAS
Alternative Service. ,
,
110
3.4.4. 4xx
4 (. 3.8) ,
.
.
3.8
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
410
SIP-
Bad Request. . ,
.
. Reason-Phrase , :
Call-ID.
SIP
Unauthorized. .
UAS registrar. ,

Payment Required. .

Forbidden.
. , . , ,
,
Not Found. .
, Request-URI. ,
,
Method Not Allowed. ,
Request-URI. Allow ,
Not
Acceptable. ,
. ,
Accept , , ,
Proxy Authentication Required.

-
Request Timeout. ,
Expires .
.

Gone. ,
. ,
. ,
, 404 (Not Found)
SIP
413
414
415
416
420
421
423
480
481
482
483
111
Request Entity Too Large. .

, .
, Retry-After.
,
Request-URI Too Long. ,
Request-URI,
Unsupported Media Type. - ,
.
, Accept, Accept-Encoding,
Accept-Language,
Unsupported URI Scheme. - , URI
Request-URI
Bad Extension. SIP,
Proxy-Require Require.
Unsupported
Extension Required. UAS
, Supported .
Require .
421 ,
. ,
Supported , 421
, SIP ,
Interval Too Brief. , , .
registrar, , Contact

Temporarily Unavailable. ,
( ,
, , ,
).
Retry-After.
, . Reason-Phrase

Call/Transaction Does Not Exist. ,
.
Loop Detected. . ,
Via, ,
. Via
, , ,
-
Too Many Hops.
-, .
Max-Forwards.
112
484
Address Incomplete. Request-URI.

Reason-Phrase.

Ambiguous. Request-URI .
Contact,
. .

.
,
404 (Not Found) Contact.
sip:anton@niits.ru:
SIP/2.0 485 Ambiguous
Contact: Anton Zarubin <sip:anton-zarubin@niits.ru>
Contact: Anton Ivanov <sip:anton-i@niits.ru>
Contact: Petrov Anton <sips: anton-petr@niits.ru>
Busy Here. ,
. Retry-After
. ,
, ,
Request Terminated. BYE CANCEL
Not Acceptable Here. ,
, , ,
. ,

Bad Event. , , event package,
Event
Request Pending. ,
,
Undecipherable. , UAS, MIME- ,
.
, ;
UA
Security Agreement Required.
. , Security-Client
option-tag sec-agree Supported,
494. Security-Server
, .

485
486
487
488
489
491
493
494
SIP
113
3.4.5. 5xx
5 ,
- .
3.9.
500
501
502
503
504
505
513
580
SIP-
Server Internal Error. . ,

.
. , Retry-After ,

Not Implemented. ,
. , UAS

Bad Gateway. -
. ,

Service Unavailable.
. Retry-After ,

UAC -, 503,
. , 503

Server Time-out. , -,
,
, ,
Version Not Supported.
SIP, .
. ,
SIP
Message Too Large. -
Precondition Failure. UAS ,
offer, , 580.
answer .
(offer), INVITE UPDATE.
SDP-,
offer answer, . SDP-
answer, offer,
15. ..
114
3.4.6. 6xx

(. 3.10). .
3.10. SIP-
600
603
604
606
Busy Everywhere. .
.
, , ,
486 (Busy Here)
Decline.

Does Not Exist Anywhere. .
Not Acceptable. ,
, , , .
Warning
4.
4.1.

SIP, . UA .
.
(dialog ID), Call-ID,
(local tag) (remote tag). UA .
,
tag To.
,
SIP . UAC
Call-ID Call-ID , tag To, tag From. UAS, , Call-ID
Call-ID , tag
From, tag To.
116
4
,
.
, ( UA, ), (
UA), URI, URI,
(remote target), secure (route
set), URI. , ,
.
, ;
, . 2 , , , .
4.2.

.
INVITE 101199 2
tag To. ,
, (early dialog).
4.2.1. UAS
UAS, , , (, , 2 INVITE),
Record-Route ( , , ,
) . UAS
Contact; . URI,
, IP- FQDN. URI, Contact, SIP URI, SIPS URI.
117
, , SIPS URI Request-URI

Record-Route Contact
( Record-Route),
SIPS URI. , URI
. , , URI Contact
INVITE
.
UAS ,
.
TLS, Request-URI SIPS URI,
secure TRUE.
(route set) URI
Record-Route URI. Record-Route , . ,
, .
(remote target) URI
Contact .
CSeq .
.
all-ID Call-ID .
(local tag) tag To ( ) , (remote tag) tag From . UAS
tag From;
0.
URI From, URI To.
118
4.2.2. UAC
UAC ,
(, INVITE), SIP SIPS URI
Contact. Request-URI
Route SIPS URI, Contact SIPS URI.
UA , , .
TLS, Request-URI SIPS URI,
secure TRUE.
URI
Record-Route , URI. Record-Route , . ,
, .
(remote target) URI
Contact .
CSeq . .
all-ID Call-ID .
tag
From , tag To . UA
tag To; 0. URI To,
URI From.
4.3.
,
, . UA, , -
119
, UA, , . ,
, .
Record-Route
Contact. (route set),

(remote target). remote target , .
, (target
refresh requests). re-INVITE UPDATE.
4.3.1. UAC

, . URI To URI , tag
To . URI From
URI ,
tag From . , tag
To From, .
Call-ID Call-ID
.
( ),
Cseq, ACK CANCEL, . , , ,
CSeq .
, .
CSeq
. 232, ,
136
. ,
120
4
.
. ,
, 31 32- .
UAC remote target route set Request-URI
Route . UAC remote target Request-URI, Route .
URI,
lr, UAC remote target Request-URI
Route, .
URI, lr, UAC URI
Request-URI, . Route,
. remote target Route
.
, remote target sip:user@remoteua, route set :
<sip:proxy1>,<sip:proxy2>,<sip:proxy3;lr>,<sip:proxy4>,
Request-URI Route
:
Request-URI sip:proxy1
Route:<sip:proxy2>,<sip:proxy3;lr>,<sip:proxy4>,<sip:user@remoteua>
URI , , lr,
, - Request-URI Route
. - strict router. Request-URI Route , , strict router.
UAC Contact , ,
remote target UA . , secure
TRUE, SIPS URI.
121
,
, (. 2.2.1). , Route ,
Request-URI, Route .
4.3.2. UAC
UAC .
, 408 (Request Timeout). UAC
3 , ,
2.2.2. UAC 2 , remote
target, remote target URI Contact
. 481 (Call/Transaction Does Not Exist)
408 (Request Timeout), UAC . UAC
, .
4.3.3. UAS
UAS . To
tag, UAS , , .
UAS , , , 2.3.1.
To tag, ,
, , UAS , ,
, UAS. . UAS, tag
To, . ,
tag To, , .
, (, OPTION). ,
. UAS ,
16. ..
122
4
CSeq .
, , ,
; , 500
(Server Internal Error). , Cseq, . , UAS
CSeq, .
CSeq .
- ,
. UAC , .
CSeq. UAS
. .
UAS , , remote target URI Contact .
4.3.4.
,
2, , , .
BYE.
4.4.
SIP , : .
(
). INVITE ( INVITE-)
ACK , , 2;
123
ACK INVITE-.
UAC 200 (OK)
INVITE. 200, UAS
, UAC, ,
ACK.
; , .
,
. - (stateful). . 4.1, , UAC
, -
. , -.
- , , , UAS.
-
-
. 4.1.
- , . UA - UA -
. ,
(
124
4
Transaction User (TU); UA - ) .
TU, , , (
ACK). , INVITE
ACK,
, 2. , SIP TU. , . TU
SIP ; INVITE-,
ACK , 2.
2 ACK . 2 UA, ACK . ,
, .
2, ACK,
UA, . -
2 INVITE ACK.
4.4.1.
(TU)
. TU ,
SIP-, , IP-, ,
.
,
, TU. INVITE ( INVITE-).
, INVITE ACK (
-INVITE-).
ACK: TU (
2 INVITE), SIP .
125
INVITE-
: ( 2) . (three-way handshake). . TU -INVITE-, , .
4.4.2. INVITE-
INVITE- .
, ,
ACK. ( UDP)
T1, . T1
, .. ,
(RTT); T1 500 . T1, , T1.
.
( 1)
, .
1 ,
( ).
.
, .
ACK, .
4.4.3. INVITE-
( ) INVITE- . 4.2. Calling , TU
INVITE. SIP
.
126
INVITE TU.
INVITE

.
TU
.
,
INVITE
Calling
300-699.
,
TU
2.
2 TU
1.
1 TU
1.
1 TU
Proceeding
2.
2 TU
300-699.
,
TU
300-699.

Completed

.
TU
Terminated
. 4.2.
INVITE-
,
A T1.
).
64 T1 (
INVITE-).
127
, , SIP,
, 2 T1. , , .
, Calling.
, 1 500 . T1
RTT . SIP-
T1 , . T1 ,
, RTT (round-trip time) . Calling, ,
TU . 64 T1
. ,
Calling, ,
Proceeding.
. ,
TU. , Proceeding.
300 699 Completed.
TU , ACK SIP. ACK ,
, .
Completed D , , 32
0 . ,
Completed,
. D
H INVITE-, 64 T1.
T1, , D 32 .
,
Completed, ACK,
TU.
128
4
D
Terminated. 2 Calling Proceeding
Terminated,
TU.
, TU: - . UAC ACK ,
- 200 (OK) .
Terminated
. , . , 2 INVITE -.
2 - ( , ) UAC ( , ).
. , SIP
,
TU.
2, 2
.
4.4.4. ACK
ACK,
. UAC, ACK 2, 2 ,
. ACK, ,
Call-ID, From Request-URI, ,
,
( INVITE).
To ,
, tag. ACK
Via, Via .
CSeq , ,
ACK. , INVITE, , Route,
ACK. , ACK -
(stateless).
129
, ACK . , , ACK
, .
ACK, ,
2, , ,
INVITE, , 415. ,
415, ACK
, Accept . :

Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bKkjshdyff
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=88sja8x
Max-Forwards: 70
Call-ID: 987asjd97y7atg
CSeq: 986759 INVITE
ACK, ,
2
ACK sip:vladimir@protei.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bKkjshdyff
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=99sa0xk
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=88sja8x
Max-Forwards: 70
Call-ID: 987asjd97y7atg
CSeq: 986759 ACK
4.4.5. -INVITE-
-INVITE- ACK. .
T1, 2. , ,
T2.
/ .
,
.
17. ..
130
4.4.6. -INVITE-
( ) -INVITE-
. 4.3. C Trying , TU
. F 64 1.
SIP .
TU.

.

Proceeding
200-699.
TU
F

.
TU
1.
1 TU
F

.
TU
E.

Proceeding
1.
1 TU
200-699.
TU
Completed

.
TU
Terminated
. 4.3.
-INVITE-
131

E T1. ,
, ,
MIN (2 T1, T2). MIN
(4 T1, T2). ,
; T2. 2
4 . -INVITE- , .
1 2 : 500 , 1 , 2 , 4 ,
4 , 4 ..
F TU Terminated.
Trying, TU,
Proceeding. ( 200 699) Trying, TU, Completed.
Proceeding , SIP, T2. Proceeding F TU
Terminated.
( 200 699)
Proceeding, TU, Completed. Completed,
4 0 .
Completed , ,
. 4 ,
. 4 5 . , . K,
Terminated.
, .
132
4.4.7.
, ,
. ,
, .
branch Via.
:
Via branch,
, .
CSeq , . , CANCEL
,
branch, .. .
,
. branch Via, tag To. , ,
, , .
SIP ,
SIP ,
. TU
Terminated.
4.4.8.
TU .
. , . , .
133
4.4.9. INVITE-
INVITE- . 4.4.
INVITE.
INVITE TU,
100, TU
200

INVITE.

101-199 TU.

Proceeding
300-699 TU.

. TU
1
Completed
1
TU
ACK
2 TU.

G.

Confirmed
H

.
TU

.
TU
I
. 4.4.
Terminated
C INVITE-
, Proceeding. 100
(Trying), , TU
200 .
, , , . TU.
134
4
TU
. Proceeding,
SIP. ..,
,
. . , SIP
TU . ,
,
. , TU Proceeding
2, , ,
SIP .
2, TU.
Terminated.
TU 300 699 SIP Completed.
G T1.
Completed,
H 64 T1 .
H , . B, ,
. G, SIP , G MIN (2 T1,
T2). , G ; ,
T2; 2. ,
Completed ,
SIP . ACK,
Confirmed.
G , .
H Completed ,
ACK ;
Terminated TU .
135
Confirmed
ACK, .
, I 4
0
. I Terminated.
Terminated .
, , 2 INVITE.
4.4.10. -INVITE-
( ) -INVITE-
. 4.5. ( INVITE ACK)
Trying. TU,
( ,
). TU , Proceeding.
SIP . TU.
Proceeding
SIP , .
Completed TU ( 200 699),
SIP. Completed J 64 T1
0 .

SIP , .
, TU
Completed, . , J,
Terminated. .
136
.
TU
200-699.
TU
Trying

1 TU
.

200-699 TU.

1 TU.

Proceeding

.
TU
200-699 TU.

.

Completed

.
TU
Terminated
. 4.5.
-INVITE-
4.4.11.
,
. .
branch Via. ,
z9hG4bK (magic cookie), , SIP v. 2.0.
, branch ,
.
137
, :
branch Via , ;
Via
Via ,
;
, , ACK, , , INVITE;
INVITE-, -INVITE-.
Via branch:
.
Via branch magic cookie, ; , .
INVITE , Request-URI,
tag To From, Call-ID, CSeq Via INVITE,
. INVITE.
ACK , Request-URI,
tag From, Call-ID, CSeq
Via INVITE,
, tag To tag To , .
tag To
- ACK, 2, ACK, .
18. ..
138
4
, ,
Request-URI, tag To From,
Call-ID, CSeq Via
, .
-INVITE-.
4.1.
SIP
1
2
500 ( )
4
5c
= 1
64*T1
D
E
> 3
32 UDP
0 TCP/SCTP
64*T1
F
G
H
I
J
K
= 1
64*T1
4 UDP
0 TCP/SCTP
64*T1 UDP
0 TCP/SCTP
T4 UDP
0 TCP/SCTP
RTT ( )

-INVITE- INVITE
,

INVITE (
UDP)

INVITE-

-INVIITE-
( UDP)

-INVITE
INVITE
ACK
ACK
-INVITE-

139
4.5. SDL-
4.5.1. INVITE-
. 4.6. 4.9. SDL-
INVITE-.
S0
(TU)
SIP
Idle
INVITE

=64*1
INVITE
TCP
UDP
A
=1
D := 0
S1
Calling
S1
Calling
. 4.6.
Calling
140
S1
(TU)
INVITE
SIP
D := D + 1
D<6
SIP
Calling
ACK
300-699
A
=2D*1
S1
S4
Calling
Terminated
S2
Proceeding
1. 2
SIP TU.

UA. -
2
S1
Calling
. 4.7.
Proceeding
S3
Completed
(TU)
141
S2
Proceeding
SIP
300-699
ACK
300-699
S4
Terminated
. 4.8.
S2
Proceeding
Completed
S3
Completed
142
(TU)
S3
SIP
Completed
SIP
300-699
SIP
ACK
S4
S4
Terminated
. 4.9.
Terminated
S3
Completed
Terminated
:
S0 Idle .
S1 Calling INVITE, .
S2 Proceeding 1,
INVITE , .
S3 Completed
300 699, ACK.
S4 Terminated .
143
4.5.2. -INVITE-
. 4.10. 4.13. SDL-
-INVITE-.
S0
(TU)
SIP
Idle
F
=64*1
TCP
S1
Trying
UDP
A
=1
D:= 0
S1
Trying
. 4.10.
Trying
144
S1
(TU)
SIP
Trying
SIP
200-699
200-699
D:= D + 1
E
=MIN(2D*1,N2)
S1
S4
Trying
. 4.11.
Terminated
Proceeding
S2
Proceeding
S3
Completed
(TU)
E
=T2
145
S2
SIP
Proceeding
.
SIP
200-699
200-699
S2
S4
Proceeding
. 4.12.
19. ..
Terminated
Completed
S2
Proceeding
S3
Completed
146
(TU)
200-699
S3
Completed
SIP
200-699
S3
Completed
. 4.13.
S4
Terminated
Terminated
:
S0 Idle .
S1 Trying , .
S2 Proceeding 1, , .
S3 Completed
200 699.
S4 Terminated .
4.5.3. INVIT-
. 4.14. 4.16. SDL-
INVITE-.
S0
SIP
Idle
147
(TU)
S
Wait
INVITE
TU 200

INVITE
S1
Proceeding
Wait
300-699
300-699
INVITE
101-199
101-199
D := D + 1
TCP
S2
Completed
S1
Proceeding
S4

=64*1
Terminated
UDP
G
=1
D := 0
1. 2 TU
SIP.
TU
SIP
2. INVITE
1,
TU
S2
Completed
. 4.14.
Proceeding
148
S0
SIP
300-699
.
SIP
(TU)
Idle
SIP
INVITE
ACK
ACK
D := 0
G
=MIN (2*1,T2)
S2
S4
Completed
. 4.15.
Terminated
Completed
S2
Completed
S3
Comfirmed
SIP
ACK
149
S0
Idle

300-699
S4
S3
Comfirmed
. 4.16.
(TU)
Terminated
Confirmed
:
S0 Idle .
S1 Proceeding INVITE,
.
S2 Completed 300 699, ACK.
S3 Confirmed ACK
300 699.
S4 Terminated .
4.5.4. -INVITE-
. 4.17 4.19 SDL-
-INVITE-.
150
SIP
S0
Idle
(TU)
S1
Trying
200-699
101-199
101-199
200-699
S3
Completed
. 4.17.
S2
Proceeding
Proceeding
:
S0 Idle .
S1 Trying , .
151
S2 Proceeding TU 1,
.
S3 Completed
, 200 699 .
S4 Terminated .
SIP
200-699
200-699

=64*1
S3
S2
Proceeding
(TU)
101-199
S2
S4
Proceeding
Terminated
1. INVITE
Completed
. 4.18.
101-199
1,
TU.
Completed
152
SIP
S3
Completed
(TU)
200-699
S4
S4
Terminated
. 4.19.
Terminated
S3
Completed
Terminated
4.6.
,
(), .
, , SIP,
- ,
,
. (location server), .
153
,
, sip:anton@niits.ru, , ,
sip:anton@serv1.niits.ru. , -
() ,
.
,
(binding) URI (address-of-record)
. , - , Request-URI
, , ,
.
,
.
, URI
.
. SIP
. . REGISTER
,
(registrar). REGISTER
, .
, , -,
.
. 4.20. ,
- . . ,
UAS -,
.
20. ..
154
Anton

(UA)
2.
loniis.ru
(registrar)
1. REGISTER
wstation234

(UA)
4.
3. INVITE
alexander@loniis.ru
sip.loniis.ru
5.
6. INVITE
alexander@wstation234.loniis.ru
UA
Alexander
. 4.20.
SIP
. , - . Registrar SIP -
.
4.6.1. REGISTER
REGISTER ,
. REGISTER
( ).
( , , ).
155
, , REGISTER , , UAC.
REGISTER . UAC
REGISTER Route, . Record-Route
. , UAC
(route set)
Record-Route REGISTER.
REGISTER :
Request-URI
Request-URI , ( , sip:niits.ru). userinfo ( ) @ SIP- .
To
To , . To Request-URI ,
.. . SIP,
SIPS URI.
From
From , . To, , .
Call-ID
UAC Call-ID registrar.
CSeq
CSeq REGISTER.
CSeq REGISTER Call-ID.
156
4
Contact
REGISTER Contact,
. (,
Contact),
REGISTER.
action expires Contact
REGISTER .
ction
action
.
, , , UA.
, UAC . SIP
.
expires
( ). . ,
Expires. , 232 1 (4294967295 136 ), , 232 1. 3600.
4.6.2.
REGISTER, ,
(), SIP-
. To .
Contact, , SIP SIPS URI, SIP
( , sip:anton@serv1.niits.ru), URI. UA
( URI tel) ( URI mailto)
.
157
, Vladimir sip:vladimir@protei.ru
c
protei.ru. - , Vladimir, .
,
.
2 REGISTER Contact , .
To REGISTER SIPS URI,
Contact SIPS URI.
-SIPS URI SIPS URI
, , ,
. URI,
, SIP, SIP-, , TLS.
4.6.2.1.

REGISTER, ( registrar
).
: Expires
expires Contact. , REGISTER
, ,
Contact expires.
, ,
.
4.6.2.2.

REGISTER Contact,
, UA, ,
To.
Contact q.
158
4
q Contact
.
4.6.3.

