Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1.

. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. Chapter #31 Identifications A. Mitchell Palmer attorney general in the 1920s; called the Fighting Quaker; responsible for the Red Scare; drove out radicles; his own home was bombed in this time period; arrested 6000 communist during the Red Scare John T. Scopes taught evolution in Tennessee; persecuted for this; his trial became something watched by everyone in the country; trial can be Fundamentalist v. Modernist; found guilty and fined 100$ Clarence Darrow defense attorney for Scopes; supported Darwinism Evolution; questioned Jennings Bryan about Bible; grueling trial on Jennings Bryan; considered one of the best criminal attorneys; although Scopes found guilty; only fined 100$ Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury during the Harding Administration and favored expansion of capital investment and tax policies; got Congress to lower taxes Frederick W. Taylor investor, engineer, tennis player, known for his time-management studies and scientific managements; wanted to eliminate wasted motion Margaret Sanger

Feminist who pushed and supported birth control movements in 1900s ; wanted contraceptives to be openly used H. L. Mencken patron to young writers in the early 1920s; against certain topics like class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism; editor of monthly magazine American Mercury F. Scott Fitzgerald considered a Lost Generation writer in 1920; got famous through his book Lost Side of Paradise and maintained the fame with The Great Gatsby which showed the glitz and tragedy of the Jazz Age; him and his wife personified the 20s lifestyle Ernest Hemingway famous for The Sun Also Rises and Farewell to Arms; fought in Italy in 1917; also belonged to the Lost Generation and struggled with the ideas of Idealism and Realism; later shot himself due to personal demons Sinclair Lewis author of satire and chronicled life in the Midwest; wrote Main Street and the Babbit which talked about a middle-class American businessman. Buying on Margin a credit practice where people bought stocks with a slight down payment with the promise of paying the balance in the future Red Scare time period where people were afraid of communism; during this time, A Mitchell Palmer hunted down communists and leftists which created fear and chaos; lead to many bombings and a fear of Russians and socialism Sacco and Vanzetti Case Two Italians named Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of murder and sentenced to death; was convicted even though both had solid alibis because jury was bias against Sacco and Vanzetti who were Italians, anarchists, and atheists. Emergency Quota Act 1921 Amount of immigrants moved into America from Europe were restricted; quota was set at 3%; limited immigrants Immigration Quota Act 1924 altered the foreigner amount from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921; cut the foreigner quota from 3% to 2%; ended unrestricted immigration to the US Volstead Act basically prohibition; said that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport,

import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act.; did not explicitly say that purchase or use of liquors was illegal Fundamentalism more traditional and emphasized a literal interpretation of the Bible; not very liberal Modernists people who wanted to get the immediate experiences of the natural world; generally artists of the new age

Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. Examples of actions include jailing the radicals after the fear sprouting from the successful Bolshevik Revolution and this would lead to more arrests during the Palmer Raids and political alignment lead to unjust persecutions in the court of law like Sacco and Vanzetti. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. The old KKK was antiblack, but the new KKK was practically anti-everything including antiforeigner, anti-catholic, anti-jewish, antipacifist, antievolutionist, and only supported things like Anglo Saxons and Protestantism. They were very traditional in their beliefs. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. The emergency quota act of 1921 restricted immigration to a 3% quota and the immigration act of 1924 cut this quota to 2%. Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America? The Poles were fleeing a desolate country of starvation and sought the land of plenty to find jobs and land. The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently? th The 18 Ammendment was often broken because prior to the Volstead Act nothing reinforced it and the Volstead Act did not explicitly state that the purchase of liquor was illegal nor the consumptiom so many people openly rebelled it.

The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism? Gangsterism was the term for the rise of organized crime. It started with the rebellion against prohibition which lead to gangs who wanted liquor, gambling, and narcotics, and lead to murders and massacres such as the St. Valentine Massacre from the mind of Al Capone. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. The schools in the 1920s faced the opposition between traditional religious teachings versus the new evolutionary theories of Darwin. Through this, the Monkey Scopes trial was derived where Scopes was convicted of teaching evolution to his class. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. America in the 20s became a mass consumption evonomy where growth evonomically began to dominate peoples lives. Andrew Mellons low tax policies encouraged growth in commerce and ads to become a part of daily life. People mow had the gift to buy things out of want instead of need. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T 9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? The usage of the assembly line technique made it easier to make automobiles fast. Tbe widespread use of petroleum an oil helped make assembly lines very efficient. These methods were present in the manufacctuing of the Model T. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile? The effects of the automobile was it created many jobs for Americans driving these automobiles, paving new roads, working in gas companies, etfc. Many Americans now had a life of convenience where distance could not stop them, but many Americans died in automobile accidents. Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? The early airplane was used for spying and reconnaissance missions in the first World War. Later, the airplanes were used to mail things starting the first transcontinental airmail route from NY to San Franscisco.

