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[Budget] Interim Budget 2014 (Part 1of4): Revenue reciepts, Direct taxes, Indirect taxes, Gross vs Net taxes, shortfalls in collection
1. Prologue 2. Why Budget? 1. #1: Contingency fund of India (Art.267) 2. #2: Public Accounts of India (Art.266) 3. #3: Consolidated fund of India (Art.266) 4. Then what is Vote on Account? 5. Ok then whats interim budget? 6. Vote on Account vs Interim budget 7. Interim budgets in the past 3. Parts of Budget 4. #1: Direct Taxes 1. Direct taxes under Interim Budget 2014 2. Income Tax 3. Shortfall in Direct tax collection = #EPICFAIL 4. But Why shortfall in Direct tax collection? 5. #2: Indirect taxes 1. Indirect Taxes in Interim Budget 2014 1. #I1: Service Tax 2. #I2: Excise Duty: Automobiles 3. #I3: Excise: Mobile handsets 4. #I4: Custom Duty: soap industry 5. #I5: Custom Duty: Bank note Mill 6. #I6: Counter Veiling Duty (CVD): Road machines 2. Indirect Tax collection = #EPICFAIL shortfall 3. Why shortfall in indirect tax collection? 6. MCQ Data for Tax collection: Ascending descending 1. Table1: Direct vs indirect 2. Table2: Ranking Among all taxes (2013-14) 3. Table3: Ranking Among all taxes (2014-15) 4. Table3: Tax collection highest to Lowest 7. Gross vs net Tax revenue 8. Appendix 1. #1: Direct taxes can be levied on Expenditure also 2. #2: Canons of taxation: why some taxes get abolished?
Prologue
Total four parts in this [Budget] Article series. Part 1: Interim Budget => Revenue Part=> Tax revenue (Direct vs indirect taxes):
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provisions and issues related to them. Part 2: Interim Budget => Revenue Part=> Non-tax revenue: sources, issues. [+ Capital part] Part 3: Interim Budget => Plan and non-plan Expenditure, subsides and deficits. Part 4: remaining filler points: funds, schemes, policies mentioned in Chindus budget speech.
Why Budget?
typical sight of a middleclass household: Daddy earns monthly salary, stores some of it in the bank, gives the rest to mommy. Afterwards, whenever daddy needs money, he has two options 1. Take out from bank account, without informing mommy. No questions asked. (Unless mommy checks the passbook/bank statement!) 2. Ask mommy to give the ca$h from bedroom cupboard. In this case 11/10 times hell have to Explain to mommy why he needs money. Same is the case governments money. Government stores its money in three places:
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
bank savings account of the departments/ministries (for day to day transactions) National Investment fund (money earned from disinvestment, goes here) National Calamity & contingency fund (NCCF) (for disaster Management) National small savings fund, defense fund. Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh, MNREGA fund Provident fund, Postal insurance etc. and so on
Does government need parliaments permission to spend money from here? Nope.
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In an ordinary year, February: Chindu put these files in parliament, Media Walla go crazy about it February to April: Parliament and its Committees will study these files, find spelling grammar mistakes and vote on the demands April-end, parliament will pass: Appropriation bill=> Chindu is now legally entitled to take out money from consolidated fund of India and spend. Finance bill=>Chindu is now legally entitled to collect taxes from junta. Now here comes the problem: Consider budget for 2013: Feb 2013: FM presents the budget related docs (this will apply from 1st April 2013 to 31st March 2014) up to 31st March 2013: Chindu is entitled to spend money from consolidated fund of India (because previous years appropriation Act (2012-13) is valid upto 31st March 2013) But Parliament discussion still on going. Appropriation bill for 2013-14, is yet to be passed. so where to arrange money in the meantime?- for staff salary, lightbill, phone bill everything? Fund Can FM arrange money from here until budget is passed?
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No. this is meant for emergency situation only. This fund barely has 500 crore rupees=not even sufficient to the monthly salary and lightbill of army-navy-airforce! No. Because its components have specific function. e.g. the cash from National Calamity & contingency fund (NCCF) is meant only for disaster relief type work. hell no. If Chindu withdraws money from here, to run the government => this Robinhood-giri will defeat the whole purpose of doing scams and taking bribes in the first place!
So, ultimately, we are back to square one: the consolidated fund of India. He must arrange cash from here. FM (to Lok Sabha) maai baap, please allow me to spend money from consolidated fund of India, until the budget is passed.