, .
,
, . UA ,
REGISTER.
,

.
* Contact , , Expires 0.
* Contact UA ,
, .
4.6.4.
UA , . , UA. 2
registrar Contact ,
. UA
. ,
UA
expires , , Expires.
UA REGISTER , ; REGISTER . UA
Call-ID
.
, ,
.
159
4.6.5. registrar
UA , : ,
, . UA
registrar. UA registrar, UA , @ ;
Request-URI , SIP-
, SIP: Locating SIP Servers, [56]. ,
UA sip:vladimir@protei.ru REGISTER
sip:protei.ru.
, UA
.
. UAC.
4.6.6.
REGISTER ,
, UAC
, UAC . ,
REGISTER, UAC
REGISTER registrar; , , .

.
UA 423 (Interval Too Brief), ,
REGISTER Min-Expires .
160
4.7. REGISTER
Registrar UAS, REGISTER , - ,
. Registrar , UAS, REGISTER. Registrar 6.
REGISTER Record-Route, registrar ( REGISTER, -, Record-Route).
, Record-Route
REGISTER.
Registrar REGISTER .
REGISTER , ..
, . .
REGISTER :
Registrar Request-URI,
, Request-URI. ,
Request-URI , registrar, ,
-,
, -.
UAS , registrar
Require , .
Registrar UAC. SIP- 6.
SIP-. , registrar
From .
Registrar , .
, -
161
, ,
.
, registrar
403 (Forbidden) .
registrar To .
, Request-URI, registrar 404 (Not Found) . , escaped- (% + )
. , ,
.
Registrar Contact.
, REGISTER (. 8).
Contact , registrar ,
Contact *,
Expires. Contact
, ,
400 (Invalid Request) .
registrar , Call-ID , . ,
; , CSeq , .
, .
Registrar
Contact. ,
:
expires,
;
expires ,
Expired,
;
Registrar -
21. ..
162
4
. , ,
, registrar
423 (Interval Too Brief).
Min-Expires, .
.
expires, Expires , , .
.
follow-me service,
.
registrar ;
, ,
registrar.
registrar ,
URI. , , Call-ID.
Call-ID ,
, , , . , Call-ID , registrar
CSeq:
, ,
. .
Call-ID CSeq .
- , . ,
500 (Server Error), .
Registrar 200 (OK).
Contact . expires,
, registrar.
Date.
163
.
Vladimir . . 4.21. , , .
protei.ru
Vladimir
1. REGISTER
2. 200
. 4.21.
REGISTER (1) :
REGISTER sip:registrar.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP serv3.protei.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
Max-Forwards:70
To:Bob <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>
From:Bob <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=456248
Call-ID:843817637684230@998sdasdh09
CSeq:1826 REGISTER
Contact:<sip:vladimir@192.0.2.4>
Expires:7200
Content-Length:0
. REGISTER
200 (OK), (2):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via:SIP/2.0/UDP serv3.protei.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
;received=192.0.2.4
To: Bob <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=2493k59kd
From: Bob <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=456248
Call-ID: 843817637684230@998sdasdh09
CSeq: 1826 REGISTER
Contact: <sip:vladimir@192.0.2.4>
Expires: 7200
Content-Length: 0
164
4.8.
SIP- OPTIONS UA - .
, ,
, , , . ,
INVITE Require, option-tag ,
UA , OPTIONS. Supported option-tag, UAS . OPTIONS
UA. OPTIONS
Request-URI. OPTIONS -, URI Request-URI ,
Request-URI REGISTER.
Anton
Vladimir
1. OPTIONS
2. 200
. 4.22.
, - OPTIONS
Max-Forwards, 0, , , Request-URI .
HTTP. ( traceroute HTTP), UA OPTIONS
Max-Forwards, . OPTIONS, TU . ,
, -
165
. OPTIONS
UA ,
.
4.8.1. OPTIONS
OPTIONS UAC. Contact OPTIONS
. Accept,
, UAC . application/sdp, .
,
Request-URI, ,
, OPTIONS, ,
OPTIONS . OPTIONS:
OPTIONS sip:alexander@niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.niits.tu;branch=z9hG4bKhjhs8ass877
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sip:alexander@niits.ru>
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=1928301774
Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
CSeq: 63104 OPTIONS
Contact: <sip:anton@pc33.niits.ru>
Accept: application/sdp
Content-Length: 0
4.8.2. OPTIONS
OPTIONS
UAS SIP-.
, INVITE, .. 200 (OK), UAS
, 486 (Busy Here), UAS , ..
OPTIONS UAS
OPTIONS , UAS INVITE. OPTIONS, , 200 (OK),
, , . , , INVITE, OPTIONS
, -
166
4
200 (OK) ( INVITE
). , INVITE -,
.
OPTIONS -, 200 (OK),
-.
.
200 (OK) OPTIONS Allow,
Accept, Accept-Encoding, Accept-Language Supported.
-, Allow, , . Contact
200 (OK); ,
3, .. ,
. Warning. ,
Accept OPTIONS (
Accept application/sdp).
Accept OPTIONS ,
-, UAS
. UAS OPTIONS ( ).
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bKhjhs8ass877;received=192.0.2.4
To: <sip:alexander@niits.ru>;tag=93810874
From: Anton<sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=1928301774
CSeq: 63104 OPTIONS
Contact: <sip:alexander@niits.ru>
Contact: <mailto:alexander@niits.ru>
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE
Accept: application/sdp
Accept-Encoding: gzip
Accept-Language: en
Supported: 100rel
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 274
167
4.9.
CANCEL, ,
, . , UAS .
CANCEL , UAS .
,
. CANCEL INVITE,
. UAS,
CANCEL INVITE, ,
INVITE
(487).
CANCEL -, . 4.4 ,
UAC INVITE, 5.2
CANCEL -.
4.9.1.
CANCEL INVITE.
, CANCEL
-INVITE- , ,
CANCEL .
CANCEL . Request-URI, Call-ID, To, CSeq From
CANCEL , tag. CANCEL, ,
Via, Via .
CANCEL . CSeq
CANCEL. , .
CANCEL Require Proxy-Require.
168
4
Route, CANCEL
. , stateless - CANCEL.
CANCEL , ( ) .
, CANCEL ; , ,
CANCEL. , CANCEL,
, .
CANCEL,
,
. , CANCEL
, . CANCEL , CANCEL
.
, , ,
CANCEL- . UAC,
, 487 (Request Terminated)
, UAS,
, . ,
64 T1 ,
.
4.9.2.
CANCEL TU . , , TU
CANCEL, , 4.4.8. .
CANCEL . Stateless
- , stateful -
CANCEL, UAS .
169
- CANCEL
( 5.2.8.)
UAS CANCEL UAS, 2.3. CANCEL

, ( , Authorization). , CANCEL
Require.
UAS, , CANCEL, CANCEL 481
(Call Leg/Transaction Does Not Exist).
, UAS CANCEL ,
. , CANCEL ,
. UAS
,
. INVITE, UAS INVITE 487 (Request Terminated). CANCEL .
, CANCEL
, UAS 200 (OK).
, 2.3.2, , tag
To CANCEL tag To
. CANCEL . . 4.23
INVITE CANCEL.
4.10.
(
), INVITE. INVITE
. - , ,
UAS, .
22. ..
170
4
UAS, , .
UAS 2xx (OK); .
, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx 6xx, . UAS
(1) , UAC .
Anton
Vladimir
1. INVITE
2. 180 Ringing

INVITE
3. CANCEL
4. 487 Request Terminated

5.
. 4.23.
INVITE
UAC 2 -2.
- , INVITE
, INVITE-
(, OPTIONS). UAC
, ACK . ACK .
300 699 ACK
,
4.4. 2 ACK UAC.
171
2 INVITE , UA, INVITE, UA,

2. 2
UA (- INVITE -),
.
.
INVITE. UA, INVITE,
ACK, CANCEL BYE.
4.10.1. UAC. INVITE

INVITE
, 2.
.
, INVITE Allow. ,
.
, Supported.
, .
Accept,
UA
. Accept . UAC Expires,
.
, Expires,
INVITE, UAC CANCEL. , UAC
Subject, Organization User-Agent; , INVITE.
UAC INVITE . , ,
Content-Disposition session. SIP
/ (offer/answer), UA
. (,
), ( ) - . UA ,
172
4
, , , ,
- . offer/
answer , INVITE
, . offer/answer INVITE-:
offer
INVITE UAS,
( 2).
offer INVITE, answer INVITE UAS. (answer) ,
. UAC
answer
INVITE.
offer UAS, , answer ACK 2.
answer offer UAC offer ,

, answer offer
offer, answer .
UAS answer offer,
offer
INVITE. , UAS offer .

:
offer INVITE answer 2 (, ,

1 ),
offer 2 answer ACK,
173
, INVITE,
. , Session Description Protocol (SDP) UA [37].
offer/answer , Content-Disposition session.
, INVITE, ACK (, INVITE (Content-Disposition: render),
ACK (Content-Disposition: session)).
Content-Disposition , Content-Type application/sdp Content-Disposition
session, render.
INVITE UAC , , .
, , ,
.
4.10.2. UAC. INVITE

UAC INVITE , . INVITE-
, (TU) ,
408 (Request Timeout).
4.10.2.1. 1
. INVITE , .
,
INVITE-. , ,
(, Allow ,
,
).
174
4.10.2.2. 3
3 Contact , ,
. 3 UAC .
4.10.2.3. 4xx, 5xx 6xx
INVITE , 2. 4xx, 5xx 6xx Contact
, . , 2, ,
, . , , 2, Completed,
.
4.10.2.4. 2
UAC 2 INVITE,
-,
. tag To . 2 ,
route set
Record-Route 2 ( ).
UAC ACK 2xx. ACK ,
, , Seq , .
CSeq INVITE,
ACK. ACK
, INVITE.
2 offer ( ),
, , ACK
175
answer ( ). offer 2
, UAC answer ACK BYE.
ACK , . SIP, .
, ACK , UAC. ACK
SIP , 2.
2 INVITE UAC
, BYE.
4.10.3. UAS. INVITE

UAS INVITE . UAS ( INVITE ,
INVITE ). , , UAC
:
INVITE, Expires,
UAS , .

. ,
UAS , 487
(Request Terminated).
, , , 4.3. (. 4.11).
tag To,
,
, UAS , , UAS.
176
4
,
INVITE , ,
.
INVITE , UAS offer . , , , INVITE . ,
multicast- . UAS
,
. , SDP-
(session id) SDP-, origin, . ,
, , SDP- INVITE,
, UAS INVITE, , 2.
INVITE , , UAC UAS offer.
UAS offer , ( 2).
UAS , , offer.
.
4.10.3.1.
UAS ,
UAC (, ,
).
101 199. , . UAS
.
(dialog ID).
UAS INVITE, ,
177
-. -
, . , UAS ( 100) ,
(.. ).
INVITE- ,
, (, IVR).
4.10.3.2. INVITE
UAS , 3.
300 (Multiple Choices), 301 (Moved Permanently) 302 (Moved Temporarily)
Contact , .
INVITE-, .
4.10.3.3. INVITE
,
.
486 (Busy Here).
UAS , ,
600 (Busy Everywhere). , UAS
, 600 . INVITE-,
.
UAS, offer, INVITE,
488 (Not Acceptable Here). Warning , .
4.10.3.4. INVITE
UAS 2, .
2 INVITE, , Allow Supported
, , Accept. UAC
, UAS
23. ..
178
4
, . INVITE offer, UAS
answer, 2 answer. INVITE offer, 2 offer , UAS
offer. ,
INVITE-. , INVITE- ,
SIP. , SIP, ACK.
2 SIP , T1 , 2 ( T1 2 . 4.4).
, ACK, ,
. 2 ,
, , UDP.
, 2
UAS , TCP.
2, 64 T1, ACK
, , . BYE, . 4.12.
4.11.
INVITE , offer/answer. 4.1. , , , (remote target).
.
,
.. INVITE
, . INVITE,
, re-INVITE. ,
re-INVITE , .
, .
179
4.11.1. UAC
offer/answer,
INVITE, re-INVITE. UAC,
, , , offer, , INVITE . ,
, .
, UAC re-INVITE ;
re-INVITE, ( 2),
offer.

SDP-,
, ,
.
To, From, Call-ID, CSeq, Request-URI .
UAC re-INVITE Alert-Info
alert Content-Disposition,
UAS re-INVITE.
INVITE, re-INVITE
, , .
, Request-URI , .
, UAC INVITE- , INVITE- ,
:
INVITE-, TU
, Completed Terminated,
INVITE.
INVITE-, TU
, Confirmed Terminated,
INVITE.
180
4
INVITE- UA
, INVITE, ACK CANCEL. , ,
UA INVITE-
, INVITE, ACK CANCEL.
UA re-INVITE ,
2, , re-INVITE . 481 (Call/Transaction Does Not Exist) 408
(Request Timeout) re-INVITE (
), UAC .
UAC re-INVITE 491,
T, .
UAC Call-ID , T 2,1 4
10 .
Call-ID UAC,
T 0 2 10
.
, UAC re-INVITE, .
, , ,
BYE, re-INVITE .
re-INVITE ACK
2 re-INVITE , INVITE.
4.11.2. UAS
UAS, INVITE , INVITE Cseq, INVITE 500 (Server Internal
Error) Retry-After
0 10 .
UAS, INVITE
INVITE, ,
181
491 (Request Pending). UAS re-INVITE

, , , , .
, UAS , , .
, UAS ,
re-INVITE 488 (Not Acceptable Here). Warning.
UAS 2 ACK, BYE .
UAS 180 (Ringing) re-INVITE,
UAC .
UAS re-INVITE Alert-Info
, Content-Disposition
alert.
UAS, offer 2 (- , re-INVITE offer), offer , UAS
, offer, SDP, [54], RFC 3264.
, offer -, UA. UAS ,

-, , ,
UAC. , ,
UAC. , , UAC, answer
BYE.
4.12.
, SIP.
182
4
. INVITE, 1 2
UAS , , offer/answer,
. , . INVITE , 2,
( ),
. , -2
, INVITE.
BYE .
UA, .
BYE, , ,
. UA BYE . UA BYE , , , UA BYE
. UA
BYE , ACK 2. SIP, , , BYE .
INVITE, 2,
CANCEL. UAS -2 INVITE ( , 487).
UAC ,
CANCEL. INVITE () 2,
, UAS ,
CANCEL. UAC ,
2, BYE.
, ,
. UA
CANCEL, 2 INVITE ,
BYE, . UA BYE.
ACK
2 BYE
SIP ACK .
183
,
, 403 (Forbidden)
486 (Busy Here); BYE
.
4.12.1. BYE. UAC

BYE , .
BYE , UAC
-INVITE- . UAC , , -, BYE .
, BYE, UAC 481 (Call/Transaction Does Not Exist)
408 (Request Timeout), BYE , UAC .
4.12.2. BYE. UAS

UAS BYE
. UAS, BYE, . , UAS 481 (Call/Transaction Does Not Exist) . , UAC BYE
tag , UAS . UAS,
BYE ,
. UAS -. UAS 2 .
5. - SIP
5.1. - SIP
- SIP,
SIP- SIP-
. UAS -.
, .
-,
, .
- SIP. ,
, -, ,
. ,
, -
. . , SIP- UAS
UAS .
- (stateful)
(stateless) .
.
,
, . .
- SIP
185
- , . -
( )
,
. -
, , . , SIP-,
.
- (, TCP),
. ,
- TCP-
, , ,
, . ,
, TU -
,
.
Stateful - stateless
, ,
stateless (,
100).
.
stateless stateful
. -
stateful. , stateless, stateful.
24. ..
186
5.2. -
-
SIP-. -
,
-
, (. 5.1).
. -. - ,
,
.
-
C
-
-
. 5.1.
stateful -
, ,
, . -

.
Stateful -
.
. - UAS

( 100 (Trying)). , stateful - 100 (Trying) -INVITE-.
- SIP
187
, -,
:
;
;
() ;
;
.
5.2.1.
- , , . :
;
URI;
Max-Forwards;
();
Proxy-Require;
Proxy-Authorization.
,
.
- ,
, ;
. , ,
.
5.2.1.1.

, . ,
,
.
188
5
, , . , -
, Date.
, - . SIP .
. - - ,
.
5.2.1.2.
URI
Request-URI URI, -, , 416 (Unsupported
URI Scheme).
5.2.1.3.
Max-Forwards
Max-Forwards ,
SIP, .
Max-Forwards, Max-Forwards,
, .
Max-Forwards , -
. OPTIONS, -
.
483 (Too many hops).
5.2.1.4.

- . Via,
,
- ,
- , . , -,
. Request-URI -
.
branch (
- SIP
189
) Via.
, ,
, ,
. -
482 (Loop Detected).
5.2.1.5.
Proxy-Require
SIP , - .
Proxy-Require , , - ,
. Proxy-Require
, -,
420 (Bad Extension). Unsupported, option-tag,
-.
5.2.1.6.
Proxy-Authorization
-
, Proxy-Authorization;
, 407 (Proxy Authentication Required).
5.2.2.
- Request-URI . , -, Request-URI Route
Route (. 5.5.2).
- ,
. , SIP-, -, strict-router. ,
Request-URI strict-router.
Request-URI maddr, -
, ,
190
5
, . ,
,
Request-URI, - maddr , ,
, , .
, maddr,
-, ,
URI. -
.
Route -,
.
5.2.3.
- .
(target set) , .
Request-URI maddr, Request-URI , , -
. Request-URI
, - ,
. ,
- , ,
-. -
, ( -
HTTP, ), , .
, ,
, Request-URI, , , .

.
, , (presence server), ,
Request-URI. -
- SIP
191
Request-URI
.
(target set).
Request-URI , , - 485 (Ambiguous).
, URI . , INVITE, sip:vladimir@protei.ru,
-,
Vladimir.

, ,
-. , , , , ,
-.
- , . URI .
- URI,
Request-URI , -. - Request-URI , , Request-URI.
- 3xx 416, .
Request-URI , , -
. ,
, . ,
- , 3. -
( , SIP- ) ,
. ,
,
192
5
.
Request-URI -, , 404 (Not Found). , - 480 (Temporarily Unavailable).
5.2.4.
, -
. Stateful -
. URI ,
.
URI . , - ,
, .
,
q,
Contact.
q . , , .
Stateful -
.
(response context, . ). - .
- , :
Request-URI;
Max-Forwards;
Record-route;
- SIP
193
;
, ;
Via;
Content-Length ( );
;
.
5.2.4.1.

- .
, ,
.
. - , .
5.2.4.2.
Request-URI
Request-URI
URI . URI ,
Request-URI, . Request-URI .
5.2.4.3.
Max-Forwards
Max-Forwards, -
. - 70, UA
Max-Forwards.
5.2.4.4.
Record-Route ()
- , , , ,
Record-Route -
25. ..
194
5
, Route . , , Route.
, -
Record-Route, , . route set, .
- , Record-Route , .
- , . - Record-Route . ,
.
-
Record-Route Record-Route
- .
URI, Record-Route,
SIP SIPS URI. URI lr, ,
- , [57]. -
, . URI , , , -
, , ,
. URI, -, SIP- , .
- , Record-Route : SIP URI
TCP UDP. URI, Record-Route,
- SIP, , -.
Request-URI SIPS URI Route
( , . . 5.2.4.6) SIPS URI,
, Record-Route, SIPS URI.
, TLS, -
- SIP
195
Record-Route. -,
TLS, , SIPS URI
Request-URI Route (
), Record-Route SIPS URI.
URI, - Record-Route,
. -, , , URI Request-URI . -,
, ,
, , ;
(dialog
ID) , - ,
. URI,
Record-Route , . 4.1 ,
Record-Route.
Record-Route , -
. ; , - ,
.
5.2.4.5.

- .
5.2.4.6.

- , , - ,
. - ,

Route, ( Request-URI) - ( Route). ,
196
5
- . - URI,
lr. URI Route ( ). Route ,
URI.
- , ,
-,
Route ,
-. Route,
, , - Route, .
Route - , , . , Request-URI
SIPS URI, -
TLS. Route, -
URI . lr, - :
Request-URI Route, ;
Route Request-URI
Route.
Request-URI Route
Request-URI
strict-router. Route
Request-URI , strict-router ( URI Request-URI URI
Route).
5.2.4.7.
,

-
IP-, -
- SIP
197
Route Request-URI. , - ,
IP-, , Route. ;
Route.
, - SIP-, [56].
- strict-router
5.5.2,
Request-URI. ,
Route. DNS- (, , ). , URI ,
Request-URI SIPS-, - , SIPS URI. -
, ,
.
- , ,
. 5.2.4.8.5.2.4.10. , . , branch,
Via, , 8- ,
.

