Chapter 1 Origin of Quantum Theory (PP 1-42)

CH 01 ORIGIN OF QUANTUM THEORY 1
CHAPTER 1
ORIGIN OF QUANTUM THEORY

1-1 BLACK BODY RADIATION
Problem 1-1
A cavity whose walls are held at K 1900 has a small hole,
mm 00 . 1 in diameter, drilled in its wall. At what rate does
energy escape through this hole from the cavity interior?
Solution
The rate of energy escape or radiated power is given by Stefan-
Boltzmann Law
4
T A P =
where
4 2 8
/ 10 67 . 5 K m W
= . As for cavity resonator = 1,

therefore

4 2 3 8
) 1900 ( ] ) 10 5 . 0 ( [ ) 10 67 . 5 )( 1 (

= P
mW W P 580 580 . 0 = =

Problem 1-2
An object is at a temperature of C
0
400 . At what
temperature would it radiate energy twice as fast?
Solution
Now

1 2
2P P =
4
1
4
2
2 T A T A =

4
1
4
2
2 T T =
C K T T
0 4 / 1
1
4 / 1
2
527 800 ) 273 400 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( = = + = =
the desired temperature.

Problem 1-3
In 1983 the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) detected
a cloud of solid particles surrounding the star Vega,
radiating maximally at a wavelength of m 32 . What is
the temperature of this cloud of particles? Assume an
emissivity of unity.
Solution
According to Wiens displacement law
K m T
m
=
3
10 898 . 2
K T
m
6 . 90
10 32
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
6
3 3
=

Problem 1-4
The sun approximates a black body at K 5800 . Find the
wavelength at which the sun emits the most energy.
Solution
K m T
m
=
3
10 898 . 2

5800
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
3 3
=
T
m

nm or m
m
500 10 5
7
=
Problem 1-5
At what wavelength does earth, approximated as a K 286
blackbody, radiates energy?
Solution
K m T
m
=
3
10 898 . 2

286
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
3 3
=
T
m

m or m
m
10 10 1
5
=

Problem 1- 6
Estimate the peak wavelength of light issuing from the pupil
of human eye (which approximates a black body) assuming
normal body temperature.
Solution
Here we take the normal body temperature as
K C F T 310 37 98
0 0
= = =

3
10 898 . 2

= T
m

310
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
3 3
=
T
m

m
m
6
10 348 . 9

=
Problem 1-7
The shortest visible wavelength is about nm 400 . What is
the temperature of an ideal radiator whose spectral
emittance peaks at this wavelength?
Solution
K m T
m
=
3
10 898 . 2
K T
m
7245
10 400
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
9
3 3
=

Problem 1-8
(a) Show that a human body of area
2
8 . 1 m , emissivity
0 . 1 = and temperature C
0
34 will emit radiation at
the rate of W 910 .
(b) Why, then, do people not glow in the dark?
Solution
(a) The rate of energy escape or power is given by Stefan-
Boltzmann Law

4
T A P =
W P 907 ) 273 34 )( 8 . 1 )( 10 67 . 5 )( 1 (
4 8
= + =

(b) Here we calculate
m
corresponding to body temperature
i.e. 34
0
C.

) 273 34 (
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
3 3
+
=

T
m

m or m
m
440 . 9 10 440 . 9
6
=
As the wavelength of above radiation is in the infrared region
which is not visible to humans, therefore the human body does
not glow in the dark.
Problem 1-9
An ideal radiator radiates with total intensity
2
/ 94 . 6 m MW .
At what wavelength does the spectral emittance ) ( I
occurs?
Solution
According to Stefan- Boltzmann law

4
) ( T T I =
Now
2 6 2
/ 10 94 . 6 / 94 . 6 ) ( m W m MW T I = =

4 2 8
/ 10 670 . 5 K m W =

Therefore

4 8 6
) 10 670 . 5 ( 10 94 . 6 T
=
K T 3326 =
Now one can use Wiens displacement law
K m T
m
=
3
10 898 . 2

3326
10 898 . 2 10 898 . 2
3 3
=
T
m

8713 10 713 . 8
7
or m
m
=
Problem 1-10
An ideal radiator has a spectral radiancy at nm 400 that is
3.5 times its spectral radiancy at nm 200 . What is its
temperature?
Solution
The spectral radiancy of a radiator is given by Plancks
radiation law
1 ) / exp(
1
) (
5
=
T b
a
R

where a = 2 c
2
h and b = h c / k are constants. According to
given conditions
) ( 5 . 3 ) (
2 1
R R =

1 ) / exp(
1
5 . 3
1 ) / exp(
1
2
5
2 1
5
1

=
T b
a
T b
a

1 ) / exp(
1 1
5 . 3
1 ) / exp(
1 1
2
5
2 1
5
1

=
T b T b

1 ) / exp(
1
5 . 3
1 ) / exp(
1
2
5
2
1
1

|
|
\
|
=
T b T b

But
2 1
2 = , therefore

1 ) / exp(
1 2
5 . 3
1 ) 2 / exp(
1
2
5
2
2
2

|
|
\
|
=
T b T b

1 ) / exp(
112
1 ) 2 / exp(
1
2 2

=
T b T b

] 1 ) 2 / [exp( 112 1 ) / exp(
2 2
= T b T b
0 111 ) 2 / exp( 112 ) / exp(
2 2
= + T b T b
The above equation is quadratic in ) 2 / exp(
2
T b with the
following factors.
0 } 1 2 / {exp( } 111 ) 2 / {exp(
2 2
= T b T b
0 111 ) 2 / (exp(
2
= T b
111 ) 2 / exp(
2
= T b
) 111 (
2
2
n
T
b
l =