^that is vote on account. Feb 2013: Chindu presents the (full) budget March 2013: Chindu puts the demand under Vote on account. Under Vote on account, the government usually demands 1/6th of the total (Expected) expenditure for the given year. Example lakh crore money sought under Vote on account 10,71,797 total expenditure 58,78,455 This is nearly 10 lakh cr. / 59 lakh crore = ~1/6th of the expenditure. Duration: two months. (from 1st April 2013 to 31st May 2013) Vote on account is passed by Lok Sabha (and not Rajya Sabha) because only lok sabha has the power to grant such money under Article 116(A)
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bank), then suddenly new party comes in power, and re-starts the excise duty = policy uncertainty, account keeping, saving/Expenditure habits change suddenly. harmful to economy. Therefore, political parties have developed an unwritten convention, Ruling party should NOT to initiate major changes in the tax/expenditure during General election year. Such Slim version of Budget is called interim budget. There is no legal/Constitutional obligation on the ruling party to launch an interim budget during election year. This is only an unwritten convention. So lets compare/contrast:
Only Lok Sabha has Decision Making power here. Because art 116(2) specifically says House of people can grant such money.
Asks parliament to grant 1/6th Asks parliament to grant entire money for total estimated of the total estimated expenditure. expenditure If the new Government doesnt give new (full) budget after election, then Interim budgets provision remain valid for Validity: 2 months the whole financial year i.e. 1st April 2014 to 31st March 2015. done in non-election years and only during election years/extreme situation. election years. interim budget contains vote on account. (Because here also, budget presented in Feb, while passed somewhere in late Vote on account doesnt April/May.) so government needs money in between. contain interim budget. However, the vote on account will be of longer duration e.g. 3-4 months. (than during normal full budget years.)
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Yashwant04 Gave quite a few schemes and tax-benefits Pranab09 Did not announce any new taxes or schemes. No changes in direct tax. Few concessions in indirect tax Few schemes/provisions related soldier pension, education loans, skill development, Nirbhya fund etc.
12 page 18 page
Chindu14
14 pages
Enough theory, lets try a mock question from 2011s CSAT paper Q. What is the difference between interim budget and vote on account? 1. The provision of a vote on account is used by a regular government, while an interim budget is a provision used a caretaker government. 2. a vote on account only deals with the expenditure in government budget, while an interim budget includes both expenditure and receipts 3. Both A and B 4. Neither A nor B Statement B is correct. That eliminates option D. Now the final answer (B or C) depends on whether A is right or not? Observe the statement A The provision of a vote on account is used by a regular government, while an interim budget is a provision used a caretaker government. Focus on the word Caretaker government. What do we understand by Caretaker government? Until new PM/CM takes charge, the earlier government continues to be in office, as in caretaker position. This happens when: Term has expired In this case how can FM present the (interim/full) budget?
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In this case, entire council of minister is automatically gone. So, how can Finance minister Exist and present the (interim) budget In this case, even if FM presents (interim) budget, itll be defeated. Then where will FM place the interim budget?
On 17/4/2014, Chindu presented interim budget for UPA-II. So, is UPA-II a caretaker government? Nope. Not yet. its term (5 years) has not expired yet. Theyve still got ~90 days to misrule the country. Therefore statement A is wrong. Interim budget is not used by a caretaker government. Eliminate choices accordingly: 1. The provision of a vote on account is used by a regular government, while an interim budget is a provision used a caretaker government. 2. a vote on account only deals with the expenditure in government budget, while an interim budget includes both expenditure and receipts 3. Both A and B 4. Neither A nor B Thus we are left with answer B. so far we learned: Why does government need to pass a budget? What is vote on account, what is interim budget and whats the difference between them two? Remaining topics related to polity: money bill vs finance bill, Committees of parliament, CAG , vote on grant etc. you prepare from (the great) M.Laxmikanth. Now lets start the technical/financial aspects of budget.
Parts of Budget
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Budget two parts. revenue part (Current) capital part within that, make two columns each, for incoming money (receipt) and outgoing money (Expenditure). REVENUE PART CAPITAL PART Receipt Expenditure Receipt Expenditure Ya, but whats the need of this labour? Why cant we just have a simple income vs expense type of thing? Well come to that in third article. For now, lets focus on Budget => Revenue part Revenue column has two sub-columns: incoming money (Receipt) vs. Outgoing Money (Expenditure). The Incoming money (Revenue receipt) can come from two sources: from tax and non-tax sources. REVENUE PART CAPITAL PART Receipt Expenditure Receipt Expenditure Tax Non Tax 1. Direct taxes
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2. Indirect Tax Thus, weve come to the main topics of todays article= direct and indirect taxes and provisions of interim budget 2014 (related to these taxes).