, - , .
, ,
(target set). -
, ,
198
5.2.4.8.
5
Via
- Via
. , -
branch ,
magic cookie.
-, ,
, ,
branch. -
branch, .
, 2.2.1, ,
.
, - ( ,
). ,
branch, (
Route, Proxy-Require Proxy-Authorization). ,
- ,
, .

tag To From, Call-ID, Request-URI ( ),
Via Cseq.
Proxy-Require
Proxy-Authorization ( ). , , , MD5 [49], .
- , branch,
, ,
, Request-URI ( ) ,
. ,
,
(, ). branch.
, CANCEL ACK , 2,
- SIP
199
, ,
. branch , .
5.2.4.9.
Content-Length ( )
- (, TCP),
Content-Length, -
.
5.2.4.10.
Stateful - , ,
, . 5.2.4.7.
5.2.4.11. C
, INVITE , TU .
, -.
3 . 5.2.5 ,
, 5.2.6 .
5.2.5.
-
, . -
, ( )
stateless -. , . , ( , ),
. , , 2 INVITE .
200
5
-,
:
;
;
Via;
;
;
( ).
, ,
, , - , .
:
Authorization ( );
Record-Route ();
;
CANCEL.
5.2.5.1.

- , .
.
5.2.5.2.

INVITE-, 101
199 , - C
. , 3 .
- SIP
5.2.5.3.
201
Via
- Via .
Via ,
.
, , ,
UAC ( SIP ).
5.2.5.4.

.
, . ,

.
- ,
Contact 3, (target set),
3 . Request-URI
SIPS URI, -
, sips. -
, 3, , .
SIP , - .
3 SIP, SIPS SIP URI.
- sip sips
; , ,
.
- 416 (Unsupported URI Scheme)
, Request-URI ,
sip, sip sips (.. - ), - URI
26. ..
202
5
(target set). URI Request-URI
, sip. tel
tel URL SIP URI SIP URI
, .
, 3, -
SIP SIPS URI, 416,
.
5.2.5.5.

- , :
, 100 (Trying).
2.
6,
; stateful -
.
-
CANCEL, , ,
487 ,
6.
2
INVITE.
Stateful - . , . 5.2.4.4, .
, , ,
. 5.2.4.7 5.2.4.8.
, , , stateful - -INVITE,
-2, 2 INVITE.
- SIP
5.2.5.6.
203

Stateful -
, ,
, , , . Stateful -
,
.
, -
- , . 6,
. ,
- , . -
, ,
, 401, 407, 415, 420 484,
4.
-, 503 (Service Unavailable), , , , ,
503. , 503 , - , , Request-URI , 503.
503, -
500 (Server Internal Error). ,
- 4 503 (Service
Unavailable), 407 (Proxy Authentication Required), 501 (Not Implemented) 404 (Not
Found), 407.
, . 5.5.5.7 5.5.5.8.
1 2 . tag To, UAC tag , , . - tag
To 1 2, . -
tag To 1 2.
204
5
- tag To
1 , tag, , 100 (Trying) ( 101199
tag To). -
. UAS ,
.
3 6 , (hop-by-hop). -
UAS, . - tag To 3 6 , tag.
- tag , tag To.
, SIP- ,
- tag To 3 6,
tag .
-
, tag To , tag To
. , ,
401 (Unauthorized) 407 (Proxy Authentication
Required), Contact 3.
5.2.5.7.
Authorization
401 (Unauthorized) 407 (Proxy
Authentication Required), -
WWW-Authenticate Proxy-Authenticate 401
407, ,
. 401 407 WWW-Authenticate Proxy-Authenticate.
, , , .
.
- SIP
5.2.5.8.
205
Record-Route
Record-Route, - , -
. -
SIP-,
.
- TLS,
TLS-, URI Record-Route
, SIPS URI. -
TLS- TLS, -
URI Record-Route , SIP-URI.
URI, -, , Record-Route
(. 2.4.1.4) : URI transport
, - , e SIP, , .
-
Record-Route , , , Record-Route, .
, -
Record-Route , .
, , URI
, -.
, - Record-Route, URI -.
Record-Route -
,
Record-Route. Record-Route,
, -.
5.2.5.9.

- , . , -
206
5
, Via, . 5.2.4.3. ,
- received,
Via ,
. - ,
.
, Via.
,
- (statelessly),
SIP.

. .
- , ,
.
5.2.5.10. CANCEL
, - CANCEL ,
. - ,
6. , ,
( Proceeding)
CANCEL. CANCEL . 4.9.
, INVITE 200 (OK). 200
, CANCEL .
5.2.6.
, - , .
,
- SIP
207
- CANCEL, .
- , 408 (Request Timeout).
-
, ,
.
5.2.7. SIP
SIP - ,
(. 10.7), -
, 503 (Service
Unavailable). -
, . - , .
5.2.8. CANCEL
Stateful - CANCEL,
, . -
, ,
CANCEL.
Stateful - CANCEL
INVITE- ,
Expires INVITE. , , ,
-.
CANCEL stateful -
, .
-
, CANCEL.
, -
200 (OK) CANCEL. -
208
5
UAS, 2.3. , - CANCEL
, , . 5.2.5.10.
, - ,
CANCEL.
( ,
, , -
).
5.3. -
-
. ,
stateful -, stateless -.
.
stateless - ,
stateful -. stateless - SIP
(. 10). , , . , ; ,
, stateless - . ,
- 100 (Trying) .
Stateless - ,
5.2.1, , 5.2.2 5.2.3,
. Stateless -
target set. ,
, . ,
. , ACK, Route,
CANCEL ,
INVITE.
- SIP
209
Stateless - , 5.2.4,
. , branch, stateless -. , stateless -
,
branch, . 5.2.4.8. - , , stateless -
.
branch, ,
, stateless - branch
,
. Stateless -
, branch .
. - branch
Via . , magic cookie, branch

branch. branch
Via, tag
To From, Call-ID, CSeq
Request-URI . . , 5.2.4,
. , -
Record-Route
Route, .
branch Via , - ,
.
Stateless - , ,
stateful - . 5.2.4.10.
, SIP. stateless -

branch ,

27. ..
210
5
-. (, ), , , ,
.
.
.
Stateless -
CANCEL. ,
. , - Route CANCEL , .
, 5.2.5, -, . stateless
-,
Via. , - ,
, Via.
- , . , -
. -, .
5.4. Route Request-URI

, - , Route, :
- Request-URI. ,
-,
URI, . -
Request-URI.
- URI Route.
URI -,
Route.
- SIP
211
- ,
Route Request-URI Route.
- ,
URI [56].
strict-router, Request-URI
URI .
5.5.
5.5.1. -
(. 5.2)
-: , -
Record-Route. U1 ( 1) - P1:
Contact: sip:anton@u1.niits.ru
U1
-
1
-
2
U2
INVITE
INVITE
INVITE
200
200
200
BYE
BYE
BYE
. 5.2.
212
5
P1 -. P1 protei.ru,
-, protei.ru,
DNS- .
Record-Route.
Record-Route: <sip:p1.niits.ru;lr>
P2 ( -) . 2
protei.ru,
Request-URI.
Record-Route. Route ,
Request-URI , :
INVITE sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Record-Route: <sip:p2.protei.ru;lr>
Vladimir u2.protei.ru 200 (OK):

SIP/2.0 200 OK
Contact: sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru
U2 remote
target sip:anton@u1.niits.ru, route set
<sip:p2.protei.ru;lr>,<sip:p1.niits.ru;lr>.
- 2 - 1
1. UA remote target
sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru,
route set
<sip:p1.niits.ru;lr>,<sip:p2.protei.ru;lr>
route set lr, U1

BYE:
BYE sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Route: <sip:p1.niits.ru;lr>,<sip:p2.protei.ru;lr>
, SIP ( -), U1 URI Route
- SIP
213
DNS-, , .
P1. - P1 , , Request-URI, . -
, Route, P2:
Route: <sip:p2.protei.ru;lr>
P2 , , Request-URI ( protei.ru, u2.protei.ru),

. - Route,
u2.protei.ru DNS- Request-URI:
5.5.2. strict-router
(. 5.3) 4 -,
Record-Route.
- strict-router.
U1
-
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
U2
INVITE
INVITE
INVITE
INVITE
INVITE
200
200
200
200
200
BYE
BYE
BYE
BYE
BYE
. 5.3.
strict-router
214
5
INVITE, U2, :
INVITE sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Record-Route: <sip:p3.loniis.ru>
U2 200 (OK). U2 BYE -

4 Route.
BYE sip:anton@u1.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Route: <sip:p4.protei.ru;lr>
Route: <sip:p3.loniis.ru>
Route: <sip:p2.niits.ru;lr>
P4 , Request-URI,
. - , Route, .
Route sip:p3.loniis.ru,
, URI lr.
:
BYE sip:p3.loniis.ru SIP/2.0
Route: <sip:anton@u1.niits.ru>
- 3 strict-router; - 2
:
BYE sip:p2.niits.ru;lr SIP/2.0
Route: <sip:anton@u1.niits.ru>
P2 , Request-URI ,
Record-Route. :
P2 u1.niits.ru, P1 Route.
P1 Route,
, :
P1 u1.niits.ru, Route , P1 u1.niits.ru Request-URI.
- SIP
215
5.5.3. -
Record-Route
. 5.4 U1 U2
; - P1,
.
U1 :
INVITE sip:vladimir@gateway.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Contact: <sip:anton@u1.niits.ru>
P1 U2
:
Contact: <sip:anton@u1.niits.ru>
Record-Route: <sip:gateway.protei.ru;lr>
U1
-
1
U2
INVITE
INVITE
200
200
BYE
BYE
. 5.4.

Record-Route
U2 P1 200 (OK):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Contact: <sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru>
Record-Route: <sip:gateway.protei.ru;lr>
P1 Record-Route, , U1, U1:
216
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Contact: <sip:vladimir@u2.protei.ru>
Record-Route: <sip:gateway.niits.ru;lr>
U1 P1 BYE:
Route: <sip:gateway.niits.ru;lr>
P1 U2 :
5.6.
-, , , .
, . , , , ,
().

, ,
URI , ,
URI. . , CANCEL,
,
, ; 3.
CANCEL 2.
SIP-. .
3
Contact, .
expires,
. Contact ,
- SIP
217
-,
. , 301 (Moved Permanently)
302 (Moved Temporarily) , , , multicast-, , UDP TCP
( ).
URI, , Request-URI , .
, 404 (Not found), ,
-,
.
Contact URI, ,
SIP-. URI , , . Contact , . , SIP-,
,
, .
expires Contact ,
. ,
. , Expires.
3600.
, , option-tag Require ,
.
28. ..
6.
HTTP-
6.1. SIP
SIP stateless- ,
HTTP. , - UA (
, ),
.
SIP Digest. ,
SIP [57] Basic
.
, Basic, .
SIP UAS 401 (Unauthorized) ,
UAC. , registrar 401
(Unauthorized), - ; 407 (Proxy Authentication Required).
219
, .. , . realm
, .
realm :
realm . realm
.
realm , .
:
INVITE sip:vladimir@niits.ru SIP/2.0
Authorization: Digest realm=niits.ru, <...>

(usernames) (passwords).
,
anonymous . , , , ,
,
.
UAC , realm, , UAC ,
.
,
SIP-,
, , ACK
CANCEL.
, (, Digest), , ;
ACK. INVITE, ,
ACK. ,
220
6
ACK, Authorization
Proxy-Authorization INVITE, .
ACK.
, CANCEL ,

, .
, .
, , , - ,
403 (Forbidden). UAC
,
.
6.2. -
UAS UAC, .
Authorization , UAS ,
401 (Unauthorized).
401 (Unauthorized)
WWW-Authenticate. , ,
, () , .
WWW-Authenticate 401.
WWW-Authenticate: Digest
realm=niits.ru,
qop=auth,auth-int,
nonce=dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093,
opaque=5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41
221
UAC 401 (Unauthorized),

, , ,
. UAC
. ( , ), UA - ,
To realm, .
, UAC , anonymous .
, UA,
UAS (, , 401 (Unauthorized)), ,
Authorization.
Authorization ,
,
, , .
Authorization ( REGISTER, ).
Authorization: Digest username= anton,
realm=niits.ru,
nonce=dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093,
uri=sip:anton@niits.ru,
qop=auth,
nc=00000001,
cnonce=0a4f113b,
response=6629fae49393a05397450978507c4ef1,
opaque=5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41
, , UAC , ;
CSeq.
222
6.3. -
, - UAC, ,
.
Proxy-Authorization , - ,
407 (Proxy Authentication Required). -
Proxy-Authenticate , () ,
.
UAC
Proxy-Authorization , -, . UAC 407 (Proxy Authentication Required),

, , ,
. realm , . 6.2
401.
, UAC

anonymous .
UAC - , . Call-ID.
Proxy-Authorization -, realm. -,
Proxy-Authorization -,
realm. - UAC . -, ,
. WWW-Authenticate Proxy-Authenticate,
223
,
, - . .
- ,
407 UAC , . -, ,
-,
, , , , UAC . UAC
, , , , , , .
, ,
UAC Authorization
WWW-Authenticate Proxy-Authorization Proxy-Authenticate.
realm.
, , 401 (Unauthorized) 407 (Proxy Authentication Required). ,
, - , realm, . , UAC Authorization
Proxy-Authorization realm.
.
6.4. Digest
HTTP Digest, SIP. SIP
HTTP. : URI SIP, SIPS;
nonce HTTP- Etag; , P.
224
6

(. 6.1).
Anton
Vladimir
1. INVITE
2. 401
3. INVITE
. 6.1.
Anton
Vladimir INVITE. UAS, ,
Authorization Anton 401
(Unauthorized). WWW-Authenticate
, , , Digest,
realm, niits.ru
nonce. UAC , , , nonce ,
- .
Authorization INVITE UAS. , . , UAS .
,
.
WWW-Authenticate
(challenge), (Digest) realm,
domain, nonce, opaque, stale, algorithm, qop. realm nonce.
225
realm
, ,
(username) (password).
, , ,
.
domain
URI, .
URI, . domain ,
, ,
. domain Proxy-Authenticate,
-.
nonce
, , 401. base64.
nonce . , nonce
. nonce
Authorization ; nonce . . nonce
(time-stamp),
nonce. nonce .
opaque
,
Authorization , URI, . ,

base64.
username
.
29. ..
226
6
stale
, , , nonce . TRUE,

. stale TRUE
, , nonce,
(, ). FALSE, ,
TRUE, stale , , /
, .
algorithm
, .
MD5. ,
(
,
).
qop
[17]. Qop , ,
quality of protection ( ), . auth , auth-int
. Authorization , (Digest) :
username, realm, nonce, uri, response, algorithm, cnonce, opaque, qop, nc.
username, realm, nonce, uri, response.
opaque algorithm WWW-Authenticate
. realm, nonce, algorithm, opaque
.
uri
URI Request-URI, Request-Line. URI
, Request-URI
-. SIP URI
227
, - .
response
, 32 ,
. nonce, nc, cnonce, qop, uri, username, realm, password.
MD5.
qop
, .
, , WWW-Authenticate.
.
cnonce
cnonce , ,

. , qop,
, WWW-Authenticate qop.
nc
nc (nonce count) ( )
, nonce, . , , nonce, nc
nc=00000001.
(replay attack): nc
, .
, qop, , WWW-Authenticate qop.
, , 400 (Bad Request). response
, , -
228
6
, , , .
Digest Authentication-Info.
Authentication-Info ,
, .
: nextnonce, qop,
rspauth, cnonce, nc. nextnonce.
nextnonce
nextnonce nonce, . ,
nextnonce , nonce , . nextnonce
Authorization, stale=TRUE.
qop
, .
, .
rspauth
rspauth
,
, auth-int qop
.
, , ,
. uri, cnonce, nc Authorization
. Digest -, - -, - .
Proxy-Authenticate Proxy-Authorization. Proxy-Authenticate Proxy-Authorization WWW-Authenticate
Authorization.
7.
S/MIME
7.1. S/MIME
, [36] SIP PGP,
.
SIP- MIME.
MIME, ,
MIME- (
multipart/signed application/pkcs7-mime MIME-, [20, 48]. , ( SIP -),
SIP- (, SDP). MIME-
, ,
.
SIP-
. (, , ),
.

. UA.
230
7
.

, ,
. . .
,
.

.
,
, , .
, S/MIME, , ,
, , , ,
. SIP
SIPS URI: userinfo ( ), @ domainname (
) (, anton@niits.ru); .
, S/MIME,
, . . ,
URI (
From) ,
.
, , , , .
, . , (self-signed certificates). SIP,
.
S/MIME
231
( ).
.
,
( )
, SIP-.
7.2. S/MIME
SIP.
S/MIME ,
, , .
UAC ,
S/MIME, ,
multipart/
signed. , , , UAC
, .
UAS ,
, , UAS
. UAS , , From
. , UAS
- . ,
, ,
From , ( ) , UAS
;
.
, , UAS , S/MIME, , UAC,
232
7
, multipart/signed. , , , UAC ,
.
UAC ,
S/MIME, , UAC
. UAC , , To
; , UA
. , , ,
To, ( ) , UAC
. UAC UAS ,
S/MIME, .
, UA ,
From, , UA
, , , . , UA
( , , , , ), ,
. , , ,
.
(self-signed) ,
. , , ,
.
UA , , 493
(Undecipherable).
S/MIME
233

( , , To ); , smime-type Content-Type certs-only.
493 (Undecipherable) ,
S/MIME.
, ,
S/MIME , handling Content-Disposition required, , 415 (Unsupported Media Type), .
, , ,
S/MIME.
S/MIME. ,
415 ,
.
,
S/MIME , , UAC
, S/MIME
. , UA, S/MIME,
, , S/MIME .
, .
,
, , ,
. ; , (call back). ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
30. ..
234
7
UA
, , UA
, , ,
, .
7.3.
S/MIME
application/pkcs7-mime multipart/signed.
. application/pkcs7-mime
multipart/signed. , ,
.
application/pkcs7-mime,
application/sdp. smime-type Content-Type enveloped-data, , .
, (), .
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.niits.ru;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru> tag=1928301774
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type=enveloped-data;
name=smime.p7m
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=smime.p7m
handling=required
v=0 o=anton 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 pc33.niits.ru
s=t=0 0
c=IN IP4 pc33.niits.ru
m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 1 3 99
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
S/MIME
235
application/sdp
multipart/signed.
To: Vladimir <vladimir@protei.ru>
From: Anton <anton@niits.ru>;tag=1928301774
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: multipart/signed;
protocol=application/pkcs7-signature;
micalg=sha1; boundary=boundary42
--boundary42
v=0
o=anton 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 pc33.niits.ru
s=Session SDP
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
--boundary42
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name=smime.p7s
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=smime.p7s;
handling=required
ghyHhHUujhJhjH77n8HHGTrfvbnj756tbB9HG4VQpfyF467GhIGfHfYT6
4VQpfyF467GhIGfHfYT6jH77n8HHGghyHhHUujhJh756tbB9HGTrfvbnj
n8HHGTrfvhJhjH776tbB9HG4VQbnj7567GhIGfHfYT6ghyHhHUujpfyF4
7GhIGfHfYT64VQbnj756
--boundary42-
7.4. SIP-
SIP- S/MIME SIP message/sip ,
SIP. SIP
,
236
7
,
. UAS ,
message/sip, message/sip .
, , , , message/sip multipart/mixed.
7.4.1. SIP-
SIP S/MIME SIP-, ,
message/sip, .
, ,
.