) 111 ln( 2 ) 111 ln( 2
2 2
k
hc b
T = =
K T 7651
) 111 ln( ) 10 200 )( 10 38 . 1 ( 2
) 10 3 )( 10 63 . 6 (
9 23
8 34
=

=


1-2 THE QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY
Problem 1-11
According to Plancks theory, what is the minimum non-
zero energy of a molecule with vibration frequency
14
10 4 . 3 Hz?
Solution
According to Plancks theory the energy is given by
h n E =
J E
19 14 34
10 253 . 2 ) 10 4 . 3 )( 10 626 . 6 )( 1 (

= =
eV E 406 . 1 = Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=

Problem 1-12
Find the energy of a nm 700 photon.
Solution
The energy of a photon is given by
J
c h
E
19
9
8 34
10 838 . 2
10 700
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

eV
eV
E 772 . 1
10 602 . 1
10 838 . 2
19
19
=

Problem 1-13
A microwave oven uses electromagnetic radiation at
GHz 4 . 2 . What is the energy of each microwave oven?
Solution
The energy of the photon is given by
J h E
6 9 34
10 590 . 1 ) 10 4 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= = =
eV eV eV E 925 . 9 10 925 . 9
10 602 . 1
10 590 . 1
6
19
6
= =

Problem 1- 14
An atom absorbs a photon having a wavelength of nm 375
and immediately emits another photon of wavelength
nm 580 . What was the net energy absorbed by the atom in
this process? P.U. B.Sc. 2002
Solution
Net energy absorbed by the atom.
= (Energy of the absorbed photon) (Energy of the emitted
photon)
=

=
) ( c h c h c h

=
) 10 580 )( 10 375 (
10 ) 375 580 )( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
9 9
9 8 34

J
19
10 872 . 1

= = 168 . 1
10 602 . 1
10 872 . 1
19
19
=
eV
Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
Problem 1-15
Calculate the critical potential in volts corresponding to
excitation of mercury line 2536 . B.U. B.Sc. 2007A
Solution
Now J
c h
E
10
8 34
10 2536
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

eV eV E 890 . 4
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 2536 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
=

=

Hence the desired value of critical potential is 4.89 volts.

Problem 1-16
Silicon becomes better electrical conductor when
illuminated by photons with energies of eV 14 . 1 or greater.
What is the corresponding wavelength? K.U. B.Sc. 2002

Solution

c h
E =
) 10 602 . 1 14 . 1 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19
8 34

= =
E
c h

Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
m m 0878 . 1 10 0878 . 1
6
= =

Problem 1-17
Find energy in electron-volts of
(a) a 0 . 1 MHz radio photon,
(b) a
14
10 0 . 5 Hz optical photon and
(c) a
18
10 0 . 3

Hz X-ray photon.
Solution
(a) h E =
J E
28 6 34
10 626 . 6 ) 10 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
eV eV E
9
19
28
10 136 . 4
10 602 . 1
10 626 . 6

=
(b) h E =
J E
19 14 34
10 313 . 3 ) 10 5 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
eV eV E 068 . 2
10 602 . 1
10 313 . 3
19
19
=

(c) h E =
J E
15 18 34
10 9878 . 1 ) 10 3 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
keV eV eV E 41 . 12 10 241 . 1
10 602 . 1
10 9878 . 1
4
19
15
= =

Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
Problem 1-18
What will be the frequency of the photon whose energy is
eV 626 . 6 ?

Solution
Now h E =
Hz
h
E
15
34
19
10 602 . 1
10 626 . 6
) 10 602 . 1 )( 626 . 6 (
=
= =

Problem 1-19
What will be the wavelength and frequency of a keV 100
photon?
Solution
Now
c h
h E = = therefore

) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 100 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 3
8 34

= =
E
c h

0
11
1240 . 0 10 240 . 1 A m = =

And
) 10 626 . 6 (
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 100 (
34
19 3

= =
h
E

Hz
19
10 418 . 2 =
Problem 1-20
Find the wavelength and frequency of a MeV 100 photon.
Solution
The energy of the photon is given by

c h
h E = =
Now J eV MeV E ) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 1 ( 10 100 100
19 8 6
= = =
Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
J E
11
10 602 . 1

=
Therefore
m
E
c h
14
11
8 34
10 240 . 1
10 602 . 1
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
Hz
h
E
22
34
11
10 418 . 2
10 626 . 6
10 602 . 1
=
= =

Problem 1-21
The light from a high way sodium lamp has a wavelength
nm 589 . What is the energy, in eV, of a photon from such a
lamp? P.U. B.Sc. 2007
Solution

c h
h E = =
J E
9
8 34
10 589
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

=
Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
eV eV E 21
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 589 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 9
8 34
=

=

Problem 1-22
Under favourable circumstances the human eye can detect
J
18
10 1

of electromagnetic energy. How many nm 600
photons does this represent?
Solution
The energy of 600 nm photon is given by
J
c h
E
19
9
8 34
1
10 311 . 3
10 600
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

Let n be the number of photons in J E
18
10 1

= , then
E E n =
1

photons
E
E
n 3
10 311 . 3
10 1
19
18
1
= =

Problem 1-23
A 1.00 kW radio transmitter operates at a frequency of 880
kHz. How many photons per second does it emit?
Solution
The energy of each photon is given by
J h E
28 3 34
10 831 . 5 ) 10 880 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= = =
and W kW P
3
10 00 . 1 00 . 1 = = . Hence the desired rate of
emission of photons from the transmitter will be
s photons
E
P
/ 10 715 . 1
10 831 . 5
10 00 . 1
30
28
3
=


1-3 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Problem 1-24
Find the work function for silver surface for which the
threshold frequency of the incident light is Hz
15
10 1 . 1 .
P.U. B.Sc. 2000
Solution
The work function
0
is defined as
0
=
19 15 34
0
10 289 . 7 ) 10 1 . 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= = h J
eV eV 55 . 4
10 602 . 1
10 289 . 7
19
19
0
=

Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
Problem 1-25
The stopping potential for electron ejected from a Zinc
surface is 2.42 eV for the 1849 ultraviolet mercury line.
What is the stopping potential for the 2537 mercury line?
Solution
The work function of Zinc is calculated from the relation

0 0

=
hc
e V or e V
c h
0 0
=

) 10 602 . 1 42 . 2 (
10 1849
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19
10
8 34
0

=
Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
J
19
0
10 867 . 6

=
Let V
1
be the stopping potential for 2537 mercury line, then

0
1
1

=
c h
e V or
e e
c h
V
0
1
=
19
19
19 10
8 34
1
10 602 . 1
10 867 . 6
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 2537 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= V
volt V 60 . 0
1
=

Problem 1-26
A metal surface has a photoelectric cutoff wavelength of
325.6 nm. The radiation from a 5.0 mW Helium-Cadmium
laser ( = 3250 ) ejects electrons from a Cesium surface
that has a stopping potential 1.91 V.
(a) What is the work function in electron volts for Cesium?
(b) What will be the stopping potential when the incident
radiation is 10.0 mW?
Solution
(a) For calculation of work function of Cesium we use the
relation
0 0

=
c h
e V
e V
c h
0 0
=
in Joules

0 0
V
e
c h
=
in eV
eV 91 . 1 91 . 1
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 3250 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
0
=

=

(b) As stopping potential is independent of the intensity of
incident radiation, therefore eV 91 . 1
0
= .
Problem 1-27
Find the maximum kinetic energy in eV of photoelectrons if
the work function of the material is 2.33 eV and the
frequency of the radiation is Hz
15
10 19 . 3 .
B.U. B.Sc. 2004S
Solution
The energy of the incident radiation is given by
h E =
J E
18 15 34
10 114 . 2 ) 10 19 . 3 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
eV eV E 20 . 13
10 602 . 1
10 114 . 2
19
10
=

Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is given by
Einsteins photoelectric equation.
87 . 10 33 . 2 20 . 13 .) . (
0 max
= = = h E K eV
Problem 1-28
The minimum frequency of photoelectric emission in copper
is
15
10 1 . 1 Hz. Find the maximum energy of the
photoelectrons (in electronvolts) when light of frequency
15
10 5 . 1 Hz is directed on a copper surface.
Solution
According to Einsteins photoelectric equation
J in h h h v m E K
m
) (
2
1
) . (
0 0
2
0 max
= = =
eV in
e
h
E K ) ( .) . (
0 max
=
eV E K
19
15 15 34
max
10 602 . 1
) 10 1 . 1 10 5 . 1 ( 10 626 . 6 (
.) . (

=
eV E K 65 . 1 .) . (
max
=
Problem 1-29
Light of frequency
14
10 5 . 7 Hz falling on the surface of a
metal emits electrons of maximum kinetic energy
19
10 6 . 1

J. Calculate the maximum frequency of light
which can just emit electrons from the surface?
F.P.S.C. 1979
Solution
) (
2
1
.) . (
0 0
2
0 max
= = = h h h v m E K
m

0
max
.) . (
=
h
E K

h
E K
max
0
.) . (
=
Hz
14
34
19
14
0
10 09 . 5
10 626 . 6
10 6 . 1
10 5 . 7 =

Problem 1-30
If the photoelectric threshold wavelength of sodium is
nm 542 , calculate the maximum velocity of photoelectrons
ejected by photons of wavelength nm 400 .
B.U. B.Sc. 2004S
Solution
Now

0
0
2
0
2
1

hc hc
h h v m
m
= =
0 0
0
0 0
2
) ( 2 1 1 2

m
c h
m
c h
v
m
=
|
|
\
|
=

0 0
0
) ( 2

m
c h
v
m
=
) 10 542 )( 10 400 )( 10 109 . 9 (
} 10 ) 400 542 ){( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 ( 2
9 9 31
9 8 34

=
m
v
s m v
m
/ 10 345 . 5
5
=
Problem 1-31
If the work function for zinc is 4.3 eV, what is the maximum
kinetic energy of electrons out of a clean surface by 2537
ultraviolet line of mercury? B.U. B.Sc. 2007A
Solution
The energy of the incident photon is given by
J
c h
E
10
8 34
10 2537
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

eV eV E 888 . 4
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 2537 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
=

=

The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons is given by
eV eV E E K 6 . 0 588 . 0 3 . 4 888 . 4 .) . (
0 max
= = =

Problem 1-32
When a copper surface is illuminated by radiation of
wavelength 2537 from a mercury arc, the value of
stopping potential is found to be 0.24 eV. Calculate
(a) the threshold wavelength of copper and
(b) the work done by the electrons in escaping through
the surface of copper. B.U. B.Sc. 1986A
Solution
(a) According to Einsteins photoelectric equation

0
0
2
0
2
1

hc hc
h h v m
m
= =

(
=
0
0
1 1

hc e V

0
0
1 1

=
c h
e V

hc
e V hc
hc
e V
0 0
0
1 1
= =

e V hc
hc
0
0
=
)] 10 2537 )( 10 602 . 1 )( 24 . 0 ( ) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 [(
)] 10 2537 )( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 [(
10 19 8 34
10 8 34
0

=
2668 10 2668
10
0
= =

m
(b) The work done by the electrons in escaping through the
copper surface is defined as work function and given by
J
c h
19
10
8 34
0
0
10 446 . 7
) 10 2668 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

eV
19
19
0
10 602 . 1
10 446 . 7
= Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
= 4.648 eV