Taxes marked in (*) have been abolished long time ago. Ive mentioned them here, only in case the nostalgic UPSC professor wants to ask classification type MCQs. We should also know the direct taxes of state government. DIRECT TAXES OF UNION Taxes on Income Income tax Corporation Tax (and MAT) Taxes on assets Wealth Tax STT DIRECT TAXES STATE Taxes on income Agriculture income tax Professional tax Taxes on properties Land Revenue Stamp duty/registration duty Property tax in urban areas
Income Tax
Taxable Income 2 to 5 lakh 5 to 10 >10
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Other direct taxes Corporate tax (desi company) Corporate tax (foreign company) MAT Minimum alternative tax Wealth tax (for wealth >30 lakh rupees) STT Securities Transactions tax ~34% ~43% ~21% 1% 0.1%-0.001%*
*Depending on nature of securities future, option, equity etc. However, FM has done a slight tweaking in the tax deduction for corporates. until now In interim budget Chindu proposed to setup a new organization called Research Funding Organisation. This org. will fund fund research projects selected through a competitive process. If company gives cash to this organization, itll be deducted from taxable income.
if company spent money on in-house Research development = they can claim tax benefits.
Did not implement 1. GAAR 2. Direct tax code (DTC) 3. Goods and services tax (GST)
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Observe Feb 2013: FM proposes taxes for year 2013-14. Along with this, hed give estimate of tax collection e.g. x crore from income tax, y crore from corporate tax and so on. Lets label this column as Budget estimate (BE) 2013. 1st April 2013: new tax rates would have become effective, people start paying taxes accordingly.May, june, july, august, September, October, November, December,.January 2014 So now FM gets new data. So, hed correct (revise) his previous estimate. We label this Revised Estimate (RE)2013. And finally for the year 2014-15 (Starting from 1/4/14 to 31/3/15, FM would again make budget estimates for next (interim budget) so lets label it (BE)2014. Thus total weve three estimates: Direct tax Wealth Tax Securities Transaction Tax Income Tax Corporation Tax Total from Direct tax BE 2013 950 6720 240919 419520 668109 RE 2013 950 5497 236194 393677 636318 BE 2014 950 5992 300474 451005 758421
Absolute numbers are not important but interpretation is. Lets try a clichd MCQ. Which of the following direct tax, fetches maximum revenue to government of India
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A. B. C. D.
For all three columns, you can see: Corp>>IT>>STT>>Wealth tax. Anyways, lets enter into a deeper analysis. Observe the total collection from direct Tax (in above table). In Feb 2013, Chindu estimated ~6.68 lakh crore rupees would come from direct taxes alone! (BE2013) But he revised the data yesterday, we see barely 6.36 lakh crore have come from direct taxes (RE2013). So, whats the shortfall in direct tax collection here? 6.68-6.36= 32,000 cores
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REVENUE PART Receipt Tax 1. Direct taxes (DONE) 2. Indirect Tax (now lets study this)
Sales Tax/ VAT Excise duty on DESI liquor and Narcotics Custom Duty (Import, Motor vehicle tax, Taxes on boats and animals. Export) Toll tax (opposed by MNS/Shiv Sena) Excise Duty (CENVAT Electricity tax. system) Luxury tax (on restaurant, spa etc.) Service Tax Taxes on Betting and gambling (on whether Modi will Central sales tax (CST)* become PM or not) viii. Advertisement tax (other than TV, Radio, Newspaper)
*Note: CST-Central sales tax- it belongs to Union but ca$h entirely given to States. So in budget estimates, its collection is listed as or 00. But for MCQ purpose, know that it is
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2. High interest rates (because to combat inflation, RBI did not reduce monetary policy rate i.e. repo rate) 3. High Fuel prices. Therefore, to go a boost to automobile sector, FM has reduced the excise duty on Automobile: SUV, Small cars, motor cycles, scooters and commercial vehicle (rickshaw, bus etc) This will be applicable only upto 30 June 2014. Result: cheaper vehicles, (hopefully) more people will buy more, and automobile sector will see boost in sales.