. ,
-, : Via, Record-Route, Route, Max-Forwards,
Proxy-Authorization; , Request-URI.
,
. ,
UA.
Date, UA, , . ( ), UA
.
,
, 403
(Forbidden), ,
. message/sip:
S/MIME
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru> ;tag=1928301774

CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2004 13:02:03 GMT
Content-Length: 568
--boundary42
Content-Type: message/sip
From: Anton <anton@niits.ru>;tag=1928301774
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2004 13:02:03 GMT
Content-Length: 147
v=0
s=Session SDP
t=0 0
--boundary42
handling=required
--boundary42-
237
238
7.4.2.
, message/sip.
,
S/MIME ,
SDP. .
.
, From , ( , sip:anonymous@anonymizer.invalid).
From, , message/sip,
.
, message/sip .
multipart/signed,
, message/
sip, , .
application/pkcs7-mime.
; , (), .
From: Anonymous <sip:anonymous@niits.ru>;tag=1928301774
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2004 13:02:03 GMT
Contact: <sip:pc33.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 568
--boundary42
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; smime-type=enveloped-data;
name=smime.p7m
S/MIME
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=smime.p7m
handling=required
Content-Length: 231
Content-Type: message/sip
From: Anton <anton@niits.ru>; tag=1928301774
CSeq: 314159 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2004 13:02:03 GMT
v=0
s=Session SDP
t=0 0
m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 1 3 99
--boundary42
handling=required
--boundary42-
239
8.
, , SIP -
.
SIP, , .
SIP
, SIP, RTP, ,
SIP.
, SIP. , , , .
, SIP.
241
8.1.
,
SIP. ,
,
SIP.
SIP; ,
, ,
.
, , ,
SIP ,
. (, ).
, , .
8.1.1.
SIP , , ( ). Registrar
, From REGISTER,
, ,
, To. ,
, SIP, .
From SIP- UA, .
, , , , ,
,
,
, , .
31. ..
242
8
,
. SIP UAS,
(, ,
SIP- ),
.
UA , SIP-, .
, SIP .
8.1.2.
, , ,
Request-URI. , .
, ,
.
, ,
, loniis.ru, , protei.ru.
protei.ru,
loniis.ru , SIP-
protei.ru.
UA ,
protei.ru.
, .
, ,
, protei.ru,
loniis.ru, 301 (Moved
Permanently). , , ,
protei.ru, loniis.ru
. REGISTER UA,
loniis.ru. ,
,
.
243
8.1.3.
SIP UA -, . , , UA - ,
, .
UA, SIP- ,
. ,
- ,
UA , . ,
- , ,
, , , UA.
, , SIP.
, MIME-, , SDP .
SDP-, ,
, RTP- .
, SIP
, Subject.
, (, ,
Subject, , ).
- ,
.
UA
SIP , , . , , , .
, , -.
244
8.1.4.
, / . , ,
.
, , (tag To
From ) BYE. , ,
. BYE ,
.
, ,
re-INVITE, (,
, ).
BYE.
, BYE , , , . ,
- , BYE .
( -)
.
8.1.5. (DoS-)
, (denial-of-service attacks), ,
, .
, ,
,
.
245
SIP - ,
IP-. , SIP
, ,
SIP-.
, IP-
Via, , , , SIP-,
SIP- -
, .
Route ,
, -, ,
, , .
Record-Route, ,
.
denial-of-service , REGISTER
.
,
. ,
. , registrar -
.
.
, denial-of-service.
246
8.2.
, , SIP
: ,
(replay-attacks)
(message spoofing),
, denial-of-service. , SIP-, , , .
, , SIP
, SIP, , , HTTP SMTP.

,
, . SIP (end-to-end), ,
Request-URI, Route Via -
, SIP- .
- SIP (, Via). , - - SIP- .
SIP- , SIP-
.
-, .
SIP . SIP- , , , , -, , . , SIP
.
247
, SIP
,
.
8.2.1.

.

, TLS IPSec, .
IPSec ,
IP . IPSec
,
. IPSec ,
, ( VPN). IPSec
.
IPSec SIP-.
IPSec, , SIP,
SIP- .
-, , IPSec.
TLS , (, TCP); tls (.. TLS
TCP) , , Via SIP URI. TLS ,
, .
, UA Anton -
,
248
8
- , UA
Vladimir. Vladimir, , -
Vladimir Anton . ,
SIP
; UA,
- TLS, , TLS .
8.2.2. SIPS URI

SIPS ,
. SIPS URI
SIP URI, ,
sips sip. SIPS SIP URI.
SIPS URI
, .. ,
From .
SIPS URI Request-URI ,
, ,
TLS. , , UAS
( , TLS).
SIPS URI SIPS , -,
, .
SIPS , Request-URI
, ,
Contact Route. SIPS URI .
SIPS URI (, , transport) , TLS ,
sips:anton@niits.ru; transport=tcp sips:anton@niits.ru;
transport=sctp . UDP SIPS.
249
8.2.3. HTTP-
SIP , HTTP-. 401 407, ,
, , . Digest
SIP .
Digest- SIP 6.
8.2.4. S/MIME
, SIP- , ( -)
; SIP- .
S/MIME SIP-
MIME,
. S/MIME , .
S/MIME,
SIP- SIP. S/MIME
SIP 7.
32. ..
250
8.3.
8.3.1. SIP
-, TLS . , TLS-; , TLS. -,
,
-.

TLS. SIP, TLS, ,
TLS-.
,
. SIP-, TLS, SIPS URI.
-, ,
IPSec .
-, ,
Digest.
8.3.2.

, , Web E-Mail. ( -,
), (username) (password).

-, , , , UA
- , ,
TLS.
251

S/MIME, UA SIP-.
,
, .
8.3.2.1.
UA , TLS- . Registrar . , ,
, UA .
, UA
anton@niits.ru, ,
niits.ru ( sip.niits.ru). UA TLS-,
, , . , , UA
REGISTER , , .
registrar , UA , registrar , UA ,
.
UA REGISTER, Request-URI ,
, .
UA REGISTER TLS-,
registrar , 401 (Proxy Authentication Required). realm
Proxy-Authenticate ,
. UAC ,
,
, realm . (username)
(userinfo) URI, To REGISTER. Proxy-Authorization, REGISTER
.
252
8
registrar ,
REGISTER
. ,
REGISTER TLS-,
REGISTER, (replay-).
, registrar , UA
, registrar
-, , . TLS-
,
. UA TLS-, ,
, -,
,
-.
8.3.2.2.
, Anton
,
vladimir@protei.ru.
(niits.ru) -.
-, , -; niits.ru ( UA TLS-, ). ,
, ,
TLS- -
INVITE . UA
INVITE , -,
.
- UA INVITE,
Request-URI, , -
253
. Request-URI
(niits.ru), protei.ru, -
,
. , , anton@niits.ru alexander@niits.ru. -
TLS-, Alexander
. Alexander
, , Anton -
.
Request-URI
. , - niits.ru
TLS- - protei.ru.
TLS- ,
, .
, ,
, SIP-. , - niits.ru , ,
, protei.ru.
, TLS-,
-, , - niits.ru INVITE protei.ru.
- protei.ru , ,
- niits.ru , ,
From INVITE. -
protei.ru ,
, ,
. , ,
.
, , ; protei.ru , niits.ru
Anton. protei.ru niits.ru, ,
254
8
, , Anton .
protei.ru ,
, protei.ru.
INVITE - protei.ru, TLS-
( ), , ( vladimir@protei.ru). INVITE
Vladimir. TLS-,
-
protei.ru, Vladimir ,
niits.ru Anton,
, .
, -
Record-Route ,
-. , - . -
Record-Route,
-
(
, S/MIME).
, , , ,
BYE
Vladimir Anton, , ,
.
8.3.2.3.
-
UA, -. UA Alexander
alexander@loniis.ru. Alexander INVITE vladimir@protei.ru, UA TLS- - protei.ru ( , [56]).
255
UA Alexander -
protei.ru, , UA INVITE
TLS-. UA Alexander
-
protei.ru, ,
message/sip (. 7.4) INVITE. - protei.ru
, , protei.ru From. -
.
Vladimir - protei.ru
:
<sip:vladimir@192.0.2.4>, vladimir@protei.ru. Alexander
TLS-, - protei.ru;
.
Alexander TCP- INVITE Request-URI, ( , ).
Vladimir INVITE , ,
UA , , From
, INVITE. Vladimir
, ,
Alexander ; .
NAT (Network Address Translation) TCP-
UA. - , , , TLS- TCP-,
.
256
8.3.2.4. DoS-
, , .
, - SIP,
,
, ( ,
ping-). , ,
denial-of-service , , SIP-
.
, , , -,
-; ,
.
- SIP-; stateful
- , stateless -. ,
stateful - , stateless -.
- 401
(Unauthorized) 407 (Proxy Authentication Required),
, , , stateless . 401 407 ,
( Via),
.
, -
, TLS,
, - .
9.
9.1. -
. 9.1 Anton Vladimir - Proxy 1 Proxy 2.
INVITE (F1) Route Proxy 1. Proxy 1
- Anton. , Proxy 1 407 (Proxy Authorization), .
INVITE (F4), , . , Vladimir BYE.
- Proxy 1 INVITE
Record-Route ,
. Proxy 2 Record-Route.
ACK (F15) BYE (F18) Route.
33. ..
258
-
1
Anton
-
2
Vladimir
1. INVITE
2. 407
3.
4. INVITE
5. INVITE
6. 100
7. INVITE
8. 100
9. 180
10. 180
11. 180
12. 200
13. 200
14. 200
15. ACK
16. ACK
17. ACK
RTR-
18. BYE
19. BYE
20. BYE
21. 200
22. 200
23. 200
. 9.1.
259
. 9.1.
1. INVITE Anton Proxy 1
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74b43
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss1.niits.ru;lr>
From: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=9fxced76sl
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:anton@serv1.niits.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 151
v=0
o=anton 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 serv1.niits.ru
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
- Proxy 1 .
2. 407 (Proxy Authorization Required) Proxy 1 Anton
SIP/2.0 407 Proxy Authorization Required
;received=192.0.2.101
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=3flal12sf
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Proxy-Authenticate: Digest realm=niits.ru, qop=auth,
nonce=f84f1cec41e6cbe5aea9c8e88d359,
opaque=, stale=FALSE, algorithm=MD5
Content-Length: 0
3. ACK Anton Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=3flal12sf
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Anton INVITE, .
260
9
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
Max-Forwards: 70
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Proxy-Authorization: Digest username=anton,
realm=niits.ru,
nonce=wf84f1ceczx41ae6cbe5aea9c8e88d359, opaque=,
uri=sip:vladimir@protei.ru,
response=42ce3cef44b22f50c6a6071bc8
Content-Length: 151
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
Proxy 1 INVITE - Proxy 2. Anton 49172.

5. INVITE Proxy 1 Proxy 2
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ss1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
Record-Route: <sip:ss1.niits.ru;lr>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
6. 100 (Trying) Proxy 1 Anton
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
7. INVITE Proxy 2 Vladimir
INVITE sip:vladimir@serv3.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ss2.protei.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK721e4.1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 68
Record-Route: <sip:ss2.protei.ru;lr>,
<sip:ss1.niits.ru;lr>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
8. 100 (Trying) Proxy 2 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
261
262
9
9. 180 (Ringing) Vladimir Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.222
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=314159
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
Contact: <sip:vladimir@serv3.protei.ru;transport=tcp>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
10. 180 (Ringing) Proxy 2 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
11. 180 (Ringing) Proxy 1 Anton
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
12. 200 (OK) Vladimir Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.222
;received=192.0.2.111

;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 147
v=0
o=vladimir 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 serv3.protei.ru
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.201
t=0 0
13. 200 (OK) Proxy 2 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 147
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.201
t=0 0
14. 200 (OK) Proxy 1 Anton
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
263
264

Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 147
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.201
t=0 0
ACK sip:vladimir@serv3.protei.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss1.niits.ru;lr>,
<sip:ss2.protei.ru;lr>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
16. ACK Proxy 1 Proxy 2
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
Route: <sip:ss2.protei.ru;lr>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
17. ACK Proxy 2 Vladimir
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 68
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
265
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Anton Vladimir RTP-.

Vladimir . , CSeq
3. Anton Vladimir
CSeq.
18. BYE Vladimir Proxy 2
BYE sip:anton@serv1.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv3.protei.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds7
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss2.protei.ru;lr>,
From: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=314159
To: Anton <sip:anton@niits.ru>;tag=9fxced76sl
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
19. BYE Proxy 2 Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 69
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
20. BYE Proxy 1 Anton
;received=192.0.2.222
;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 68
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
34. ..
266
9
21. 200 (OK) Anton Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.222
;received=192.0.2.201
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
22. 200 (OK) Proxy 1 Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.222
;received=192.0.2.101
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
23. 200 (OK) Proxy 2 Vladimir
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.201
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
267
9.2.
, . 9.2, Anton
Vladimir .
INVITE .
302 (Moved Temporarily), Contact SIP-
Vladimir. Anton INVITE
Vladimir -;
. INVITE SDP-
, ACK. , Vladimir BYE.
.
1. INVITE Anton
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKbf9f44
Max-Forwards: 70
Call-ID: 2xTb9vxSit55XU7p8@niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:anton@serv1.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
2. 302 (Moved Temporarily) Anton
SIP/2.0 302 Moved Temporarily
;received=192.0.2.101
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=53fHlqlQ2
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:vladimir@loniis.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 0
3. ACK Anton
Max-Forwards: 70
To: Vladimir <sip:vladimir@protei.ru>;tag=53fHlqlQ2
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
268
C
(Register)
Anton
-
2
Vladimir
1. INVITE
2. 302
3. ACK
4. INVITE
5. INVITE
6. 100
7. 180
8. 180
9. 200
10. 200
11. ACK
12. ACK
RTR-
13. BYE
14. BYE
15. 200
16. 200
. 9.2.

INVITE sip:vladimir@loniis.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0

5. INVITE Proxy 2 Vladimir
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
Record-Route: <sip:ss1.niits.ru;lr>
Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@niits.ru
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
6. 100 (Trying) Proxy 2 Anton
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
7. 180 (Ringing) Vladimir Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ss3.loniis.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK721e.1
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.101
Record-Route: <sip:ss3.loniis.ru;lr>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sip:vladimir@serv5.loniis.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 0
8. 180 (Ringing) Proxy 2 Anton
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.101
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
269
270
9
9. 200 (OK) Vladimir Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.101
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 148
v=0
o=vladimir 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 serv5.loniis.ru
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100
t=0 0
10. 200 (OK) Proxy2 Anton
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 148
v=0
o=vladimir 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 serv5.loniis.ru
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100
t=0 0
ACK SDP-
Anton, INVITE.
271

ACK sip:vladimir@serv5.loniis.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bq9
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss3.loniis.ru;lr>
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 151
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
12. ACK Proxy 2 Vladimir
ACK sip:vladimir@serv5.loniis.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv1.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bq9
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 151
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.101
t=0 0
Vladimir ACK, Anton Vladimir RTP-. - Vladimir

.
13. BYE Vladimir Proxy 2
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP serv5.loniis.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKfgaw2
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss3.loniis.ru;lr>
272

CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.100
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
15. 200 (OK) Anton Proxy 2
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.100
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
16. 200 (OK) Proxy 2 Vladimir
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.100
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
10.

SIP
10.1.
SIP . ,

SIP , .
SIP
TCP SCTP. SIP
, , . , , .
SIP-, IP-,
.
SIP-, IP-,
.
, , , DNS-,
RFC 3263 Locating SIP servers[56]. - ,
35. ..
274
10
SIP, .
-, ,
, .

, . ,
, , ,
Terminated.
,
, . ,
, 64*T1. , , SIP , TU,
(. . 5.2.4.11.).
SIP UDP TCP. .
10.2.
SIP . SIP, , SIP-,
SIP-, IP-, , , , , TTL .
200 ( MTU), 1300 , MTU
, , , , TCP.
(
, Via),
Via . , UDP,
.
SIP
275
.
UDP 65,535 , IP UDP.
200-
MTU , SIP .
, Record-Route
INVITE. 1300 , path MTU , , Ethernet MTU 1500 .
SIP TCP
- (
UDP). ,
TCP- , ICMP , SIP ,
UDP. , TCP. ,
.
, , maddr Via, URI
, IPv4 ttl
, 1.
,
SIP Via , IP-/
. ,
.
5060 UDP, TCP SCTP, 5061 TLS.
, .
SIP , .
.
, SIP
IP- ,
, Via.
276
10
SIP , , 5, [56].
IP- , (
) , Via. , ,
, .
,
, 5, [56].
SIP
multicast- ,
( , ,
multicast-, ).
IP-,
, , , .
,
, TTL, SIP. , IP- ,
.
10.3.
, SIP Via. Via
,
, .
,
SIP , 4.4.1, -
SIP
277
. , .
( , stateless -, stateful - UA). , , (,
- , UA ).
10.4.

IP-, ,
DNS- .
Contact REGISTER 3 Record-Route . , SIP- (5060 TCP UDP, 5061 TLS
TCP) .
, ,
. , UDP-,
TCP-. , , TCP,
UDP. . UDP-
,
TCP-. ,
UDP-.
SIP , ,
Via. URI,
, IP-,
, Via
received. , . SIP IP- , .
278
10
, , . :
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP serv3.protei.ru:5060
IP- 192.0.2.4.
, SIP Via received , .
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP serv3.protei.ru:5060;received=192.0.2.4
, SIP
. ,
4.4.8. , . ,
, . , UAS
2 INVITE, . , , ACK,
. ACK UAS,
.
10.5.

Via , , .
SIP .
Via ,
TCP, SCTP TLS ( TCP SCTP), ,
.
SIP
. ,
IP-
received ( ), , ,
,
SIP
279
( , Via ).
, ,
[56], .
, Via maddr,
, , , 5060,
.
, TTL,
ttl, TTL, 1, .
, Via received ( unicast-),
, , , 5060, .
, ,
ICMP port unreachable ( ), , ,
, ,
5, [56].
, , , 5, [56].
10.6.
, ( UDP), Content-Length,
, .
Content-Length, , , .
, ,
. ,
, .
, . , 400 (Bad Request).
280
10
- , TCP,
Content-Length, , .
10.7.
,
. SIP, , , ,
, ICMP-,
ICMP-. , ,
(host, network, port, protocol unreachable) ,
, SIP
. ICMP Source quench TTL
exceeded .
SIP , , , SIP
.
11.
SIP-T
11.1. SIP-T

IP- SIP.
SIP-
, .
SIP ,
SIP-T.
SIP-T 7 SIP,
, . SIP-ISUP ISUP 7 SIP, , .
, , -,
SIP ,
ISUP. ,
ISUP SIP , ,
SIP-. ,
SIP , . 11.1.
36. ..
282
11
11.1.

-SIP
SIP ISUP
SIP ,
ISUP
ISUP

SIP-T
ISUP SIP
ISUP
SIP
INFO
, [27, 28, 29, 30],

SIP ISUP [28].
11.2.

.
11.2.1. SIP-T (IP)

, SIP , ..
, SIP bridging. ISUP SIP
, .. SIP, .
ISUP SIP . . 11.1
SIP.
, SIP, , IAM ISUP
MGC (Media Gateway Controller),
SIP. MGC
SIP SIP-.
SIP ,
( MGC). SIP
- SIP-. MGC, SIP ,
IAM ISUP, SIP, ,
.. .
. 11.2.
SIP-T
283
Proxy
MG
MG
VoIP
MGC
MGC
Proxy
. 11.1.
SIP
MGC1
MGC2
IAM
INVITE
IAM
100
ACM
18
ANM
ACM
200
ANM
ACK

REL
REL
RLC
RLC
BYE
200
. 11.2.
SIP
284
11
11.2.2. IP-
,
SIP.
VoIP
MGC
. 11.3.
Proxy
SIP
SIP
. 11.3 . MGC, IAM

ISUP SIP-, SIP-.
SIP , - MGC - SIP-.
. 11.4.
MGC1
IAM
INVITE
100
18
200
ACM
ANM
SIP
INVITE
18
200

REL
RLC
. 11.4.
SIP
BYE
200
BYE
200
SIP-T
285
11.2.3. IP-
SIP,
.
MG
VoIP
SIP
. 11.5.
Proxy
MGC
SIP

. 11.5. , IAM ISUP SIP,
, MGC,
SIP, SIP IAM.
. 11.6.
SIP INVITE, -
SIP MGC. MGC , .
SIP- IAM ISUP .

, SIP 100 (Trying).
7 ACM,
180 (Ringing) 183 (Session Progress).
, MGC
ANM. MGC SIP 200 OK. MGC ACK.
286
11
SIP
MGC
1. INVITE
2. INVITE
4. IAM
3. 100
5. 100
6. ACM
7. 18
8. 18
9. ANM
10. 200
11. 200
12.
13.

14. BYE
15. 200
16. BYE
17. REL
18. 200
19. RLC
. 11.6.
SIP
11.3. SIPT
11.3.1. SIP
SIP-T SIP, .
11.3.2.

SIP-T. SIP-T
SIP-T
287
MIME,
SIP : SDP, ISUP .. ISUP, MIME- ISUP Media Type,
ISUP. ISUP Media Type , . 11.2.
11.2. ISUP Media Type
Media type name:
Media subtype name:
Required parameters:
Optional parameters:
Encoding scheme:
Security considerations:
Application
ISUP
version
base
binary
SIP
version ISUP. Softswitch/MGC

, ,
ISUP . ,
version; .
version
ISUP (, X-NetxProprietaryISUPv3),
ISUP, ITU-T, ISUP-R ANSI.
base ,
, ISUP, .. version . 11.3 base,
application/ISUP.
Content-Disposition
ISUP, , ,
, Content-Type. Content-Disposition
ISUP- signal. ,
, .
288
11
11.3. base
base
Itu-t88
Itu-t92+
Ansi88
Ansi00
Etsi121
Etsi356
Gr317
Ttc87
Ttc93+
ITU-T Q.761-4 (1988)

ITU-T Q.761-4 (1992)
ANSI T1.113-1988
ANSI T1.113-2000
ETS 300 121
ES 300 356
BELLCORE GR-317
JT-Q761-4 (1987-1992)
JT-Q761-4 (1993-)
Content-Disposition 3 RFC
2046 [18]. ISUP- Content-Disposition
: signal,
handling, optional required.
( base ):
Content-Type: application/ISUP; version=nxv3; base=etsi121
Content-Disposition: signal; handling=optional
INVITE,
SDP ISUP IAM.
.
, boundary ( RFC 2046).
unique-boundary-1.
INVITE sip:78123877658@max.loniis.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP anton.loniis.ru
From: sip:78124513355@anton.loniis.ru
To: sip:78123877658@max.loniis.ru
Call-ID: MAX1231999021712095500999@max.loniis.ru
CSeq: 8348 INVITE
Contact: <sip:anton@loniis.ru>
Content-Length: 436
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=unique-boundary-1
MIME-Version: 1.0
--unique-boundary-1
Content-Type: application/SDP; charset=ISO-10646
v=0
o=jpeterson 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 126.16.64.4
s=SDP seminar
c=IN IP4 MG122.loniis.ru
SIP-T
289
t= 2873397496 2873404696
m=audio 9092 RTP/AVP 0 3 4
--unique-boundary-1
Content-Type: application/ISUP; version=nxv3;
base=etsi121
Content-Disposition: signal; handling=optional
01 00 49 00 00 03 02
43 00 00 03 06 0d 03
53 00 10 0a 07 03 10
0e 95 1e 1e 1e 06 26
--unique-boundary-1
00
80
27
05
07
90
80
0d
04
a2
88
f5
10
07
03
01
00
03
00
06
33
10
00
10
63
03
89
04
21
63
8b
00
11.3.3.