Problem 1-33
Nickel has a work function of 5.0 eV.
(a) What is the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
knocked out of a Nickel surface by a 1.0 mW ultraviolet
source of 2000 ?
(b) What is the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
knocked out by a 15 W argon laser source at a wavelength
of 4658 ?
Solution
The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is given by
0 max
.) . (
=
c h
E K
(a) Now J
c h
10
8 34
10 2000
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

eV eV
c h
20 . 6
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 2000 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
=

=

eV E K 20 . 0 0 . 5 20 . 6 .) . (
max
= =
(b) Now J
c h
10
8 34
10 4658
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

eV eV
c h
66 . 2
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 4658 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
=

=

As energy of the incident photon is less than the work function
of Nickel, therefore no photoelectrons will be emitted.
Problem 1-34
The emission of photoelectrons due to incident photons on
the sodium surface stopped when a stopping potential of
4.92 eV is applied. Find the wavelength of the incident
photons (work function of sodium is 2.28 eV.)
P.U. B.Sc. 2001
Solution

o
c h
e V
=
0


c h
e V = +
0 0

0 0

+
=
e V
c h

) 10 602 . 1 28 . 2 ( ) 10 602 . 1 )( 92 . 4 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 19
8 34

+

=
nm m m 172 10 172 10 72 . 1
9 7
= = =

Problem 1-35
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 4000 falls on a
metal surface having a work function of 2.1 eV. What is the
minimum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons?
B.U. B.Sc. (Hons.) 1990A
Solution
The energy of the incident radiation is
E =
hc
h = in J =
e
hc
in eV
= 1 . 3
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 4000 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 10
8 34
=

eV
Work function = 1 . 2
0 0
= = h eV
The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons will be
eV h h E K
MAX
0 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 .) . (
0
= = =
Problem 1-36
(a) If the work function for a metal is 1.85 eV, what would
be the stopping potential for light having a wavelength of
410 nm? P.U. B.Sc. 2008
(b)What should be the maximum speed of the emitted
photoelectrons at the metals surface?
Solution
(a) According to Einsteins photoelectric equation

0 0

=
c h
e V

e e
c h
V
0
0
=

) 10 602 . 1 (
) 10 602 . 1 85 . 1 (
) 10 410 )( 10 602 . 1 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19
19
9 19
8 34

=
174 . 1
0
= V V
(b) ( ) =
max
. .E K
2
1
e V v m
m 0
2
0
=

0
0
2
2
m
e V
v
m
=

0
0
2
m
e V
v
m
= =
31
19
10 109 . 9 (
) 10 602 . 1 )( 174 . 1 ( 2
=
5
10 43 . 6
1
ms
Problem 1-37
A maximum wavelength of 5450 is required to eject
photoelectrons from Sodium metal.
(a) Determine the maximum velocity of electrons ejected by
light of wavelength 2000 ?
(b) What is the stopping potential for photoelectrons ejected
from Sodium by light of wavelength 2000 ?
Solution
(a) The maximum kinetic energy of the electron is given by

=
c h c h
v m
m
2
0
2
1

= |
\
|
=
0 0
2
) ( 2 1 1 2
m
c h
m
c h
v
m

=
0
) ( 2
m
c h
v
m

) 10 5450 )( 10 2000 )( 10 109 . 9 (
} 10 ) 2000 5450 ){( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 ( 2
10 10 31
10 8 34

=
m
v
s m v
m
/ 10 175 . 1
6
=
(b) For calculation of stopping potential we use the relation

2
0 0
2
1
m
v m e V =
) 10 602 . 1 ( 2
) 10 175 . 1 )( 10 109 . 9 (
2
19
2 6 34 2
0
0

= =
e
v m
V
m

volts V 93 . 3
0
=
Problem 1-38
A metal surface has a photoelectric cutoff wavelength of
325.6 nm. It is illuminated with light of wavelength 259.8
nm. What is the stopping potential?
Solution

=
c h c h
e V
0

) (
) ( 1 1
0

= |
\
|
=
e
c h
e
c h
V
) 10 8 . 259 )( 10 6 . 325 )( 10 602 . 1 (
] 10 ) 8 . 259 6 . 325 )[( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
9 9 19
9 8 34
0

= V
volts V 645 . 9
0
=
Problem 1-39
You wish to pick a substance for a photocell operable with
visible light. Which of the following will do (work function
in parentheses): tantalum (4.2 eV), tungsten (4.5 eV),
aluminum (4.2 eV), barium (2.5 eV), lithium (2.3 eV) and
cesium (1.9 eV)?
Solution
The violet light in the visible region will have the most
energetic photons possessing a wavelength of about 400 nm.
The energy corresponding to this wavelength is

19
9
8 34
10 966 . 4
) 10 400 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
hc
E J
= 3.1 eV Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
Hence barium, lithium and cesium can be used because their
work function is less than 3.1 eV.

Problem 1-40
Incident photons strike a sodium surface having work
function of 2.28 eV causing photoelectric emission. The
photoelectric current is stopped by applying 4.92 V as
stopping potential. Calculate the wavelength of the incident
photon. K.U. B.Sc. 2001
Solution

0 0

=
hc
e V or
hc
e V = +
0 0

) 10 602 . 1 28 . 2 ( ) 10 602 . 1 )( 92 . 4 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
19 19
8 34
0 0

+

=
+
=
e V
hc

m
7
10 722 . 1

= or 1722

Problem 1-41
In the photoelectric effect, the target has a stopping
potential of 4.0 volts when the incident photon has a
momentum of s m kg / 10 50 . 3
27

. What is the threshold
frequency?
Solution
0 0
h h e V =
e V h h
0 0
=

h
e V
0
0
=
Now
c
h
c
h h
p

= = =
) / (
or
h
p c
= , therefore above
equation becomes

h
e V p c
h
e V
h
p c
0 0
0
= =
34
19 27 8
0
10 626 . 6
) 10 602 . 1 )( 0 . 4 ( ) 10 50 . 3 )( 10 998 . 2 (

=
Hz
14
0
10 165 . 6 =
which is the desired value of threshold frequency.