The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? As a result of the radio, Americans were now connected. Radio brought families together when families joined to listen to the evening news on the radio and allowed all Americans to hear the same news. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? Some milestones in the history of mituon pictures included The Great Train robbery which was the first real movie that told a story (not propaganda) and the first full length movie The Birth of a Nation about the Civil War. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. A lot of people started to move into cities over rural areas.This demonstrated the modernization of American society. The National Womens Party also got some changes as to birth control and religion was beginning to change. Modernists were appeared amidst the past dominant Fundamentalists. Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times? In the 1920s the arts grew dramatically with writers like Ernest Hemmingway and Scott Fitzgerald signifying the Roaring 20s and Elliot, Cummings, and ONeils contributions to literature. Then in the Harlem Renaisance Louis Armstrong contributed to the jazz genre and Frank Lloyd Wright to architecture, Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? Government economic policy was pretty successful in the 1920s given that neither recession nor depression occurred, but overspeculation caused the stock market to crash later on, but the President was able to lower national debt. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil.

2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action.

Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon Secretary of Trasry during the Harding Administration; had ide that high taxes forced rich to invest in tax exempt securities so he tried to help tax reduction s to reduce national debt to 10 billion; followers were called Mellonites Herbert Hoover President fron 1929 to 1932; Republican who ran on a campaign of prohibtion and prosperity; lost to FDR because of his lack of intervention of the depression Albert B. Fall Secretary of the Interior during the Harding Adminsitration; found to b ea scheming anti-conservationist; convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and getting bribed in the Tea Pot Dome Scandal Robert LaFollette Wisconscin senator who ran for president in 1924 for the Progressives; lost to Coolidge; called for government ownership or railroads and relief for farmers and eradication of monopolies Alfred E. Smith Ran for president in the 1928 Election for the Democrats; known for being wet during a dry time which lead to his loss as well as his devotion to Catholciism Ohio Gang Hardings poker friends who were appointed to offices and manipulated their power for personal monetary gain Washington Conference 1921-1922 meeting between major world powers for disarmerment of these countrries and to prevent US +GB from getting Far East possesion; lead to four power treaties and promised to preserve status quo of the Pacific.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law foreign tarrif (38.5%) that was made to equalize American and foreign products. Teapot Dome Scandal involving naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome; Albert Fall was Secretary of Navy and Denby was Interior Department; and both collaberated to release lands for paying bribes; scandal polluted government Dawes Plan an attempt to pay off damages from WWI by giving a different payment plan; gave money to Germany who paid France and GB for war debts and only Finland paid off debts Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised foreign tariff to 60%; reversed a promising worldwide trend to reasonable tariffs Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) corporation that became a government lending bank; provided indirect assistance to corporations to preserve individualism but no individual loads were given; part of Hoovers plans Bonus Army group of 20,000 WWI veterans who were victims of the depression and wanted their payment so they set up public camps in Washington to get Congress to pay them but Hoover sent an army to break them up. Hoover-Stimson doctrine Said that the US would not recogize territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force; reated to Japanese agression to Manchuria. Chapter #32 Identifications The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess? Harding had a lot of flaws including his inability to cut off the bad growths in his administration. His poor leadership lead to Ohio Gang taking advantage of him and the Tea Pot Scandal further tarnished his reputation. Then his lack of people skills lead to more advantage taking on expense of his presidency. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. Pro Business policies were taken because Harding believed in laissez faire policy of letting businesses have their free reigh. Mellons low taxes helped a lot of businesses to successfully be formed. These policies lead to Progressive movements.

The Aftermath of War Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy? The war negatively impacted the economy everywhere. It lead to post war recession. The War Industries Board was made but dissolved later on because it was anti-lassiez faire. The labor movement was momentarily haulted and veterans were trying to get enefits for their service without any fruits tfor their labors. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? The U.S. took the lead on disarmerment despite the fact that the U.S. was not directly involved with the UN and enganged in the 5 power 4 power and 9 power treaties to ensure disarmerment and the Kellog Briand Pact maintained peace.

Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law 5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs? The high American tariffs lead to reparations not being paid back. The Fordney McCumber Tariff increased tariffs to 38.5% and Europe needed to pay the US back through its profits from exports but the tariff stopped exports. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty 6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain Harding was not a bad president in essence, but his leniency and forgiveness lead to people taking advantage of him and scandal within his administration. Silent Cal Coolidge Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Ues, the nicknames described himself. Its unusual that Cooluidge lead the US during one of its most exciting and prosperous times. Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill 8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same? Since 1890, WWI gave a food boom that gave farmers a lot of profits, but after WWI, this food boom lead to their downfall since they had to decrease their production and profits. They had many new inventions to make farm work easier and the same environmental considitons plagued all farmers

A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette 9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? Coolidge easily won the 1924 election because the Democrats could not identify their positions on things. Coolidge was reelected because his term was pretty successful.

Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? Arguments included that Germany was responsible for its own debts, but Coolidge saw the Germany situation as hopeless since their inflation made their money worthless which lead to the cancelling of WWI debts. Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? The world wide repercussions was that GB and France paid to the US which put pressure onto Germany who could not pay. Charles Dawes then proposed the Dawes plan which said that America would loan money to Germany who would pay GB and France to pay America. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith? Hoover was a lot more popular than Al Smith because of his ideas of Rugged Individualism which encouraged individuality and self sufficiency. Furthermore, Al Smiths wetness did not help in a period of dry times (Prohibition). President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain. Hoover attempted to help farmers produce positive results by setting up the Federal Farm Board which lent money to farmers to start the Cotton Stabilization Co. The Hawley Smoot Tariff lowered tariffs which slowed trade and forced America into isolationism which would give Hitler the opportunity to get power. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash? The immediate effects of the stock market crash was that the sell off prace had plummeted leaving stock holders losing money. Businesses went out of usiness and unemployment rose. 5,000 Banks failed as people withdrew their money. Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles 15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression? Some of the causes were overspeculation in stock, over production, and credit practices like buying on the margin. America consumerism was below the amount of product that Americans were producing leading to the Great Depression. Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? Hoovers belief of ultra conservativism lead him to let the government take action which went against his nature. He tried to help the economy by passing the Reconstruction Finance Co. and lending money to finance FDR;s New Deal Projects.

Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. Hoovers belief of ultra conservativism lead him to let the government take action which went against his nature. He tried to help the economy by passing the Reconstruction Finance Co. and lending money to finance FDR;s New Deal Projects. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur 18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? Bonus Amry was made up of WWI veterans who wanted bonuises for saving the war and the Expeditionary Force was made to combat them and sent to evict the Bonus Army from Washington.

Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? Japanese attack on Manchuria lead to no repurcussions from the League of Nations because nothing could reinforce it. This lead to the Stimson Doctrine from the US. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America President Hoover had a friendly policy towards Latin America. After the US Latin America Relations went towards the better, American troops were pulled ut of Niceragua and Haiti which started the Good Neighor Policy

Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jump-start the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, No. 5. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression.

Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt Wife of FDR; supported the New Deal; supporter of civil rights, anti Jim Crow Laws, worked for access tor birth control and better conditions for working women Harry Hopkins one of FDRs advisors, architect of new deal especially the Works Progress Adminsitration whcihhe directed and builti nto the largest employer in the country

Frances Perkins US Secreatry from Labor; first women in cabinet; supporter of FDR and pulled the labor momvemtn in to the New Deal; her and Ickes were the only original members of the cabinet to remain in office for the entire presidency Father Coughlin one of the first political leaders to utilize radio to reach an audience, supprotor of FDR and New Deal proposals at first until FDR became too friendly to bankers; annuned a new organization called te Nationa lUNion for Social Justice where he called for monetary reforms Huey Long governor of Louisiana; Democrat radical; split with Roosevelt when he wanted his own presidential bid; formed the Share Our Wealth Program with the motto Every Man a King and wanted redistribution of wealth

Francis Townshend physician who was known for the Townsend Plan which influenced the Social Security System Harold Ickes US admin and poltiican; responsible for a lot of the New Deal Alfred M. Landon Governor of Kansas; reelected in 1934; only Republican government; known for reducing taxes and alancing budgets; believed government should support social issues including parts of the New deal, anti labor unions tho Brain Trust(s) group of reform minded intellectuals who worte FDR s speeches; mostly young professors The three R's integral part of the new deal: relief, recovery, reform National Labor Relation Board made by the Wagner Act and gave laborers the rights to self organization and collective bargaining Congress of Industrial Organizations formed by John Lewis who was originally leader of the United Mine Workers Liberty League people who were anti New Deal because they believed that FDR was pushing the US to socialism

Court-packing scheme adding a new justice to the Supreme Court for every new member over 70 who would not retire, max number is 15 judges Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1 What kind of man was FDR? FDR was considered the man of the people. He was confined to a wheelchair making him likeable by the people and when he spoke, it seemd like he geniuinely cared about people.

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?

Roosevelts campaign message was that change can happen to help the depression and he gave off an aura of confidence and appealed to the common man. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? The immediate results of Roosevelts victory was that the Blacks were converted to Democrats because blacks saw Deocrats as an opportunity to finally be hired and accepted. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. The New Deal was made by FDR and was made up the Hudnred Days and the three Rs. He began the bank holiday which closed banks for a week to allow people to start trusting banks and revitalize the economy. The 3 Rs prevented another depression for a couple of years, relief helped the people and reform prevented the US from repeating the same Great Depression. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy? The key aspects of his monetary policy included the Emergency Banking Policy, Fireside Chats, The Glass-Steagall banking Reform Act and FDIC> He took away the gold standard so that people could use federal money on programs to jump start the economy. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. The difference between New Deal agencies and what radicals wanted was that Pump Priming was used to jump start the econ

A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues.

New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck

8.

Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.

Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?

Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?

Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?

Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?

Battling Bankers and Big Business

Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.

The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?

Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?

A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?

Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League 17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?

Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?

The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?

The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.

New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)