ISUP SIP. , :
ISUP SIP . SIP-T
MGC, ISUP
SIP . :
ISUP SIP, , IAM INVITE, REL BYE ..
ISUP
SIP. SIP, ,
-
, , ,
.

ISUP SIP (, Called Party Number ISUP IAM
To Request-URI SIP ..).
SIP
, ISUP, SIP,
. MGC (
SIP) , SIP
ISUP. ,
To Request-URI SIP Called
Party Number ( ) ISUP.
37. ..
290
11
, ..
SIP,
ISUP,
.
11.3.4.
SIP .
INFO ( [11]). ,
(overlap dialing). DTMF. DTMF
[63].
11.4. SIP
, , , : , SDP
ISUP.
( multipart/mixed) / ISUP MIME
(application/ISUP), 415 (Unsupported
Media Type), (
application/SDP). , ,
, ISUP (.. SDP), .
, ,
, , , . ,
, ,
: , , , ,
. , , SIP ,
ISUP, SIP-.
.
SIP-T
291
. 11.7 , ISUP , UA 2 INVITE , ISUP .

UA1
UA2
INVITE
18
. 11.7.
ISUP
UA1
UA2
INVITE
Content-type:multipart/mixed;
Content-type: application/sdp;
Content-disposition: session; handling=required;
Content-type: application/isup;
Content-disposition: signal; handling=optional;)
18x
. 11.8 , ISUP . UA 2 ISUP ,

415 (Unsupported Media Type), UA 1 ISUP
, SDP, UA 2.
UA1
UA2
INVITE
415
INVITE
18
. 11.8.
ISUP
292
11
UA1
UA2
INVITE
Content-disposition: signal; handling=required;)
415
(Accept: application/sdp)
ACK
INVITE
(Content-type: application/sdp)
18x
UA1
UA2
INVITE (Content-type:multipart/mixed;
, .11.9 , ISUP
. UA2 ISUP
415 (Unsupported Media Type). UA1
UA 3.
UA1
UA2
INVITE
415
INVITE
18
. 11.9.
ISUP
UA3
SIP-T
293
UA1
UA2
415
(Accept: application/sdp)
ACK
UA1
UA3
11.5.
SIP-T ,
. ISUP
, SIP-T .
, SIP-T, , , ,
ISUP .
ISUP, SIP,
S/MIME, 7 SIP RFC 3261 [57], RFC 2976 [11]. S/MIME
, ISUP . ,
ISUP- , .
12.
ISUPSIP
12.1.
SIP IP,
,
. ISUP 7
MTP [28], IP [69].
[27] , ISUP
, .
, ISUP SIP, Softswitch; Call Agent,
Telephone Server, Media Gateway Controller (MGC). Softswitch

ISUP SIP.
, SIP, Media Gateway (MG)
E1 IP ;
Softswitch, SIP. ,
SIP- ; ,
SIP.
ISUP
SIP ISUP, , SIP.
ISUPSIP
295
12.2. SIP
ISUP SIP
, , . SIP UAC/UAS , , ,
.
12.2.1. ISUP

SIP (SIP) ,
, SIP
ISUP.
12.2.2. MIME
, SIP - ( SDP),
ISUP / . SIP
multipart/mixed, [18].
multipart/
mixed Accept.
12.2.3. DTMF
SIP
DTMF. SIP .
, SIP , DTMF, .. .
.
[63].
296
12
12.2.4.
. , R1.5 [30] ,
, ,
.. 2.
,
. , INVITE SDP, ,
, .. SDP UA - , INVITE. SIP
.
, , SDP INVITE,
, RTCP, , . . [51].
12.2.5.
,
SIP. ,
,
, .
INFO, 6
SIP . INFO 3.3.8.
, .
405 (Method Not Allowed)
501 (Not Implemented) INFO,
, INFO,
.
ISUPSIP
297
12.2.6.
ISUP , ,
, . c , .
SIP . ,
,
.
. , , .
12.2.7. , CANCEL
ISUP ,
REL . SIP CANCEL , . CANCEL , REL
.
, REL ,
, . , ..,
, REL, 16 (Normal clearing).
. Reason
3.2.48.
12.3.
,
38. ..
298
12
. 100 (Trying), ,
INVITE, ,
.
(ISUP SIP) MGC (Softswitch); (,
) MG MGC.
, MGC/MG.
12.3.1. ( )
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
100
3. 18
4. ACM
5. 18
6. GPG
7. 200
8. ANM
9. ACK
. 12.1.
( )
ISUPSIP
299
1. SIP (. . 12.1.)
IAM .
2. IAM INVITE SIP.
3. , SIP
18.
4. 18 ACM.
, 180 (Ringing), ACM called party status ( ) no indication
( ).
5. , SIP .
6. ACM ,
ISUP CPG, 12.3.2.
7. SIP ,
200 OK.
8. 200 OK ANM.
9. SIP ACK ,
200 .
12.3.2. ( )
1. .12.2, SIP,
IAM .
2. IAM INVITE SIP,
.
3. , SIP , 200 .
4. 200 CON
, .
5. SIP ACK ,
200 .
300
12
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. 200
4. CON
5. ACK
. 12.2. ( )
12.3.3. SIP

SIP-.
1. SIP, IAM .
2. IAM INVITE
SIP, . ISUP 11 SIP T1.
3. 1 INVITE
SIP . SIP [57] , INVITE 7 .
4. 11 ACM
.
ISUP 7. Called Party Status ACM no indication ( ).
ISUPSIP
301
5. INVITE,
REL .
6. CANCEL SIP
.
7. REL RLC
.
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
1
3. INVITE
1
INVITE
1
11
4. M
INVITE
1
INVITE
1
INVITE
1
INVITE

5. REL
6. CANCEL
7. RLC
. 12.3.
SIP
302
12
12.3.4. ISUP T9
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
1
3. INVITE
1
INVITE
11
4. M
INVITE
1
INVITE
1
INVITE
9
5. REL

6. RLC
7. CANCEL
. 12.4.
1. SIP,
IAM.
2. IAM INVITE SIP,
. ISUP 11 SIP 1 .
ISUPSIP
303
3. 1 INVITE
. 1 0.5 ,
. 1 500 ,
, 7 INVITE ,
ISUP T11 + ISUP T9.
4. 11 ACM .
ISUP 7. Called Party Status ( ) ACM no indication ( ).
5. 9 , REL.
6. REL RLC
.
7. REL , CANCEL SIP.
12.3.5. SIP
SIP
(. 12.5).
1. SIP,
IAM.
2. IAM INVITE SIP,
.
3. SIP , 400.
4. SIP ACK ,
INVITE.
5. REL .
6. RLC REL.
304
12
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. 4
4.

5. REL
6. RLC
. 12.5.
SIP
12.3.6. SIP
. 12.6 SIP.
1. SIP,
IAM.
2. IAM INVITE SIP,
.
3. 3, SIP , ,
, .
, , ,
Contact URL.
ISUPSIP
305
1
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. 3
4. CPG
5. ACK
2
SIP
6. INVITE
7. 18
8. ACM
9. 200
10. ANM
11. ACK
. 12.6.
SIP
4. CPG , 3. , , .. ISUP CPG ,

ACM.
5. SIP ACK 3.
6. , Contact
3.
39. ..
306
12
7. SIP , , , , 18, .
8. 180 (Ringing) ACM .
9. SIP , 200 .
10. 200 ANM
.
11. SIP ACK ,
200 .
12.3.7.
1. SIP,
IAM.
2. IAM INVITE SIP,
.
3. SIP , INVITE, 180 (Ringing).
4. 180 (Ringing) ACM.
5. (.. ) ,
SIP , REL.
6. , RLC.
7. REL , INVITE,
SIP CANCEL.
8. CANCEL SIP
200 .
ISUPSIP
307
SIP
MGC/MG
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. 18
4. M
5. REL

6. RLC
7. CANCEL
IP
8. 200
9. 487
10. ACK
. 12.7.
9. SIP 487 (Call Cancelled)

INVITE.
10. SIP ACK 487.
308
12
12.4. SIP-T ISUPSIP

12.4.1.
IAM,
, , DSP
, IP-
.
12.4.2. IAM INVITE

IAM, INVITE
SIP. ,
INVITE, IAM.
, IAM INVITE, (URI),
, SIP. From INVITE,
ISUP,
, Request URI.
tel URL,
Request URI INVITE. Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) SIP URI [14]. URI
ISUP.
. ,
Number Portability in the Global Switched
Telephone Network (GSTN): An Overview. RFC 3482 [15], . number translated
FCI , .
SIP.
tel URL npdi=yes. IAM GAP, (CPN) (
ISUPSIP
309
Location Routing Number-RN) ISUP

rn=, tel URL.
GAP ISUP
tel URL (..
tel URI). (, ANSI)
(LRN ) CPN
tel URL. LRN
, , , rn=
+. , , / [6].
Idle
IAM
REL
T11 18x
REL
200
400
Progressing
200
REL
400
Trying
18x
Alerting
400
200
BYE
. 12.8.
Connected
REL
SIP-T ISUPSIP
tel URL
To Request-URI, . IAM OCN, To
OCN, To Request-URI .
From ISUP Calling Partys Number
(CIN). CIN , From,
310
12
SIP URI, , (, sip:gw.protei.ru). CIN ,
tel URI, From.
12.4.3. 100
100 ; , ,
INVITE.
12.4.4. 18
18, ISUP,
, ,
, . 12.1. 18, Progressing
Alerting.
12.1

180 Ringing
181 Call is being forwarded
,
ACM (BCI = subscriber free)
Early ACM and CPG, event=6
182 Queued
183 Session progress message
ACM (BCI = no indication)

ACM (BCI = no indication)
, 18 ISUP,
. 12.2.
12.2

180 Ringing
182 Queued
183 Session progress message
,
CPG, event = 1 (Alerting)
CPG, event = 6 (Forwarding)
CPG, event = 2 (Progress)
CPG, event = 2 (Progress)
ISUPSIP
311
18 ( , ,
). - ,
INVITE SDP, 18. , ( , ,
-).
183 (Session progress) ,
-, , ISUP.
, ,
- (, Event Information ( )
CPG Optional Backward Call Indicators (
, ) ).
,
Backward Call Indicators (
, BCI) .
12.3
Backward Call Indicators
Charge indicator:
Called partys status indicator:
Called partys category indicator:
End-to-end method indicator:
Interworking indicator:
End-to-end information indicator:
ISDN user part indicator:
Holding indicator:
ISDN access indicator:
Echo control device indicator:
SCCP method indicator:
10 charge
01 subscriber free or
00 no indication
01 ordinary subscriber
00 no end-to-end method
0 no interworking
0 no end-to-end info
1 ISUP used all the way
0 no holding
0 No ISDN access
It depends on the call
00 no indication
312
12
BCI . 12.3. BCI Interworking indicator ( ) interworking encountered
( ), , ISDN , ISDN,
, . BCI
Interworking indicator ( ) interworking encountered ( ), ,
ISDN ,
ISDN, , .
12.4.5. 2
200 ,
, ANM ACK- SIP.
12.4

200 OK
,
ACM, ACK
200 , ACM,
ANM CON, ISUP
.
200 ANM, ANM, .
, 200
INVITE, , , INFO. ,
, 200 ,
INVITE. 200 INVITE,
.
ISUPSIP
313
12.4.6. 3
3, , .
URI, Contact
. 3 .
Contact 3 URI, (..
), ( SIP). ,
3xx REL,
redirection indicator ( ) diagnostic field ( ) URI.
SIP URI, MGC IAM INVITE,
Contact. Contact (
INVITE), CPG
6 (), ISUP. ,
, .
12.4.7. 46
45, , INVITE . , REL SIP. ,
, . REL ,
RLC .
12.4.8. SIP ISUP

4, , REL,
Cause Indicator ( ,
CAI),
REL, .
40. ..
314
12
12.5

400 Bad Request
401 Unauthorized
402 Payment required
403 Forbidden
404 Not found
405 Method not allowed
406 Not acceptable
407 Proxy authentication required
408 Request timeout
410 Gone
413 Request Entity too long
14 Request-URI too long
415 Unsupported media type
416 Unsupported URI Scheme
420 Bad extension
421 Extension Required
423 Interval Too Brief
480 Temporarily unavailable
481 Call/Transaction Does not Exist
482 Loop Detected
483 Too many hops
484 Address incomplete
485 Ambiguous
486 Busy here
487 Request Terminated
488 Not Acceptable here
500 Server internal error
501 Not implemented
502 Bad gateway
503 Service unavailable
504 Server time-out
504 Version Not Supported
513 Message Too Large
600 Busy everywhere
603 Decline
604 Does not exist anywhere
606 Not acceptable
REL
41 Temporary Failure
21 Call rejected (*)
21 Call rejected
21 Call rejected
1 Unallocated number
63 Service or option unavailable
79 Service/option not implemented (+)
21 Call rejected (*)
102 Recovery on timer expiry
22 Number changed (w/o diagnostic)
127 Interworking (+)
79 Service/option not implemented (+)
18 No user responding
41 Temporary Failure
25 Exchange - routing error
25 Exchange - routing error
28 Invalid Number Format (+)
17 User busy
--- (no mapping)
--- by Warning header
41 Temporary failure
79 Not implemented, unspecified
38 Network out of order
41 Temporary failure
102 Recovery on timer expiry
17 User busy
21 Call rejected
--- by Warning header
ISUPSIP
315
, SIP ISUP.
SIP, , 31 (Normal,
unspecified). . BYE CANCEL, , 16 (Normal clearing). , ISUP
SIP,
SIP ISUP. (+) . 12.5.
(*) SIP
UAS SIP, INVITE - .
, . ,
,
21 (Call rejected).
(+) , ,
.
,
.
, CAI, , 6
, 4 5 . .
606 (Not acceptable) 488 (Not Acceptable here) Warning, ISUP
. 31 (Normal, unspecified). Warning
, , .. (.. ),
65 (Bearer Capability Not Implemented).
12.4.9. REL
, ,
, . SIP CANCEL; BYE
, ..
316
12
SIP. CANCEL 200 .
INVITE 487 (Request
Terminated). , 200 INVITE ( 200 CANCEL).
, BYE, .
,
SIP , REL CANCEL (
CANCEL ). REL CAI 16 (Normal clearing). CAI 16 (Normal clearing),
.
12.4.10.
ISUP T11
ISUP T7,
. ISUP
T11. 11 , 7 ,
. 11,
(early
ACM) (.. called party status no indication), 7
, ISUP .
180 (Ringing),
CPG, 12.4.4.
12.5. SIP
. Maxim ,
ISUP, SIP
NGW 1.
-, .. -
.
ISUPSIP
317
12.5.1. SIP
Maxim , NGW 1 - Proxy 1 Anton. Anton ,
SIP.
-
Proxy 1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. 180
6. 180
7. ACM

8. 200
9. 200
10.
11. ACK
12. ANM

RTP-
13. REL
14. RLC
15. BYE
16. BYE
17. 200
18. 200
. 12.9.
SIP
, Maxim ,
REL NGW 1, BYE SIP.
:
318
12
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM
CgPN=095-386-4515,NPI=E.164,NOA=National
CdPN=812-262-5326,NPI=E.164,NOA=National
2. INVITE NGW Proxy 1
INVITE sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ngw1.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKlueha2
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:+70953864515@ngw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=7643kals
To: <sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
Call-ID: 4Fde34wkd11wsGFDs3@ngw1.a.niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:ngw1@a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 146
v=0
o=GW 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 ngw1.a.niits.ru
s=c=IN IP4 ngw1.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
Proxy 1 ,
Anton. Anton. NGW 1
3456 Maxim.
3. INVITE Proxy 1 Anton
INVITE sip:anton@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ss1.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
Record-Route: <sip:ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
ISUPSIP

4. 100 Trying Proxy 1 NGW 1
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. 180 Ringing Anton Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
To: <sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:anton@client.b.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
6. 180 Ringing Proxy 1 NGW 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
7. ACM NGW 1
ACM
8. 200 OK Anton Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
319
320
12
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
o=Anton 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 client.b.niits.ru
s=c=IN IP4 client.b.niits.ru
t=0 0
9. 200 OK Proxy 1 NGW 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
10. ACK NGW 1 Proxy 1
ACK sip:anton@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
11. ACK Proxy 1 Anton
ISUPSIP
321

;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
12. NGW 1 ATC A
ANM.
Maxim
RTP- ( NGW).
Maxim .
Anton
13. REL ATC A NGW 1
REL CauseCode=16 Normal.

14. RLC NGW 1 ATC A
RLC
15. BYE NGW 1 Proxy 1
BYE sip:anton@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
41. ..
322
12
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
12.5.2. SIP,

. 12.10 . 12.9. , Anton
, .. Anton 200 , 180 Ringing. ANM, ACM. ,
ISUP ETSI ISUP ANM
CON.
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
2. INVITE NGW 1 Proxy 1
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ngw1.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKlueha2
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:ngw1@a.niits.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 146
v=0
ISUPSIP
323

t=0 0
Proxy 1 ,
Anton.
. NGW 1 3456
Maxim.
-
Proxy 1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. 200
6. 200
7. ACK
8. ACK
9. ANM

RTP-
10. REL
11. RLC
12. BYE
13. BYE
14. 200
15. 200
. 12.10.
SIP
( )

INVITE anton@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP ss1.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1
324
12
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:anton@client.b.niits.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
ISUPSIP
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
ACK anton@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
ACK anton@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
;received=130.131.132.14
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
9. NGW 1 ATC A
ANM. Maxim
Anton RTP ( NGW).
Maxim .
10. REL ATC A NGW 1
325
326
12
11. RLC NGW 1 ATC A
RLC.
F12 BYE NGW 1 Proxy 1

Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
ISUPSIP
327
12.5.3. SIP
Maxim Anton ,
GW1 Proxy 1. , , .
GW
, .
, ,
, .
SIP URI sip:
551313@gw1.a.niits.ru.
:
1.
GW 1
.
GW 1
.
GW 1
.
2. INVITE GW 1 Proxy 1
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP gw1.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKwqwee65
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:551313@gw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=jwdkallkzm
Call-ID: 4Fde34wkd11wsGFDs3@gw1.a.niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:551313@gw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
Content-Length: 146
v=0
s=c=IN IP4 gw1.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
328
12
-
Proxy 1
GW 1
Anton
1.

2. INVITE
4. 100
6. 180
3. INVITE
5. 180
7. 200
8. 200
9. ACK
10.
RTP-
11. BYE
12. BYE
13. 200
14. 200
. 12.11.
SIP
4. 100 Trying Proxy 1 GW 1

SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
ISUPSIP
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
6. 180 Ringing Proxy 1 GW 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
42. ..
329
330
12
8. 200 OK Proxy 1 GW 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
9. ACK GW 1 Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
11. BYE GW 1 Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
ISUPSIP
331
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
14. 200 OK Proxy 1 GW 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
12.5.4. SIP.

Maxim Anton , GW1
Proxy 1. - ,
, REL Maxim .
332
12
-
Proxy 1
GW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. 604
5. REL
4. ACK
6. RLC
. 12.12.
SIP.

:
1. IAM GW 1
IAM.
2. INVITE GW1 Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:+70953864515@gw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=076342s
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact:
<sip:+70953864515@gw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 144
v=0
o=GW 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 gw1.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
Proxy 1 ,
+7-812-100-2516.
, Proxy 1 .
ISUPSIP
333
3. 604 (Does Not Exist Anywhere) Proxy 1 GW 1

SIP/2.0 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere
;received=192.0.2.201
To: <sip:+78121002516@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=6a34d410
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Error-Info: <sip:does-not-exist@ann.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
4. ACK GW 1 Proxy 1
ACK sip:+78121002516@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
To: <sip:+78121002516@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=6a34d410
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
5. REL GW 1
REL CauseCode=1.
6. RLC GW 1
RLC.
12.5.5. SIP.