1-4 THE COMPTON EFFECT
Problem 1-42
What is the frequency of an X-ray photon whose
momentum is
23
10 1 . 1

kg m/s.
Solution
The momentum of a photon is given by

c
h
c
h h
p

= = =
) / (

Hz
h
p c
18
34
23 8
10 977 . 4
) 10 626 . 6 (
) 10 1 . 1 )( 10 998 . 2 (
=

= =

Problem 1-43
Find the frequency, energy and momentum of a photon
having wavelength of 41.6 pm. P.U. B.Sc. 2003
Solution
The frequency of the given photon is calculated from the
relation.
c =
Hz
c
18
12
8
10 208 . 7
10 6 . 41
10 998 . 2
=
= =

The energy of the given photon is given by
J
c h
E
15
12
8 34
10 775 . 4
) 10 6 . 41 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =

eV eV E
4
19
15
10 981 . 2
10 602 . 1
10 775 . 4
=

Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
= 29.806 keV
The momentum of the given photon is given by
23
12
34
10 593 . 1
10 6 . 41
10 626 . 6

= =
h
p kg m s
-1
or N s
Note that
c keV
c
E
c
hc h
p / 81 . 29
1
= = |
\
|
|
\
|
= =

Problem 1-44
Find (a) the frequency (b) the wavelength and (c) the
momentum of a photon whose energy equals the rest mass
energy of the electron.
Solution
The rest mass energy of the electron is given by
J c m E
14 2 8 19 2
0
10 187 . 8 ) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (

= = =
(a) The frequency of the given photon is calculated from the
relation. h E =
Hz
h
E
20
34
14
10 236 . 1
10 626 . 6
10 187 . 8
=
= =

(b) For wavelength we use the relation

hc
E =
m
E
hc
12
14
8 34
10 426 . 2
) 10 187 . 8 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

= =
(c) The momentum of the photon is defined as

1 22
12
34
10 731 . 2
10 426 . 2
10 626 . 6

= = s m kg
h
p

Problem 1-45
The quantity ) / ( c m h , which has the dimensions of length, is
called the Compton wavelength. Determine the wavelength
for (a) an electron (b) a proton. (c) Show that if a photon has
wavelength equal to Compton wavelength of a particle, the
photons energy is equal to the rest mass energy of the
particle.

Solution
(a) m
c m
h
e
12
9 31
34
10 426 . 2
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
10 626 . 6

=
(b) m
c m
h
p
15
9 27
34
10 321 . 1
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 673 . 1 (
10 626 . 6

=
(c)
2
) / (
c m
c m h
c h c h
E = = =

Problem 1-46
An X-ray photon whose initial frequency was
19
10 5 . 1 Hz
emerges from a collision with an electron with a frequency
of
19
10 2 . 1 Hz. How much kinetic energy was imparted to
the electron?
Solution
The kinetic energy of the electron will be equal to the difference
of energies of incident and scattered photons i.e.

0
h h

} 10 ) 2 . 1 5 . 1 ){( 10 626 . 6 ( ) (
19 34
0
= =

h
J
15
10 988 . 1

= or 12.4 keV Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=

Problem 1-47
Incident photons of energy 10.39 keV are Compton
scattered and the scattered beam is observed at 45
0
relative
to the incident beam.
(a) What is the energy of the scattered photon at this angle?
(b) How much kinetic energy, in eV, is given to the scattered
photon? B.U. B.Sc. 2009A
Solution
(a) The energy of the scattered photon is given by

) cos 1 )( / ( 1
2
0
+
=
c m E
E
E
) 45 cos 1 )( 411 / 39 . 10 ( 1
39 . 10
0
+
= E
keV MeV c m 511 511 . 0
2
0
= = Q
keV E 33 . 10 =
(b) The kinetic energy of the recoiled electron is given by
keV E E K
e
06 . 0 33 . 10 39 . 10 = = =
Problem 1-48
Find the maximum wavelength shift for a Compton collision
between a photon and a free proton.
Solution
The Compton shift in wavelength is given by
) cos 1 ( =
c m
h
p

It is clear that the above expression will have maximum value if
the photon is scattered through 180
0.
Hence
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 673 . 1 (
) 180 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 27
0 34

=

fm m 642 . 2 10 642 . 2
15
= =

Problem 1-49
X-rays with = 10 nm are scattered through a carbon
target. The scattered radiation is viewed at 90
0
to the
incident radiation. Calculate the Compton shift.
K.U. B.Sc. 2002
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
= =
c m
h

m
12
8 31
0 34
10 426 . 2
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 90 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (

=

=

Problem 1-50
X-rays are scattered from a carbon target. The scattered
radiation is viewed at 90
0
to the incident beam. What is
Compton shift? P.U. B.Sc. 2006
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 90 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 31
0 34

=

pm m 426 . 2 10 426 . 2
12
= =

Problem 1-51
X-rays with wavelength of 110 pm are scattered off free
electrons at angle of 20
0
. Find the change in .
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 20 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 31
0 34

=

pm m 146 . 0 10 46 . 1
13
= =

Problem 1-52
Photons of wavelength 2.17 pm are incident on free
electrons.
(a) Find the wavelength of a photon that is scattered 35
0

from the incident direction.
(b) Do the same if the scattering angle is 115
0
.
Solution
) cos 1 ( =
c m
h
p

(a)
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 35 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 31
0 34

=

pm m 439 . 0 10 39 . 4
13
= =

607 . 2 439 . 0 17 . 2
'
= + = + = pm
(b)
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 115 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 31
0 34