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Vehicle manufactured by Subjected to Desi player Excise duty Foreign company (and imported in India) Custom duty It may happen that, desi vehicle is expensive because high excise duty on its input (chassis, engine, wiring, glass etc.) Result: Foreign vehicle cheaper, juntaa more attracted to buying foreign vehicle than Desi. Consequence: domestic industry gets less sales. IIP declined, job loss, industrial sickness. Possible- Solutions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Give subsidy to desi vehicle makers Reduce excise duty on desi vehicle (and its inputs) Increase custom duty on foreign vehicle. Put additional custom duty on foreign vehicle to such a level that, [taxes on foreign vehicle] become of same level like [taxes on desi vehicle].. This solution is called counter veiling duty (CVD).
Interim budget & CVD Import of Road construction machinery will be subjected to CVD. (= itll help desi manufactures, because now foreign machines will no longer be very cheap compared to desi. So road contractors/companies are more likely to be buy desi items.)
Observe the columns of (original) budget estimate BE2013 VS Revised estimate RE2013. Every duty collection is less than original target. What is the shortfall in the collection of indirect taxes? 5.65 MINUS 5.19 =~45000 Crore rupees.
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ceramic tiles and carpets. (all these subjected to excise duty) High level of inflation =>people spend less on consumer durables. (because theyve to spend more on food and fuel.) #2: Custom duty down Duty on gold increased => smuggling => tax is evaded. Policy paralysis => Big projects file pending => businessman wont need to import any raw material/ machines/construction-vehicles etc. (Even if he wants to!) therefore custom duty declined. #3: Service tax Inflation responsible. High level of food-fuel inflation => people spend less on luxuries hotels, spa, gym etc. In fact, government knew in advance that service tax collection would be lower than target, hence they had been running ads of Voluntary Compliance Encouragement Scheme (VCES) for service tax. From July 2013 onwards. But still, barely ~6000 crore recovered from people who had been evading service tax payment so far.
ya but Whats the wisdom here for MCQs? =that DIRECT tax brings MORE revenue to government that INDIRECT tax. So far, weve data for Direct taxes and indirect taxes. Now for MCQs, we need the overall ranking (of which tax brings highest/lowest revenue.) Since weve revised estimates (RE 2013), so we can now ignore the ORIGINAL estimates of BE 2013.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Corporation Tax Income Tax Excise Customs Service Tax STT Wealth Tax
Corporation Tax Income Tax Service Tax Customs Excise STT Wealth Tax
Observe the rank of top two (Corpo, IT) and bottom two (STT, wealth) are same for each year. only difference is in the rank 3-4-5 because Chindu hopes Service tax will bring highest collection among all indirect taxes in the year 2014-15. (will it? well, that remains to be seen!) From exam point of view, At the moment, Tax Ranking of 2013 is more important. (Because it is near to reality based on actual data gathered from April 2013 to almost upto Feb 2014. this ranking is unlikely to change.) While tax ranking of 2014 is just projected revenue from interim budget. Itll change when new government makes new (full) budget (=tax rates changed= collection ranking will be changed). Then youll have to mugup the new updated ranking accordingly. (well see when full budget comes after election).
#2: NCCF
National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) Under Home ministry Part of Public account (hence parliament approval not necessary.) Now coming to the main point:
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1. Total direct taxes of union (we already saw) 2. Total indirect taxes of union (we already saw) 3. +Union territories without legislature (Diu, Daman etc.)=> their direct & indirect taxes are also counted here.
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Appendix
some allied topics thatd have broken the flow of the article, hence putting @bottom appendix.
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lets try a very cheap MCQ: 1. 2. 3. 4. A Direct tax can be levied only on the income OR property of a person Fringe Benefit tax is an example of Indirect tax. Both A & B Neither A nor B
+ Misc. principles: transparency, simplicity, elasticity (to economic fluctuation) etc. ya but where is it relevant? Recall that government abolished certain direct taxes (estate duty, gift tax etc.) in past. Why? Because, they were not following some of these canons. for example
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Why? to track unaccounted money and trace its source and destination. Abolished in 2009, when Chindu felt he had fetched enough information. Although indirectly the canons were also responsible: #1, #3 and #4.
URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2014/02/budget-interim-budget-2014-part-1of4-revenuereciepts-direct-taxes-indirect-taxes-gross-vs-net-taxes-shortfalls-collection.html Posted By Mrunal On 19/02/2014 @ 10:19 In the category Economy
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