Maxim Anton ,
NGW 1 Proxy 1. - Anton
. Anton , 600
(Busy Everywhere). REL,
. IAM (F1) Interworking,
(, ). , , .
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
334
12
-
Proxy 1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
4. 100
3. INVITE
5. 600
6. ACK
7. 600
8. ACK
9. REL(17)
10. RLC
. 12.13.
SIP.

Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 144
v=0
t=0 0
3. INVITE F3 Proxy 1 Anton
;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 69
ISUPSIP
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 144
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. 600 (Busy Everywhere) Anton Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 600 Busy Everywhere
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
ACK anton@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
335
336
12
7. 600 (Busy Everywhere) Proxy 1 NGW 1

;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
9. REL NGW 1
REL CauseCode=17 Busy.

10. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
12.5.6. . .
IAM interworking
Maxim Anton , NGW 1
Proxy 1. - Anton .
, . NGW 1
Maxim
. . ,
.. IAM (1) interworking. REL ,
, .. interworking .
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
Interworking=encountered
ISUPSIP
337
-
Proxy 1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. 600
6. ACK
7. 600
8. ACK
9. ACM

10. REL(16)
11. RLC
. 12.14.
SIP. .
IAM interworking

Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
43. ..
338
12
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. 600 Busy Everywhere Anton Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
ISUPSIP
339

Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
7. 600 Busy Everywhere Proxy 1 NGW 1
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
ACK sip:ngw1@a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
9. ACM NGW 1
ACM.
NGW 1
Maxim. , Maxim .
10. REL NGW 1
REL CauseCode=16
11. RLC NGW 1
RLC
12.5.7. .
Maxim Anton , NGW 1 Proxy 1.
INVITE , Anton
T1. Anton INVITE . ,
, REL.
CANCEL.
340
12
-
Proxy 1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
4. 100
3. INVITE
5. INVITE
6. INVITE
7. INVITE
8. INVITE
9. INVITE
10. REL
11. RLC
12. CANCEL
13. 200
. 12.15.
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
s=-
ISUPSIP
c=IN IP4 ngw1.a.niits.ru

t=0 0
INVITE sip:anton@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
c c=IN IP4 ngw1.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
a=rtpmap
:0 PCMU/8000
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. 9. INVITE Proxy 1 Anton

3.
.
10. REL NGW 1

11. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
12. CANCEL NGW 1 Proxy 1
CANCEL sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
341
342
12
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
12.5.8. . .
-
Maxim Anton ,
NGW 1 Proxy 1. - , 100 (Trying). NGW 1 INVITE,
SIP T1. Anton .
,
REL (CauseCode=102 Timeout).
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
ISUPSIP
343
v=0
t=0 0
Stateless
-1
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. INVITE
4. INVITE
5. INVITE
6. INVITE
7. INVITE
8. INVITE
9. INVITE
10. INVITE
11. INVITE
12. INVITE
13. INVITE
14. REL
15. RLC
. 12.16.
. .
-

;received=192.0.2.201
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
344
12
v=0
t=0 0
4. 13. INVITE NGW 1 Proxy 1
2.
.
14. REL NGW 1
REL CauseCode=102 Timeout.

15. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
12.5.9. .
,
Maxim Anton , NGW 1 Proxy 1.
, . NGW 1
Maxim
, .. IAM interworking. Maxim
, , REL, CANCEL. Anton
200 , REL, NGW 1
ACK, BYE .
:
1. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 INVITE
ISUPSIP
345
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
NGW 1
Anton
1. IAM
2. INVITE
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. 180
6. 180
7.

8. REL
9. RLC
10. CANCEL
11. 200
12. CANCEL
13. 200
14. 487
15. ACK
16. 487
17. ACK
. 12.17.
44. ..
. ,

346
12
;received=192.0.2.103
Max-Forwards: 69
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.201
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
6. 180 Ringing Proxy 1 NGW 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
ISUPSIP

;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
7. ACM NGW 1
ACM.
Maxim .
8. REL NGW 1

9. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
10. CANCEL NGW 1 Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
12 CANCEL Proxy 1 Anton
CANCEL sip:anton@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
347
348
12
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
14. 487 (Request Terminated) Anton Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 487 Request Terminated
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
ACK sip:anton@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
16. 487 Request Terminated Proxy 1 NGW 1
;received=192.0.2.103
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
13. SIPISUP
13.1.

SIP.
100 (Trying) INVITE, .
, (SIP ISUP)
MGC, (, , ..) MG
MGC. , , , , MGC MG ,
MGC/MG.
13.1.1. ( )
. 13.1
SIP- .
1. SIP , SIP
INVITE.
2. , SIP, IAM .
3. ,
, ACM.
350
13
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
4. 18
3. ACM
5. GPG
6. 18
7. ANM
8. 200
9. ACK
. 13.1.
( )
4. called party status ( )

ACM SIP, .
SDP ( ).
SDP , 8 .
5. ISUP ,
.
6. , SIP.
7. ( ),
ANM.
SIPISUP
351
8. , ANM,
SIP 200 .
9. SIP ACK, .
13.1.2. ( )
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
3. ANM
4. 200
5. ACK
. 13.2.
( )
, ISUP,
ISUP ANSI. .13.2 :
1. SIP , INVITE.
2. INVITE IAM,
.
3. ,
IAM ANM .
352
13
4. ANM SIP 200.
5. SIP , , ACK.
13.1.3. 7
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
7
3. REL

4. 504
5.
. 13.3.
1. SIP ,
INVITE.
2. INVITE IAM,
. 7 .
3. , ACM ANM, REL.
4. SIP 504 (Server Time-out)
.
5. , SIP ACK.
SIPISUP
353
13.1.4. SIP
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
3. CON (ANM)

4. 200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
200
1
5. 200
1
200
1

6. REL
7. BYE
8. RLC
. 13.4.
SIP
1. SIP , INVITE.
45. ..
354
13
2. INVITE IAM,
.
3. , CON, IAM. ISUP ANSI CON ANM ( ACM).
4. CON (ANM) SIP
200 OK, 1 .
5. , .
6. ,
REL 102 (recover on timer expiry).
7. SIP BYE .
, SIP.
8. REL RLC.
13.1.5.
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
2. IAM
3. REL
4. RLC
5. 4
6.
. 13.5.
1. SIP ,
INVITE.
SIPISUP
355
2. INVITE IAM,
.
3. ,
REL.
4. RLC .
5. SIP , REL.
6. SIP
ACK.
13.1.6.
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
3.
4. 183 SDP-

5. 4
6. REL
7. RLC
8.
. 13.6.
356
13
1. SIP , INVITE.
2. INVITE IAM,
.
3. (,
), ACM . .
4. ( CAI)
SIP 183, SDP
.
5. INVITE
SIP .
6. REL . SIP , (
CANCEL),
.
7. REL RLC.
8. SIP , .
13.1.7. SIP
1. SIP , INVITE.
2. INVITE IAM,
.
3. , ,
ACM.
4. called party status ( )
ACM SIP, . SDP
.
SIPISUP
357
SIP
MGC/MG
1. INVITE
100
2. IAM
3.
4. 18
IP
5. CANCEL
6. 200

7. REL
8. 487
9. RLC
10. ACK
. 13.7.
SIP
5. ,
, SIP CANCEL.
6. 200 .
7. CANCEL REL.
8. 487 (Request Terminated) SIP,
INVITE.
9. REL RLC.
10. SIP 487 (Call Cancelled) ACK.
358
13
13.2. SIP-T SIP-ISUP

Idle
INVITE
T7
Trying
CANCEL
E.ACM
ACM
REL
CON/ANM
T9
Not alerting
CANCEL
18x
T9
CANCEL
Alerting
CPG
REL
ANM
Waiting for ACK
REL
ACK
BYE
REL
Connected
. 13.8.
SIP-T-ISUP
13.2.1. INVITE
INVITE SIP
100 (Trying) , .

, IAM . -
1/1 RTP/UDP IP.
.
IAM, 7.
SIPISUP
359
13.2.2. INVITE IAM

IAM : Called Party Number (CPN), Nature of Connection Indicator (NCI), Forward Call
Indicators (FCI), Calling Partys Category (CPC), ,
ISUP
Transmission Medium Requirement (TMR), User Service Information (USI) . IAM , , .
, INVITE . ( NCI USI) ,
. , CPN,
, INVITE.
IAM . SIP ISUP , . ,
SIP , ISUP .
, -SIP-, SIP; .
: Calling
Partys Number (CIN, ), Transit Network Selection (TNS), Carrier
Identification Parameter (CIP, ANSI), Original Called Number (OCN),
Generic Digits (, , Generic Address Parameter (GAP)).
INVITE,
IAM ISUP, . , IAM .
,
ISUP- . ,
IAM , SIP, , . , ISUP-SIP-ISUP
360
13
SIP
.
SIP, , .
, INVITE IAM CPN, +78125332699,
Request-URI INVITE tel:+70955550110.
IAM , Request-URI, , CPN
IAM. SIP ISUP .

ISUP ,
SIP (, , NCI TMR),
ISUP . FCI
, M ,
,
.
INVITE IAM Request-URI.
,
npdi rn Request-URI. RFC 3482 Number Portability in the Global
Switched Telephone Network (GSTN): An Overview [15].
Request-URI npdi=yes,
tel URL ( tel:)
ISUP CPN.
npdi=yes , number translated
FCI, IAM, , .
npdi=yes rn,
tel URL
ISUP CPN. ,
SIPISUP
361
, . npdi=yes rn, rn
ISUP CPN.
tel URL
ISUP Generic Digits Parameter ( GAP
ANSI ISUP). ISUP , rn,
( ,
), CPN.

, .
, tel URL
ISUP CPN.
Request-URI
To , o OCN. o .
SIP-T ().
RFC 3398 [6].
SIP , Request-URI
tel URL ( SIP URI
tel URL). , Request-URI , , .
, From . ,
SIP, user@host. IAM CIN .
SIP URI .

ISUP, IAM
46. ..
362
13
FCI , ISUP , . no interworking.
, , ISUP, IAM
Interworking Indicator FCI no interworking, ISDN
User Part Indicator ISUP used all the way; Originating Access Indicator Originating access non-ISDN.
FCI interworking encountered,
, ISDN ,
, ISDN. ISDN , ,
[cause code] .
,
, , , ,
FCI , .
13.2.3. ISUP 7
, MG . SIP 504 (Server Timeout).
REL 102 ( ,
). ,
RLC, SIP ACK, .
13.2.4. CANCEL BYE

CANCEL BYE , , SIP 200 , , ; 478
INVITE. ,
SIPISUP
363
REL 16 (normal clearing).

RLC ,
.
, SIP , REL
BYE. BYE
16 (normal clearing), REL . Cause Indicator REL, .
CANCEL BYE Reason, Cause Indicator. BYE
Reason ISUP,
Reason . , REL.
13.2.5. REL
, , REL , .
, .
,
RLC.
INVITE, , ISUP,
ISUP INVITE. ,
REL , SIP.
ISUP,
ISUP
INVITE.
- ISUP IAM, Blocking Message (BLO), Reset Message (RSC) ,
.
364
13
13.2.6. ISDN SIP

REL 7 , . ,
SIP , ,
REL, BYE, CANCEL /. ISDN
REL ,
(BYE SIP), ,
(CANCEL SIP), ,
( SIP).
ISUP SIP, ..
ISUP .
44 (Request circuit or channel not available). ,
CIC, IAM, .
IAM CIC, .
, SIP,
.. .
, ISUP 44 (Request circuit or
channel not available) SIP .
, 500 (Server internal error).
, ISUP CAI, location, ,
. location SIP; .
ISUP ,
,
.
REL ISUP 22 (number changed) diagnostics.
,
Contact SIP (301).
.13.1 .
SIPISUP
365
13.1
ISUP
1 unallocated number
2 no route to network
3 no route to destination
16 normal call clearing
17 user busy
18 no user responding
19 no answer from the user
20 subscriber absent
21 call rejected
22 number changed (w/o diagnostic)
22 number changed (w/ diagnostic)
23 redirection to new destination
26 non-selected user clearing
27 destination out of order
28 address incomplete
29 facility rejected
31 normal unspecified
SIP
404 Not Found
404 Not found
404 Not found
(*)
486 Busy here
408 Request Timeout
403 Forbidden (+)
410 Gone
301 Moved Permanently
410 Gone
404 Not Found (=)
502 Bad Gateway
484 Address incomplete
501 Not implemented
(*) ISUP 16 (normal call clearing)

BYE CANCEL.
(+) location user, 4
6 ( 403 603).
(=) ANSI ANSI 26
misrouted port number. , . 26 ISUP .
, (. 13.2).
SIP Retry After.
, , - . . 13.2. 13.6.
366
13
13.2.
ISUP
34 no circuit available
38 network out of order
41 temporary failure
42 switching equipment congestion
47 resource unavailable
SIP
13.3.
ISUP
55 incoming calls barred within CUG
57 bearer capability not authorized
58 bearer capability not presently available
65 bearer capability not implemented
70 only restricted digital availability
79 service or option not implemented
13.4.
SIP
403 Forbidden
403 Forbidden
488 Not Acceptable Here
488 Not Acceptable Here
501 Not implemented
ISUP
87 user not member of CUG
88 incompatible destination
SIP
403 Forbidden
13.5.
ISUP
102 recovery of timer expiry
111 protocol error
SIP
504 Gateway timeout
13.6.
ISUP
127 interworking unspecified
SIP
SIPISUP
367
13.2.7. ACM
, ,
, ISUP:
alerting. ,
, ,
. , Alerting,
, 7 9. , Called Partys
Status Indicator 00 (no indication).
, ISDN
CPG, .
, 183
(Session Progress) SIP. , SIP ,
.
183 (Session Progress) ,
(), SIP (SIP bridging), , , .
13.2.8.

( 18) SIP. INVITE,
, ISUP, , , , SIP.
Backward Call Indicators
subscriber free, 180 (Ringing).
, (SIP user agent) . .
Backward Call Indicators (BCI) , (
368
13
,
),
( ). ,
, . ,
ACM Optional Backward Call Indicators , . ,
183 (Session Progress) SIP.
ISUP
9, 90 3
. , ,
, , (, )
ISUP .
. , , 9,
ANM, . ISUP ANM.
9.
13.2.9. CON ANM

CON ANM, , , SIP 200 .
, SIP (
INVITE ), CON ANM 200 ,
SIP. , .
,
7 ISUP, ANM
( CPG ), ( ).
SIPISUP
369
SIP
18, ( .) , . , ,
SDP.
13.2.10.
9
. , ANM ( ). ,
, . ,
(,
), . 9 ,
. ,
, . SIP
480 (Temporarily Unavailable), REL 19
(no answer from the user). RLC
ACK SIP .
13.2.11.
CPG
CPG , , , :
(, ISDN) ;
;
.
CPG , ,
.
SIP, CPG 18, SIP CPG . 13.7.
47. ..
370
13
CPG ,
, .
13.7
ISUP
1 Alerting
2 Progress
3 In-band information
4 Call forward; line busy
5 Call forward; no reply
6 Call forward; unconditional

13.2.12.
SIP response
180 Ringing
183 Session progress

,
. .
13.3.
SIP
Maxim (sip:max@niits.ru) SIP- , SIP.
Anton
+78122625326. Maxim - Proxy1
Network Gateway. Maxim Alexy,
2 : 444 3333
[private extension] +7-812-100-2516. ,
Maxim From INVITE
+7-812-262-5326. calling party number ISUP.
. . , (
SIPISUP
371
, , , .
). , ,
.
183 (Session Progress), SDP.
,
.
ISUP SIP. ,
SIP User Agent Client.
13.3.1. SIP
Maxim +78122625326 E.164 , Anton.
7 ( ,
). , SIP UA
SIP URI. SIP URI
tel URI.
Maxim From SIP- (sip:max@niits.ru)
SIP (sip:+70953864515@ss1.niits.ru; user=phone). ,
NGW 1 (calling party identification).
7,
.
Anton ,
Maxim.
7 11, ,
Contact sip:ngw1@a.niits.ru. , NGW 1 , Proxy1;
. Contact URI
, Contact URI NGW 1
Proxy1. Contact URI DNS Proxy1 (sip:ss1.a.niits.ru), sip:ngw1.a.niits.ru, NGW1.
372
13
TCP.
-
Proxy 1
Maxim
NGW 1
1. INVITE
2. 100
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. IAM
6. ACM
7. 183
8. 183
RTP-
9. ANM
10. 200
11. 200
12. ACK
13. ACK
RTP-
14. BYE
15. BYE
16. 200
17. 200
. 13.9.
18. REL
19. RLC
SIP
:
1. INVITE Maxim Proxy 1
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP client.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
Max-Forwards: 70
From: Max <sip:+70953864515@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
;tag=9fxced76sl
SIPISUP
373
To: Anton <sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>

Call-ID: 2xTb9vxSit55XU7p8@a.niits.ru
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:max@client.a.niits.ru;transport=tcp>
Proxy-Authorization: Digest username=Max, realm=a.niits.ru,
nonce= dc3a5ab25302aa931904ba7d88fa1cf5, opaque=,
uri=sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone,
response=ccdca50cb091d587421457305d097458c
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=Max 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 client.a.niits.ru
s=c=IN IP4 client.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
2. 100 Trying Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Proxy 1 , . NGW1.
, Maxim,
49172.
3. INVITE Proxy 1 NGW 1
INVITE sip:+78122625326@ngw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
374
13
v=0
t=0 0
4. 100 Trying NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. IAM NGW 1
IAM
6. ACM NGW 1
ACM.
7. 183 Session Progress NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 183 Session Progress
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
SIPISUP
NGW 1 () RTP Maxim.

8. 183 Session Progress Proxy 1 Maxim
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
9. ANM NGW 1
ANM.
10. 200 OK NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
s=-
375
376
13
c=IN IP4 gw1.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
11. 200 OK Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
12. ACK Maxim Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
13. ACK Proxy 1 NGW 1
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
SIPISUP
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Maxim , Anton.
14. BYE Maxim Proxy 1
BYE sip:ngw1@a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
15. BYE Proxy 1 NGW 1
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
48. ..
377
378
13

;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
18. REL NGW 1

19. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
13.3.2. SIP
Maxim SIP, Alexey
. DSS1. ISDN. Maxim
Alexey (+7-812-387-5333), SIP URI.
Request URI INVITE F3, ,
(, ), 444-3333. INVITE F3
.
Proxy 1 , . Alexey 444-3333, Request URI , .
, Contact URI GW 1, 8, 9, 12
13 sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru, .
SIPISUP
Maxim
379
-1
GW 1
1. INVITE
2. 100
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. SETUP
6. CALL PROC
7. PROGRESS
8. 180
9. 180

10. CONNECT
11. CONNECT ACK
12. 200
13. 200
14. ACK
15. ACK
RTP-
16. BYE
17. BYE
18. 200
19. 200
20. DISCONNECT
21. RELEASE
22. RELEASE COM
. 13.10.
SIP
380
13
SIPS URI.
:
INVITE sips:+78123875333@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS client.a.niits.ru:5061;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
Max-Forwards: 70
From: Max <sips:+70953864515@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
;tag=9fxced76sl
To: Carol <sips:+78123875333@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sips:max@client.a.niits.ru>
Proxy-Authorization: Digest username=Max,
realm=a.niits.ru, nonce= qo0dc3a5ab22aa931904badfa1cf5j9h,
opaque=, uri= sips:+78123875333@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone,
response= 6c792f5c9fa360358b93c7fb826bf550
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
3. INVITE Proxy 1 GW 1
INVITE sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ss1.a.niits.ru:5061;branch=z9hG4bK2d4790.1
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
Record-Route: <sips:ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
;tag=9fxced76sl
SIPISUP
381
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sips:max@client.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
4. 100 Trying GW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. SETUP GW 1
Protocol discriminator=Q.931
Message type=SETUP
Bearer capability: Information transfer capability=0 (Speech) or 16
(3.1 kHz audio)
Channel identification=Preferred or exclusive B-channel
Progress indicator=1 (Call is not end-to-end ISDN;further call
progress information may be available inband)
Called party number:
Type of number unknown
Digits=444-3333
6. CALL PROCEEDING GW 1
Message type=CALL PROC
Channel identification=Exclusive B-channel
7. PROGRESS GW 1
Message type=PROG
Progress indicator=1
8. 180 Ringing GW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.111
382
13
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
9. 180 Ringing Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
10. CONNECT GW 1
Message type=CONN
11. CONNECT ACK GW 1
Message type=CONN ACK
12. 200 OK GW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 144
SIPISUP
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 144
v=0
t=0 0
ACK sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sips:ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
15. ACK Proxy 1 GW 1
ACK sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
383
384
13
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Maxim , Alexey.
BYE sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sips:ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 3 BYE
Content-Length: 0
17. BYE Proxy 1 GW 1
BYE sips:4443333@gw1.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 3 BYE
Content-Length: 0
18. 200 OK GW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 3 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIPISUP
385

SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 3 BYE
Content-Length: 0
20. DISCONNECT GW 1
Message type=DISC
Cause=16 (Normal clearing)
21. RELEASE GW 1
Message type=REL
22. RELEASE COMPLETE GW 1
Message type=REL COM
13.3.3. SIP
Maxim Anton Proxy 1. Proxy 1 NGW 1.
( ) ,
503 (Service Unavailable). , Proxy 1 Network Gateway NGW 2. Anton . , Maxim .
UDP.
:
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP client.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:max@client.a.niits.ru>
49. ..
386
13
Proxy-Authorization: Digest username= Max,

realm=a.niits.ru, nonce=b59311c3ba05b401cf80b2a2c5ac51b0,
opaque=, uri=sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone,
response= ba6ab44923fa2614b28e3e3957789ab0
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
Proxy 1 ,
Anton. Proxy 1 NGW 1 NGW 2.
NGW 1.
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
SIPISUP
Maxim
387
- 1
NGW 1
NGW 2
1. INVITE
3. 100
2. INVITE
4. 503
5. ACK
6. INVITE
7. IAM
8. ACM
9. 183
10. 183
RTP-
11. ANM
12. 200
13. 200
14. ACK
15. ACK
RTP-
16. BYE
17. BYE
18. 200
19. 200
. 13.11.
20. REL
21. RLC
SIP

388
13
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
4. 503 (Service Unavailable) NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 503 Service Unavailable
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=123456789
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0

Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
To: Anton <sip:+78122625326@ss1.a.niits.ru>;user=phone>
;tag=123456789
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Proxy 1 NGW 2.
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
SIPISUP
389
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
7. IAM NGW 2
IAM.
8. ACM NGW 2
ACM.
9. 183 (Session Progress) NGW 2 Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
Maxim RTP
().
390
13
10. 183 Session Progress Proxy 1 Maxim
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
11. ANM NGW 2
ANM.
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
SIPISUP
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
391
392
13
Maxim Anton
RTP ( NGW). Maxim ,
Anton.
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <ss1.a.niits.ru;lr>
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
17. BYE Proxy 1 NGW 2
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
SIPISUP
393
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 BYE
Content-Length: 0
20. REL NGW 2
REL c CauseCode=16 Normal.