=

pm m 45 . 3 10 45 . 3
12
= =

62 . 5 45 . 3 17 . 2
'
= + = + = pm
Problem 1-53
An X-ray photon of energy ' ' E , moving along the x-axis,
undergoes Compton scattering with an electron which
initially at rest. The photon is scattered at angle ' ' with
the x-axis. Show that the energy ' ' E of the scattered
photon is given by
) 2 / ( sin ) / 2 ( 1
2 2
0
c m E
E
E
+
=
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

The energy of the scattered photon is given by
) cos 1 )( / (
0
+
=
+
=
=
c m h
c h c h c h
E
) cos 1 )( / ( 1 ) cos 1 )}( /( ) / {( 1
) / (
2
0
2
0

+
=
+
=
c m E
E
c m c h
c h
E
) 2 / ( sin ) / 2 ( 1
2 2
0
c m E
E
E
+
= ) 2 / ( sin 2 ) cos 1 (
2
= Q

Problem 1-54
A photon of 1 MeV collides with a free electron and scatters
through 90
0
. What are the energy of the scattered photon
and the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron?
Solution
The energy of the scattered photon is given by

) 2 / ( sin ) / 2 ( 1
2 2
0
c m E
E
E
+
=
MeV E 338 . 0
) 45 ( sin } 511 . 0 / ) 1 ( 2 { 1
1
0 2
=
+
=
The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron is given by
MeV E E K 662 . 0 338 . 0 1 = = =

Problem 1-55
Gamma rays of energy 0.662 MeV are Compton scattered.
(a) What is the energy of the scattered photon observed at a
scattering angle of 60
0
?
(b) What is the kinetic energy of the scattered electrons?
Solution
(a) The energy of the scattered photon is given by

) cos 1 ( ) / ( 1
2
0
+
=
c m E
E
E
MeV E 402 . 0
) 60 cos 1 }( 511 . 0 / ) 662 . 0 {( 1
662 . 0
0
=
+
=
MeV c m 511 . 0
2
0
= Q
(b) The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron is given by
MeV E E K 260 . 0 402 . 0 662 . 0 = = =

Problem 1-56
At what scattering angle will incident 100 keV X-rays leave
a target with energy of 90 keV?

Solution
The energy of the scattered photon in terms of energy of the
incident photon and scattering angle is given by
) cos 1 )( / ( 1
2
0
+
=
c m E
E
E
Rearranging the above equation we get

2
0
1 cos c m
E E
E E
|
\
|

=
43222 . 0
) 90 )( 100 (
) 511 )( 90 100 (
1 cos =
=
keV keV MeV c m 511 10 511 . 0 511 . 0
3 2
0
= = = Q

0 1
4 . 64 ) 43222 . 0 ( cos = =

Problem 1-57
If the Compton shift in an experiment is found to be
0.0121 , then calculate the scattering angle.
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

) cos 1 (
) (
0
h
c m

h
c m ) (
1 cos
0

=
34
10 8 31
10 626 . 6
) 10 0121 . 0 )( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
1 cos

=
50130 . 0 cos = or 0 5 4 5 59
0
= or
0
9 . 59
Problem 1-58
In a Compton experiment, the wavelength of the incident X-
rays is m
11
10 078 . 7

while the wavelength of the outgoing
X-rays is m
11
10 314 . 7

. At what angle the scattered
radiation was measured? B.U. B.Sc. 2007S

Solution
Now ) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

) cos 1 (
) (
0
h
c m

h
c m ) (
1 cos
0

=
34
10 8 31
10 626 . 6
} 10 ) 078 . 7 314 . 7 ){( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
1 cos

=
02734 . 0 cos = or
4 2 88 4 . 88 ) 02734 . 0 ( cos
0 0 1
= =

or
Problem 1-59
On scattering via the Compton Effect, a photon undergoes a
fractional wavelength change ] / ) [( equal to 6 %. If
the incident photon has a wavelength of 0.020 nm, at what
angle is the detector to the incident beam?

Solution
) cos 1 (
0
= =
c m
h

) cos 1 (
0
=

c m
h

cos 1
0
=
|
\
|
h
c m

|
\
|
=
h
c m
0
1 cos
|
\
|

100
6
10 636 . 6
) 10 020 . 0 )( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
1 cos
34
9 8 19

50543 . 0 cos = or 4 2 8 3 59 ) 50543 . 0 ( cos
0 1
= =

Problem 1-60
In Compton scattering, calculate the maximum kinetic
energy given to the scattered electron for a given photon
energy.
Solution
The kinetic energy given to the recoiled electron is given by
E E E K = . .
The above energy will have a maximum value if the energy of
the scattered photon i.e. E is a minimum. Now
) cos 1 )( / (
0
+
=
+
=
=
c m h
c h c h c h
E
It is clear that E will be a minimum for
0
180 = i.e.

) / 2 ( 1
0
min
c m h
c h
E
+
=
) / 1 )( / ( 2 1
) / (
) / 2 ( 1
) / (
2
0 0
c m c h
c h
c m h
c h
+
=
+
=

E c m
E c m
c m E
E
E
2 ) / 2 ( 1
2
0
2
0
2
0
min
+
=
+
=
Hence
E c m
E c m E E c m
E c m
E c m
E E K
2
2
2
.) . (
2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2
0
2
0
max
+
+
=
+
=

2
0
2
max
2
2
.) . (
c m E
E
E K
+
=
Problem 1-61
If the maximum kinetic energy given to the electrons in a
Compton scattering experiment is 10 keV, what is the
wavelength of the incident X-rays?
Solution
Now
2
0
2
max
2
2
.) . (
c m E
E
E K
+
=

511 2
2
10
2
+
=
E
E

2
2 5110 20 E E = +
0 5100 20 2
2
= E E
0 2555 10
2
= E E
Using quadratic formula for positive root we get
keV E 8 . 55
) 1 ( 2
) 2555 )( 1 ( 4 ) 10 ( ) 10 (
2
=
+
=
The wavelength of the incident X-rays is calculated as

c h
E = or
E
c h
=
nm m 022 . 0 10 2 . 2
) 10 602 . 1 10 8 . 55 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
11
19 3
8 34
= =