21. RLC NGW 2
RLC.
13.3.4. SIP SIP ENUM Query

Maxim Anton, (9722625326). UA Maxim
E.164 (+78122625326) ENUM
.164 (2.2.2.2.5.5.5.2.7.9.1.e164.arpa). Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR) DNS , UA
Maxim Anton (sip:+7812262532
6@b.niits.ru). , , Anton SIP. , UA
Maxim INVITE,
IP, . , Anton
BYE.
.
1. ENUM Query Maxim DNS Server
2.2.2.2.5.5.5.2.7.9.1.e164.arpa
2. ENUM NAPTR Set DNS Server Maxim
$ORIGIN 2.2.2.2.5.5.5.2.7.9.1.e164.arpa.
IN NAPTR 100 10 u sip+E2U
!^.*$!sip:+78122625326@b.niits.ru!.
50. ..
394
13
DNS
Maxim
-
Proxy 3
Anton
1. ENUM Query
2. ENUM NAPTR SET
3. INVITE
4. INVITE
5. 100
6. 180
7. 180
8. 200
9. 200
10. ACK
11. ACK
RTP-
12. BYE
13. BYE
14. 200
15. 200
. 13.12.
SIP SIP
ENUM Query

INVITE sip:+78122625326@b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:+70953864515@a.niits.ru>;tag=9fxced76sl
To: <tel:+78122625326>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sip:+70953864515@client.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 154
v=0
SIPISUP
t=0 0
INVITE sip:+78122625326@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ss3.b.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK721e418c4.1
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
Record-Route: <sip:ss3.b.niits.ru;lr>
To: <tel:+78122625326>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sip:+70953864515@client.a.niits.ru>
ontent-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserA 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 client.a.niits.ru
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
To: <tel:+78122625326>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.101
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sip:+78122625326@client.b.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
395
396
13
7. 180 Ringing Proxy 3 Maxim
SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
;received=192.0.2.101
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.101
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Contact: <sip:+78122625326@client.b.niits.ru;transport=tcp>
Content-Length: 151
v=0
t=0 0
9. 200 OK Proxy Maxim
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Content-Length: 151
v=0
SIPISUP
397
s=c=IN IP4 192.0.2.100

t=0 0
ACK sip:+78122625326@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP client.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bq9
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss3.b.niits.ru;lr>
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
ACK sip:+78122625326@client.b.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP client.a.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bK74bq9
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
To: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 2 ACK
Content-Length: 0
Maxim Anton
RTP-. Anton , Maxim.
12. BYE Anton Proxy 3
BYE sip:+70953864515@client.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP client.b.niits.ru:5060;branch=z9hG4bKfgaw2
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:ss3.b.niits.ru;lr>
From: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
To: <sip:+70953864515@a.niits.ru>;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
13. BYE Proxy 3 Maxim
BYE sip:+70953864515@client.a.niits.ru SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.100
Max-Forwards: 69
From: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
398
13
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
14. 200 OK Maxim Proxy 3
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.233
;received=192.0.2.100
From: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
15 .200 OK Proxy 3 Anton
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.100
From: <tel:+78122625326>;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 BYE
Content-Length: 0
13.3.5. SIP :

Maxim Anton Proxy 1 NGW 1. , (
). Maxim, ,
, CANCEL
. CANCEL, BYE, .. INVITE.
:
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
SIPISUP
399
CSeq: 1 INVITE
realm=a.niits.ru, nonce=01cf8311c3b0b2a2c5ac51bb59a05b40,
response=e178fbe430e6680a1690261af8831f40
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Proxy 1 ,
Anton.
NGW 1. Maxim
49172.
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
400
13
v=0
t=0 0
-
Proxy 1
Maxim
NGW 1
Anton
1. INVITE
2. 100
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. IAM
6. ACM
7. 183
8. 183
RTP-
9. CANCEL
10. 200
11. CANCEL
12. 200
13. REL
14. RLC
15. 487
16. ACK
17. 487
18. ACK
. 13.13.
SIP :

SIPISUP
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
6. ACM NGW 1
ACM.
7 .183 Session Progress NGW 1 Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
8. 183 (Session Progress) Proxy 1 Maxim
51. ..
401
402
13

;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
,
.
9. CANCEL Maxim Proxy 1
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
11. CANCEL Proxy 1 NGW 1
Max-Forwards: 70
SIPISUP

;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
SIP/2.0 200 OK
;received=192.0.2.111
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 CANCEL
Content-Length: 0
13. REL NGW 1
REL CauseCode=18 No user responding.

14. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
15. 487 (Request Terminated) NGW 1 Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
403
404
13
17 .487 (Request Terminated) Proxy 1 Maxim
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
13.3.6. SIP :
, REL
Maxim Anton Proxy 1, NGW 1 .
, REL .
SIP 404 (Not Found),
Maxim.
.
INVITE sip:+44-1234@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
To: Anton <sip:+44-1234@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>
CSeq: 1 INVITE
realm=a.niits.ru, nonce=j1c3b0b01cf832da2c5ac51bb59a05b40,
opaque=, uri=sip:+44-1234@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone,
SIPISUP
405
response=a451358d46b55512863efe1dccaa2f42
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
-
Proxy 1
Maxim
NGW 1
1. INVITE
2. 100
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. IAM
6. REL (1)
7. RLC
8. 404
9. ACK
10. 404
11. ACK
. 13.14. SIP :
, REL
2. 100 (Trying) Proxy 1 Maxim

SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
406
13
Proxy 1 ,
Anton. NGW 1.
Maxim 49172.
INVITE sip:+44-1234@ngw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
4. 100 (Trying) NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
CdPN=44-1234,NPI=E.164,NOA=International
6 .REL NGW 1
REL CauseValue=1 Unallocated number.
SIPISUP
7. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
CauseValue=1 SIP 404 (Not Found).
8. 404 (Not Found) NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 404 Not Found
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
To: Anton <sip:+44-1234@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone>;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Error-Info: <sip:not-found-ann@ann.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
ACK sip:+44-1234@ngw1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
10 .404 (Not Found) Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 404 Not Found
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Error-Info: <sip:not-found-ann@ann.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
ACK sip:+44-1234@ss1.a.niits.ru;user=phone SIP/2.0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
407
408
13
13.3.7. SIP : c
ANM
Maxim Anton Proxy 1, NGW 1
. , ANM (..
). REL
480 (Temporarily Unavailable) Maxim.
:
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
realm=a.niits.ru, nonce=da2c5ac51bb59a05j1c3b0b01cf832b40,
response=579cb9db184cdc25bf816f37cbc03c7d
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
Proxy 1 , ,
Anton. NGW 1.
Maxim
49172.
2. 100 (Trying) Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
SIPISUP
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
;received=192.0.2.101
Max-Forwards: 69
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 154
v=0
t=0 0
SIP/2.0 100 Trying
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 0
5. IAM NGW 1
IAM.
52. ..
409
410
13
-
Proxy 1
Maxim
NGW 1
1. INVITE
2. 100
3. INVITE
4. 100
5. IAM
6. ACM
7. 183
8. 183

NGW 1
9. REL
10. RLC
11. 480
12. ACK
13. 480
14. ACK
. 13.15.
SIP : c
ANM
6. ACM NGW 1
ACM.
7. 183 (Session Progress) NGW 1 Proxy 1
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
SIPISUP
411
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
8. 183 (Session Progress) Proxy 1 Maxim
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Content-Length: 146
v=0
t=0 0
, REL
480 (Temporarily Unavailable) SIP.
9. REL NGW 1
REL CauseCode=18 No user responding.

10. RLC NGW 1
RLC.
11. 480 (Temporarily Unavailable) NGW 1 Proxy 1
SIP/2.0 480 Temporarily Unavailable
;received=192.0.2.111
;received=192.0.2.101
412
13
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Error-Info: <sip:temp-unavail-ann@ann.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
13. 480 (Temporarily Unavailable) Proxy 1 Maxim
SIP/2.0 480 Temporarily Unavailable
;received=192.0.2.101
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Error-Info: <sip:temp-unavail-ann@ann.a.niits.ru>
Content-Length: 0
Max-Forwards: 70
;tag=9fxced76sl
;tag=314159
CSeq: 1 ACK
Content-Length: 0
14.
URI
14.1. SIP URI

- SIP
, .
Request-URI. To From
. SIP- , - , , , URI.
SIP SIP URI . ISUP SIP URI.
, SIP
, tel URL. tel URL URI, .. tel URL URI,
SIP URI. , To :
To: tel:+78123875605
:
To: sip:+78123875605@protei.ru
+, tel URL, ,
, , E.164.
414
14
, . +
, ,
. + , URI, SIP URI
;user=phone, :
To: sip:83000@sip.niits.net;user=phone
SIP-T
E.164, ,
. , SIP-,
. , ,
/ , ,
, . , SIP
,
. , , ,
.
ISUP , , , Called Party Number (CPN) Calling Partys Number
(CIN); ,
.
H G F E D C B A
H G F E D C B A
NoA
NP1
dig ...
dig n
. 14.1.
...
NoA
spare
dig 1
dig ...
NP1
dig ...
dig n
Pr
...
Sc
dig 1
dig ...
ISUP [6]
SIP-T [6] CPN ISUP format,

CIN ISUP calling format. ,
Nature of Address (NoA) indicator, , Numbering
URI
415
Plan Indicator (NPI). ,

BCD (Binary Coded
Decimal). NPI
, Presentation Indicator, ,
, Screening Indicator, , .
NPI ISDN (Telephony) numbering plan
(Recommendation E.164), , ,
NPI, ; NoA ,
. , , NoA , ;
, , . NPI , ISDN numbering
plan; tel URI , .
14.2. ISUP
tel URL
ISUP tel URL . , NPI , .164, NoA.
, ,
tel:+.
NoA , ,
tel URL,
.
, (, Generic Name Parameter
ANSI), Presentation Indicator presentation
restricted, From.
ISUP calling format, : presentation indicators screening indicators.
416
14
presentation indicators presentation restricted,
URI, , . URI
SIP URI,
Anonymous, :
From: Anonymous <sip:anonymous@anonymous.invalid>
presentation indicators address unavailable,

IAM , CIN .
screening indicators .
14.3. tel URL

ISUP
tel URL ISUP . URI
, URI. (
, ,
), NoA
national (significant) number, URI
. , ,
, NoA international number,
URI. NPI ISDN
numbering plan. URI ,
URI,
. , ,
SIP, , URI ( URI
Request-URI, 484 (Address incomplete)).
tel URL ISUP calling format , presentation indicator
presentation allowed, screening indicator network
provided,
.
15.
,
SIP
15.1. SIP

, ( )
.
(mapping). ,

, . ,
IAM 7 [27] INVITE
SIP.
. , IAM To INVITE.
SIP 7
12 13 .
NGN
. . 15.1, SIP
Softswitch,
Softswitch (IP-,
soft-, SIP IAD ..). , Softswitch NGN SIP .323, MGCP H.248/MEGACO.
53. ..
418
15
IN
Par
la
SCP
AP
SIP/SIP-T
.24
ME
24
GA
H.
O/
CO
AC
/H
SI
EG
Softswitch
AN
R
GT
Softswitch

RTP/UDP/IP

. 15.1.
NGN

. 7 SIP/7 Softswitch
SIGTRAN. 7 IP-, UDP TCP SCTP (Stream Control Transport
Protocol), , . . 15.2.
, SIP
419
Softswitch

ISUP
MTP 3
MTP 2
MTP 1
. 15.2.
M3UA
SCTP
IP
2
1
Softswitch
Softswitch
ISUP
M3UA
SCTP
IP
2
1
Softswitch
SIP
SIP
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
IP
2
1
IP
2
1

Softswitch SIGTRAN
7 , IP- Softswitch. Softswitch

SIP. ,
SIP-T, 7, .
. 15.2
, (Signaling Gateway), IP-, (/ , / / IP-, - .).
,
.
IP- -ITG.
7 , IP- (Softswitch,
, IP- .), SIP. ,
,
,
IP- , :
{1111; SIP={ PrimaryIP=192.168.100.71; SecondaryIP=192.168.100.72;}}
420
15
, 1111
192.168.100.71, 192.168.100.72,
2222 192.168.100.73 192.168.100.74, 3333 192.168.100.75 192.168.100.76. ,
( , ..) . -,
( 192.168.100.169)
(5060), -:
Proxy = {192.168.100.169:5060}
, 5060 .
-ITG
,
.
SIP SDP
18. :
, , 01, 02, 03;
, , ;
.
,
SIP .323 .
, .
,
.323 .
SIP INVITE. , .323
FastConnect, INVITE
. , .
. 15.3 . H.323 Setup, INVITE.
, SIP
421
180 Ringing H.323

Alerting,
. , 200
.
.245,
.
.
H.323
SIP
Setup
INVITE
180 Ringing
Alerting
200 OK
Connect
H.245
ACK
RTP
. 15.3.
H.323 SIP
15.2. SIP
-
SIP
SNT, . 15.4. , - SNT SIP
,
.
422
15
. 15.4.
- SNTlite
- SNT
. , SNT /
SIP
.
15.3. SIP
, SIP . ,
, INVITE (0.0.0.0.) , IP- ( ) SDP- .
.
IP-
SIP . SIP
, :
.
, SIP
Anton
423
Boris
Vladimir
1. INVITE
2. 180 Ringing
3. 200 OK
4. ACK
RTR
Anton
5. REFER Refer-To: B
6. 202 Accepted
7. NOTIFY
8. 200 OK
9. BYE
10. 200 OK
RTP-
11. INVITE Reffered-By: A

12. 180 Ringing
13. 200 OK
14. ACK
14. NOTIFY
15. 200 OK
. 15.5.
RTR
UA, , SIP- ,
.
, , , ,
.
424
15
REFER . 15.5
.
Boris Anton REFER (F5)
Vladimir. , REFER, Boris
Vladimir. . 15.5,
.
,
-, IP-. ,
: ;
, (.. ); ,
.

,
. , .
,
( , ) .
. 15.6 SIP .
, Anton , .
, INFO,
Boris.
Anton ,
Vladimir Boris.
, SIP
Anton
425
Vladimir
Boris
INVITE ("hot dial")

100 Trying
200 OK
ACK

INFO ()
200 OK
INFO ()
200 OK
INVITE ()
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200 OK
ACK
Anton
INFO (" ")
200 OK
BYE
200 OK
INVITE ()
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200 OK
ACK
INVITE
100 Trying
200 OK
ACK
BYE
200
BYE
200 OK
. 15.6.
54. ..
426
15
. 15.7 , , SCP
, API Parlay .
Softswitch.
. ,
.
Parlay;
.

INAP
SIP
Parlay
INAP
SCP

Parlay
SIP
. 15.7.
, SIP
427
IETF SIP. , ,
NGN 800 ( ) .
SCP, SSP
.
15.4. PINT SPIRITS

[22].

SCP. : ,
. , SN
(Service Node), .
, .
.
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
PINT (Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)/Internet Inter-Networking) SPIRITS
(Service in the PSTN/IN Requesting InTernet Service). , , Click-to-Dial-Back, Internet Call
Waiting, Internet Call Forwarding ..
Internet Call Waiting, , , -. :
;
,
, IP-;
;
428
15
, -, , ;
, , : ,
, .
SPIRITS IP-. ,
- ,
SSP, ,
. , /IN,
, SSP , ,
. SPIRITS
, PINT, , ,
.
Internet Call Waiting (.15.8).
, SCP
. SIP [3-5].
, SIP, , ( IP-,
).
SCP
/SSP/IP
3
6
SPIRITS-
SPIRITS
PINT/
7
5
. 15.8.
ICW , SPIRITS
, SIP
429
- SCP
. SPIRITS-, SPIRITS- SPIRITS-, PINT-/, PINT-.
. 15.8 ICW
(PINT-)
SSP,
(1); - SCP (2);
SCP INAP SSP (3).
(4) SCP (5). SCP ,
, - (6), (7).
,
. IP-
SIP.
16.
Quo Vadis?
16.1. SIP
, ,
. . -, , 80- [60]. -, SIP
7, , SIP
, 7.

, SIP IP- .
, SIP -, ,
.
SIP, , (
). SIP (body) , .
SIP
, .
, ,
( , -)
SIP .
Quo Vadis?
431
SIP
, , ,
.
SIP,
SIP 3GPP
NAT.
16.2. SIP 3G
,
. :
( 1G) ( 2G)
(3G). 3G,
, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). . 16.1.
.
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UMTS). - . 3G ,
, , UTRAN.
(PS CN Packet Switch Core Network). ,
GSM GPRS,
SGSN (Service GPRS Support Node) GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support
Node). SGSN , , , IMEI, . GGSN IP-
.
432
16
IP-
P-CSCF
HSS
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
MGCF
-SGW
SGSN
UTRAN
GGSN
MGW

SIP
H.248
. 16.1.
3GPP
IP- (IMSIP Multimedia Subsystem). IMS

,
, , , , .. IMS ( )
CSCF (Call Session Control Function ).
:
Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) -
SIP, .. , . PS CN P-CSCF.
P-CSCF . P-CSCF :
Quo Vadis?
433
SIP- REGISTER
I-CSCF.
SIP- S-CSCF, , ,
.
SIP- .
(CDR-Call Detailed Record).
.
.
.
Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) (..
, ) (,
), .. .
, P-CSCF
S-CSCF.
. :
SIP- S-CSCF.
S-CSCF (HSS).
.
Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF)
. . S-CSCF.
S-CSCF :
(registrar) (. . 4.6)
(HSS).
.
,
.
P-CSCF
.
55. ..
434
16
CSCF
(VHE-Virtual Home Environment),
,
S-CSCF. , ,
(
, ).
IMS
c (HSS-Home Subscriber Server). HSS :
, .
.
.
.
:
(MGW-Media Gateway) , , .;
(T-SGW-Transport Signaling Gateway)
(, 7) IP-,
;
(MGCF-Media Gateway
Control Function) ( .248) . , SIP
H.248.
. 16.1, 3G SIP. (. 16.2),
.
Quo Vadis?
435
, 3G . P-CSCF (
P-CSCF) REGISTER (1).