=

Problem 1-62
What percentage increase in wavelength leads to 75 percent
loss of photon energy in a collision of photon with a
stationary electron? B.U. B.Sc. 2004A
Solution
Let E and E be the energies of incident and scattered photons
respectively, then fractional loss of photon energy is given by

=

= 1
) / (
) / (
1 1
hc
hc
E
E
E
E E
f
3
75 . 0 1
75 . 0
1
=
f
f

Hence a 300 percent increase in wavelength will lead to 75
percent loss of photon energy.
Problem 1-63
When photons of wavelength 0.024 are incident on a
target, scattered photons are detected at an angle of 60
o
.
Calculate
(a) the wavelength of the scattered photon.
(b) the angle at which the electron is scattered.
B.U. B.Sc. (Hons.) 1991A
Solution
(a) The wavelength of the scattered photon is given by
) cos 1 ( + =
c m
h
o

(

+ =
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 108 . 9 (
) 60 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
) 10 024 . 0 (
8 31
34
10
o

= m
12
10 6 . 3

= 0.036
(b) The scattering angle of the electron is given by

cos
sin
cos
sin
tan

=

=
= 866 . 0
60 cos ) 024 . 0 ( 036 . 0
60 sin ) 024 . 0 (
=
o
o

o
or 9 . 40 3 3 3 5 40
0
=

Problem 1-64
X-ray photons of wavelength 0.220 nm are Compton
scattered at 45
0
. Calculate the energy of the scattered
photon in eV.
Solution
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 45 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
8 31
0 34

=

m
13
10 11 . 7

=
The wavelength of the scattered photon is
) 10 11 . 7 ( ) 10 220 . 0 (
13 9
+ = + =
m
10
10 20711 . 2

=
The energy of the scattered photon will be
J in
c h
E
= or eV in
e
c h
E
=

keV eV E 62 . 5 10 62 . 5
) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 20711 . 2 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
3
19 10
8 34
= =

=

Problem 1-65
X-rays of wavelength 0.040 are scattered from a carbon
block. Determine
(a) the momentum of a photon scattered at angle of 30
0
and
(b) the kinetic energy of the recoil electron.
Solution
(a) The Compton shift in wavelength is given by
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

m
13
8 31
0 34
10 25 . 3
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 30 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (

=

=
) 10 25 . 3 ( ) 10 040 . 0 (
13 10
+ = + =
m
12
10 325 . 4

=
The momentum of the scattered photon is given by
m s J
h
p / 10 532 . 1
10 325 . 4
10 626 . 6
22
12
34
=
= =

(b) The kinetic energy of the recoil electron is given by

=
=
) ( c h c h c h
K
) 10 325 . 4 )( 10 040 . 0 (
) 10 25 . 3 )( 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (
12 10
13 8 34

= K
J K
15
10 732 . 3

=
keV eV eV K 3 . 23 10 33 . 2
10 602 . 1
10 372 . 3
3
19
15
= =

Problem 1-66
How many head-on Compton scattering events are
necessary to double the wavelength of a photon having
initial wavelength 200 pm?
Solution
The Compton shift in wavelength is independent of the
wavelength of the incident photon and will have maximum
value for head-on collision i.e. 180
0
. Now
) cos 1 (
0
=
c m
h

m
12
8 31
0 34
10 853 . 4
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 180 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (

=

=
and m m pm
10 12
10 2 10 200 200

= = = . Hence
Number of Compton Scattering events necessary to double
= 41
10 853 . 4
10 2
12
10
=

Problem 1-67
An X-ray photon of frequency 10
19
Hz is scattered through
an angle of 45
0
with the stationary electron.
(a) What is its new frequency?
(b) What is the kinetic energy of electron after collision?
Solution
(a) The Compton shift in wavelength is given by
) cos 1 (
0
= =
c m
h

or ) cos 1 (
0

=
c m
h c c

) cos 1 (
1 1
2
0

+ =
c m
h

1
2
0
) cos 1 (
1

(
+ =
c m
h

1
2 8 31
0 34
19
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 109 . 9 (
) 45 cos 1 )( 10 626 . 6 (
10 1
1

=
Hz
18
10 768 . 9 =
the desired frequency of the scattered photon.
(b) The kinetic energy of electron after collision is given by
) ( = = h h h K
)} 10 768 . 9 ( ) 10 1 ){( 10 626 . 6 (
18 19 34
=

K
J
16
10 537 . 1

= = 959 eV 1 keV
Q J eV
19
10 602 . 1 1

=
Problem 1-68
A 300 keV photon undergoes a Compton Scattering. The
kinetic energy of recoil electron is 250 keV. Calculate the
wavelength of the scattered photon.
Solution
Energy of the scattered photon
E = Energy of the incident photon Energy of recoil electron
= (300 250) = 50 keV
J J
15 19 6
10 01 . 8 ) 10 602 . 1 )( 10 50 (

= =
Now
=
hc
E
m
E
hc
11
15
8 34
10 480 . 2
) 10 01 . 8 (
) 10 998 . 2 )( 10 626 . 6 (

=
= 24.8 pm


CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
(1) How does the total intensity of thermal radiation vary
when temperature of an object is doubled?
Answer: - The total intensity of thermal radiation is given by
Stephens law