HSS
8. 200
I-CSCF
S-CSCF
5. REGISTER
2. REGISTER
9. 300

P-CSCF
1. REGISTER
10. 200
GGSN
SGSN

. 16.2.
436
16
Request-URI DNS- P-CSCF I-CSCF ,
REGISTER (2). I-CSCF (3)
HSS, (4) S-CSCF,
REGISTER (3). S-CSCF
HSS (6,7). , 200 (8,
9,10).
(. 16.3) INVITE (1) P-CSCF,
CSCF.
( SDP) , ,
. P-SCSF , , INVITE S-CSCF (3). S-CSCF
. ,
, (,
). S-CSCF (6) (,
P-CSCF ). 183 Session Progress (8-9)
. P-CSCF
(10), , .
1 , .
PRACK (12)
- (18).
, . ,
180 Ringing, , , , . ,
, . . 16.3,
INVITE 183 Session Progress
, .
COMET. , .. , .
Quo Vadis?
437
P-CSCF
UA1
S-CSCF
1. INVITE
2. 100 Trying
3. INVITE
4. 100 Trying
5.
9. 183 Session Progress
6. INVITE
7. 100 Trying
10.

12. PRACK
17. 200
13. PRACK
14. PRACK
15. 200
16. 200
18.
19. COMET
20. COMET
24. 200
21. COMET
22. 200
23. 200
25. 180
26.
28. 180
29. PRACK
34. 200
27. 180
30. PRACK
31. PRACK
32. 200
33. 200
35. 200
36.
37. 200
38.

39. 200
40.
41.
. 16.3.
42.
438
16
RFC 3312 Integration of Resource Management and SIP [5]
COMET UPDATE, . , ,
3GPP
UPDATE.
COMET 180 Ringing (25, 27,
28), PRACK (29-31). , 200 (35). (
, -).
. 16.4 .
, .
, .
, SIP
, ,
, , ,
.
. ,
.
IP- (1) ,
REGISTER (1) P-CSCF. , , ( I-CSCF)
REGISTER (2). I-CSCF HSS
S-CSCF, (3,4). REGISTER
S-CSCF (5). S-CSCF HSS (6,7).
, , SIP, :
, , IP- . 3GPP
IETF , ,
(NGN) .
Quo Vadis?
439
S-CSCF
P-CSCF
UA2
1. INVITE
2. 100 Trying
3.
4. INVITE
5. 100 Trying
6. INVITE
7. 100 Trying
9.
11.183 Session Progress

12. PRACK

13. PRACK
14. PRACK
15. 200
16. 200
17. 200
19. COMET
18.
20. COMET
21. COMET
22. 200
23. 200
24. 200
25. 180
26. 180
27.
28. 180
29. PRACK
34. 200
30. PRACK
31. PRACK
32. 200
33. 200
35. 200
36.
37. 200
38.
39. 200
40. ACK
. 16.4.
41. ACK
42. ACK
440
16
16.3. NAT
NAT (Network Address Translator )
IPv4 . NAT IPv4,
IP- . NAT
IP-, ( ) NAT
, SIP H.323.
NAT SIP -
NAT, SIP
.
NAT SIP ,
SIP IP- (DNS), -. NAT
SIP -,
. ,
, -.
:
Simple Traversal of UDP Through NAT (STUN);
Traversal using relay NAT (TURN);
SIP Application Layer Gateways (ALGs);
Middlebox Communication (MIDCOM);
SIP Symmetric Response Routing, RFC 3581 [53];
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) ;
Virtual private networks (VPNs);
Firewall Enhancement Protocol, RFC 3093 [21];
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP);
Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE).
SIP ALGs , -, . SIP ALGs , , SIP B2BUA,
Quo Vadis?
441
SIP .
- SIP SDP. , NAT SIP , -
SIP, B2BUA, SIP ALGs
,
NAT. , NAT, SIP ALG.
MIDCOM ALG, ,
MIDCOM NAT/, MIDCOM, NAT, MIDCOM,
-. , ,
MIDCOM, NAT/ .
NAT MIDCOM .
NAT
, NAT
, SIP UA NAT IP-/
. SIP UA
. SIP UA IP-
NAT, ,
.
STUN SIP- , NAT
, NAT. STUN
STUN NAT. STUN IP- , .
SIP. STUN
-. STUN NAT NAT,
.
TURN -
NAT. TURN , -. TURN ,
56. ..
442
16
. SIP TURN
TURN. IP- , .
SIP -.
, , NAT,
, NAT.
TURN, STUN, SIP UA.
, NAT SIP , SIP
- RTP. [53]
NAT SIP UDP
.
Via, rport,
IP-
, ,
Via .
ICE , SIP
NAT. ICE - STUN TURN,
SDP ( ),
- RTP.
NAT IPv4 IP- , SIP. ,
SIP NAT.
, , , . ICE
,
. NAT IPv6,
NAT .

3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project,
3-
A
AAL, ATM Adaptation Layer, ATM
ANSI, American National Standards Institute,
ATM, Asynchronous Transfer Mode,
B
BCI, Backward Call Indicators, .
ISUP
BNF, Backus-Naur Form, -
C
CCF, Charging Collection Function,
CIC, Carrier Identification Code, ()
CIN, Calling Partys Number, . ISUP
CON, Connect Message, ISUP
CPG, Call ProGress, ISUP
CPN, Called Party Number, . ISUP
CPS, Called Party Status, . ISUP
CSCF, Call Session Control Function,
D
DNS, Domain Name Service, ()
DoS, Denial of Service, ( )
DSP, Digital Signal Processor,
DTMF, Dual-Tone MultiFrequency signaling, 2 n
444
E
ECF, Event Charging Function,
ETS, European Telecommunications Standard,
ETSI, European Telecommunications Standards Institute,
F
FCI, Forward Call Indicators, .
ISUP
FQDN, Fully Qualified Domain Name,
G
GAP, Generic Address Parameter, ISUP
GGSN, Gateway GPRS Support Node, GPRS,
GMT, Greenwich Mean Time,
GSM, Global System for Mobile communications,
GPRS, General Packet Radio Service, GSM
GSTN, Global Switched Telephone Network,
GW, Gateway,
H
HSS, Home Subscriber Server, ( )
HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, ( )
I
ICID, IMS Charging Identity,
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol,
ICW, Internet Call Waiting, , ,
IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force,
IM, Instant Messaging,
,
445
IMEI, International Mobile Equipment Identity,
IMS, IP Multimedia Subsystem, IP-

IN, Intelligent Network,
IOI, Inter Operator Identifiers,
IP, Internet Protocol, ( 3 OSI)
IPSec, IP Security, IP
ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network,
ISO, International Standardization Organization,
ISUP, ISDN User Part, - MTP ( 7), ISDN
ITU, International Telecommunications Union,
ITU-T, Telecommunication Standardization Sector, ITU
IVR, Interactive Voice Response,
L
LRN, Locating Routing Number,
M
MEGACO, MEdia GAteway Cntrol
IETF,
MG, Media Gateway, ()
MGC, Media Gateway Controller, .

MGCF, Media Gateway Control Function,
MGCP, Media Gateway Control Protocol,
MIDCOM, Middlebox Communication,
MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension, -
MTU, Maximum Transmission Unit,
446
N
NAPTR, Naming Authority PoinTeR, SIP URL
DNS
NAT, Network Address Translator,
NCI, Nature of Connection Indicator, ISUP
NGN, Next Generation Network,
NGW, Network Gateway,
O
OCN, Original Called Number, ISUP
OSI, Open Systems Interconnection,
P
PDD, PostDial Delay,
PGP, Pretty Good Privacy,
PINT, PSTN/Internet Inter-Networking, IETF
/
PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol,
PSCN, Packet Switch Core Network,
PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network,
Q
Qop, Quality of protection,
QoS, Quality of Service, , ()
R
RFC IETF
RSVP, resource ReSerVation Protocol,
447
RTCP, Real-Time Control Protocol,

RTP, Real-Time Protocol,
RTT, Round-Trip Time, ( )
S
SCP, Service Control Point, ( )
SCTP, Stream Control Transport Protocol,
SDL, Specification and Description Language,
SDP, Session Description Protocol,
SGSN, Service GPRS Support Node, GPRS,
SIGTRAN, SIGnaling TRANsport IP-
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol,
SIP ALG, SIP Application Layer Gateway, SIP
SIP IAD, SIP Integrated Access Device ,
SIP
SIPS URI, SIP Secured URI, , ,
SIP-T, SIP extension for Telephony, SIP
S/MIME, Security for MIME, MIME- SIP
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,
SN, Service Node, ( )
SPIRITS, Service in the PSTN/IN Requesting InTernet Service,
PSTN/IN
SSL, Secure Sockets Layer
SSP, Service Switching Point, ( )
STUN, Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT, UDP NAT
448
T
TCP, Transmission Control Protocol, ( 4 OSI)
TLS, Transport Layer Security,
( 3 )
TMR, Transmission Medium Requirement, ISUP
TNS, Transit Network Selection, ISUP
T-SGW, Transport Signaling GateWay,
TTL, Time-To-Live, ()
TU, Transaction User,
TURN, Traversal Using Relay NAT, NAT -
U
UA, User Agent,
UAC, User Agent Client,
UAS, User Agent Server,
UDP, User Datagram Protocol,
UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, ( 3G, ETSI)
URI, Universal Resource Identificator,
URL, Universal Resource Locator,
UTP, Unshielded Twisted Pair,
UTRAN, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, UMTS
V
VHE, Virtual Home Environment,
VPN, Virtual Private Network,

MD5 , ,
, . MD5
; , ,
, .
MD5 . , ,
md5
,
.
SIP . UA .

, .
.
answer
SDP, SIP .
offer
SDP, SIP .
57. ..
450
q
q , ,
0 1.

-, .
Event package
,
() , .
Interworking indicator
, FCI ISUP.
Option-tag
SIP , RFC.
Path MTU
Path Maximum Transfer Unit. ,

. Path MTU MTU .
Registrar
SIP. ,
, .
Remote target
. , .
451
Response context
SIP. , .
Route set
, , . ,
.
Stateful -
- . ( ) , .
Stateless -
- . .
, , .
. - , .
Strict router
-, Request-URI
Route.

1. Arkko J., Torvinen V., Camarillo G., Niemi A., Haukka T. Security Mechanism Agreement for SIP. RFC 3329,
January 2003.
2. Arlein R., Gurbani V. An Extensible Framework for Constructing Session Initiation Protocol User Agents. Bell
Labs Tech. J., 9:3 (2004), 87-100.
3. Braden R. Requirements for Internet Hosts Application and Support. RFC 1123, October 1989.
4. Braden R., Zhang L., Berson S., Herzog S., Jamin S. Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) Version 1
Functional Specification. RFC 2205, September 1997.
5. Camarillo G., Marshall W., Rosenberg J. Integration of Resource Management and SIP. RFC 3312, October
2002.
6. Camarillo G., Peterson J., Ong L., Roach A.B. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP)
to Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping. RFC 3398, December 2002.
7. Campbell B., Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H., Huitema C., Gurle D. SIP Extension for Instant Messaging. RFC
3428, December 2002.
8. Crocker D. Standard for the format of ARPA internet text messages. RFC 822, August 1982.
9. Cuervo F., Greene N., Huitema C., Rayhan A., Rosen B., Segers J. Megaco Protocol version 0.8. RFC 2885,
August 2000.
10. Dawson F., Howes T. vCard MIME Directory Profile. RFC 2426, September 1998.
11. Donovan S. The SIP INFO Method. IETF RFC 2976, October 2000.
12. Eastlake D., Crocker S., Schiller J. Randomness Recommendations for Security. RFC 1750, December
1994.
13. Egevang K., Francis P. The IP Network Address Translator (NAT). RFC 1631, May 1994.
14. Faltstrom P. E.164 number and DNS. RFC 2916, September 2000.
15. Foster M., McGarry T., Yu J. Number Portability in the Global Switched Telephone Network (GSTN): An
Overview. RFC 3482, February 2003.
16. Franks J., Hallam-Baker P., Hostetler J., Lawrence S., Leach P., Luotonen A., Stewart L. HTTP Authentication:
Basic and Digest Access Authentication. RFC 2617, June 1999.
17. Franks J., Hallam-Baker P., Hostetler J., Leach P., Luotonen A., Sink E., Stewart L. An Extension to HTTP :
Digest Access Authentication. RFC 2069, January 1997.
453
18. Freed N., Borenstein N. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types. RFC 2046,
November 1996.
19. Galvin J., Murphy S., Crocker S., Freed N. Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/
Encrypted. RFC 1847, October 1995.
20. Garcia-Martin M., Henrikson E., Mills D. Private Header (P-Header) Extensions to the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). RFC 3455,
January 2003.
21. Gaynor M., Bradner S. Firewall Enhancement Protocol. RFC 3093, April 2001.
22. .., .., .. . .: , 2000.
23. .., ..
IP- // . , 2002.
24. .., .., .. IP-. .: , 2001.
25. .. . 2. 2- . .: , 2001.
26. .. . 1. 3- . .: , 2001.
27. .., .., .. 7. ISUP. //
.: BHV-2003.
28. .., .., .. 7. MTP. //
.: BHV-2003.
29. .., .., .., .. V5.1 V5.2. // .:
BHV-2003.
30. .., .., .. R1.5. // .: BHV-2004.
31. Good G. The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) Technical Specification. RFC 2849, June 2000.
32. Greene N., Ramalho M., Rosen B. Media Gateway Control Protocol Architecture and Requirements. RFC
2805, April 2000.
33. Groves C., Pantaleo M., Anderson T., Taylor T. Gateway Control Protocol Version 1. RFC 3525, June 2003.
34. Gurbani V., Chiang T. C., Reid J. The Need for Third-Party Call Control. Bell Labs Tech. J., 7:1 (2002),
41-46.
35. Gurbani V., Liu K. Session Initiation Protocol: Service Residency and Resiliency. Bell Labs Tech. J., 8:1
(2003), 83-94.
36. Hadley M., Schulzrinne H., Scholler E., Rosenberg J. SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. IETF RFC 2543, March
1999.
37. Handley M., Jacobson V. SDP: Session Description Protocol. RFC 2327, April 1998.
454
38. Hilt V., Hofmann M. Approaches to implementing Services in the SIP Networks. Bell Labs Tech. J., 9:3
(2004), 39-44.
39. Housley R. Cryptographic Message Syntax. RFC 2360, June 1999.
40. ITU-T Recommendation H.248.1, Gateway Control Protocol: Version 2, May 2002.
41. ITU-T Recommendation H.323. Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems, July 2003.
42. ITU-T Recommendation Q.761Q.764, Signaling System 7 ISDN User Part Functional Description,
September 1997.
43. Johnston J., Sparks R., Cunningham C., Summers K. SIP Basic Call Flow Examples. RFC 3665, December
2003.
44. Marshall W. Private SIP Extensions for Media Authorization. RFC 3313, January 2003.
45. Marshall W., Andreasen F. Private SIP Proxy-to-Proxy Extensions for Supporting the Packet Cable Distributed
Call Signaling Architecture. RFC 3603, October 2003.
46. Modarressi Abdi R., Mohan Seshadri. Control and Management in Next-Generation Networks: Challenges
and Opportunities, IEEE Communications, 94102.
47. Morneault K., Dantu R., Sidebottom G., Bidulock B., Heitz J. Signaling System 7 (SS7) Message Transfer
Part 2 (MTP2) User Adaptation Layer. RFC 3331, September 2002.
48. Ramsdell B. S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification. RFC 2633, June 1999.
49. Rivest R. The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. RFC 1321, April 1992.
50. Roach B. SIP Specific Event Notification. RFC 3265, August 2002.
51. Rosenberg J. SIP UPDATE Method. RFC 3311, September 2002.
52. Rosenberg J., Peterson J., Schuzlrinne H., Camarillo G. Best Current Practices for Third Party Call Control
in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). IETF RFC 3725, April 2004.
53. Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H. An Extension to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for Symmetric Response
Routing. IETC RFC 3581, August 2003.
54. Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H. An Offer/Answer Model with SDP, RFC 3264, June 2002.
55. Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H. Reliability of Provisional Responses in SIP. RFC 3262, June 2002.
56. Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H. SIP: Locating SIP Servers. RFC 3263, June 2002.
57. Rosenberg J., Schulzrinne H., Camarillo G., Johnston A., Peterson J., Sparks R., Handley M., Schooler E.
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. RFC 3261, June 2002.
58. Rosenberg J., Weinberger J., Huitema C., Mahy R. STUNSimple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs). RFC 3489, March 2003.
455
59. - .. -: SIP . .: , 2002.

60. .. . . .: , 1979.
61. Schulzrinne H., Casner S., Frederick R., Jacobson V. RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications.
RFC 1889, January 1996.
62. Schulzrinne H., Casner S., Frederick R., Jacobson V. RTP: A Transport for Real-Time Applications, RFC
3550, July 2003.
63. Schulzrinne H., Petrack S. RTP payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals, RFC
2833, May 2000.
64. Schulzrinne H., Rao A., Lanphier R., Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), RFC 2326, April 1998.
65. Schulzrinne, Oran D., Camarillo G. The Reason Header Field for SIP RFC 3326, December 2002.
66. Sidebottom G., Morneault K., Pastor-Balbas J. Signaling System 7 (SS7) Message Transfer Part 3 (MTP3)
User Adaptation Layer (M3UA). RFC 3332, September 2002.
67. Sparks R. Internet Media Type message/sipfrag. RFC 3420, November 2002.
68. Sparks R. SIP Refer Method. RFC 3515, April 2003.
69. Stewart R., Xie Q., Morneault K., Sharp C., Schwarzbauer H., Taylor T., Rytina I., Kalla M., Zhang L., Paxson
V. Stream Control Transmission Protocol. RFC 2960, October 2000.
70. .. Open System Access //
, .: 2003.
71. Technical Specification. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP TS 23.002. Network
architecture. (Release 5).
72. Technical Specification. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP TS 23.228. IP multimedia
subsystem, Stage 2.
73. Technical Specification. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP TS 24.228. Signalling flows
for the IP multimedia call control based,on SIP and SDP; Stage 3 (Release 5).
74. Technical Specification. 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP TS 24.229. IP multimedia call
control protocol based on SIP and SDP.
75. Vaha-Sipila A. URLs for Telephone Calls. RFC 2806, April 2000.
76. Willis D., Hoeneisen B. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension Header Field for Registering
Non-Adjacent Contacts, IETF RFC 3327, December 2002.
77.
Yergeau F. UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. RFC 2279, January 1998.

SIP
3004
065953 15.08.98
05.05.2005
6090/8.
.
. .
57 . .
3000 .
- -, 198005, -, ., .29

199034, -, 9 , 12

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Copyright B. Goldstein, A. Zarubin, V. Samorezov, 2005

SIP IP- .............................................................................................19

2.3. (UAS) ............................................................................40

UAC .............................................................................. 119

4.5. SDL- ..............................................139

INVITE- ........................................................................................ 139

4.7. REGISTER ................................................................160

UAC. INVITE ............................................... 171

4.10.2.1. 1............................................................................................................................... 173

4.10.2.2. 3............................................................................................................................... 174

UAS. INVITE ................................................................ 175

UAC ............................................................................................................. 179

BYE. UAC........................................... 183

5. - SIP ..................................................... 184

5.2.2. .................................................. 189

5.2.5. .......................................................................................................... 199

5.2.6. ...................................................................................................... 206

6. HTTP- .................................. 218

7.4.1. SIP ...................................................................... 236

10. SIP ............................ 273

11. SIP-T ..................................... 281

SIP-T (-IP-) ....................................................... 282

11.4. SIP .........................................290

12. ISUPSIP ........................................... 294

12.4. SIP-T ISUP-SIP.......................................308

12.4.8. SIP ISUP ............................................ 313

12.5. SIP ......................................316

SIP ............................... 317

13. SIPISUP ........................................... 349

13.2. SIP-T SIP-ISUP.......................................358

INVITE .......................................................................................... 358

13.2.11. CPG ......................................................................................... 369

13.3. SIP- .....................................370

SIP ................................................................... 371

14. URI.................................... 413

15. , SIP............ 417

16. Quo Vadis? ................................................................. 430

SCIP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [69]. SCIP

SIP IETF MMUSIC

1.1. SIP IP-

1.4. SIP HTTP

SIP . 1.2 INVITE, . ,

(option tag) . ption-tag SIP SIP,

(transaction user, TU). TU , .

INVITE sip:vladimir@protei.ru SIP/2.0

SIP/2.0 420 Bad Extension

180 (Ringing), UAC.

, URI < >.

3.2.47. P-DCS-LAES P-DCS-REDIRECT

3.2.57. Security-Client, Security-Server, Security-Verify

Via:SIP /2.0/UDP serv3.niits.ru: 4000;ttl=16

3.3. SIP v. 2.0

INVITE sip:alexander@serv1.niits.ru SIP/2.0

, BYE ( ACK), PRACK

answer ( , SDP). , UPDATE offer,

3.3.11. SUBSCRIBE NOTIFY

MESSAGE sip:alexander@niits.ru SIP/2.0

Call-ID, To, From Cseq,

Reason - Phrase RLF

Proxy Authentication Required.

Request Entity Too Large. .