4
T I =
If the temperature of an object is doubled, then new intensity
will be 16 2
4
= times the initial intensity.
(2) If all objects radiate energy, then why we are unable to
see in the dark?
Answer: - As the radiation emitted by the object is in the
infrared region which is not visible to eye, therefore we are
unable to see the objects in the dark.
(3) What is ultraviolet catastrophe of classical physics?
Answer: - The discrepancy between theoretical (Rayleigh-Jeans
formula) and experimental spectral energy density towards the
ultraviolet end of spectrum of black body is termed as
ultraviolet catastrophe.
(4) How ultraviolet catastrophe was resolved by quantum
action?
Answer: - It was resolved by Plancks law for black body
radiation.
(5) What is Plancks concept of energy quantization?
Answer: - The energy of a photon is given by
h n E = ........ 3 . 2 , 1 , 0 = n
where h is Plancks constant and is the frequency of the
photon.
(6) UV light causes sunburn whereas visible light does not.
Explain.
Answer: -As the energy of ultraviolet (UV) photon is greater
than that of a visible photon, therefore it is capable of causing
sunburn.
(7) Which photon is more energetic- violet or red?
Answer: - Violet because the frequency of violet photon is
greater than the red photon.
(8) Do we get quantization of energy in classical mechanics?
Answer: - No. One can assign any value of energy from zero to
maximum to the classical system instead of certain discrete
values.
(9) What is the rest mass of a photon?
Answer: - The rest mass of a photon is zero.
(10) If an X-ray photon is scattered by an electron, does its
wavelength change? If so, does it increase or decrease?
Answer: - Yes. The wavelength of the scattered photon is
greater than that of the incident photon.
(11) At what angle maximum shift in wavelength will be
observed in Compton Effect experiment?
Answer:-
0
180 =
(12) What is the physical significance of Compton Effect?
Answer: - The Compton Effect confirms the particle nature of
electromagnetic radiation.
(13) Can we observe Compton Effect if electron is replaced
by a proton?
Answer: - No. A proton is much heavier than electron (1836
times), therefore the Compton shift in wavelength will be too
small to be observed experimentally.
(14) Why is Compton Effect not observed with visible light?
Answer: - The energy of the visible photon is far too sufficient
to eject even the most loosely bound electron.
(15) Why does not the photoelectric effect work for free
electrons?
Answer: - The rest mass of photon is zero. Since any material
particle has nonzero rest mass, the photoelectric cannot take
place with a free electron.
(16) Why the alkali metals i.e. Sodium, Potassium and
Calcium etc. are most suitable for studying the photoelectric
emission?
Answer: - The alkali metals have a low value of work function
and show the photoelectric effect for visible light ( = 4000
to 7500 ).

(17) Is it possible to observe photoelectric emission at all
frequencies?
Answer: - No. In order to observe photoelectric emission, the
frequency of the incident photon must be greater or equal to the
threshold frequency of the given material i.e.
0
.
(18) What will be the velocity of emitted photoelectrons if
the frequency of incident photon is just equal to threshold
frequency?
Answer: - Zero.
(19) Which parameter governs the kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons emitted from a material?
Answer: - The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is governed by
the frequency of the incident radiation provided that it is greater
than threshold frequency of the given material.
(20) What will happen to the velocity of the photoelectrons if
the wavelength of incident radiation is increased?
Answer: - The velocity of the photoelectrons will decrease with
increase in wavelength of the incident photon.
(21) Name two effects which support the photon theory of
light?
Answer: - Compton Effect, Photoelectric effect, Pair
production etc.


ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

(1) Taking the sun as a 5800 K blackbody how does its
ultraviolet radiance at 200 nm compare with its
visible radiance at its peak wavelength of 500 nm?
(2) The photoelectric threshold of tungsten is 2300

.
Determine the energy of electrons ejected from the
surface by ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 1800
. {B.U. B.Sc.(Hons.) 1983S}
(3) The photoelectric threshold of tungsten is 2300

.
Determine the energy of electrons ejected from the
surface by ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 1500
. Express your answer in eV. (B.U. B.Sc. 1990S)
(4) Calculate the value of Plancks constant when a light
of frequency 11.510
14
Hertz is incident upon a
material of work function 4.410
14
Hertz and the
stopping potential is 3 volts. (B.U. B.Sc. 1992A)
(5) If the photoelectric threshold wavelength of sodium
is 542 nm, calculate the maximum velocity of photo
electrons ejected by photons of wavelength 400 nm.
(B.U. B.Sc. 2004S)
(6) Photoelectrons emitted from a photocell by light
with a wavelength of 2500

can be stopped by
applying a potential of 2 volts to the collector.
Calculate the work function (in eV) for the surface.
{B.U. B.Sc.(Hons.) 1988S}
(7) Monochromatic X-rays of wavelength = 0.124

are scattered from a carbon block. Determine the
wavelength of the X-rays scattered through 180
o
.
(B.U. B.Sc. 1986S)
(8) X-rays with = 1.0

are scattered from a carbon
block. The scattered radiation is viewed at 90
o
to the
incident beam. What is the Compton shift in
wavelength? (B.U. B.Sc. 1987A)
(9) Prove that the wavelength difference in Compton
Effect is equal to 0.0243

if the scattering angle is
90
o
. (B.U. B.Sc. 1989S)
(10) An X-ray photon is scattered from a stationary
electron at an angle of 45
o
to the original direction of
propagation. Calculate the Compton shift in
wavelength and the energy loss by the photon.
{B.U. B.Sc.(Hons.) 1989A}

Answers
(1)
nm nm
R R
500 200
057 . 0 = (2) 2.39910
-19
J or 1.498 eV
(3) 2.875 eV (4)
34
10 769 . 6

J s (5)
5
10 345 . 5 m s
-1

(6) 2.96 eV (7) 0.173 (8) 0.02426
(10) m
13
10 109 . 7

= , MeV E 744 . 1 =

Chapter 1 Origin of Quantum Theory (PP 1-42)

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CH 01 ORIGIN OF QUANTUM THEORY 1

= . As for cavity resonator = 1,

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